Name	Qinhuangdao
Official name	秦皇岛市
Native name	秦皇岛
Nickname	京津后花园
Settlement type	Prefecture-level city
Total type
Motto
Map caption	Qinhuangdao City (yellow) in Hebei
Pushpin map caption	Location in China
Pushpin mapsize	-->
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	People's Republic of China
Subdivision type1	Province
Subdivision name1	Hebei
Parts style
Parts
P2
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Zhu Haowen (朱浩文)
Established title
Established title1
Established title2
Named for
Area magnitude
Unit pref
Area total km2	7467
Area land km2
Area urban km2	383
Area metro km2	383
Elevation footnotes
Elevation min m
Population as of	2010 census
Population total	2897605
Population density km2	auto
Population metro	820800
Population density metro km2	auto
Population urban	820800
Population density urban km2	auto
Timezone	China Standard
Utc offset	+8
Coordinates region	CN-13
Coordinates display	inline,title
Postal code type	Postal code
Postal code	066000
Area code	(0)335
Blank name	Licence Plate Prefix
Blank info	冀C
Website	http://www.qhd.gov.cn/
Footnotes	}}

Qinhuangdao is a port city in northeastern Hebei province of North China. It is about 300 km east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea, the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea.

Its population during the 2010 census was 2,987,605, with 820,800 living in the built-up area of 3 urban counties.

History

In the 19th century, Qinhuangdao included the separate towns of Chinwangtao and Tangho. Both were stations along the Peking–Mukden Railway. The design and construction of the new harbour and port of Ching Wang Tao in the Gulf of Pechili was undertaken by the partnership of Sir John Wolfe-Barry and Lt Col Arthur John Barry at the turn of the 20th century.

Geography

Qinhuangdao sits on the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea and borders Tangshan to the southwest, Chengde to the northwest, and Liaoning province to the northeast. Its administrative area ranges in latitude 39° 24' to 40° 37' N and in longitude from 118° 33' to 119° 51' E, and has a total area of .

Since the elevation of Tianjin to a provincial-level municipality, Qinhuangdao is the chief port of Hebei province. The Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang is said to have sought immortality on an island in the Haigang district, but did not find it.

Qinhuangdao has three main developed areas: Beidaihe: A summer seaside resort for senior government officials. Many political decisions affecting China are made here, making it the equivalent to resorts in Maine or Camp David in Maryland in the United States.

Haigang: the harbor city. Qinhuangdao proper. Home of Yan Shan University, the leading university in NE Hebei province.

Shanhaiguan: a popular tourist destination, featuring the eastern end of the Great Wall.

Qinhuangdao's Olympic Sports Centre Stadium was used as an Olympic Competition Venue (Football Preliminary) during the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Climate

Qinhuangdao has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen ''Dwa''), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold and dry due to the Siberian high, which can cause winds to blow in from the northwest, minimising the oceanic influence: the monthly daily average temperature in January is , colder than Beijing's . Summers are hot and humid due to the East Asian Monsoon, often allowing onshore flows; summer is also when the location on the coast moderates the weather the most: the average high temperature in July here is , as compared to in Beijing. As measured by daily mean temperature, July and August are equally warm, averaging . The annual mean is , and 70% of the annual precipitation falls from June to August.

Administrative divisions

! Map	! #	! Name	! Hanzi	! Hanyu Pinyin	! Population(2004 est.)	! Area (km²)	! Density (/km²)
1	Haigang District	海港区	Hǎigǎng Qū	550,000	121	4,545
2	Shanhaiguan District	山海关区	Shānhǎiguān Qū	140,000	192	729
3	Beidaihe District	北戴河区	Běidàihé Qū	70,000	70	1,000
4	Changli County	昌黎县	Chānglí Xiàn	550,000	1,184	465
5		抚宁县	Fǔníng Xiàn	520,000	1,646	316
6	Lulong County	卢龙县	Lúlóng Xiàn	420,000	945	444
7	Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County	青龙满族自治县	Qīnglóng MǎnzúZìzhìxiàn	520,000	3,309	157

Development Zone

The Qinhuangdao Economic & Technology Development Zone was approved by the State Council in 1984 to become one of China’s first state-level economic and technological development zones. Qinhuangdao is located in the heart of the rapidly-growing “Bohai-Rim Economic Circle”, within easy reach of both Beijing (280 km) and Tianjin (245 km). It covers a sea area of 23.81 square kilometers and has a coastline of six kilometers. The planned and controlled area of the development zone has reached 56.72 square kilometers. By the end of 2006, the number of approved projects reached 4,546, in which 647 projects were foreign-invested, with a total investment of US$4.73 billion.

Qinhuangdao Export Processing Zone is the first export processing zone in Hebei Province. It has passed joint appraisal held by Customs General Administration People's Republic of China, State Development Planning Commission and other six departments in 2003. Industries encouraged in the zone include Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Building/Construction Materials, Computer Software, Trading and Distribution.

Economy

[[Qinhuangdao Port is a strategically important port on China and is the largest coal shipping port in the country, much of which is shipped to power plants elsewhere in China. With recent expansion, its capacity has reached 209 million metric tons. The harbor is also adding a further six berths to add further capacity and is increasingly being invested in by other port operators, such as South Africa's Richards Bay Coal Terminal, who have announced plans to invest US$150 million to increase capacity by at least 28 percent.

China is also the worlds third largest coal exporter, and Qinhuangdao is expected to handle much of the nations coal exports. Rail links from Shanxi province (China’s largest coal producer) to Qinhuangdao Port are in the process of being upgraded, which should allow for Qinhuangdao to ultimately increase its throughput to 400 million tones of coal per annum from its current level of about 250 million tons by 2015.

Other Chinese and foreign service suppliers are also moving to Qinhuangdao to support this. China Ocean Shipping (Group) Co, China's biggest shipping company, expects US$49 billion of spending on ports over the next five years as the industry tackles bottlenecks created by the nation's unprecedented economic boom.

Qinhuangdao is located along the Jingshen Expressway which links Beijing with Shenyang, Liaoning

Red Ribbon

Qinhuangdao is home to the Tanghe River Park, which features the Red Ribbon, a knee-high steel sculpture that runs through the length of the park, providing seating, environmental interpretation, lighting, and the display of native plants. The project has won an honor award from the American Society of Landscape Architects and was selected by readers of Condé Nast Traveler magazine as one of the seven new wonders of the architecture world.

Education

Yanshan University

Sister cities

Lugo (Galicia)

Notes

References

External links

Qinhuangdao Government Online

Historic US Army map of Qinghuangdao and Beidaihe, 1944

Category:Cities in Hebei Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Hebei Category:Qinhuangdao

ar:تشنهوانغداو bg:Цинхаундао ca:Qinhuangdao cs:Čchin-chuang-tao da:Qinhuangdao de:Qinhuangdao es:Qinhuangdao eo:Ĉinhŭangdaŭo eu:Qinhuangdao fr:Qinhuangdao ko:친황다오 시 id:Qinhuangdao it:Qínhuángdǎo lv:Cjiņhuandao ms:Qinhuangdao nl:Qinhuangdao ja:秦皇島市 no:Qinhuangdao nn:Qinhuangdao pl:Qinhuangdao pt:Qinhuangdao ro:Qinhuangdao ru:Циньхуандао simple:Qinhuangdao fi:Qinhuangdao sv:Qinhuangdao uk:Ціньхуандао ug:Chinxuangdaw shehiri vi:Tần Hoàng Đảo war:Qinhuangdao zh:秦皇岛市

Rail transport is the most commonly used mode of long-distance transportation in the People's Republic of China. Almost all rail operations are handled by the Ministry of Railways, which is part of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. By the end of 2010, the operating rail network traverses the length and breadth of the country, covering a total length of , making only the rail networks in the United States and Russia larger in size. However, China's 961.23 billion Passenger-km and 2,947 billion tonne-kilometers of freight (both as of 2011) exceeds respective volumes of the US and Russia and are the highest in the world. On a global basis, China's rail transport volume is one of the world's largest, having six percent of the world's operating railways, but carrying 25 percent of the world's total railway workload. China's overall density of operations – here the standard measure is (freight ton-kilometers + passenger-kilometers)/length of track is the highest in the world. China also leads in terms of the growth rate of transport volume and use of transport equipment. As of 2009, Chinese Railway owned about 603,082 wagons, 49,355 coaches and 18,922 locomotives and ran more than 38,000 trains daily, including about 3,500 passenger trains. The network today serves all provinces, with the exception of the special administrative region of Macau.

As of October 2008, the Chinese State Council approved a new CNY 2 trillion (US$ 292 billion) railway investment plan to take it up to 2020. The scheme extends China's previously announced railway building program, which was allocated CNY 1.25 trillion (US$ 182 billion) in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for 2006 to 2010. As a result of the increased investment, the country's railway network has grown from 78,000 km at the end of 2007 to 91,000 km at the end of 2010, and is expected to grow to 110,000 km by the end of 2012. Growth in freight transport is thought to be one of the drivers behind the increased focus on rail, and the need to increase capacity to meet rising demand.

History

Qing Dynasty era (1876–1911)

The first railroad to be built in China was the Woosung Railway in 1876, which was a 9 ¼-mile railway from Shanghai to Woosung (modern Shanghai's Baoshan District). The railway was dismantled only one year later by the Qing governor. Until the defeat of China in the First Sino-Japanese War, only very little development had been made. After the defeat, direct connection to the imperial capital Beijing was permitted: several lines were expanded towards the city, the three main lines being the Jinghan, Jingfeng, and the Jinpu Railways, which today are still some of the busiest lines in China.

By 1911, there were around 9000 km of tracks in China. However, many railways were designed, constructed, or even owned by foreign companies. The first indigenously designed and constructed railway by Chinese is the Jingzhang railway built from 1905 to 1909, a difficult job due to the mountainous terrain. The chief engineer of this railway was Zhan Tianyou, who is known as the Father of China's Railway.

Republic of China era (1912–1949)

During the Republic of China era from 1912 until 1949, the development of the railway network in China was slowed down. This was due to repeated civil wars and the invasion of Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War. One of the few exceptions was in Northeastern China (Manchuria). During the reign of the Fengtian warlord from 1912 till 1931, several railway lines were built. The South Manchuria Railway Company by Japanese was founded in 1906 and after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan took over the operation of the Chinese Far East Railway () at Changchun city and southward and kept development going vigorously. In 1945, just after the Second Sino-Japanese War, there were 27,000 km of rail, nearly half of which, 13,000 km, was located in Manchuria.

People's Republic of China era (1949–)

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the new government under Mao Zedong invested heavily in the railway network. From the 1950s to the 70s, lines, especially those in western China, were expanded. One example is the 1900 km railway from Lanzhou to Ürümqi, which was built between 1952 and 1962. In Southwestern China, where difficult terrain prevails, several mountain railways were constructed, such as the Baoji-Chengdu Railway, built in the 1950s, and the Chengkun Railway, built in the 1970s. The railway to Xizang (Tibet), the Qingzang railway, was one of the most difficult to build; the line was finally completed and opened to the public in 2006. Today, every province-level entity of the People's Republic, with the exception of Macau, is connected to the railway network. Not only has the Chinese railway network expanded in size since 1949, but it has also seen great technological advances. Before the 1980s, most of the railways were powered by steam, due to low labour costs and cheap coal prices. However, the first diesel locomotive, the ''Dongfeng'', was introduced in 1959. During the 1980s and 90s, diesel and electric locomotives gradually replaced the steam engines on main lines. However, steam locomotives didn't retire from some provincial railways until the 21st century. In December 2005, the world's last regular revenue mainline steam train finished its journey on the Jitong railway, marking the end of the steam era. Nevertheless, there are still some steam locomotives used in the industrial railways in China.

From 1990 to 2001, on average some 1,092 km of new railways, 837 km of multiple-track, and 962 km of electrified railways were opened to traffic annually, 2.4-fold, 1.7-fold and 1.8-fold increases respectively over the previous 10 years. At the end of 2004, railways in operation reached 74,200 km, including 24,100 km of multiple track and 18,900 km of electrified railways.

Since 1997, train speed has been raised significantly six times. The top speed of express trains increased from 120 km to 200 km per hour, and passenger trains can reach maximum speed of 350 km per hour on some sections of the arterial railways.

Current network

China maintains about twenty principal domestic railway routes with a total length of 91,000 km by the end of 2010. As of 2007: ''Total:'' 78,000 km(network length). The total track length is 154,600 km.

''Electrified:'' 27,500 km, 34.5% electrified (2008)

''Double track:'' 29,000 km (not included in total) (2008)

Track gauge

''Standard gauge:'' 79,685 km gauge (2008) ''Metre gauge'': 466 km (Yunnan-Vietnam Railway) ''Narrow gauge:'' 3,600 km gauge local industrial lines (1998 est.)

Main lines

Jingha Railway

Jinghu Railway

Jingguang Railway

Jingjiu Railway

Jingbao Railway

Longhai Railway

Lanxin Railway

Qingzang Railway

Railway management

There are three levels of management in the national railway system of China

Ministry of Railways, part of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

Railway Bureaus or Railway Group Companies

Railway Stations

There are sixteen Railway Bureaus and two Railway Group Companies under the Minister of Railways.

There are also some local railway lines operated by local state-owned companies. The only private-owned railway line in mainland China is Luoding Railway in Guangdong Province.

Railway bureaus

Beijing Railway Bureau

Chengdu Railway Bureau

Guangzhou Railway Group Co. Ltd.

Harbin Railway Bureau

Hohhot Railway Bureau

Jinan Railway Bureau

Kunming Railway Bureau

Lanzhou Railway Bureau

Nanchang Railway Bureau

Nanning Railway Bureau

Qinghai-Tibet Railway Group Co., Ltd.

Shanghai Railway Bureau

Shenyang Railway Bureau

Taiyuan Railway Bureau

Wulumuqi (Ürümqi) Railway Bureau

Wuhan Railway Bureau

Xi'an Railway Bureau

Zhengzhou Railway Bureau

Locomotives

The two main categories of conventional Chinese locomotives are the Dongfeng diesel locomotives and the Shaoshan electric locomotives. In the first decade of the 21st century the railways of china began to import and produce AC/DC-AC transmission electric locomotives; the most numerous of these are the HXD series ''"Harmony"'' locomotives for freight work, of which over 3000 were ordered. Most modern trains, for example for the China Railway High-Speed service, are either imported or produced in China using technology transfer agreements.

Train speed limits

China has increased the allowed top speed for trains six times: in April 1997, October 1998, October 2000, November 2001, April 2004, and April 18, 2007. In the 1997 speedup, the top speed of passenger trains on some of the main lines was increased to 140 km/h. During the following speedups top speeds were increased to 160 km/h on some lines and up to 250 km/h. During the 2007 speedup, the top speeds reached 200 km/h on 6,003 km tracks of main lines such as Jinghu Railway, Jingha Railway, and Jingguang Railway. On 848 km tracks the top speeds reached 250 km/h, most of which were on the Qinshen Passenger Railway.Another 14,000 km tracks had a top speed limit of 160 km/h and an extra 22,000 km tracks had a 120 km/h limit. In addition, during this speedup, the heavy-haul freight transportation speed limit was also boosted to 120 km/h. This speedup was expected to boost passenger and cargo capacity by 18 percent and 12 percent respectively. The newly built Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail and Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway have top speeds of 350 km/h.

Passenger transport

Rail is one of the principal means of transport in China, with over 1.3 billion railway trips taken in 2007 and 1.4 billion estimated for 2008. The Spring Festival Travel Season is the peak railway travel season of the year. In 2008, 1.456 billion people travelled 772.8 billion km by rail.

Holidays

During the three weeklong holidays in China, known as "Golden Week", demand for tickets increases dramatically due to many migrant workers returning home and others using the time to travel the country. The holidays are the week starting May 1 and October 1 and the week around Chinese New Year, also known as the Chunyun season.

Even though the duration of the May holidays was shortened in 2009, the holiday traffic remained strong, with the record of 6.54 million passengers carried over the Chinese rail network on May 1, 2009.

Chinese New Year

Every year before, during and after the Chinese New Year, Chinese railway operate the ''Chunyun'' period – increased services on most lines for the increased demand due to the holidays. Since railway transport is the cheapest method for long distance travellers in China, the railway is the most important transport method during the Chunyun period. For example, during the 40 days of the 2007 Chunyun period, it is estimated that 156 million passengers used trains. This translates to an average of 3.9 million passengers a day. However, the average daily capacity of the Chinese railway system is 2.4 million. To make the situation even worse, traffic is highly imbalanced: before the Chinese New Year, passengers mainly travel from eastern provinces to western provinces. After the holiday, traffic reverses. Although hundreds of temporary trains are operated, train tickets are still in short supply. Trains are very crowded during this period, for example; a passenger car with 118 seats may accommodate more than 200 people.

Cross-border services

Passenger train services are available to destinations in: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. These countries use gauge, so there is a break-of-gauge.

Hong Kong SAR and North Korea. These use standard gauge.

Vietnam, which uses , so there is a break of gauge at Hanoi.

Hong Kong

Train services to Hong Kong terminate at the Hung Hom Station in Kowloon. Within Hong Kong the cross-boundary services use the tracks of the East Rail Line. There are three through-train routes, Beijing line (to/from Beijing), Shanghai line (to/from Shanghai) and Guangdong line (to/from Zhaoqing and Guangzhou East). Another express train service linking Hong Kong and Guangzhou with intermediary stop in Shenzhen has been approved and construction in the China section has commenced. This new express rail line will reduce the train travel time between Hong Kong and Guangzhou from 2 hours to 1 hour.

Kazakshtan

China's Lanxin Railway connects with the Kazakhstan railway system at Alashankou since ca. 1990. There are two weekly passenger trains (one Kazakh and one Chinese) from Almaty to Ürümqi in Western China. There are differing reports on which of the two is more comfortable, however the Chinese train is generally of a higher standard than the Kazakh train. See Alashankou.

A new electric railway line from Jinghe on the main Lanxin line via Ghulja (Yining) to Khorgos near the Kazakh border was completed in the late 2009. (The passenger service, started on July 1, 2010, only operates to Ghulja, though.) On the Kazakh side, work has started to connect Khorgos to Zhetigen (on the Turksib line north of Almaty). When completed, this will provide the second railway connection between China and Kazakhstan, and a more direct railway from Ürümqi to Almaty.

Proposed future rail links

Proposed high-speed links to Europe and South-East Asia

China is in negotiations to build a continent-spanning high-speed rail network with destinations as far away as London and Germany, within the next ten years. Chinese railway consultant from China's Academy of Engineering; Wang Mengshu, said the journey (from Beijing to London) would take just two days to complete, traveling at speeds of up to 345 km/h (215 mph). Mr Wang said that China was already in negotiations with 17 countries over the rail lines, which will draw together and open up the whole of Central, East and South East Asia. Mr Wang said the network would also allow China to transport valuable cargoes of raw materials more efficiently.

Mr Wang said; "We have also already carried out the prospecting and survey work for the European network, and Central and Eastern European countries are keen for us to start," Mr Wang said. "The Northern network will be the third one to start, although China and Russia have already agreed on a high-speed line across Siberia, where one million Chinese already live." A second project would see trains heading north through Russia to Germany and into the European railway system, and a third line will extend south to connect Vietnam, Thailand, Burma and Malaysia.

Proposed link to Laos

In 2011, construction is expected to begin on a railway from Kunming to Laos.

Proposed link to Macau

Macau SAR is the only province-level division of China that has no railway. An extension of the Guangzhou Railway to Cotai through Hengqin Island has been proposed.

Mongolia

Train services to Mongolia terminate in Ulan Bator. China's rail network connects with Mongolia railways in Erenhot in China and Dzamyn Ude in Mongolia. Nowadays, there are two trains every week departing from Beijing and Hohhot. Moreover, there are five times of train service between Ulan Bator and Erenhot every week. As same as links to Russia, the international trains need to change bogies in Erenhot, since Mongolia uses broad gauge.

There are two weekly trains from Beijing to Mongolia, one of which continues to Moscow.

Proposed link to Myanmar

There are also tentative plans to build a 1920 km railway to Yangôn in Myanmar; this may be linked to a deepwater port at Dawei.

North Korea

There are 4 weekly trains with Hard and Soft Sleeper from Beijing to Pyongyang in North Korea. There is also a once weekly carriage attached to the Vostok train from Moscow to North Korea via Harbin and Shenyang in China.

Russia

For a long time, China's rail network has directly connected with Russian railways at two points: Manzhouli and Suifenhe. These connections exist since the construction of the Transsiberian Railway in the early 1900s, since the earliest Transsiberian route took a shortcut through China's Manchuria along what was known as the China Eastern Railway. The former is used by a large amount of freight and by one of the Beijing-Moscow trains (there is also an alternative route via Mongolia), while the latter is used by a service to Russia's Primorsky Krai. As of November 2008, there was no direct passenger service from e.g. Harbin to Vladivostok, but one could travel along this route with transfers in Suifenhe, Grodekovo, and Ussuriysk.

The third, little known and even less used, rail connection between the two countries was built farther south, between Hunchun and Russian Makhalino (a station on the Ussuriysk-Khasan-North Korean border line, 41 km before Khasan). It began operating in February 2000, and saw only a minor amount of traffic (678 railcars of lumber) over the next two years. The line was closed in 2002–2003, reopened in 2003, but, as of the summer of 2004, it was still reported as seeing little traffic.

In November 2008, the transport ministries of Russia and the China signed an agreement about creating one more link between the railway systems of the two countries. It will involve a railway bridge between across the Heilongjiang (Amur) River, connecting Tongjiang in China's Jiamusi prefecture with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in Russia's Jewish Autonomous Oblast. At that point, the construction work was expected to start in 2009 and to be completed in 2011.

Currently there are two weekly trains in each direction between Beijing and Moscow: trains no. 3/4 including Chinese 2 berth deluxe soft sleeper running via Mongolia, and no. 19/20 running via Manzhouli and Harbin.

Vietnam

Nanning-Hanoi link

There are twice weekly trains from Beijing to Hanoi in Vietnam. The trains consist of a typical T style Chinese express from Beijing to Dong Dang (Đồng Đăng, in Lang Son Province) on the Vietnamese border. The train may require passengers to detrain in Nanning for 5 hours (especially on the north bound service) however a lounge area with reclining chairs is available for Soft Sleeper passengers.

Customs are cleared in Dong Dang station.

Yunnan–Vietnam Railway

The narrow-gauge Yunnan–Vietnam Railway runs from Kunming to Hekou on the Vietnamese border, and continue on the Vietnamese side to Hanoi. There has been no passenger service on this line since some time after 2000.

Planned new link in western Guangxi

In 2010, a 72-km single-track electrified rail branch was completed from Tiandong on the Nanning -Kunming railway to Debao, to the southwest. Construction was started on extending this branch from Debao further southwest, to Jingxi, with plans to eventually extend it all the way to the Longbang border crossing on the Vietnamese border.

Proposed rail link to India

Indian Railways and rail authorities in China are interested in initiating a high-speed rail link that would link New Delhi with Kunming, China via Myanmar The rail link would utilise the under construction railway from Manipur, India to Myanmar and the under construction railway from Kunming to Myanmar.

Potential link of Qinghai-Tibet railway to India

As India has been extending its railway near the Nathu La pass with China, and China has plans to extend the Qinghai-Tibet railway to near its border with Nathu La, a petition was set up to promote the idea that both countries could link up their respective proportions for direct train services between the two countries. As of September 6, 2011, the petition had 81 members.

High-speed rail

High-speed rail services were introduced in 2007 and are operated using CRH trains. These run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h and on dedicated high speed track up to 350 km/h.

Conventional railways

350 km/h railways

Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail

Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway

Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway

200 km/h railways

Total 6003 km as of April 2007.

Qinshen Passenger Railway, some sections with a top speed of 250 km/h

Jiaoji Railway

Most of Zhegan Railway

Part of Guangshen railway

Part of Jinghu railway

Part of Jingguang railway

Part of Longhai Railway, from Zhengzhou to Xuzhou

Rolling stocks

China Railway High-speed (CRH): CRH1, CRH2, CRH3, CRH5

X 2000

Blue Arrow

China Star

Sleeper trains

There are generally three classes of sleeper compartments in China:

Soft sleeper – offered in a lockable compartment that has four sleeping berths, two lower ones and two upper berths which can be folded up to allow for seating in the lower berths.

Hard sleeper – are provided in an open carriage consisting of a wide aisle on one side and bays of six sleeping berths on the other arranged on three levels. Hard sleepers are generally cheaper than soft sleepers.

Deluxe soft sleeper – are offered as a two berth compartment with a private toilet. Only a few services in China such as the Beijing-Hong Kong through train offer this option.

See also

List of railways in China

Transportation in China

Narrow gauge railways in China

Rail Transport in India

References

External links

Ministry of Railways Chinese Railways Shanghai Maglev Transrapid China Train Guide

China Academy of Railway Sciences

2010 China Railways Official Promotional Video: Harmonious Railways

Offline and Online China Train Ticket Booking Introduction - Seeraa International

China, People's Republic of

de:Eisenbahnnetz der Volksrepublik China fr:Transport ferroviaire en Chine ko:중화인민공화국의 철도 hu:Kína vasúti közlekedése ja:中華人民共和国の鉄道 no:Jernbane i Kina pl:Koleje chińskie ru:Железные дороги Китая zh:中華人民共和國鐵路運輸