- published: 14 Nov 2012
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- author: DukeBluePlanet
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Austria
Austria (
i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: 
Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Battle of Mohács
The Battle of Mohács (Hungarian: mohácsi csata or mohácsi vész; Turkish: Mohaç Savaşı or Mohaç Meydan Savaşı; Croatian: Bitka na Mohačkom polju) was fought on August 29, 1526 near Mohács, Hungary. In the battle, forces of the Kingdom of Hungary led by King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia were defeated by forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania. The death of Louis II as he fled the battle marked the end of the Jagiellon dynasty in Hungary and Bohemia, whose dynastic claims were absorbed by the Habsburgs via the marriage of Louis' sister.
wn.com/Battle_of_Mohács -
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] ( listen)), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine-Westphalia), with 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, probably did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Brussels
Brussels (French: Bruxelles, pronounced [bʁysɛl] ( listen); Dutch: Brussel, pronounced [ˈbrʏ.səɫ] ( listen); German: Brüssel, pronounced [ˈbʁyː.səl]), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (help·info), Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (help·info)), is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union (EU). It is also the largest urban area in Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the municipality of the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium, in addition to the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
Brussels has grown from a 10th-century fortress town founded by a descendant of Charlemagne into a metropolis of more than one million inhabitants. The metropolitan area has a population of over 1.8 million, making it the largest in Belgium.
Since the end of the Second World War, Brussels has been a main centre for international politics. Hosting principal EU institutions as well as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the city has become the polyglot home of numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.
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Central Java
Central Java (Indonesian: Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. The administrative capital is Semarang. It is one of six provinces on the island of Java. This province is the province of high Human Development in Indonesia and its Points Development Index countries is equivalent to Lebanon. The province of Central Java is 39,800.69 km2 in area; approximately a quarter of the total land area of Java. Its population was 30,380,687 at the 2010 Census, making it the third most-populous province in Indonesia after West Java and East Java, and constituting a bit less than one quarter of the crowded island's population.
Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Area and city of Yogyakarta. However, administratively the city and surrounding region has been part of a separate special region since Indonesian independence.
Located in the middle of the island of Java, the Central Java province is bordered by West Java and East Java provinces. A small portion of its south region is the Yogyakarta Special Region province, fully enclosed by the Central Java province. Yogyakarta is historically and culturally part of the Central Java region, although it is currently a separate political entity. To the north and the south, the Central Java province faces the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean. Central Java also includes offshore islands such as Karimun Jawa Islands in the north, and Nusakambangan in the southwest.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
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Dithmarschen
Dithmarschen (German pronunciation: [ˈdɪtmaʁʃən], Low Saxon pronunciation: [ˈdɪtmaːʃn̩], archaic in English: Ditmarsh, Middle Latin: Tedmarsgo) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Rendsburg-Eckernförde, and Steinburg, by the state of Lower Saxony (district of Stade, from which it is separated by the Elbe river), and by the North Sea.
The district is located on the North Sea. It is embraced by the Elbe estuary to the south and the Eider estuary to the north. Today it forms a kind of artificial island, surrounded by the Eider river in the north and the Kiel Canal in both the east and southeast. It is a rather flat countryside that was once full of fens and swamps.
To the north it borders on Nordfriesland and Schleswig-Flensburg, to the east on Rendsburg-Eckernförde, and in the southeast on Steinburg. Its landward boundaries have remained basically the same since the times of Charlemagne. Land reclamation, however, has almost doubled the size of Dithmarschen as land has been wrested from the sea.
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Duchy of Brunswick
Brunswick (German: Braunschweig) was a historical state in Germany. Originally the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Holy Roman Empire, it was established as an independent duchy by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Its capital was the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig).
The title "Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg" (German: Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg) was held, from 1235 on, by various members of the Welf family who ruled several small territories in northwest Germany. These holdings did not have all of the formal characteristics of a state, being neither compact nor indivisible. When several sons of a Duke competed for power, the lands were often divided between them; when a branch of the family lost power or became extinct, the lands were reallocated among surviving members of the family; different dukes might also exchange territories. The unifying element of all these territories was that they were ruled by male-line descendants of Duke Otto I.
After several early divisions, Brunswick-Lüneburg was unified under Duke Magnus II (d. 1373). Following his death, his three sons jointly ruled the Duchy. After the murder of their brother Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg, brothers Bernard and Henry redivided the land, Henry receiving the territory of Wolfenbüttel.
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Duchy of Milan
The Duchy of Milan was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire, in what is now northern Italy. Created in 1395, when it included twenty-six towns and a wide rural area lying between the hills of Montferrat and the Venetian Lagoon, the Duchy was conquered by the Austrians during the 18th century War of the Spanish Succession, and in 1714 it was ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Baden. It remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when it was conquered by a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte, and ceased to exist a year later as the result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.
After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored many other states which he had destroyed, but the Duchy of Milan was not among them. Instead, its former territory became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, with the Emperor of Austria as its king. In 1866 what was left of this kingdom was annexed by the new Kingdom of Italy.
The Duchy of Milan (Ducatus Mediolani), was created 1 May 1395, when Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Milan, purchased a diploma for 100,000 Florins from King Wenceslaus. It was this diploma that installed, Gian Galeazzo as Duke of Milan and Count of Pavia. At its foundation the duchy included 26 towns and spanned from the hills of Montferrat to the Lagoons of Venice, and included all the former towns of the Lombard League.
During the rule of the Visconti and Sforza, the duchy had to defend its territory against the Swiss, the French and the Venetians, until the Betrayal of Novara in 1500 when the duchy passed to the French-claim of Louis XII.
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Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil. Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pedro I and his son Dom Pedro II, both members of the House of Braganza—a branch of the Capetian dynasty. A colony of the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil became the seat of the Portuguese colonial Empire in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom João VI (John VI), fled from Napoleon I's invasion of Portugal and established himself and his government in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. João VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir, Pedro, to rule Brazil as regent.
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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Florence
Florence (Italian: Firenze [fiˈrɛntse] ( listen), alternate obsolete form: Fiorenza; Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area.
Florence is famous for its history. A centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time, Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages. A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1870 the city was also the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy.
The historic centre of Florence attracts millions of tourists each year, and Euromonitor International ranked the city as the world's 72nd most visited in 2009, with 1,685,000 visitors. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and the city is noted for its history, culture, Renaissance art and architecture and monuments. The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Pitti Palace, amongst others, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics.
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Halland
Halland (help·info) is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (landskap in Swedish), on the western coast of Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Småland, Scania and the sea of Kattegat.
The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function is served by the Counties of Sweden. However, the province of Halland is almost coextensive with the administrative Halland County, though parts of the province belong to Västra Götaland County and Skåne County.
As of December 31, 2009, Halland had a population of 303,895. Of these, 287,668 lived in Halland County; 13,980 lived in Västra Götaland County; and 2,247 lived in Skåne County.
During the Danish era the province had no coat of arms and no seal. In Sweden, however, every province had been represented by heraldic arms since 1560. When Charles X Gustav of Sweden suddenly died in 1660 a coat of arms had to be created for the newly acquired province. Each province was to be represented by its arms at the royal funeral. There are several theories about the choice of a lion. Bengt Algotsson, duke of Halland and Finland in the 14th century, used a lion in his personal arms. Blazon: Azure, a Lion rampant Argent langued, armed and dente Gules.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km2 (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.
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Kalisz
Kalisz [ˈkalʲiʂ] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 106,857 inhabitants (June 2010), the capital city of the Kalisz Region. Situated on the Prosna river in the southeastern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the city forms a conurbation with the nearby towns of Ostrów Wielkopolski and Nowe Skalmierzyce. See Kalisz County for the regional administrative area (powiat).
Kalisz is an important regional industrial and commercial centre[citation needed], with many notable factories[which?]. The city is also a centre for traditional folk art. The town was also the site of the former 'Calisia' piano factory, until it went out of business in 2007.
The name itself stems from the Celtic term cal which means stream, or Slavic term kal, meaning swamp or marsh.
Kalisz has long been considered the oldest city of Poland because it was mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century A.D., but the claim is now doubted by some (cf. Calisia). The location mentioned by Ptolemy was situated in the territory of the Diduni in Magna Germania on the Amber Trail. There are many artefacts of the Roman times in the area, pointing out that it could have been one of the stops of the Roman caravans heading for the Baltic Sea.
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Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a country in Central Europe covering what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania (now part of Romania), Carpatho Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Burgenland (now part of Austria), and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders. From 1102 it also included Croatia (except Istria), being in personal union with it, united under the Hungarian king. The kingdom existed for almost one thousand years (1000–1918 and 1920–1946) and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world.
The Latin Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official Latin documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s. The German name (Königreich Ungarn) was used from 1849 to the 1860s, and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and again from the 1860s to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Croatian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.
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Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg (i/ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ LUKS-əm-burg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg, Dutch: Groothertogdom Luxemburg), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland ("good country") in the south. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi). A representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is ruled by a grand duke. It is now the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The country has a highly developed economy, with the world's highest GDP (nominal) per capita according to the IMF. Its historic and strategic importance dates back to its founding as a Roman era fortress site and Frankish count's castle site in the Early Middle Ages. It was an important bastion along the Spanish Road when Spain was the principal European power influencing the whole western hemisphere and beyond in the 16th–17th centuries.
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Massa
Massa listen (help·info) is a town and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, the administrative centre of the province of Massa and Carrara. It is located in the Frigido River Valley, near the Alpi Apuane, some 5 kilometers from the Tyrrhenian Sea.
The Massa area is of high touristic value and also hosts a concentration of some 600 industrial and craft activities, located within the so-called Apuan Industrial Zone, with a direct employment of more than 7,000 people. Together with the twin town of Carrara, Massa is known for the extraction and production of marble.[citation needed]
During the Roman Empire Massa veternensis in Etruria was the birthplace of Constantius Gallus.
From the 15th to the 19th century, Massa was the capital of the independent Principate (later Duchy) of Massa and Carrara, ruled by the Malaspina and Cybo-Malaspina families. Massa is the first recorded town in Europe in which the magnetic needle compass was used in mines to map them and determine the extent of various mine owners' properties.[citation needed]
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Modena
Modena (Italian: [ˈmɔːdena] ( listen); Modenese: Mòdna; Latin: Mutina) is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.
An ancient town, it is the seat of an archbishop, but is now best known as "the capital of engines", since the factories of the famous Italian sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani and Maserati are, or were, located here and all, except Lamborghini, have headquarters in the city or nearby. Lamborghini is headquartered not far away in Sant'Agata Bolognese, in the adjacent Province of Bologna. One of Ferrari's cars, the 360 Modena, was named after the town itself. Also, one of the colors for Ferraris is Modena yellow.
The University of Modena, founded in 1175 and expanded by Francesco II d'Este in 1686, has traditional strengths in economics, medicine and law and is the second oldest athenaeum in Italy, sixth in the whole world[citation needed]. Italian officers are trained at the Italian Military Academy, located in Modena, and partly housed in the Baroque Ducal Palace. The Biblioteca Estense houses historical volumes and 3,000 manuscripts.
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Parma, Italy
Parma listen (help·info) (Emilian: Pärma) is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its prosciutto, cheese, architecture and surrounding countryside. This is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the little stream with the same name. Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma.
The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci (born in a hamlet in the countryside) wrote: "As a capital city it had to have a river. As a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry". The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente.
Parma was already a built-up area in the Bronze Age. It has been verified by now that in the current position of the city rose a terramare. The "terramare" (marl earth) were ancient villages in structural wood on pile-dwelling built according to a defined scheme and squared form, built on the dry land, generally in proximity of the rivers. During this age (among the 1500 BC and the 800 BC) the first necropolises (placed where stand the present-day Piazza Duomo and Millstone Square) rose also.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Pomerania
Pomerania - Polish: Pomorze, Kashubian: Pòmòrze or Pòmòrskô, (German: Pommern, Latin: Pomerania or Pomorania) is a historical region on the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the East. Pomerania was strongly affected by 20th century, post-World War I and II border and population shifts.
Pomerania belongs to the lowlands of the North European Plain. Outside its few urban centers − most notably the Szczecin and Tricity metropolitan areas − the poor soil is mostly used as farmland, dotted with numerous lakes, forests, and small towns. Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Since the late 19th century, tourism has become an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast. Of the limited industrial zones, the most important products are ships, metal products, refined sugar, and paper.
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Reval
Tallinn (/ˈtɑːlɪn/ or /ˈtælɪn/,Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ]) is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) with a population of 416,470. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is ranked as a global city and has been listed among the top 10 digital cities in the world. The city was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with Turku, Finland.
Tallinn is the oldest capital[clarification needed] in Northern Europe. The city was known as Reval from the 13th century until the 1920s.
In 1154 a town called Qlwn or Qalaven (possible derivations of Kalevan or Kolyvan) was put on the world map of the Almoravid by the Muslim cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as a small town like a large castle among the towns of Astlanda. It has been suggested that the Quwri in Astlanda may have denoted the predecessor town of today's Tallinn.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈzaksən]; Upper Sorbian: Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with (18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most-populous (4.3 million) of Germany's sixteen states.
Located in the middle of an erstwhile German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, a republic from 1918 to 1952 and then again from 1990.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Sachsen is divided into three Direktionsbezirke — Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig — which are subdivided into 10 districts:
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Schleswig
Schleswig or Southern Jutland (Danish: Sønderjylland or Slesvig; German: Schleswig; Low German: Sleswig; North Frisian: Slaswik or Sleesweg) is a region covering the area about 60 km north and 70 km south of the border between Germany and Denmark; the territory has been divided between the two countries since 1920, with Northern Schleswig in Denmark and Southern Schleswig in Germany. The region is also known archaically in English as Sleswick.
The area's traditional significance lies in the transfer of goods between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, connecting the trade route through Russia with the trade routes along the Rhine and the Atlantic coast (see also Kiel Canal).
Roman sources place the homeland of the Jute tribe north of the river Eider and that of the Angles to its south who in turn abutted the neighbouring Saxons. Towards the end of the Early Middle Ages, Schleswig formed part of the historical Lands of Denmark as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries (The heyday of the Viking incursions).
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Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein (pronounced [ˈʃleːsvɪç ˈhɔlʃtaɪn] ( listen)) is the northernmost of the sixteen states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig. Its capital city is Kiel; other notable cities are Lübeck, Flensburg and Neumünster.
The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia, the Danish name is Slesvig-Holsten, the Low German name is Sleswig-Holsteen, the Dutch name is Sleeswijk-Holstein and the North Frisian name is Slaswik-Holstiinj. Historically, the name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County (Northern Schleswig) in Denmark.
The term "Holstein" derives from Old Saxon, Holseta Land, meaning "the land of those who dwell in the wood" (Holz and Holt mean wood in modern Standardised German and in literary English respectively). Originally, it referred to the central of the three Saxon tribes north of the Elbe river, Tedmarsgoi, Holcetae, and Sturmarii. The area of the Holcetae was between the Stör river and Hamburg, and after Christianization their main church was in Schenefeld. Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. Since 811 the northern frontier of Holstein (and thus the Empire) was marked by the river Eider.
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Senapati
Senapati (Sanskrit: sena- meaning "army", -pati meaning "lord") was a hereditary title of nobility used in the Maratha Empire. During wartime, a Sardar Senapati or Sarsenapati (also colloquially termed Sarnaubat) functioned as the Commander-in-Chief of all Maratha forces, coordinating the commands of the various Sardars in battle.
Ranking under the heir-apparent crown prince and other hereditary princes, the title Senapati most closely resembles a British Duke or German Herzog in rank and function. On occasion, the title Mahasenapati (Sanskrit: maha- meaning "great") was granted; this best equates to a Grand Duke or a German Großherzog.
Unlike Sardar, Senapati is a primogeniture hereditary title that passes on to the eldest son. There are several royal Senapati families alive today, including the Ghorpade and Dabhade families.
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Sieradz
Sieradz [ˈɕerat͡s] ( listen) (Latin Syradia, German: Schieratz) is a town on the Warta river in central Poland with 44,326 inhabitants (2004). It is situated in the Łódź Voivodship (since 1999), but was previously the eponymous capital of the Sieradz Voivodship (1975–1998), and historically one of the minor duchies in Greater Poland.
It is one of the oldest towns in Poland, thrice being a location for the coronation of the Polish monarchs. The town was attacked by the Tartars, Bohemians and Teutonic Knights. Polish Kings chaired six assemblies from here.
The oldest settlements can be traced back to almost 6th century. King Casimir the great had built the Castle of Sieradz.
In the mid 13th century it was conferred with Municipal rights. It had also welcomed many settlers from Scotland & Netherlands after the 13th century. During the fragmentation of Poland, it was the site of the Duchy of Sieradz.
In 1445 the election of King Casimir Jagiellonian took place at this town. Until the 16th century the town used to be important trade centre. Merchants from Spain & Portugal were frequently visiting the town for Trade and commerce. In the 17th century due to the Swedish wars, plagues, fires and floods the town lost its trading importance and fell from its prime. In the 18th century the reconstruction of town commenced. The residents during that time were only approximately 1500.
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Skåne
Scania ( Skåne (help·info) in Swedish) is the southernmost of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces (landskap) of Sweden, constituting a peninsula on the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, and some adjacent islands. The modern administrative subdivision (län) Skåne County is almost, but not totally, congruent with the province. The largest city is Malmö, which is also the third largest in Sweden and the administrative centre of Skåne County.
To the north, Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland, to the north-east Blekinge, to the east and south the Baltic Sea, and to the west the Öresund strait. Since 2000 a road and railway bridge, the Øresund Bridge constitutes a fixed link to the Danish island of Zealand. It is part of the transnational Öresund Region.
The province, up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, formed part of the kingdom of Denmark. The transition to Sweden was later confirmed by the Treaty of Copenhagen 1660, the Peace of Lund 1679, the Peace of Travendal 1700. The last serious Danish attempt to retake the province failed in 1710, after the Battle of Helsingborg. The period 1658–1720 saw widespread violence by the Swedish military against the population. The region did not form part of Sweden proper until 1720, but had the status of conquered "foreign land" until that year. Until the early 19th century, a policy of forced assimilation was employed by the Swedish government in what until then had been a linguistically Danish region.
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Slavonia
Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. Slavonia consists of five counties—Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia, although the territory of the counties includes Baranja, and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The five counties comprise territory of 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles) and a population of 806,192. The largest city in the region is Osijek, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Požega. Slavonia has undergone considerable demographic changes, reflecting the course of its political history and conquests. It is located in the Pannonian Basin, largely bordered by the Danube, Drava and Sava rivers. The western part of the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys, and the mountains and hills surrounding the Požega valley; the highest among them is 984-metre (3,228 ft) Psunj. The eastern part of the region largely consists of plains. Slavonia enjoys a moderately warm and rainy continental climate, with relatively low precipitation.
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Stormarn
Stormarn is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Segeberg and Ostholstein, the city of Lübeck, the district of Lauenburg, and the city-state of Hamburg.
The name Stormarn may be derived from "storm", hence meaning "stormy land". In medieval times the name was applied to a larger area, of which the present-day district is only the eastern half.
Stormarn became a part of Holstein in the 12th century. When Schleswig-Holstein became a province of Prussia in 1867, the Prussian administration established the district of Stormarn, with Wandsbek as its capital. In 1937 the southwestern part of the district was incorporated into Hamburg, and the district lost half of its population. Since Wandsbek was now a borough of Hamburg, the capital was moved to Bad Oldesloe after the war. In 1970 Stormarn again lost a substantial portion of its territory, when the city of Norderstedt was founded in order to become a part of the Segeberg district.
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Surakarta
Surakarta, often called Solo and less commonly Sala, is a city in Central Java, Indonesia of more than 520,061 people (2009) with a population density of 11,811.5 people/km2. The 44 km2 city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoharjo Regency to the east and west, and Sukoharjo Regency to the south. On the eastern side of Solo lies Bengawan Solo River. The city is the seat of Surakarta Sunanate kraton (palace/court). Together with Yogyakarta, Surakarta is the heir of the Mataram Kingdom that was split into two kingdoms in 1755.
Surakarta is also widely known by the name "Solo". "Surakarta" is used in formal and official contexts. The city has a similar name to the neighboring district of "Kartasura," where the previous capital of Mataram was located. The variant spelling "Soerakarta" reflects the Dutch orthography in use before the 1948 spelling reform.
Its ruling family lay claim to being the heirs to the Mataram dynasty. Like Yogyakarta, Solo has two royal palaces.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Södermanland
Södermanland (help·info), sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania, is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Östergötland, Närke, Västmanland and Uppland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea.
In Swedish, the province name is frequently shortened to Sörmland.
Södermanland means "Southern man land". It was used as a directional reference to lake Mälaren, compared to Uppland (north) and Västmanland (west).
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. There is a corresponding administrative Södermanland County. However, the bulk of the population is within Stockholm County
The coat of arms was granted in 1560. The arms is represented with a ducal coronet. Blazon: "Or, a Griffin rampant Sable beaked, langued, membered and armed Gules." The same CoA was granted for the county in 1940.
Södermanland is situated between lake Mälaren to the north and the Baltic Sea to the south and east. In the south, the border to Östergötland is comprised by the Kolmården forest.
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Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη [θesaloˈnici] ( listen)), also known as Thessalonica ( /ˌθɛsəlɵˈnaɪkə/) and historically known as Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. Its honorific title is Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévusa), literally "co-capital", and stands as a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa), "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire, alongside Constantinople.
According to the 2011 census the municipality of Thessaloniki today has a population of 322,240, while the Thessaloniki Urban Area (the contiguous built up area forming the "City of Thessaloniki") has a population of 790,824; making it the fifth largest and most populated city in the Balkans and the second most populated city that is not a capital. Furthermore, the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area extends over an area of 1,455.62 km2 (562.02 sq mi) and its population in 2011 reached a total of 1,006,730 inhabitants.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (English: /ˌjɒɡjəˈkɑrtə/ or /ˌjoʊɡjəˈkɑrtə/,Malay: [jɔɡjaˈkarta]; also Jogja, Jogjakarta) is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region on Java in Indonesia. It is renowned as a centre of classical Javanese fine art and culture such as batik, ballet, drama, music, poetry, and puppet shows. Yogyakarta was the Indonesian capital during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. One of the districts in Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of Mataram Sultanate between 1575-1640.
Although missing from the historical record since the migration of the capital of Medang kingdom in the 10th century to the eastern Java, the valley area in the south of Mount Merapi since the 15th century still inhabited by many people and perhaps become part of the region called "Pengging".
Kotagede was the capital of Mataram Sultanate now part of districts in Yogyakarta. The palace of the founder of Mataram Sultanate, Panembahan Senopati established in scene of part of Alas Mentaok. After a two times move it Capital, (Palace of Pleret and Place of Kerta, both located in Bantul Regency), The capital of Mataram Sultanate moved to Kartasura.
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Łęczyca
Łęczyca [wɛnˈt͡ʂɨt͡sa] (in full The Royal Town of Łęczyca, Polish: Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; other names: Lenczyk, Luntschitz, German: Lentschütz, Hebrew: לונטשיץ) is a town of 16,594 inhabitants (as of 2004) in central Poland. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the county seat of the Łęczyca County.
Łęczyca is one of the oldest Polish cities, mentioned in the 12th century. It was the place of the first recorded meeting of Sejm, the Polish parliament in 1182. It was the capital of the Łęczyca Duchy in the 13th century, and next it became the capital of Łęczyca Voivodeship since 14th till 18th century.
In 1331 the Teutonic Knights sacked the city during one of their repeated incursions into central Europe. A considerable number of buildings were burned down, including two churches. A few decades later, on the initiative of Kazimierz the Great, the city was walled and a castle built to the southeast of the city.
The city's prominence came to and end with the Swedish invasion of Poland when the castle was overrun and most of the city once again destroyed, and it remained in a state of crisis until the Partitions.
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Albert II of Belgium
Albert II (born 6 June 1934) is the King of the Belgians, a constitutional monarch. He is a member of the royal house "of Belgium"; formerly this house was named Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He is the uncle of the current reigning Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Henri.
Albert's full name is Albert Félix Humbert Théodore Christian Eugène Marie in French (pronounced: [albɛʁ feliks œ̃bɛʁ teodɔʁ kʁistjɑ̃ øʒɛn maʁi]), Albert Felix Humbert Theodoor Christiaan Eugène Marie in Dutch (pronounced [ˈʔɑlbəɾt ˈfelɪks ˈɦʏmbəɾt teˈjodoːɾ ˈkɾɪstiːjaːn ʔøːˈʒɛːn ma̙ˈɾiː]), and Albert Felix Humbert Theodor Christian Eugen Maria in German (pronounced [ˈʔalbɛʁt ˈfeːlɪks ˈhʊmbɛʁt ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈkʁɪsti̯an ˈʔɔʏɡən maˈʁiːa]).
He is the second son of King Leopold III (1901–1983) and his first wife, Astrid of Sweden (1905–1935). He ascended to the throne in 1993, following the death of his older brother, King Baudouin. His godparents were Prince Felix of Luxembourg and his paternal grandmother, Queen Elisabeth of Belgium. He is the first cousin of King Harald V of Norway, Princess Astrid of Norway, and Princess Ragnhild of Norway.
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Anglo-Saxons
The term Anglo-Saxon is used by some historians to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the south and east of Britain beginning in the early 5th century and the period from their creation of the English nation up to the Norman conquest. The Anglo-Saxon era denotes the period of English history between about 550 and 1066. The term is also used for the language, now known as Old English, that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in England (and part of southeastern Scotland) between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.
The Benedictine monk Bede, writing in the early 8th century, identified the English as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
Their language, Old English, which derived from Ingvaeonic West Germanic dialects, transformed into Middle English from the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.
The term Anglo-Saxon can be found in documents produced in the time of Alfred the Great, who seems to have frequently used the titles rex Anglorum Saxonum and rex Angul-Saxonum (king of the English Saxons). The Old English terms ænglisc ('Angle-kin') and Angelcynn ('gens Anglorum') had already lost their original sense of referring to the Angles, as distinct from the Saxons, when they are first attested. In their earliest sense they referred to the nation of Germanic peoples who settled eastern Britain from the 5th century.[citation needed] The indigenous Britons, who wrote in both Latin and Welsh, referred to these invaders as 'Saxones' or 'Saeson' – the word Saeson is the modern Welsh word for 'English people'; the equivalent word in Scottish Gaelic is Sasannach and in the Irish language, Sasanach.
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Arnulfing
The Pippinids or Arnulfings are the members of a family of Frankish nobles whose select scions served as Mayor of the Palace, de facto rulers, of the Frankish kingdoms of Neustria and Austrasia that were nominally ruled by the Merovingians.
The dynasty is usually considered to have been founded by Saint Arnulf, bishop of Metz in the early seventh century, who wielded a great deal of power and influence in the Merovingian kingdoms.
His son Ansegisel married Saint Begga, the daughter of Pepin of Landen, and their son was Pepin of Heristal. It is from Pepin's grandfathers that the dynasty receives its earlier (pre-Martel) names: Arnulfing or Pippinid.
The mayoralty of the palace of the kingdom of Austrasia began in the family with Ansegisel and continued with Pepin of Heristal. Pepin conquered Neustria at the Battle of Tertry in 687 and spread Arnulfing authority over all the Franks.
The dynasty effectively ended with the death of Pepin, who was succeeded by his illegitimate son, Charles Martel. Pepin had legitimate grandsons at his death, but they failed to win power, and the line died out.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Baudouin I
Baudouin (Dutch: Boudewijn Albert Karel Leopold Axel Marie Gustaaf van België [ˈbʌu̯dəˌʋɛi̯n ˈɑlbərt ˈkaːrəl ˈleˑjoˑˌpɔlt ˈɑksəl maˑˈri ɣʏsˈtaˑf vɑn ˈbɛlɣijə], French: Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave de Belgique [bodwɛ̃ albɛʁ ʃaʁl leopɔld aksɛl maʁi ɡystav də bɛlʒik]; 7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) reigned as King of the Belgians, following his father's abdication, from 1951 until his death in 1993. He was the eldest son of King Leopold III (1901–83) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905–35). Having had no children, the crown passed on to his brother, Albert II of Belgium, following his death. He is the first cousin of King Harald V of Norway, Princess Astrid of Norway, and Princess Ragnhild of Norway. Baudouin is the French form of his name, the form most commonly used outside Belgium; his Dutch name is Boudewijn. Very rarely, his name is anglicized as Baldwin.
Baudouin was born in Stuyvenberg Castle, near Laeken, Brussels, in Belgium, in 1930, the son of Prince Leopold, the Duke of Brabant and his wife, Astrid of Sweden. His father became King of the Belgians, as Leopold III, in 1934. Baudouin's mother died in 1935.
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Carolingian
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG kerlinc), derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus. The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.
Traditional historiography has seen the Carolingian assumption of kingship as the product of a long rise to power, punctuated even by a premature attempt to seize the throne through Childebert the Adopted. This picture, however, is not commonly accepted today. Rather, the coronation of 751 is seen typically as a product of the aspirations of one man, Pepin, and of the Church, which was always looking for powerful secular protectors and for the extension of its spiritual and temporal influence.
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Celts
The Celts (usually pronounced /ˈkɛlts/ but sometimes /ˈsɛlts/, see pronunciation of Celtic) or Kelts were an ethno-linguistic group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had a similar culture.
The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered as Proto-Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of central Europe from the last quarter of the second millennium BC. Their fully Celtic descendants in central Europe were the people of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture (c. 800-450 BC) named for the rich grave finds in Hallstatt, Austria. By the later La Tène period (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest), this Celtic culture had expanded over a wide range of regions, whether by diffusion or migration: to the British Isles (Insular Celts), France and The Low Countries (Gauls), much of Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula (Celtiberians, Celtici and Gallaeci) and northern Italy (Golaseccans and Cisalpine Gauls) and following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC as far east as central Anatolia (Galatians).
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cleph
Cleph (also Clef, Clepho, or Kleph) was king of the Lombards from 572 or 573 to 574 or 575.
He succeeded Alboin, to whom he was not related by blood. He was a violent and terrifying figure to the Romans and Byzantines struggling to maintain control of the peninsula. He extended Lombard dominion over all of northern Italy, finishing the conquest of Tuscany and bringing Lombard authority to the gates of Ravenna. He was assassinated after an 18-month reign by a young guard, a slave whom he had mistreated. His death was followed by a ten year interregnum, known as the "Rule of the Dukes" because the territorial dukes were supreme. His son, Authari, eventually took the throne in 585.
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Confucius
Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history.
The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin Dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism.
Confucius is traditionally credited with having authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. Aphorisms concerning his teachings were compiled in the Analects, but only many years after his death.
Confucius's principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong family loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and in traditional interpretations of husbands by their wives), and family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known principle "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself", an early version of the Golden Rule.
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Duke of Surrey
The title of Duke of Surrey was created by Richard II for Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent. Following Richard's deposition, his successor, Henry IV deprived his predecessors' supporters of many of their titles, including this one, which has never been recreated.
The title Earl of Surrey, also derived from the county of Surrey, has been used more often and still exists.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350) Rajasanagara, (1334–1389), was a Javanese King from Rajasa Dynasty and the fourth monarch of Majapahit empire. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and succeeded by his son in law Wikramawardhana. Most of the account of his life was taken from Nagarakretagama and Pararaton.
Hayam Wuruk born in 1334, the year that Gajah Mada declared his oath Sumpah Palapa. Hayam Wuruk means "scholar rooster". He was the son of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi and Sri Kertawardhana or Cakradhara. His mother was the daughter of Raden Wijaya founder of Majapahit, meanwhile his father was the son of Bhre Tumapel lesser king of Singhasari. Both Pararaton and Nagarakretagama praised Hayam Wuruk as a handsome, bright, talented, and exceptional student in courtly martial art of archery and fencing, also mastering politics scriptures, as well as arts and music. He was known as an accomplished ceremonial dancer in the court. Some accounts report about Hayam Wuruk performances in a traditional ceremonial Javanese mask dance. His mother, Queen Tribhuwana educate and groom him to become the next monarch of Majapahit.
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Henri Christophe
Henri Christophe (who used the anglicized version of Henry Christopher) (6 October 1767 – 8 October 1820) was a former slave and key leader in the Haitian Revolution, which succeeded in gaining independence from France in 1804. In 1805 he took part under Jean-Jacques Dessalines in the invasion of Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic) against French forces, and was documented as killing hundreds of Dominicans, including prisoners.
After Dessalines was assassinated, Christophe retreated to the Plaine-du-Nord and created a separate government. On 17 February 1807, he was elected President of the State of Haiti, as he named that area. Alexandre Pétion was elected president in the South. On 26 March 1811, Christophe created a kingdom in the North and had himself proclaimed Henry I, King of Haïti. He also created a nobility and named his legitimate son Jacques-Victor Henry as prince and heir.
He is known for constructing the Citadelle Laferrière, the Sans-Souci Palace, and numerous other palaces. Under his policies of corvee, or forced labor, the Kingdom earned revenues from agricultural production, primarily the commodity of sugar, but the people resented the system. He reached agreement with Great Britain to respect its Caribbean colonies in exchange for their warning his government of any French navy activity threatening Haiti. Unpopular, ill and fearing a coup, he committed suicide. His son and heir was assassinated 10 days later. The general Jean-Pierre Boyer came to power and reunited the two parts of Haiti.
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Henry the Navigator
Henry the Navigator (Portuguese pronunciation: [ẽˈʁik(ɨ)]; Portuguese: Henrique o Navegador) (Porto, 4 March 1394 – Sagres, 13 November 1460) was an infante of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire. He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents.
Henry was the third child of King John I of Portugal, founder of the Aviz dynasty, and of Philippa of Lancaster, John of Gaunt's daughter. Henry encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar from the Iberian peninsula. He learnt of the opportunities from the Saharan trade routes that terminated there, and became fascinated with Africa in general; he was most intrigued by the Christian legend of Prester John and the expansion of Portuguese trade. Henry is regarded as the patron of Portuguese exploration.
In "Crónica da Guiné" Henry is described as having no luxuries, not avaricious, speaking with soft words and calm gestures, a man of many virtues who never allowed any poor person leave his presence empty-handed.
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John Corvin
John Corvinus (Hungarian: Corvin János, Croatian: Ivaniš Korvin; 2 April 1473 – 12 October 1504) King of Bosnia (1495–1499). He was the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Barbara, supposed to be the daughter of a burgess of Breslau while there have been claims that he was actually the son of Beatrice of Naples, his father's second wife who was 16 years old at the time.
Born in Buda, he took his name from the raven (Latin: corvus) in his father's escutcheon. Matthias originally intended him for the Church, but on losing all hope of offspring from his queen, Beatrice of Naples, determined, towards the end of his life, to make the youth his successor on the throne. He loaded him with honours and riches until he was by far the wealthiest magnate in the land. He publicly declared him his successor, created him a prince with vast apanages in Silesia (Duchy of Głogów) made the commandants of all the fortresses in the kingdom take an oath of allegiance to him, and tried to arrange a marriage for him with Bianca Maria Sforza of Milan, a project which was frustrated by the intrigues of Queen Beatrice.
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John I of Portugal
John I KG (Portuguese: João I [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]; 11 April 1358 – 14 August 1433) was King of Portugal and the Algarve in 1385–1433. He was called the Good (sometimes the Great) or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal, in Spain, the Bastard, and was the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta.
John was born in Lisbon as the natural son of Peter I by a woman named Teresa, who, according to Fernão Lopes, was a noble Galician. In the eighteenth century, António Caetano de Sousa found a document on Torre do Tombo, of the sixteenth century, where she was named Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of D. Nuno Freire de Andrade, a Galician Grand Master of the Order of Christ, he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, by which title he was known. He became king in 1385, after the 1383–1385 Crisis.
On the death of his half-brother Ferdinand I without a male heir in October 1383, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for Princess Beatrice, Ferdinand's only daughter. As heiress presumptive, Beatrice had married king John I of Castile, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have become virtually annexed by Castile. The 1383–1385 Crisis followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.
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King Leopold III
Leopold III (born as Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel (French) or Leopold Filips Karel Albert Meinrad Hubertus Maria Miguel (Dutch) or Leopold Philipp Karl Albert Meinrad Hubertus Maria Miguel (German); 3 November 1901 – 25 September 1983) reigned as King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951, when he abdicated in favour of the heir apparent, his son Baudouin.
Leopold III was born in Brussels as Prince Leopold of Belgium, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and succeeded to the throne of Belgium on 23 February 1934 following the death of his father, King Albert I.
He was invested as the 1,154th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain in 1923, the 355th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword in 1927 and the 833rd Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1935.
Crown Prince Leopold fought as a private during World War I with the 12th Belgian Regiment while still a teenager, but was sent by his father to Eton College in the United Kingdom, in 1915. After the war, in 1919, he enrolled at St. Anthony Seminary in Santa Barbara, California. He married Princess Astrid of Sweden in a civil ceremony in Stockholm on 4 November 1926, followed by a religious ceremony in Brussels on 10 November. The marriage produced three children:
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Lombards
The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
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Manuel I of Portugal
Manuel I (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛɫ]; Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I), the Fortunate (Port. o Venturoso), King of Portugal and the Algarves (Alcochete, May 31, 1469 – December 13, 1521 in Lisbon) was the son of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, (1433–1470), by his wife, Infanta Beatrice of Portugal. His name is associated with a period of Portuguese civilization distinguished by significant achievements both in political affairs and the arts. In spite of its small size and population in comparison to the great land powers of Europe, it was able to acquire an overseas empire of vast proportions during Manuel's reign.
Manuel's mother was the granddaughter of King John I of Portugal; his father, Prince Fernando, was the second surviving son of King Edward of Portugal, thus the younger brother of King Afonso V of Portugal. Manuel succeeded his first cousin King John II of Portugal, who was also his brother-in-law, in 1495.
Manuel grew up amidst conspiracies of the Portuguese upper nobility against King John II. He was aware of many people being killed and exiled. His older brother Diogo, Duke of Viseu, was stabbed to death in 1484 by the king himself.
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Maria II of Portugal
Dona Maria II (4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853) was Queen regnant of Portugal from 1826 to 1828 and later from 1834 to 1853. She was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. She was a member of the House of Braganza.
Born Maria da Glória Joana Carlota Leopoldina da Cruz Francisca Xavier de Paula Isidora Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga, in Rio de Janeiro, she was the daughter of the future King of Portugal and first Emperor of Brazil, Pedro IV and I and his first wife Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria, herself a daughter of Emperor Francis II. Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Maria is the only European monarch to have been born outside of Europe, though she was still born in Portuguese territory.
When Maria's grandfather King John VI died in March 1826, there was a succession crisis in Portugal. The king had a male heir, Peter, but Peter had proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822 and he was then Emperor Peter I of that country. The late king also had a younger son, Miguel, but he was exiled in Austria after leading a number of revolutions against his father and his liberal regime.
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Matthias Corvinus
Matthias Corvinus (Hungarian: Hunyadi Mátyás or very rarely Corvin Mátyás) (23 February 1443 – 6 April 1490), also called the Just in folk tales, was King of Hungary (as Matthias I) and Croatia from 1458, at the age of 14 until his death. After conducting several military campaigns he became also King of Bohemia (1469–1490), and Duke of Austria (1486–1490). As a Renaissance ruler, he established education institutions, patronized art and science, and introduced a new legal system in the Kingdom of Hungary.[citation needed] With his patronage Hungary became the first European country which adopted the Renaissance from Italy.
Medieval Latin: Mattias Corvinus, Romanian: Matia/Matei/Mateiaş Corvin/Corvinul, Croatian: Matija/Matijaš Korvin, Czech: Matyáš Korvín, German: Matthias Corvinus, Polish: Maciej Korwin, Rusyn:Матяш Корвiн/Matiash Corvin, Serbian: Матија Корвин/Matija Korvin, Slovak: Matej Korvín, Slovene: Matija Korvin, Russian: Матьяш Корвин/Matyash Korvin.
Matthias was born in Kolozsvár (Kingdom of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) in a house now known as the Matthias Corvinus House. He was second son of John Hunyadi, a successful general of the Kingdom of Hungary, and had risen through the ranks of the nobility to become regent of Hungary. Matthias' mother was Erzsébet Szilágyi, from a Hungarian noble family.
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Merovingian
The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region known as Francia in Latin, largely corresponding to ancient Gaul, for 300 years from the middle of the 5th century.
The Merovingian dynasty was founded by Childeric I (c.457 – 481) the son of Merovech, leader of the Salian Franks, but it was his famous son Clovis I (481 – 511) who united all of Gaul under Merovingian rule.
After the death of Clovis there were frequent clashes between different branches of the family, but when threatened by its neighbours the Merovingians presented a strong united front.
During the final century of the Merovingian rule, the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role. The Merovingian rule ended in March 752 when Pope Zachary formally deposed Childeric III. Zachary's successor, Pope Stephen II, confirmed and annointed Pepin the Short, in 754 beginning the Carolingian monarchy.
The Merovingian ruling family were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin reges criniti) by contemporaries, as their long hair distinguished them among the Franks, who commonly cut their hair short. The term "Merovingian" comes from medieval Latin Merovingi or Merohingi ("sons of Merovech"), an alteration of an unattested Old West Low Franconian form, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing, with the final -ing being a typical patronymic suffix.
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Moors
The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Berber, Black African and Arab descent from Northern Africa, who came to conquer, occupy and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years.[citation needed] At that time they were Muslim, although earlier the people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal.
" Moors" are not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name primarily to Berbers, but also at various times to Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty. Mainstream scholars observed in 1911 that "The term 'Moors' has no real ethnological value."
The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania.[citation needed] The Moors' rule stretched at times as far as modern-day Mauritania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with (and later conquered) parts of Mauretania, a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri.
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Pedro I of Brazil
Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I, 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he became known as "the Soldier King". Born in Lisbon, he was the fourth child of King Dom João VI (John VI) of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When their country was invaded by French troops in 1808, Pedro I and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. Neglected by his parents, he grew up without restraints.
Pedro was born at 08:00 on 12 October 1798 in the Queluz Royal Palace near Lisbon, Portugal. He was named after St. Peter of Alcantara, and his full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim. He was referred to using the honorific "Dom" (Lord) from birth.
Through his father, Prince Dom João (later King Dom João VI), Pedro was a member of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança) and a grandson of King Dom Pedro III and Queen Dona (Lady) Maria I of Portugal, who were uncle and niece as well as husband and wife. His mother, Doña Carlota Joaquina, was the daughter of King Don Carlos IV of Spain. The marriage of Pedro's parents was an unhappy one. Carlota Joaquina was an ambitious woman, who always sought to advance Spain's interests, even to the detriment of Portugal's. Reputedly unfaithful to her husband, she went as far as to plot his overthrow, in league with dissatisfied Portuguese nobles.
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Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II (English: Peter II; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. His father's abrupt abdication and flight to Europe in 1831 left a five-year-old Pedro II as Emperor and led to a grim and lonely childhood and adolescence. Obliged to spend his time studying in preparation for rule, he knew only brief moments of happiness and encountered few friends of his age. His experiences with court intrigues and political disputes during this period greatly affected his later character. Pedro II grew into a man with a strong sense of duty and devotion toward his country and his people. On the other hand, he increasingly resented his role as monarch.
wn.com/Pedro_II_of_Brazil -
Peerage of Scotland
The Peerage of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Moraireachd na h-Alba) is the division of the British Peerage for those peers created in the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707. With that year's Act of Union, the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England were combined into the Kingdom of Great Britain, and a new Peerage of Great Britain was introduced in which subsequent titles were granted.
After the Union, the old Scottish Peers elected 16 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. The Peerage Act 1963 allowed all Scottish Peers to sit in the House of Lords, a right which was lost along with all other hereditary peers after the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999. Unlike most other peerage titles, many Scottish titles can pass through female lines, and in the case of daughters only, these pass to the eldest daughter rather than go into abeyance.[citation needed]
The ranks of the Scottish Peerage are Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Lord of Parliament (lord baron). Scottish Viscounts differ from those of the other Peerages (of England, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom) in using of in their title, as in Viscount of Oxfuird. Though this is the theoretical form, most Viscounts drop the "of". The Viscount of Arbuthnott and to a lesser extent the Viscount of Oxfuird still actively use of. Scottish Peers had the right to sit in the Parliament of Scotland.
wn.com/Peerage_of_Scotland -
Plantagenet
The House of Plantagenet ( /plænˈtædʒənət/ plan-TAJ-ə-nət) is the name given in England's historical narrative for the 14 Kings that ruled for the 331 years from 1154 until 1485. There is little evidence for the Plantagenet name before the mid-fifteenth century and it was evidently popularised by Shakespeare.
As a dynasty it is considered a branch of the Angevins. The dynasty's origins as a royal house result from the matchmaking of Fulk V le Jeune which were planned to neutralise the threat of the rise of Normandy. First he married his daughter Alice to William Adelin heir to Henry I of England. Following William's drowning he married his daughter Sibylla of Anjou to William Clito heir to Robert Curthose although King Henry had this annulled because of the political threat of a rival claim to his throne. Finally he married his son Geoffrey to Henry's heir Matilda thereby bringing about the historical convergence of the Angevins, House of Normandy and the House of Wessex.
Plantagenet kings first ruled the Kingdom of England in the 12th century. Their paternal ancestors originated in the French province of Gâtinais and gained the County of Anjou through marriage during the 11th century. The dynasty accumulated several other holdings, building the Angevin Empire that at its peak stretched from the Pyrenees to Ireland and the border with Scotland.
wn.com/Plantagenet -
Suebi
The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic *swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root *swē- meaning "one's own" people, from an Indo-European root *swe-, the third person reflexive pronoun) were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in connection with Ariovistus' campaign, c. 58 BC;
Some Suebi remained a periodic threat against the Romans on the Rhine, until, toward the end of the empire, the Alamanni, including elements of Suebi, brushed aside Roman defenses and occupied Alsace, and from there Bavaria and Switzerland. A pocket remained in Swabia (an area in southwest Germany whose modern name derives from the ancient name), whereas migrants to Gallaecia (modern Galicia, in Spain, and Northern Portugal) established a kingdom there which lasted for 170 years until its integration into the Visigothic Kingdom.
In the classical sources, the ethnonym Suebi is used with two different meanings: the specific tribe of Caesar's campaign, "dwelling on the Main", and "broadly, to cover a large number of tribes in central Germany." The broad view is expressed in Tacitus's Germania, a basic written source for the Suebic peoples that states:
wn.com/Suebi -
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Latin: Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi) were one of two main branches of the later Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. These tribes were among the Germanic peoples who spread through the late Roman Empire during Late Antiquity or the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged out of the Gothic groups who entered the Roman Empire in and after 376 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and famously sacked Rome in 410 AD, eventually settling in Spain and Portugal, where they founded a powerful Kingdom.
After numerous years of migration, which led the Visigoths to compare themselves to the Biblical Hebrew people wandering for 40 years in the Sinai Desert, the Visigoths settled in southern Gaul as foederati of the Romans in 418. For unknown reasons, they soon fell out with their hosts and established their own kingdom with its capital at Toulouse. Extending their authority into Hispania at the expense of the Vandals, their rule in Gaul was ended by the Franks under Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Thereafter the only territory north of the Pyrenees that the Visigoths held was Septimania, such that their kingdom became limited to Hispania. The province came to be dominated by the Visigothic small governing elite at the expense of the Byzantine province of Spania and the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia.
wn.com/Visigoths -
Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (Chinese: 朱熹, October 18, 1130, Youxi, Fujian Province, China – April 23, 1200, China) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His contribution to Chinese philosophy included his assigning special significance to the Analects of Confucius, the Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean (the Four Books), his emphasis on the investigation of things (gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts.
wn.com/Zhu_Xi
Duke Filmography
- Spin (2012)
- Zero (2011)
- Joshua Tree (2011)
- You're My Life (2011)
- Salesman (2010)
- Shotgun Wedding (2010)
- Finding The One (2010)
- The Last Score (2009)
- The Last Score (2009)
- Twist of Fate (2006)
- Twist of Fate (2006)
- Twist of Fate (2006)
- Dating (1997)
Duke Filmography
- It's Showtime (1976)
- Somewhere in Sonora (1933)
- The Man from Monterey (1933)
- The Telegraph Trail (1933)
- The Big Stampede (1932)
- Ride Him, Cowboy (1932)
- Haunted Gold (1932)
Duke Filmography
- Closed Set: The New Crew (2002)
- Gendernauts - Eine Reise durch die Geschlechter (1999)
- Bloodsport 2 (1996)
- Bubble Butts 11 (1992)
karaoke
DUKE.
In enterprise of martial kind,
When there was any fighting,
He led his regiment from behind--
He found it less exciting.
But when away his regiment ran,
His place was at the fore, O--
That celebrated,
Cultivated,
Underrated
Nobleman,
The Duke of Plaza-Toro!
ALL.
In the first and foremost flight, ha, ha!
You always found that knight, ha, ha!
That celebrated,
Cultivated,
Underrated
Nobleman,
The Duke of Plaza-Toro!
DUKE.
When, to evade Destruction's hand,
To hide they all proceeded,
No soldier in that gallant band
Hid half as well as he did.
He lay concealed throughout the war,
And so preserved his gore, O!
That unaffected,
Undetected,
Well-connected
Warrior,
The Duke of Plaza-Toro!
ALL.
In every doughty deed, ha, ha!
He always took the lead, ha, ha!
That unaffected,
Undetected,
Well-connected
Warrior,
The Duke of Plaza-Toro!
DUKE.
When told that they would all be shot
Unless they left the service,
That hero hesitated not,
So marvellous his nerve is.
He sent his resignation in,
The first of all his corps, O!
That very knowing,
Overflowing,
Easy-going
Paladin,
The Duke of Plaza-Toro!
ALL.
To men of grosser clay, ha, ha!
He always showed the way, ha, ha!
That very knowing,
Overflowing,
Easy-going
Paladin,
The Duke of Plaza-Toro!
That very knowing,
Overflowing,
Easy-going
Paladin,
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Top 5 Plays- Duke 75, Kentucky 68
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Top plays from Duke's victory over No. 3 Kentucky in the Champions Classic. Seth Curry scored 23 points and Mason Plumlee added 18 to lead Duke.
http://wn.com/Top_5_Plays_Duke_75,_Kentucky_68
Rok Bagoros - picking up the KTM 690 Stunt Duke - The beginning
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Rok Bagoros official facebook page: www.facebook.com After amazing and thrilling the international crowds on the KTM Duke 125, Rok has now taken delivery of what is his first ever big bike and now has to work on converting his tricks to suit the more powerful machine. "There's a BIG difference between the two bikes," Rok said. "The bike has five times more power then the Duke 125 and any mistake can result in a crash, as I've already discovered. The bike has amazing power but I'm slowly getting it under control. I have to remember that this is my first big stunt bike and so I have to learn how to handle the extra power and convert it into spectacular tricks that will be fun to do and thrilling for the fans." Directed: Dominik Pelc Filmed & edited: Dominik Pelc and Tomaž Hojnik from thoJnik foto/videografija Music: Gramatik - I Really Do Believe
http://wn.com/Rok_Bagoros_picking_up_the_KTM_690_Stunt_Duke_The_beginning
2012 KTM Duke 690 first ride
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
KTM's 2012 690 Duke isn't just an evolution of the hard core Duke - it's a complete revolution: an all-new bike - 90% new in fact, with just 10% of its components shared with its predecessor. KTM claim an impressive 70bhp for its 690cc single and combined with a refreshing light weight of 150kg results in a potent and engaging bike to ride. The new styling, comfort and ergonomics positions it in the same market place as the Kawasaki ER6 or Ducati Monster, but despite being a single in a world of twins it offers a superior or comparable power to weight ratio to its rivals. View more great motorcycling videos on the MCN channel: www.youtube.com Subscribe to the MCN YouTube channel: www.youtube.com Get the latest motorcycle news at www.motorcyclenews.com Join us on Facebook at www.facebook.com Motor Cycle News on Twitter: www.twitter.com MCN sport on Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/2012_KTM_Duke_690_first_ride
Top Plays- Duke 67, VCU 58
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Top plays from Duke's win over VCU in the semifinals of the Battle 4 Atlantis. Mason Plumlee had 17 points and 10 rebounds in the win, while Quinn Cook added nine points and nine boards.
http://wn.com/Top_Plays_Duke_67,_VCU_58
Duke Basketball's New iPads
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
2012-13 Duke Basketball players receive new iPads to help with scouting, game preparation, scheduling and more
http://wn.com/Duke_Basketball's_New_iPads
Top Plays- Duke 89, Minnesota 71
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Top plays from Duke's quarterfinal win in the Battle 4 Atlantis. Seth Curry scored 25 points while Mason Plumlee added 20 points and 17 boards.
http://wn.com/Top_Plays_Duke_89,_Minnesota_71
Top Plays - Duke 85, UNC 84
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Top plays from Duke's epic comeback victory in Chapel Hill, including Austin Rivers' 3pt FG at the buzzer
http://wn.com/Top_Plays_Duke_85,_UNC_84
IN THE AIR - Duke B & Lauren Amaris
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
single from the upcoming album www.facebook.com www.facebook.com dukeb.com IN THE AIR In the air tonight, I can feel the power, can you hear me now, can you take me higher Everything is right standing next to your fire made of love and light in the air tonight Don't know where this is going, but I like that you're here why don't you tell me all your secrets while we walk without fear In the air tonight, I can feel the power, can you hear me now, can you take me higher Everything is right standing next to your fire made of love and light in the air tonight Dancing next to this rainbow in my thoughts it's so clear catching every little raindrop while I am dancing right here... In the air tonight...
http://wn.com/IN_THE_AIR_Duke_B_Lauren_Amaris
Duke Chapel Live - 11/25/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 83:22
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Duke Chapel
http://wn.com/Duke_Chapel_Live_11_25_2012
Duke's USA Basketball Influence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Duke Basketball leaves its mark on the US Men's National Team
http://wn.com/Duke's_USA_Basketball_Influence
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge watch the fly past with their families
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:42
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge watch the fly past with their families
http://wn.com/The_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Cambridge_watch_the_fly_past_with_their_families
Austin Rivers Game Winning Buzzer Beater - Duke Beats Carolina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Duke Freshman Guard Austin Rivers makes a game winning 3-pointer at the buzzer to lead Duke to the road upset of North Carolina. River scored a career-high 29 points, including six 3-pointers.
http://wn.com/Austin_Rivers_Game_Winning_Buzzer_Beater_Duke_Beats_Carolina
The Dukes Of Hazzard All About Jumps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
This is my Tribute to the greatest car to ever grace a television set. The General Lee. I made this back in 07 and it has just about every jump from seasons 1-6. I didn't do any from season 7 because at the time my friend had that set of dvds. I hope you enjoy. PS I know that I put some of the jumps in there more than once lol. Furthermore i don't own the rights to this material it's all in the name of fun. Dukes of Hazzard for now Dukes of Hazzard for ever. Dukes of Hazzard.......for.......life!!!
http://wn.com/The_Dukes_Of_Hazzard_All_About_Jumps
Austin Rivers Duke Mixtape
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Duke highlights of New Orleans Hornets guard Austin Rivers
http://wn.com/Austin_Rivers_Duke_Mixtape
The Final Minute of the National Title Game
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Relive the final minute of the 2010 NCAA national title game, where Butler had a chance to win with a buzzer beater.
http://wn.com/The_Final_Minute_of_the_National_Title_Game
Duke Nukem ForeverQuest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:08
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
So finally, after months of difficulties in life, the longest video made so far on this channel is done, telling the story of Duke Nukem's struggle to take back what is rightfully his! Oh, and I suppose there's a side story somewhere in there involving a recently killed Machinima guy who's friend is working to return him to the living so he can continue to make videos or something. ENJOY! Music list: 00:05: Fire Planet - Lapfox Trax 00:10: Trigger - Lost Without Cause 00:40: Dance of the Hours - Amilcare Ponchielli 02:32: Singapore Omega Lab Ambient - Deus Ex: HR OST 04:15: Kitten with a Whip - Batman Arkham City OST 04:53: Chicago Theme - Timesplitters 2 OST 05:53: Sunset Heroes - God Hand OST 06:42: Alert theme - Metal Gear Solid OST 07:36: Sunset Heroes - God Hand OST 10:38: Welcome to Bright Falls - Alan Wake OST 11:30: Musette Madeleine - Ren and Stimpy OST 12:05: Metroid Prime 'Solitude' - Zircon & C-GPO (OC Remix) Note: There are certain brief tracks littered throughout the video for cinematic effect, all of which were recorded from Batman Arkham City, and do not have a title. Other maps used: cs_suburb_beta15a.bsp rp_evocity_v1p.bsp blendtec_willitblendstudio.bsp
http://wn.com/Duke_Nukem_ForeverQuest
Top Plays- Duke 74, Georgia State 55
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Top plays and post-game player reactions from Duke's season-opening win over Georgia State. Mason Plumlee paced the Blue Devils with 19 points and 14 boards.
http://wn.com/Top_Plays_Duke_74,_Georgia_State_55
Why Duke Students Don't Bring Cars to Campus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Duke Alternative Transportation news is an ongoing video series highlighting various options Duke University offers to faculty, staff and students to change how they commute to and from campus. This video highlights why the majority of Duke students don't bring a car to campus.
http://wn.com/Why_Duke_Students_Don't_Bring_Cars_to_Campus
Gene Chandler Duke of Earl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Gene_Chandler_Duke_of_Earl
Duke in the NBA: 8292 Points
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Duke alums scored 8292 points during the 2011-12 NBA regular-season, more than any other school
http://wn.com/Duke_in_the_NBA_8292_Points
El Duke - Mr Yosie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Nuevo Video - El Duke - Mr Yosie Locote - Florencia 13
http://wn.com/El_Duke_Mr_Yosie
Morgan Freeman recording some Duke Nukem material
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Morgan Freeman in Dutch recording studio trying out working on 'this new thing' called video games.....with fun results. The voice of God clearly struggles a bit, and so does the director.
http://wn.com/Morgan_Freeman_recording_some_Duke_Nukem_material
Top Plays- Duke 105, WWU 87 (Ex.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Top plays from Duke's exhibition win over Division II national champ Western Washington
http://wn.com/Top_Plays_Duke_105,_WWU_87_Ex
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Egyptian Presidency
23 Nov 2012
Opposition groups in Egypt have called for mass protests on Friday against President Mohammed Mursi's decree that gives him sweeping powers. They have described his move as a "coup against legitimacy" and accused the president of appointing himself Egypt's "new pharaoh". The decree states that the president's decisions cannot be revoked by any...(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
25 Nov 2012
Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial...(size: 20.0Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
26 Nov 2012
With Tom OâBrienâs dismissal at N.C. State, Dukeâs David Cutcliffe is now the longest-tenured head coach in the Triangle. And, thanks to a contract extension he signed last week, he isnât going anywhere. Cutcliffe, in his fifth year at Duke, has turned the Blue Devils from the worst team in the FBS into a bowl-eligible squad that competed...(size: 2.6Kb)
Sun Sentinel
26 Nov 2012
DURHAM, N.C. — Like hitting the brakes at interstate speed, Miami's season ended Saturday mid-sentence. But the Hurricanes already moved past what could have been. The ACC Championship Game and bowl trip was taken off the table last week as a lengthy NCAA investigation winds down. So, what now?...(size: 4.0Kb)
The Miami Herald
26 Nov 2012
After the Hurricanesâ 52-45 victory at Duke ended his teamâs 2012 campaign, Miami coach Al Golden reiterated how much the 17 seniors meant to the program â especially in light of them sacrificing bowl games that would have ended their last two seasons with fun weeks as rewards. Usually available Sunday for a game-follow teleconference, Golden...(size: 3.7Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
NEW YORK (AP) - Jeter romped in the $54,000 Aqueduct allowance feature, beating N. F.'s Destiny by five lengths on Sunday. A 3-year-old chestnut gelding trained by Rick Dutrow, Jeter scored his second win in nine starts in the race for New York breds. Edgar Prado was aboard for the six furlongs in...(size: 2.0Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Mike Holmgren has been linked to possibly joining the Cowboys. AP CLEVELAND (AP) -- Browns president Mike Holmgren is leaving the organization immediately. Following Cleveland's 20-14 win over the rival Pittsburgh Steelers on Sunday, a Browns spokesman said the game was Holmgren's last with the team. The 64-year-old former coach had hoped to stay...(size: 2.8Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Tank Carradine tore a knee ligament in FSU's loss to Florida. CalSport Media TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) -- Defensive end Tank Carradine will miss Florida States final two games of the 2012 season with a torn knee ligament. Coach Jimbo Fisher announced the injury Sunday. Florida State plays the Atlantic Coast Conference championship game Saturday...(size: 2.8Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Brandon Weeden appeared to bang his head on teammate Joe Thomas' leg. Ron Schwane/AP CLEVELAND (AP) -- Browns rookie quarterback Brandon Weeden sustained a concussion in the closing minutes of a win over the Steelers. Weeden appeared to bang his head on teammate Joe Thomas' leg as he fell awkwardly after throwing an incomplete pass in Cleveland's...(size: 2.8Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Georgia and Alabama have not played each other since a meeting in Athens in 2008. Bob Rosato/SI (AP) -- Alabama coach Nick Saban likes the SEC championship game's status as a national title semifinal round the past seven years. He's not so thrilled with the loser between the second-ranked Crimson Tide and No. 3 Georgia in Atlanta probably not...(size: 2.9Kb)
Irish Times
26 Nov 2012
CIAR��N HANCOCK, Business Affairs Correspondent Trade union Mandate has warned that about 600 current and former workers at retailer Arnotts face losing up to half of their pension pots if the defined-benefit scheme is wound up. This comes after Arnotts informed trustees in June that the company would cease funding for the scheme from the end of...(size: 3.0Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Aggies QB Johnny Manziel ran for two touchdowns and threw for three scores in a win over Missouri. Scott Halleran/Getty Images COLLEGE STATION, Texas (AP) -- No. 10 Texas A&M; has reached 10 wins for the first time since 1998. The accomplishment is even sweeter for the Aggies because of the skeptics who predicted they'd struggle in their first...(size: 5.4Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Markus Babbel's job security is under scrutiny after his team's worst ever start to a Bundesliga season. Zumapress.com BERLIN (AP) -- Hoffenheim's worst start to a Bundesliga season continued Sunday in a 2-1 loss at home to Bayer Leverkusen, increasing the pressure on coach Markus Babbel....(size: 5.6Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Benitez, the former Liverpool manager, has high expectations of reviving a slumping Chelsea club. Matt Dunham/AP LONDON (AP) -- A change in managers failed to give Chelsea an immediate lift as Rafa Benitez's side was held to a 0-0 draw Sunday by Manchester City to prolong a stuttering Premier League run....(size: 5.9Kb)
CNN
26 Nov 2012
Lionel Messi's two goals against Levante gave him his eleventh multi-goal game of the season. Juan Carlos Cardenas/Zumapress.com BARCELONA, Spain (AP) -- Andres Iniesta scored one goal and created three more to guide Barcelona to a 4-0 win at Levante on Sunday as Tito Vilanova's team took a major step toward reclaiming the Spanish league title....(size: 6.3Kb)
For other uses, see Duke (disambiguation) and Duchess (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) |
A duke (male) or duchess (female) can be either a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch. The title comes from French duc, itself from the Latin dux, 'leader', a term used in republican Rome to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of Germanic or Celtic origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province.
In the Middle Ages the title signified first among the Germanic monarchies. Dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the counts in the cities and later, in the feudal monarchies, the highest-ranking peers of the king.
During the 19th century many of the smaller German and Italian states were ruled by Dukes or Grand Dukes. But presently, with the exception of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, there are no ruling dukes. Duke remains the highest titular peerage in France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The Pope, as a temporal sovereign, has also but rarely granted the title of Duke and Duchess to persons for services to the Holy See.
A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, or is the wife of a duke, is normally styled duchess. Queen Elizabeth II, however, is known as Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands and Duke of Lancaster in Lancashire.
Contents |
Duchy versus dukedom[link]
A duchy is the territory or geopolitical entity ruled by a duke. The term implies a territorial domain, within which the duke has actual subjects or significant land holdings, which are ruled by the duke, either directly or as a vassal to a higher (i.e. royal or imperial) authority. A dukedom is the title of duke, a rank of nobility, and is not necessarily attached to a duchy. A few examples exist today: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a fully independent state and its head, the Grand Duke, is a sovereign monarch ruling over his Luxembourgeois subjects. The Duke of Cornwall holds both the dukedom (title) and Duchy (estate holdings), the latter being the source of his personal income; both the Duke and those living in his estates are subjects of the British Sovereign. In Scotland the same person is always the Duke of Rothesay as well, but this is a dukedom (title) without a duchy (territorial ownership). Similarly, the British Sovereign rules and owns the Duchy of Lancaster as both Sovereign and Duke of Lancaster, with the income of the duchy estates providing the Sovereign's Privy Purse. He or she also rules the Channel Islands as Sovereign and Duke of Normandy, but without especial income from them.
Middle Ages[link]
During the Middle Ages, after Roman power in Western Europe collapsed, the title was still employed in the Germanic kingdoms, usually to refer to the rulers of old Roman provinces.
Visigoths[link]
The Visigoths retained the Roman divisions of their kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula and it seems that dukes ruled over these areas.[citation needed] They were the most powerful landowners and, along with the bishops, elected the king, usually from their own midst. They were the military commanders and in this capacity often acted independently from the king, most notably in the latter period before the Muslim invasions.
The army was structured decimally with the highest unit, the thiufa, probably corresponding to about 1,000 people from each civitas (city district). The cities were commanded by counts, who were in turn answerable to the dukes, who called up the thiufae when necessary.
Lombards[link]
Main article: Duke (Lombard)
When the Lombards entered Italy, the Latin chroniclers called their war leaders duces in the old fashion. These leaders eventually became the provincial rulers, each with a recognized seat of government. Though nominally loyal to the king, the concept of kingship was new to the Lombards and the dukes were highly independent, especially in central and southern Italy, where the Duke of Spoleto and the Duke of Benevento were de facto sovereigns. In 575, when Cleph died, a period known as the Rule of the Dukes, in which the dukes governed without a king, commenced. It lasted only a decade before the disunited magnates, in order to defend the kingdom from external attacks, elected a new king and even diminished their own duchies to provide him with a handsome royal demesne.
The Lombard kings were usually drawn from the duke pool when the title was not hereditary. The dukes tried to make their own offices hereditary. Beneath them in the internal structure were the counts and gastalds, a uniquely Lombard title initially referring to judicial functions, similar to a count's, in provincial regions
Franks[link]
The Franks employed dukes as the governors of Roman provinces, though they also led military expeditions far from their duchies. The dukes were the highest ranking officials in the realm, typically Frankish (whereas the counts were often Gallo-Roman), and formed the class from which the kings' generals were chosen in times of war. The dukes met with the king every May to discuss policy for the upcoming year, the so-called Mayfield.
In Burgundy and Provence, the titles of patrician and prefect were commonly employed instead of duke, probably for historical reasons relating to the greater Romanization of those provinces. But the titles were basically equivalent.
In late Merovingian Gaul, the mayors of the palace of the Arnulfing clan began to use the title dux et princeps Francorum: "duke and prince of the Franks". In this title, "duke" implied supreme military control of the entire nation (Francorum, the Franks) and it was thus used until the end of the Carolingian dynasty in France in 987.
Stem duchies[link]
See Stem duchy.
England[link]
Anglo-Saxon times[link]
The highest political division beneath that of kingdom among the Anglo-Saxons was the ealdormanry and, while the title ealdorman was replaced by the Danish eorl (later earl) over time, the first ealdormen were referred to as duces (the plural of the original Latin dux) in the chronicles. So in Anglo-Saxon England, where the Roman political divisions were largely abandoned, the grade of duke was retained as supreme landlord after the king. But after the Norman conquest, their power and regional jurisdiction was limited to that of the Norman counts.[1]
Late medieval times[link]
Edward III of England created the first three English dukedoms (Cornwall, Lancaster, and Clarence) by naming his eldest son Edward, the Black Prince, as Duke of Cornwall in 1337. Upon the death of the Black Prince the duchy of Cornwall passed to his nine-year-old son, who would eventually succeed his grandfather as Richard II.
The duchy of Lancaster was created by Edward III in 1351 for Henry of Grosmont, but became extinct upon the duke's death in 1361. The following year, Edward III bestowed the title (2nd creation) on his fourth son, John of Gaunt, who was also married to the first duke's daughter.[2] On the same day Edward III also created his second son, Lionel of Antwerp, as Duke of Clarence.
All five of Edward III's surviving sons eventually became dukes. In 1385, ten years after their father's death, his heir Richard II created dukedoms for his last two uncles on the same day. Thomas of Woodstock was named Duke of Gloucester and Edmund of Langley became Duke of York, thereby founding the House of York, which later fought for the throne with John of Gaunt's Lancastrian descendants during the Wars of the Roses.
By 1483, a total of 16 ducal titles had been created: Cornwall, Lancaster, Clarence, Gloucester, York, Ireland, Hereford, Aumale, Exeter, Surrey, Norfolk, Bedford, Somerset, Buckingham, Warwick and Suffolk. Some became extinct, others had multiple creations, and some had merged with the crown upon the holder's accession to the throne. When the Plantagenet dynasty came to an end at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, only four ducal titles remained extant, of which two were now permanently associated with the crown. John de la Pole was Duke of Suffolk and John Howard was Duke of Norfolk (2nd creation), while the duchy of Cornwall was reserved as a title and source of income for the eldest son of the sovereign, and the duchy of Lancaster was now held by the monarch.
Norfolk perished alongside Richard III at Bosworth field, and the title was forfeit. It was restored to his son Thomas thirty years later by Henry VIII, as one of a number of dukes created or recreated by the Tudor dynasty over the ensuing century. England's premier ducal title, Norfolk, remains in the Howard family to this day.
The modern age[link]
In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of Parma and Modena in Italy, and of Anhalt, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Nassau, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Altenburg in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization.
Since the unification of Italy in 1870 and the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918, there have no longer been any reigning dukes in Europe; Luxembourg is ruled by a grand duke, a higher title, just below king.
In the United Kingdom, the inherited position of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a dukedom. However, the title of duke has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles: they hold dukedoms, not duchies (excepting the Duchy of Cornwall and the Duchy of Lancaster). Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as "Your Grace" and referred to as "His Grace". Currently, there are twenty-seven dukedoms in the Peerage of England, Peerage of Scotland, Peerage of Great Britain, Peerage of Ireland and Peerage of the United Kingdom, held by twenty-four different people (see List of Dukes in order of precedence).
Equivalents in other European languages[link]
Main article: Equivalents of Duke in other European languages
Royal dukes[link]
"Royal duke" redirects here. For the South Korean car, see Daewoo Royale Duke.
Various royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted titles, nominal dukedoms without any actual authority, often even without an estate. Such titles are still conferred on royal princes or princesses in the current European monarchies of Belgium, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Other historical cases occurred for example in Denmark, Finland (as a part of Sweden) and France, Portugal and some former colonial possessions such as Brazil and Haiti.
United Kingdom[link]
Main article: Royal Dukedoms in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, ducal titles which have been given within the royal family include Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Duke of York, Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Bedford, Duke of Cumberland, Duke of Cambridge, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of Albany, Duke of Ross, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Kent, Duke of Sussex, and Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.
- List of dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
- List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles
Belgium[link]
In Belgium, the title of Duke of Brabant (historically the most prestigious in the Low Countries, and containing the federal capital Brussels), if still vacant, has been awarded preferentially to the eldest son and heir presumptive of the king, other male dynasts receiving various lower historical titles (much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the Belgian crown), such as Count of Flanders (King Leopold III's so-titled brother held the title when he became the realm's temporary head of state as prince-regent) and Prince of Liège (a secularised version of the historical prince-bishopric; e.g., the present King Albert II until he succeeded his older brother Baudouin I).
Denmark[link]
Denmark's kings gave appanages in their twin-duchies of Schleswig-Holstein (now three-fourths of them is part of Germany, but then the Holstein half of it was part of the Holy Roman Empire in personal union with Denmark proper) to younger sons and/or their male-line descendants, with a specific though not sovereign title of Duke, e.g., Duke of Gottorp, Duke of Sonderburg, Duke of Augustenborg, Duke of Franzhagen, Duke of Beck, Duke of Glucksburg and Duke of Norburg.
Iberian peninsula[link]
When the Christian Reconquista, sweeping the Moors from the former Caliphate of Córdoba and its taifa-remnants, transformed the territory of former Suevic and Visigothic realms into Catholic feudal principalities, none of these warlords was exactly styled Duke. A few (as Portugal itself) started as Count (even if the title of Dux was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of King.
Portugal[link]
Main article: List of dukedoms in Portugal
In Portugal, the title of Duke was granted for the first time in 1415 to infante Peter and infante Henry, the second and third sons of king John I, following their participation in the successful Conquest of Ceuta. Pedro became the first Duke of Coimbra and Henry the first Duke of Viseu.
From the reign of king Manuel I, the title of Duke of Beja was given to the second son of the monarch. This was changed during the Liberal regime in the 19th century (with queen Maria II), when the first infante (second son of the monarch) got the title of Duke of Porto and the second infante (third son) was known as Duke of Beja.
There are examples of Duke as a subsidiary title, granted to the most powerful noble Houses:
- Duke of Barcelos, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Braganza;
- Duke of Torres Novas, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Aveiro;
- Duke of Miranda do Corvo, to be used by the heir of the Duke of Lafões.
Usually, the title of Duke was granted to relatives of the Royal Family, such as the infantes or natural sons of the monarch. There are exceptions, such as António José de Ávila, who, although not having any relation to the royal family, was given the title of duke of Ávila and Bolama in the 19th Century.
Spain[link]
Main article: List of dukedoms in Spain
Spanish infantes and infantas were usually given a dukedom upon marriage, excepting the heir apparent who is the Prince of Asturias. This title is nowadays not hereditary but carries a Grandeza de España. The current royal duchesses are: HRH the Duchess of Badajoz (Infanta Maria del Pilar), HRH the Duchess of Soria (Infanta Margarita) (although she inherited the title of Duchess of Hernani from her cousin and is second holder of that title), HRH the Duchess of Lugo (Infanta Elena) and HRH the Duchess of Palma de Mallorca (Infanta Cristina).
In Spain all the dukes hold the court rank of Grande, i.e., Grandee of the realm, which had precedence over all other feudatories.
Finland and Sweden[link]
Main article: Dukes of Swedish Provinces
Sweden had a history of making the sons of its kings real ruling princes of vast duchies, but this ceased in 1622. Title-wise, however, all Swedish princes since 1772, and princesses since 1980, are given a dukedom for life. Currently, there are one duke and three duchesses. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to five of the Provinces of Sweden.
Key parts of Finland were sometimes under a Duke of Finland during the Swedish reign.
France and other former monarchies[link]
See appanage (mainly for the French kingdom) and the list in the geographical section below, which also treats special ducal titles in orders or national significance.
France[link]
Main article: Dukes in France
The highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original pairies, which also had a traditional function in the royal coronation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the six secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate: The Prince-Bishops with ducal territories among them were:
- The Archbishop of Reims, styled archevêque-duc pair de France (in Champagne; who crowns and anoints the king, traditionally in his cathedral)
- Two suffragan bishops, styled evêque-duc pair de France :
Later, the Archbishop of Paris was given the title of duc de Saint-Cloud with the dignity of peerage, but it was debated if he was an ecclesiastical peer or merely a bishop holding a lay peerage.
The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:
- the duc de Bourgogne, i.e., Duke of Burgundy (known as Grand duc; not a separate title at that time; just a description of the wealth and real clout of the 15th century Dukes, cousins of the Kings of France) (bears the crown, fastens the belt)
- Duke of Normandy or duc de Normandie (holds the first square banner)
- Duke of Aquitaine or duc d'Aquitaine or - de Guyenne (holds the second square banner)
It should be noted that the theory of the participation of the peers in the coronation was laid down in the late 13th century, when some of the peerage (the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Toulouse) had already been merged in the crown.
At the end of this same century, the king elevated some counties into duchies, a practice that increased up until the Revolution. Many of this duchies were also peerages (the so-called 'new peerages').
Italy, Germany and Austria[link]
Main article: Dukes in Italy, Germany and Austria
In Italy, Germany and Austria the title of "duke" (duca in Italian, and Herzog in German) was quite common. As the Holy Roman Empire was until its dissolution a feudal structure, most of its Dukes were actually reigning in their lands. As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes. Also, in Germany in many ducal families every agnate would bear the ducal title of the family as a courtesy title.
In Italy some important sovereign ducal families were the Visconti and the Sforza, who ruled Milan; the Capece Minutolo in Naples; the Savoia in Piemonte; the Medici of Florence; the Farnese of Parma and Piacenza; the Cybo-Malaspina of Massa; the Gonzaga of Mantua; the Este of Modena and Ferrara.
In Germany, important ducal families were the Wittelsbachs in Bavaria, the Welfs in Hannover, the ducal family of Cleves, the Wettins in Saxony (with its Ernestine branch divided into several duchies), the Württembergs, the Mecklenburgs and finally of course also the Habsburgs in Austria as "Archdukes". In the German Confederation the Nassaus, the Ascanians of Anhalt, the Welf branch of Brunswick and the Ernestine lines of the Saxon duchies were the sovereign ducal families.
Elsewhere in Europe[link]
Nordic countries[link]
- In Denmark, the longest-surviving duchy was Schleswig, i.e., Sonderjylland (part of which later was transferred to Germany). Its southern neighbour Holstein in personal union with the Danish crown was always a German principality. Ultimately both ended up joined as the German federation's Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein.
- In Sweden, medieval duchies of Finland, Södermanland, Skåne, and Halland, and in modern times almost every province.
Hungary[link]
In the Kingdom of Hungary no ducal principalities existed but duchies were often formed for members of the dynasty as appanages. During the rule of the Árpád dinasty dukes held territorial powers, some of them even minted coins, but later this title became more often nominal. These duchies usually were
- the Duchy of Nitra
- the Duchy of Bihar
- the Duchy of Slavonia, or whole Slavonia (consisting of Slavonia and Croatia)
- the Duchy of Transylvania (consisting of the voivodship of Transylvania and some other counties)
In the Jagellonian era (1490–1526) only two dukes did not belong to the royal dynasty: John Corvin (the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus) and Lőrinc Újlaki (whose father was the king of Bosnia), and both bore the title as royal dukes.
After the Battle of Mohács the Habsburg kings rewarded Hungarian aristocrats (like the Esterházys) with princely titles, but they created these titles as Holy Roman Emperors, not as kings of Hungary.
Greece[link]
As the Catholic crusaders overran Orthodox Christian parts of the Byzantine empire, they installed several crusader states (see Frangokratia), some of which were of ducal rank:
- the Duchy of Athens, to which the duchy of Neopatras was later linked
- the Aegean insular Duchy of Naxos, officially the "Duchy of the Archipelago"
The Byzantines retained the title dux, transcribed as doux in Greek. As in the later Roman Empire, it remained a military office. In the 10th century, it was given to the military commanders over several themata (also known as katepano), and in the late 11th century it became used for the governor of a thema.
In Italy and other western countries, the later Byzantine appanages of the Palaiologan period were sometimes translated as duchies: the Morea, Mesembria, Selymbria and Thessaloniki. However, as these had Greek holders, they were titled Archon ("magistrate") or Despotes.
In the independent Kingdom of Greece, the style of Duke of Sparta was instituted in 1868 upon the birth of Constantine I as a distinct title for the crown prince of Greece.
Slavic countries[link]
Generally, confusion reigns whether to translate the usual petty ruler titles, knyaz/ knez/ ksiaze etc. as Prince (analogous to the German Fürst) or as Duke;
- in splintered Poland petty principalities generally ruled by branches of the earlier Polish Piast dynasty are regarded as duchies in translated titulary. Examples of such: Kujavia, Masovia, Sandomir, Greater Poland and Kalisz as well as various minor duchies, often short-lived and/or in personal union or merger, named after their capitals, mainly in the regions known as Little Poland and Greater Poland, including (there are often also important Latin and/or German forms) Kraków, Łęczyca and Sieradz.
- In Pomerelia and Pomerania (inhabited by the Kashubians, different Slavic people from the Poles proper), branches of native ruling dynasties were usually recognized as dukes, quite similarly to the pattern in Poland.
- in Russia, before the imperial unification from Muscovy; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar Khan; later, in Peter the Great's autocratic empire, the russification gertsog was used as the Russian rendering of the German ducal title Herzog, especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein [see above], Stormarn, Dithmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories to which the Tsar was dynastically linked.
- In Bohemia was Duchy of Krumlov, and short-lived Duchy of Reichstadt and Duchy of Friedland.
- In Silesia were many petty duchies as Duchy of Brzeg, Duchy of Legnica, Duchy of Zator and Duchy of Racibórz. They were vassals of King of Bohemia.
Netherlands[link]
After Belgium and the Netherlands separated in 1830, the title of duke no longer existed in the Netherlands. There is, however, one exception; the title Hertog van Limburg (Duke of Limburg) still exists. This title, however, is an exclusive title for the head of state (the monarch, i.e., the king or queen of the Netherlands).
Post-colonial non-European states[link]
Empire of Brazil[link]
In the Empire of Brazil duke was the highest rank for people born outside the imperial house and only three dukedoms were created. Two of these titles were for relatives of Emperor Dom Pedro I: an illegitimate daughter and a brother-in-law who received the title when married with Pedro I's daughter Dona Maria II. The third, given to Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, was the only dukedom created during the reign of Pedro II. None of these titles were hereditary, just like every other title in the Brazilian nobility system.
Haiti[link]
The royal Christophe dynasty created eight hereditary dukedoms, in rank directly below the nominal princes. They were short-lived and only recognised in the country.
Equivalents[link]
Main articles: Equivalents of Duke outside Europe and Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
Like other major Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render (translate) certain titles in non-western languages. "Duke" is used even though those titles are generally etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank. The Indian cognate is Senapati (leader of an army).
China[link]
During the era of feudalism in Ancient China (Spring and Autumn and the Warring States), the equivalent titles to Grand Marquis or Grand Duke were often granted to the nobility and governors of the individual kingdoms and principalities. Noble titles also existed in subsequent periods.
The Duke of Yansheng noble title was granted to the descendants of Confucius. In 1935, the Nationalist Government changed the title to Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which still exists as an office of the Republic of China, de facto hereditary.[3]
Nonhereditary dukedoms and other lesser titles were also awarded, sometimes posthumously (see posthumous names), during the imperial period of Chinese history to recognize distinguished civil and military officials without the burdens of supporting a feudal peerage. For example, Emperor Lizong of Song granted the posthumous title Duke of Hui (徽国公) to the Neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi.[4]
Indonesia[link]
The Javanese kingdom of Majapahit, which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into nagara (provinces). The administration of these nagara was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of Bhre i. e. Bhra i, "lord of" (the word bhra being akin to the Thai Phra), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example a sister of king Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350-1389) was "Bhre Lasem", "lady of Lasem". This system was similar to the apanage system in Western Europe.
Sultan Agung, king of Mataram in Central Java (r. 1613-1645), would entrust the administration of territories he gradually conquered all over the island of Java, to officials bearing the title of adipati. Such territories were called kadipaten.
The VOC (Dutch East Indies Company), while gradually taking control of Javanese territory, would maintain the existing Mataram administrative structure. Adipati were called "regenten" in Dutch, and the territories they administered, "regentschappen".
In the 19th century, the Javanese term for regent was bupati. French traveller Gérard Louis Domeny de Rienzi mentions bapati.[5]
The bupati have been maintained in the modern Indonesian administrative subdivision structure, heading a kabupaten, the subdivision of a provinsi or province.
The word adipati is still found in the official title of the hereditary princes Mangkunegara of Surakarta and Paku Alam of Yogyakarta i. e. Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya (shortened into KGPAA).
See also[link]
- List of Dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
- List of dukes in the peerages of the British Isles
- Duchy of Amalfi
- Duchy of Gaeta
- Duchy of Naples
- Archduke
Notes[link]
- ^ Crouch p108
- ^ see Dukes of Lancaster
- ^ Duke Yansheng
- ^ Chan p34
- ^ *Grégoire Louis Domeny de Rienzi, Océanie ou cinquième partie du monde : revue géographique et ethnographique de la Malaisie, de la Micronésie, de la Polynésie et de la Mélanésie, ainsi que ses nouvelles classifications et divisions de ces contrées, Firmin Didot Frères, Paris, 1834
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2007) |
References[link]
- Chan, Wing-tsit, Chu Hsi New Studies. University of Hawaii Press: 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1201-0
- Crouch, David, The Normans (2002) ISBN 1-85285-387-5
- Hodgkin, Thomas. Italy and her Invaders. Clarendon Press: 1895.
- Lewis, Archibald R. "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550-751." Speculum, Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410.
- Stenton, Sir Frank M. Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition. Oxford University Press: 1971.
- Thompson, E. A. The Goths in Spain. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1969.
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"Duchess of Cambridge" redirects here. For other uses, see Duchess of Cambridge (disambiguation).
| Catherine | |
|---|---|
| Duchess of Cambridge (more) | |
 |
|
| Catherine at Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, 2011 | |
| Spouse | Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (m. 2011) |
| Full name | |
| Catherine Elizabeth[fn 1] | |
| House | House of Windsor |
| Father | Michael Middleton |
| Mother | Carole Middleton (née Goldsmith) |
| Born | (1982-01-09) 9 January 1982 (age 30) Reading, Berkshire, England |
| Religion | Anglican (Church of England) |
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (Catherine Elizabeth "Kate"; née Middleton; born 9 January 1982)[1] is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and member of the British Royal Family. The Duke of Cambridge is second in line to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms and, should he eventually become King, she would automatically become his queen consort.[2]
Catherine grew up in Chapel Row at Bucklebury, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England.[3] She studied in Scotland at the University of St Andrews, where she met the then Prince William of Wales in 2001. Their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010, and Middleton attended many high-profile royal events before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Catherine has created a major impact upon British fashion which has been termed as the "Kate effect", and in 2012, she was selected as one of The 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time Magazine.[4][5]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life and family[link]
Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 and christened at St Andrew's Bradfield, Berkshire on 20 June 1982.[6][7]:32 She is the eldest of three children born to Carole (née Goldsmith), a former flight attendant and now part-owner of Party Pieces, a private company with an estimated worth of £30 million,[8] and Michael Middleton, who also worked as a flight attendant prior to becoming a flight dispatcher for British Airways, currently also an owner of Party Pieces. Her parents married on 21 June 1980, at the Parish Church of Dorney, Buckinghamshire,[9] and in 1987, founded Party Pieces, a mail order company that sells party supplies and decorations.[10][11] Middleton has a younger sister, Pippa[12][better source needed] and a younger brother, James Middleton.[12][13] The family has complained about press harassment of Pippa and Carole since Middleton's engagement.[14]
Middleton's paternal ancestors were from Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. Her paternal great-grandmother Olivia was a member of the Lupton family, who were active for generations in Leeds in commercial and municipal work.[15] Her ancestors include the Revd Thomas Davis, a Church of England hymn-writer.[16]
Carole Middleton's maternal family, the Harrisons, were working class labourers and miners from Sunderland and County Durham.[17]
Middleton's parents worked for British Airways in Amman, Jordan from May 1984 to September 1986. In Jordan, Middleton went to an English language nursery school[18] before returning to their home in Berkshire.[19] After her return from Amman, Middleton was enrolled at St Andrew's School near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire, then briefly at Downe House.[20] She attended Marlborough College, a co-educational independent boarding school in Wiltshire,[21] and graduated from the University of St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland with an undergraduate MA (2:1 Hons) in the History of Art. While a student at St. Andrews, she met Prince William.[22]
Career[link]
In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as an accessory buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw.[23] She also worked part-time until January 2011 as a catalogue photographer, webpage designer and marketing officer for her parents' firm "Party Pieces". Despite this, at one point she was given the nickname 'Waity Katie' by the media for her apparent lack of work ethic and seeming desire not to do anything except to wait for a wedding proposal. [24]
In 2008, it was reported that she had quit her job at Jigsaw to become a professional photographer, intending to take private classes with photographer Mario Testino, who had taken several well-known photographs of Diana, Princess of Wales and her sons.[25] Testino later denied that Middleton was going to be working for him.[26]
Public image and style[link]
Catherine is admired for her fashion sense and has been placed on numerous "best dressed" lists.[27][28] She was selected by The Daily Telegraph as the "Most Promising Newcomer" in its 2006 list of style winners and losers.[29] Tatler placed her at number 8 on its yearly listing of the top ten style icons in 2007.[30] She was featured in People magazine's 2007 and 2010 best-dressed lists.[31] Middleton was named as one of Richard Blackwell's ten "Fabulous Fashion Independents" of 2007.[32] In June 2008, Style.com selected Middleton as its monthly beauty icon.[33] In July 2008, Middleton was included in Vanity Fair's international best-dressed list.[34] In February 2011, she was named the Top Fashion Buzzword of the 2011 season by the Global Language Monitor.[35]
The Duchess is known for mixing couture pieces, often by British designers, with 'High Street' retail fashion. Designers worn by the Duchess include Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen, Issa, Jenny Packham, Beulah London, Alice Temperley, Erdem and Catherine Walker; high street labels worn by the Duchess include Reiss, Zara and L.K.Bennett. In January 2012, she was voted 'Headwear Person of the Year'.[36]
Relationship with Prince William[link]
Middleton's status as the undeclared girlfriend of Prince William brought her widespread media coverage in Britain and abroad and she was often photographed on her daily outings. On 17 October 2005, she complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant such publicity.[37] In February 2006, it was announced that Middleton would receive her own 24-hour security detail supplied by the Royalty Protection branch (SO14). This fuelled further speculation that she and Prince William would soon be engaged, since she would not otherwise be entitled to this service.
No engagement was forthcoming and Middleton was not granted an allowance to fund this security. Media attention increased around the time of her 25th birthday in January 2007, prompting warnings from both The Prince of Wales and Prince William and from Middleton's lawyers, who threatened legal action. Two newspaper groups, News International, which publishes The Times and The Sun, and the Guardian Media Group, publishers of The Guardian, decided to refrain from publishing paparazzi photographs of her.[38] Middleton attended at least one event as an official royal guest, Prince William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006.[39]
On 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince William's cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend.[40] On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor and George Gilman. Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard the HMS Iron Duke.[41] In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took pictures of her over Christmas 2009.[42] She obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs.[43]
Breakup and reconciliation[link]
On 14 April 2007, The Sun newspaper broke a "world exclusive" suggesting that Prince William and Middleton had split up.[44] Other media outlets, such as the BBC, confirmed the story as the day progressed. The couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt.[45][46] Clarence House made only one comment about the relationship's end, according to The Times, stating, "We don't comment on Prince William's private life".[47] Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources.
The original report in The Sun quoted a "close friend of the couple" as saying that Middleton felt Prince William had not been paying her enough attention. The paper highlighted reports that Prince William had been spending time with other young women and said the Prince, aged 24 at the time of the split, felt he was too young to marry.[48] A report in the Daily Mail blamed a desire by royal courtiers not to "hurry along" a marriage announcement, and Prince William's desire to enjoy his bachelor status within his Army career. The Mail also suggested that a friend of Prince William encouraged the Prince to take a "careless approach" to relationships. The same article suggested that Middleton had "expected too much" in wanting Prince William to demonstrate his commitment to her.[49]
In June 2007, Middleton and Prince William insisted they were "just good friends" following reports of a reconciliation.[50] Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart.[51] The couple were subsequently seen together in public on a number of occasions and several news sources, including the BBC and the Daily Mail, stated that they had "rekindled their relationship".[52] She also joined Prince William and The Prince of Wales on a deerstalking expedition at Balmoral[53] and attended the wedding of Prince William's cousin, Peter Phillips, even though Prince William, due to a prior commitment, did not. In April 2008, Middleton accompanied Prince William when he was awarded his RAF wings at the Royal Air Force College Cranwell.[54] On 16 June 2008, she attended Prince William's investiture into the Order of the Garter, along with the Royal Family.
Engagement and wedding[link]
Main article: Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
See also: Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton
Prince William and Catherine Middleton became engaged in October 2010 in Kenya, East Africa, during a 10-day trip to the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy to celebrate Prince William passing his RAF helicopter search and rescue course.[55][56] Clarence House announced the engagement on 16 November 2010.[55][57] The couple married in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011,[58] (St. Catherine's Day) with the day declared a bank holiday in the United Kingdom. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million or more, whilst 26 million watched the event live in the United Kingdom.[59][60]
In October, several months after the wedding, Commonwealth leaders pledged that they would implement changes in British royal succession law to allow daughters of future monarchs to have equal rights to the throne.[61]
Royal duties[link]
Public appearances[link]
Middleton was formally introduced to public life on 24 February 2011, two months before the wedding, when she and Prince William attended a lifeboat naming ceremony in Trearddur, Anglesey, in North Wales.[62] A day later they appeared in St Andrews and launched the university's 600th anniversary celebrations. On 16 February 2011, Clarence House announced that the Duke and Duchess's first royal tour of Canada would take place in July 2011.[63]
In May 2011, shortly after the wedding, and while The Prince of Wales was in official visit to the United States, Clarence House announced that the Duke and Duchess would visit California after their Canadian tour. It was the Duchess of Cambridge's first visit to the United States.[64]
In June 2011, the Duke and Duchess presented medals to members of the Irish Guards.[65]
The Duchess visited the Canadian Museum of Civilization to attend a citizenship ceremony, on 1 July 2011 in Gatineau, Canada. The newly married Royal Couple were on the second day of their first joint overseas tour. They were joined by thousands of Canadians taking part in the Canada Day celebrations, which mark Canada’s 144th Birthday.[66]
On 2 November, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visited the UNICEF Supply Division Centre for supplying food to malnourished African children in Copenhagen, Denmark.[67][68]
On St Patrick's day, 17 March 2012, the Duchess carried out the traditional awarding of shamrocks to the Irish Guards at their base in Aldershot; this was her first solo military engagement.
The couple is due to visit Malaysia, Singapore, Tuvalu and the Solomon Islands as a part of the Royal Jubilee celebrations in 2012.
Patronages[link]
In March 2011, William and Catherine have set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who want to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities they care about instead.[69] The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple’s choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation. These causes are close to their hearts and reflect the experiences, passions and values of their lives so far.[70][71][72][73][74]
In January 2012, the Duchess announced the first charities which she will support.[75][76]
These are:
- The Art Room[77][78]
- The National Portrait Gallery, London
- East Anglia's Children's Hospice (EACH)[79]
- Action on Addiction
She will also be a local volunteer leader with the Scout Association in Anglesey, north Wales, her marital home.[80]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]
Titles and styles[link]
| Royal styles of The Duchess of Cambridge |
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|---|---|
| 50px | |
| Reference style | Her Royal Highness |
| Spoken style | Your Royal Highness |
| Alternative style | Ma'am |
- 9 January 1982 – 29 April 2011: Miss Catherine Elizabeth Middleton
- 29 April 2011 – present: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge[81]
Catherine's full title and style is Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge,[81] Countess of Strathearn, Baroness Carrickfergus.[82][83]
Unlike the majority of royal brides, and in contrast to most previous consorts-in-waiting for over 350 years, Catherine does not come from a royal or aristocratic background.[84][85] On the morning of their wedding day on 29 April 2011, at 8:00 am, officials at Buckingham Palace announced that in accordance with royal tradition and on recognition of the day by the Queen, Prince William was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus.[83][86]
Honours[link]
See also List of honours of the British Royal Family by country
Honorary military appointments[link]
Canada
5 July 2011 – present: Canadian Ranger[87]
Honorific eponyms[link]
- Awards
Ontario: Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Award, University of Waterloo, Waterloo[88][89]
Arms[link]
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Ancestry[link]
In a study of the ancestry of Catherine, William Addams Reitwiesner uncovered that she shares ancestors with her husband Prince William; the closest relationship is via Prince William's mother and Catherine's father through a common descent from Sir Thomas Fairfax and his wife Agnes (or Anne) Gascoigne[better source needed], daughter of Sir William Gascoigne and his wife, née Lady Margaret Percy.[91] This makes the couple fifteenth cousins.[92] Sir Thomas Fairfax and Agnes Gascoigne are through Catherine's great-grandmother Olive Lupton, daughter of a Leeds cloth merchant Francis Lupton and his wife Harriet (née Davis) – Fairfax being an ancestor of Lupton. In turn Lady Margaret Percy[better source needed] is descended from Edward III.
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Popular culture[link]
Following international attention regarding the wedding, Lifetime aired a TV movie entitled William & Kate on 18 April 2011, in the US.[93] The film premiered in the UK on 24 April 2011.[94] Middleton [95] was played by Camilla Luddington[96] and Prince William by Nico Evers-Swindell.[97] TV programmes were also shown in the UK prior to the wedding which provided deeper insights into the couple's relationship and backgrounds, including When Kate Met William[98] and Channel 4's Meet the Middletons.[99]
A second TV Movie is also being produced that covers much the same ground as "William & Kate". That movie titled William & Catherine: A Royal Romance stars Alice St. Clair as Kate Middleton and Dan Amboyer as Prince William.[100] Of note in this second television movie is the appearance of Jane Alexander as the Queen and Alias alum Victor Garber as the Prince of Wales. According to The Hollywood Reporter the movie is scheduled to air 27 August 2011 in the United States on the Hallmark Channel.[101] The movie was filmed in Bucharest.[102]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ As a titled royal, Catherine holds no surname, but when one is used, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.
References[link]
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- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1330151/Prince-William-Kate-Middleton-engaged-marry-2011.html
- ^ Pierce, Andrew (19 January 2008). "Mario Testino to teach Kate Middleton his art". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576130/Mario-Testino-to-teach-Kate-Middleton-his-art.html. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
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- ^ Unknown (5 March 2007). "Kate Middleton in poll of top 10 style icons". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-440086/Kate-Middleton-poll-style-icons.html. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
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- ^ "Posh and Amy Winehouse named as the wost-dressed celebrities of 2007". Daily Mail (UK). 9 January 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-507010/Posh-Amy-Winehouse-named-worst-dressed-celebrities-2007.html. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
- ^ Evelyn Crowley (June 2008). "Kate Middleton". Style.com. Condé Nast Digital. http://www.style.com/beauty/icon/062008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
- ^ The International Best-Dressed List. Vanity Fair. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
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- ^ Tamara Abraham. "Kate Middleton crowned Headwear Association's 'Hat Person of the Year' with 90% of votes | Mail Online". dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2092975/Kate-Middleton-crowned-Headwear-Associations-Hat-Person-Year-90-votes.html. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
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- ^ a b "Prince William to marry Kate Middleton next year". BBC News. 16 November 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11765422.
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- ^ Bates, Stephen (23 November 2010). "Royal wedding date set for 29 April". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/nov/23/royal-wedding-date-29-april.
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- ^ "William and Catherine ask for charity donations in lieu of wedding gifts". telegraph.co.uk. 2011-03-16. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8385866/William-and-Kate-ask-for-charity-donations-in-lieu-of-wedding-gifts.html. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "William and Catherine set up royal wedding charity fund". reuters.com. 2011-03-16. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/16/us-britain-wedding-fund-idUSTRE72F3BK20110316. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "William and Catherine set up royal wedding charity fund". chinadaily.com.cn. 2011-03-16. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-03/16/content_12183222.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "William and Catherine's gift to Christchurch". stuff.co.nz. 2011-03-17. http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/weddings/4778882/William-and-Kates-gift-to-Christchurch. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "No wedding gifts, please: William and Catherine request charity donations instead". yourlife.usatoday.com. 2011-04-29. http://yourlife.usatoday.com/mind-soul/doing-good/kindness/post/2011/04/in-lieu-of-gifts-prince-william-and-kate-middleton-request-charity-donations-instead/148363/1. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "Duchess of Cambridge announces charity patronages". BBC NEWS UK. 2012-01-05. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16411358. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ Royalty and statesmen (2012-01-05). "Kate Middleton charities: The new royal has chosen five to support". hellomagazine.com. http://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/201201056904/kate-duchess-cambridge-charities/. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
- ^ "HRH The Duchess of Cambridge becomes Royal Patron of". The Art Room. 2012-01-05. http://www.theartroom.org.uk/7-20120105-patron-announcement.html. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
- ^ "Painting the town red: Duchess of Cambridge gets creative in art class as she visits school in Oxford". dailymail.co.uk. 2012-02-22. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2104227/Kate-Middleton-Duchess-Cambridge-makes-visit-royal-patron-The-Art-Room-Orla-Kiely-dress.html. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
- ^ "Duchess of Cambridge to give her first public speech as Royal Patron of children's hospices charity". dailymail.co.uk. 2012-03-06. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2110471/Duchess-Cambridge-public-speech-Royal-Patron-childrens-hospices-charity.html. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ Lauren Paxman. "Kate Middleton Scouting: Duchess of Cambridge is latest cover girl for movement's magazine | Mail Online". dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2092773/Kate-Middleton-Scouting-Duchess-Cambridge-latest-cover-girl-movements-magazine.html. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
- ^ a b "Titles announced for Prince William and Catherine Middleton". The Royal Wedding 2011 Official Site. 29 April 2011. http://www.officialroyalwedding2011.org/blog/2011/April/29/Titles-announced-for-Prince-William-and-Catherine-Middleton.
- ^ "Red Coat, Welsh Ring And New Titles For Pair". Sky News. 29 April 2011. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Royal-Wedding/UK-Royal-Wedding-New-Titles-For-Couple-Irish-Red-Coat-For-William-And-Welsh-Band-Of-Gold-For-Kate/Article/201104415981353?f=rss. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ a b Beckford, Martin (29 April 2011). "Prince William and Kate Middleton's new titles revealed". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8482573/Prince-William-and-Kate-Middletons-new-titles-revealed.html. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ Royal wedding Kate Middleton will be first middle-class queen-in-waiting The Telegraph, 16 November 2010
- ^ Profile: Kate Middleton guardian.co.uk, 16 November 2010
- ^ Beckford, Martin (29 April 2011), "Royal wedding: Prince William and Kate Middleton become Duke and Duchess of Cambridge", The Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8482962/Royal-wedding-Prince-William-and-Kate-Middleton-become-Duke-and-Duchess-of-Cambridge.html
- ^ English, Rebecca (6 July 2011). "Kate and William enjoy second 'honeymoon' as Prince whisks his new bride away for surprise evening on isolated Canadian island". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2011742/Kate-Middleton-Prince-William-enjoy-second-honeymoon.html. Retrieved 15 February, 2012.
- ^ The Canadian Press (26 July 2011). "UW award honours Duke and Duchess of Cambridge". CTV. http://swo.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110726/waterloo-award-prince-william-110726/20110726/?hub=SWOHome. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ "University of Waterloo offers Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Award". Canada News Wire. 26 July 2011. http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/July2011/26/c7452.html. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d "The arms of Miss Catherine Middleton". College of Arms. 1 May 2011. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/MiddletonC.html.
- ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams (2011). Child, Christopher Challender. ed. The Ancestry of Catherine Middleton. Scott Campbell Steward. Boston, Massachusetts: New England Historic Genealogical Society. pp. 118–9. ISBN 978-0-88082-252-7. http://www.wargs.com/royal/kate.html.
- ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams (2011). Child, Christopher Challender. ed. The Ancestry of Catherine Middleton. Scott Campbell Steward. Boston, Massachusetts: New England Historic Genealogical Society. pp. 116–7. ISBN 978-0-88082-252-7. http://www.wargs.com/royal/kate.html.
- ^ Gallery: Lifetime's 'William & Kate' movie Digital Spy, 17 April 2011
- ^ Wills and Kate movie 'guilty pleasure' TV[dead link] ITN.co.uk, 26 April 2011
- ^ Full cast and crew for William & Kate (2011) Internet Movie Database
- ^ Kate Middleton actress home for royal wedding BBC News, 27 April 2011
- ^ Sun, Feifei (21 March 2011). "Drama Queen: Lifetime's 'William & Kate' Trailer Serves Up the Sap". Time NewsFeed. http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/21/drama-queen-lifetimes-william-kate-trailer-serves-up-the-sap/. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
- ^ Rewind TV: When Kate Met William; Kate and William: Romance and the Royals; The Suspicions of Mr Whicher; The Crimson Petal and the White The Observer, 1 May 2011
- ^ TV review: Meet the Middletons; Help! My House is Infested; The Reckoning guardian.co.uk, 18 April 2011
- ^ [1] IMDB
- ^ "Production Begins on 'William & Catherine: A Royal Romance'". The Hollywood Reporter. 5 May 2011. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/production-begins-william-catherine-a-185876. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Hallmark Channel to film 'William & Catherine: A Royal Romance' - Lifeline Live". USA Today. 5 May 2011. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2011/05/hallmark-channel-to-film-william-38-catherine-a-royal-romance/1. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Bibliography[link]
- Jobson, Robert (2010). William & Kate – The Love Story. London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-736-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=1M3oGZ7RRH8C&pg=PP1.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge |
- "Official website of the British monarchy – HRH The Duchess of Cambridge". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/TheDuchessofCambridge/TheDuchessofCambridge.aspx.
- "The Duchess of Cambridge". The Prince of Wales. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/thedukeandduchessofcambridge/theduchessofcambridge/.
- Works by or about Kate Middleton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Kate Middleton collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- "Popular girl who caught royal eye", BBC News, 31 March 2005
- "Royal wedding: Family tree", BBC News, 13 April 2011
- Cracroft's Peerage
- Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge at the Internet Movie Database
| Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom | ||
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| Preceded by The Princess Royal |
Ladies HRH The Duchess of Cambridge |
Succeeded by Autumn Phillips |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Duchess of Cambridge |
| Alternative names | Princess Catherine |
| Short description | Wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge |
| Date of birth | 1982-01-09 |
| Place of birth | Reading, Berkshire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Catherine Middleton
http://cs.wn.com/Catherine, vévodkyně z Cambridge
http://id.wn.com/Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
http://es.wn.com/Catalina de Cambridge
http://ru.wn.com/Кэтрин, герцогиня Кембриджская
http://nl.wn.com/Catherine Middleton
http://pl.wn.com/Katarzyna, księżna Cambridge
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http://de.wn.com/Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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http://pt.wn.com/Catherine, Duquesa de Cambridge
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the singer. For the New Hampshire state representative, see Gene G. Chandler.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011) |
| Gene Chandler | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Eugene Dixon |
| Born | (1937-07-06) July 6, 1937 (age 74) Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Genres | R&B, soul |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, record producer, record company executive |
| Years active | 1957–present |
| Website | www.genechandler.com |
Gene Chandler (born Eugene Dixon, July 6, 1937)[1] also known as "The Duke of Earl" or simply "The Duke", is an American R&B and soul singer-songwriter, producer and record executive. He is one of the leading exponents of the 1960s Chicago soul scene.[1] He is best known for his million-selling hits, "Duke Of Earl," and "Groovy Situation," and his associations with the Dukays, the Impressions and Curtis Mayfield. A Grammy Hall Of Fame inductee, and winner of the National Association of Television and Radio Announcers Producer of the Year Award, and the Rhythm and Blues Foundation's Pioneer Award, and one of the few artists to chart hit records during the doo-wop, rhythm and blues, soul, and disco eras. Between 1961 and 1986 Chandler has had forty Pop and R&B chart hits.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Chandler attended Englewood High School on Chicago's south side. He began performing in the early 1950s with the Gaytones. In 1957, he joined a doo-wop group, The Dukays, with James Lowe, Shirley Jones, Earl Edwards and Ben Broyles, soon becoming their lead singer. After his draft into the US Army he returned to Chicago in 1960 and rejoined the Dukays.
Career[link]
The Dukays were offered a recording contract by Nat Records and recorded a single with producers Carl Davis and Bill "Bunky" Sheppard, "The Girl Is a Devil" (1961). This recording was followed with a session in August 1961 with four sides, most notably "Nite Owl" and "Duke of Earl." Nat Records chose to release "Nite Owl," and it became a sizable r&b hit at the end of 1961. Meanwhile, Davis and Sheppard shopped the "Duke of Earl" recording to Vee-Jay Records, which picked it but released it as by a solo artist, Eugene Dixon, who was renamed "Gene Chandler." "Duke of Earl" sold a million copies in just over one month.[2]
After spending three weeks at number one on the Billboard Magazine charts, Chandler purchased a cape, a monocle, a top hat and a cane and became "The Duke of Earl". Chandler can be seen in the full 'Duke' outfit singing "The Duke of Earl" in the movie Don't Knock the Twist 1962, starring Chubby Checker. His concerts became popular and he performed encores, usually "Rainbow '65," one of his collaborations with Curtis Mayfield. This song was recorded by Chandler three times during his career, becoming a hit each time.
Chandler left Vee Jay in the fall of 1963 and recorded for Constellation Records. After Constellation went under in 1966, he was signed first to Chess Records and then Brunswick Records. For a time Chess and Brunswick alternated with each other when releasing Chandler's recordings. He had a Top 20 Pop hits on Constellation with "Just Be True" (1964) and "Nothing Can Stop Me" (1965), both songs written by Curtis Mayfield and produced by Carl Davis. Other hits included "What Now", "Rainbow", "I Fooled You This Time", "Think Nothing About It"', "A Man's Temptation", "To Be A Lover", "Rainbow '65" (recorded live at Chicago's Regal Theater), "Bless Our Love", and "You Can't Hurt Me No More." These songs enabled Gene to successfully shed his "Duke Of Earl" typecasting, and go on to become a major R&B star.[3] Chandler also had success with his hit cover of James Brown's "There Was A Time" and "You Threw A Lucky Punch", which was released as an "answer" song to Mary Wells's Motown hit "You Beat Me To The Punch". In 1970, Chandler recorded the album Gene and Jerry: One on One, with Jerry Butler.
After a number of years on the road, Chandler decided to become more involved with production of music. He produced, wrote, arranged and had a major hit with "Groovy Situation" (1970), which reached #12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and #8 on the Billboard R&B chart, becoming his second biggest hit since "Duke Of Earl". "Groovy Situation" sold more than a million copies, and received a gold disc awarded by the R.I.A.A. in November 1970.[4]
The hits he recorded and produced earned him The National Association of Television and Radio Announcers Producer of the Year Award in 1970, against competition from other nominees including Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff and Norman Whitfield.[5] He also appeared with The Impressions and Curtis Mayfield on the live album Curtis in Chicago (1973). Chandler appeared on Arthur Louis's album Knocking on Heaven's Door (1974) alongside Eric Clapton. Later he had success with disco music, creating hits such as "Get Down" (1978), "When You're #1", "Does She Have A Friend?" and "Rainbow '80".[1] During this time he was also the Executive Vice President of Chi Sound Records and worked with reggae star Johnny Nash. In the late 1970s, an interest in older musicians inspired the US DJ Wolfman Jack to put together a tour including vintage acts such as Chandler.
"Duke of Earl" was sampled by Cypress Hill, on the song "Hand on the Pump" from their album Cypress Hill (1991); plus Chandler's song "Hallelujah, I Love Her So" was sampled on their album Black Sunday (1993). In Argentina, where Cris Morena was the host of a popular teenage programe Jugate Conmigo, the song was included on the main intro on the fiction novel, inside the program called: "Life College" (1994). In 1997, Chandler was inducted as a Pioneer Award honoree into the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Chandler's "Tomorrow I May Not Feel the Same" was sampled by Reflection Eternal on the song "Ghetto Afterlife" from Train of Thought (2000).
In 1988, "Duke of Earl" was included on the soundtrack of Hairspray. "Groovy Situation" appeared on Anchorman: Music from the Motion Picture (2004). In 2002, "Duke Of Earl" was inducted into the Grammy Hall Of Fame.[6] Groovemaster K. and 88-Keys sampled Chandler's "When You're #1" for their song "Frisco Disco".[7] His smash # 1 hit "Duke Of Earl" has also been selected by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . [8] [9]
Chandler still performs in Chicago, Las Vegas and elsewhere in the US.
Discography[link]
Chart singles[link]
| Year | Single | Chart Positions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US Pop[10] | US R&B[11] |
UK[12] | ||
| 1961 | "The Girl's A Devil" The Dukays |
64 | - | - |
| 1962 | "Duke of Earl" | 1 | 1 | - |
| "Nite Owl" The Dukays |
73 | - | - | |
| "Walk On With The Duke" The Duke of Earl |
91 | - | - | |
| "Rainbow" / "You Threw A Lucky Punch" |
47 49 |
11 25 |
- | |
| 1963 | "Man's Temptation" | 71 | 17 | - |
| 1964 | "Soul Hootenanny" | 92 | n/a[13] | - |
| "Just Be True" | 19 | n/a[13] | - | |
| "Bless Our Love" | 39 | n/a[13] | - | |
| "What Now" | 40 | 18 | - | |
| 1965 | "You Can't Hurt Me No More" | 92 | 40 | - |
| "Nothing Can Stop Me" | 18 | 3 | - | |
| "Good Times" | 92 | 40 | - | |
| "Rainbow '65" | 69 | 2 | - | |
| 1966 | "(I'm Just A) Fool For You" | 88 | - | - |
| "I Fooled You This Time" | 45 | 3 | - | |
| 1967 | "Girl Don't Care" | 66 | 16 | - |
| "To Be A Lover" | 94 | 9 | - | |
| "There Goes The Lover" | 98 | 46 | - | |
| 1968 | "Show Me The Way To Go" Gene Chandler and Barbara Acklin |
- | 30 | - |
| "Nothing Can Stop Me" (reissue) | - | - | 41 | |
| "River Of Tears" | - | 19 | - | |
| "There Was A Time" | 82 | 22 | - | |
| "From The Teacher To The Preacher" Gene Chandler and Barbara Acklin |
57 | 16 | - | |
| 1970 | "Groovy Situation" | 12 | 8 | - |
| "Simply Call It Love" | 75 | 29 | - | |
| 1971 | "You Just Can't Win (By Making The Same Mistake)" Gene Chandler and Jerry Butler |
94 | 32 | - |
| "You're A Lady" | - | 14 | - | |
| "Ten And Two (Take This Woman Off The Corner)" Gene Chandler and Jerry Butler |
- | 44 | - | |
| 1972 | "Yes I'm Ready (If I Don't Get To Go)" | - | 47 | - |
| 1978 | "Tomorrow I May Not Feel The Same" | - | 51 | - |
| "Get Down" | 53 | 3 | 11 | |
| 1979 | "When You're #1" | 99 | 31 | 43 |
| "Do What Comes So Natural" | - | 73 | - | |
| 1980 | "Does She Have A Friend?" | - | 28 | 28 |
| "Lay Me Gently" | - | 73 | - | |
| 1982 | "I'll Make The Living If You Make The Loving Worthwhile" | - | 40 | - |
| 1983 | "You're The One" Jaime Lynn and Gene Chandler |
- | 89 | - |
| 1985 | "Haven't I Heard That Line Before" | - | 61 | - |
| 1986 | "Lucy" | - | 43 | - |
Bibliography[link]
- Pruter, Robert. Chicago Soul. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-252-06259-9
References[link]
- ^ a b c Unterberger, Richie, Gene Chandler, biography, allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3869/biography, retrieved 2010-11-02
- ^ Livinblues.com
- ^ "Gene Chandler - eNotes.com Reference". Enotes.com. http://www.enotes.com/topic/Gene_Chandler. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 275. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
- ^ "Gene Chandler Page". Soulwalking.co.uk. 1937-07-06. http://www.soulwalking.co.uk/Gene%20Chandler.html. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Grammy Hall of Fame
- ^ "Gene Chandler, credits". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3869. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
- ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/86280552/500-Songs-That-Shaped-Rock-Roll
- ^ http://www.futurerocklegends.com/The_Songs_That_Shaped_Rock_and_Roll.php
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc.. p. 118. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-1995. Record Research. p. 71.
- ^ Betts, Graham (2004). Complete UK Hit Singles 1952-2004 (1st ed.). London: Collins. p. 139. ISBN 0-00-717931-6.
- ^ a b c No Billboard R&B chart was published during this period
External links[link]
- Gene Chandler on the Future Rock Legends website
- Gene Chandler interview
- Gene Chandler fan page
- Rainbow 65 (live on stage) - Gene Chandler - YouTube
- Duke Of Earl vintage 1962 video- YouTube
- Nothing Can Stop Me - Gene Chandler (1965) YouTube video
- There Was A Time (live in England- early 1990s)-by Gene Chandler - YouTube video
- Duke Of Earl -by Gene Chandler (live-early 2000s)
- Gene Chandler - A history on the Soulwalking U.K. website
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Chandler, Gene |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1937-07-06 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Gene_Chandler
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Gene Chandler
http://de.wn.com/Gene Chandler
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Chandler
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Dawson's Creek director, see Morgan J. Freeman.
|
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) |
| Morgan Freeman | |
|---|---|
 Freeman in 2006. |
|
| Born | (1937-06-01) June 1, 1937 (age 75) Memphis, Tennessee |
| Alma mater | Jackson State University |
| Occupation | Actor, director, narrator |
| Years active | 1964–present |
| Spouse | Jeanette Adair Bradshaw (1967–79) Myrna Colley-Lee (1984–2010) |
Morgan Freeman[1] (born June 1, 1937) is an American actor, film director, aviator and narrator. Freeman has received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Street Smart, Driving Miss Daisy, The Shawshank Redemption and Invictus and won in 2005 for Million Dollar Baby. He has also won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Freeman has appeared in many other box office hits, including Unforgiven, Glory, Seven, Deep Impact, The Sum of All Fears, Bruce Almighty, Batman Begins, March of the Penguins, The Bucket List, Wanted, The Dark Knight, and RED.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Morgan Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Mayme Edna (née Revere), a teacher,[2] and Morgan Porterfield Freeman, a barber who died April 27, 1961, from cirrhosis. He has three older siblings. Freeman was sent as an infant to his paternal grandmother in Charleston, Mississippi.[3][4][5] His family moved frequently during his childhood, living in Greenwood, Mississippi; Gary, Indiana; and finally Chicago, Illinois.[5] Freeman made his acting debut at age 9, playing the lead role in a school play. He then attended Broad Street High School, later named Threadgill Elementary School, in Mississippi. At age 12, he won a statewide drama competition, and while still at Broad Street High School, he performed in a radio show based in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1955, he graduated from Broad Street, but turned down a partial drama scholarship from Jackson State University, opting instead to work as a mechanic in the United States Air Force.
Freeman moved to Los Angeles in the early 1960s and worked as a transcript clerk at Los Angeles Community College. During this period, he also lived in New York City, working as a dancer at the 1964 World's Fair, and in San Francisco, where he was a member of the Opera Ring musical theater group. Freeman acted in a touring company version of The Royal Hunt of the Sun, and also appeared as an extra in the 1965 film The Pawnbroker. He made his off-Broadway debut in 1967, opposite Viveca Lindfors in The Nigger Lovers[6][7] (about the civil rights era "Freedom Riders"), before debuting on Broadway in 1968's all-black version of Hello, Dolly!, which also starred Pearl Bailey and Cab Calloway.
Career[link]
Acting career[link]
Although his first credited film appearance was in 1971's Who Says I Can't Ride a Rainbow?, Freeman first became known in the American media through roles on the soap opera Another World and the PBS kids' show The Electric Company,[5] (notably as Easy Reader and Vincent the Vegetable Vampire) which he later said he should have left earlier than he did.
Beginning in the mid-1980s, Freeman began playing prominent supporting roles in many feature films, earning him a reputation for depicting wise, fatherly characters.[5] As he gained fame, he went on to bigger roles in films such as the chauffeur Hoke in Driving Miss Daisy, and Sergeant Major Rawlins in Glory (both in 1989).[5] In 1994 he portrayed Red, the redeemed convict in the acclaimed The Shawshank Redemption. In the same year he was a member of the jury at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival.[8]
He also starred in films such as Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, Unforgiven, Seven, and Deep Impact. In 1997, Freeman, together with Lori McCreary, founded the film production company Revelations Entertainment, and the two co-head its sister online film distribution company ClickStar. Freeman also hosts the channel Our Space on ClickStar, with specially crafted film clips in which he shares his love for the sciences, especially space exploration and aeronautics.
After three previous nominations—a supporting actor nomination for Street Smart, and leading actor nominations for Driving Miss Daisy, and The Shawshank Redemption—he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Million Dollar Baby at the 77th Academy Awards.[5] Freeman is recognized for his distinctive voice, making him a frequent choice for narration. In 2005 alone, he provided narration for two films, War of the Worlds and the Academy Award-winning documentary film March of the Penguins.
Freeman appeared as God in the hit film Bruce Almighty and its sequel, Evan Almighty, as well as Lucius Fox in the critical and commercial success Batman Begins and its 2008 sequel, The Dark Knight. He starred in Rob Reiner's 2007 film The Bucket List, opposite Jack Nicholson. He teamed with Christopher Walken and William H. Macy for the comedy The Maiden Heist, which was released direct to video due to financial problems of the distribution company. In 2008, Freeman returned to Broadway to co-star with Frances McDormand and Peter Gallagher for a limited engagement of Clifford Odets's play, The Country Girl, directed by Mike Nichols.
He had wanted to do a film based on Nelson Mandela for some time. At first he tried to get Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, adapted into a finished script, but it was not finalized.[9] In 2007 he purchased the film rights to a pre-published 2008 book by John Carlin, Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation.[10] Clint Eastwood directed the Nelson Mandela bio-pic titled Invictus, starring Freeman as Mandela and Matt Damon as rugby team captain Francois Pienaar.[11] In October 2010, Freeman co-starred alongside Bruce Willis in Red.[12]
Freeman's latest project is the Danny DeVito directed film Charlotte Doyle which will also feature Irish actor Pierce Brosnan and is due to start filming in Ireland in early 2012.[13]
Other work[link]
In July 2009 Freeman was one of the presenters at the 46664 concert (celebrating Nelson Mandela's birthday) at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.
Freeman was the first American to record a par on Legend Golf & Safari Resort's Extreme 19th hole.[14]
At age 65, Freeman earned a private pilot's license.[15] He owns or has owned at least three private aircraft, including a Cessna Citation 501 jet and a Cessna 414 twin-engine prop. In 2007 he purchased an Emivest SJ30[16] long-range private jet, and took delivery in December 2009.[17] He is certified to fly all of them.[18]
Effective January 4, 2010, Freeman replaced Walter Cronkite as the voiceover introduction to the CBS Evening News featuring Katie Couric as news anchor.[19] CBS cited the need for consistency in introductions for regular news broadcasts and special reports as the basis for the change.[19]
As of 2010[update], Freeman is the host and narrator of the Discovery Channel television show Through the Wormhole.[20]
He was featured on the opening track to B.o.B's second album Strange Clouds. The track, "Bombs Away", features a prologue and epilogue (which leads in to a musical outro) spoken by Morgan Freeman
In September 2011, Freeman was featured with John Lithgow in the Broadway debut of Dustin Lance Black's play, '8' — a staged reenactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage — as Attorney David Boies.[21] The production was held at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in New York to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights.[22][23]
Personal life[link]
Family[link]
Freeman was married to Jeanette Adair Bradshaw from October 22, 1967 until 1979.
He married Myrna Colley-Lee on June 16, 1984. The couple separated in December 2007. Freeman and Colley-Lee had adopted Freeman's step-granddaughter from first marriage and together helped to raise her. Freeman's attorney and business partner, Bill Luckett, announced in August 2008, that Freeman and his wife were in the process of divorce.[24] On September 15, 2010, their divorce was finalized in Mississippi.[25] The couple's divorce is said to be due to Freeman being caught by Colley-Lee having a sexual relationship with his step-granddaughter Hines which according to reports lasted almost a decade. Neither are blood releated. Freeman was in his early seventies while Hines in her late twenties at the time of Freeman's divorce. Despite rumors of marriage and baby, Freeman and Hines were said to have split up in 2012. Freeman is now said to be dating a girl even younger than Hines. [26]
In 2008, the TV series African American Lives 2 revealed that Freeman's great-great-grandparents were slaves who migrated from North Carolina to Mississippi. Freeman also discovered that his caucasian maternal great-great-grandfather had lived with, and was buried beside, Freeman's African-American great-great-grandmother (the two could not legally marry at the time, in the South).[2]
Properties[link]
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This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2012) |
Freeman lives in Charleston, Mississippi, and New York City. He co-owns and operates Madidi,[27] a fine dining restaurant, and Ground Zero, a blues club, both located in Clarksdale, Mississippi.
Car accident[link]
Freeman was injured in an automobile accident near Ruleville, Mississippi, on the night of August 3, 2008. The vehicle in which he was traveling, a 1997 Nissan Maxima, left the highway and flipped over several times. He and a female passenger, Demaris Meyer, were rescued from the vehicle using the "Jaws of Life". Freeman was taken via medical helicopter to The Regional Medical Center (The Med) hospital in Memphis.[28][29] Police ruled out alcohol as a factor in the crash.[30] Freeman was coherent following the crash, as he joked to a photographer about taking his picture at the scene.[31] He broke his shoulder, arm and elbow in the crash and had surgery on August 5, 2008. Doctors operated for four hours to repair nerve damage in his shoulder and arm.[32] On CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight he stated that he is left handed but cannot move the fingers of his left hand. He wears a compression glove to protect against blood pooling due to non-movement. His publicist announced he was expected to make a full recovery.[33][34] Meyer, his passenger, has sued him for negligence, claiming that he was drinking the night of the accident.[35]
Beliefs[link]
In an interview with CNN, Freeman denied the claim that he was a "man of God", saying that "the question of faith is whatever you actually believe is. We take a lot of what we're talking about in science on faith; we posit a theory, and until it's disproven we have faith that it's true."[36]
Activism[link]
Charitable work[link]
In 2004 Freeman and others formed the Grenada Relief Fund to aid people affected by Hurricane Ivan on the island of Grenada. The Grenada Relief Fund has since become PLANIT NOW, an organization that seeks to provide preparedness resources for people living in hurricane and severe-storm afflicted areas.[37]
Freeman has worked on narrating small clips for global organizations, such as One Earth,[38] whose goals include raising awareness of environmental issues. He has narrated the clip "Why Are We Here", which can be viewed on One Earth's website.
Freeman has donated money to the Mississippi Horse Park in Starkville, Mississippi. The Horse park is part of Mississippi State University. Freeman has several horses that he takes there.[39]
Comments on race[link]
Freeman has publicly criticized the celebration of Black History Month and does not participate in any related events, saying, "I don't want a black history month. Black history is American history."[40] He says the only way to end racism is to stop talking about it, and he notes that there is no "white history month."[41] Freeman once said on an interview with 60 Minutes' Mike Wallace, "I am going to stop calling you a white man and I'm going to ask you to stop calling me a black man."[40] Freeman supported the defeated proposal to change the Mississippi state flag, which contains the Confederate battle flag.[42][43]
Politics[link]
Freeman endorsed Barack Obama's candidacy for the 2008 presidential election, although he stated that he would not join Obama's campaign.[44] He narrates for The Hall of Presidents with Barack Obama, who has been added to the exhibit.[45][46] The Hall of Presidents re-opened on July 4, 2009 at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida.[46]
Freeman joined President Bill Clinton, USA Bid Committee Chairman Sunil Gulati, and USMNT midfielder Landon Donovan on Wednesday, December 1, 2010, in Zurich for the USA bid committee's final presentation to FIFA for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.[47]
Freeman sparked an outcry in September 2011 when, on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight, he accused the Tea Party movement of racism.[48]
Freeman: [the Tea Party's] stated policy, publicly stated, is to do whatever it takes to see to it that Obama only serves one term. What's, what does that, what underlines that? Screw the country. We're going to do whatever we do to get this black man, we can, we're going to do whatever we can to get this black man outta here.Morgan: But is that necessarily a racist thing?...Wouldn't they say that about any Democrat?
Freeman: It is a racist thing...[The rise of the Tea Party] shows the weak, dark underside of America. We're supposed to be better than that. We really are. That's why all those people were in tears when Obama was elected president. 'Ah look at what we are–this is America.' Then it just sort of started turning because these people surfaced–like stirring up muddy water.[49][50]
Freeman was criticized for the comments; black Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain said the comments were short-sighted and said most who have criticized the Tea Party have never been to a Tea Party,[51] and actor Adam Baldwin said, "It's the content of Obama's character [and] policies, not the color of his skin, that's at issue."[48]
Honors[link]
On October 28, 2006, Freeman was honored at the first Mississippi's Best Awards in Jackson, Mississippi, with the Lifetime Achievement Award for his works on and off the big screen. He received an honorary degree of Doctor of Arts and Letters from Delta State University during the school's commencement exercises on May 13, 2006.[52]
In 2008, Freeman's family history was profiled on the PBS series African American Lives 2. A DNA test showed that he is descended from the Songhai and Tuareg peoples of Niger.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1971–1977 | Electric Company, TheThe Electric Company | Easy Reader, DJ Mel Mounds, Dracula, Vincent the Vegetable Vampire | television series |
| 1978 | Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry | Uncle Hammer | made-for-television |
| 1981 | Ryan's Hope | Cicero Murphy | TV series (various episodes) |
| 1981 | Marva Collins Story, TheThe Marva Collins Story | Clarence Collins | made-for-television |
| 1982–1984 | Another World | Roy Bingham | TV series (various episodes) |
| 1985 | Twilight Zone, TheThe Twilight Zone | Tony | Television series (episode "Dealer's Choice") |
| 1986 | Resting Place | Luther Johnson | made-for-television |
| 1987 | Fight For Life | Dr. Sherard | made-for-television |
| 2008 | Smithsonian Channel's Sound Revolution | Himself (host) | television series, series host |
| 2008 | Stephen Fry in America | Himself | television series, appears in episode 3 |
| 2010 | Colbert Report, TheThe Colbert Report | Himself | interview |
| 2010 | Daily Show, TheThe Daily Show | Himself | interview |
| 2010 | Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman[20] |
Himself (host) | television series, series host |
| 2010 | Saturday Night Live | Himself (celebrity cameo) | What Up With That |
| 2011 | Curiosity | Himself | "Is There a Parallel Universe?" (#1.5) |
Other awards and honors[link]
- 1978 Nominated for Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play in The Mighty Gents
- 1997 Received an honorary degree from Rhodes College, becoming an honorary alumnus[56]
- 2003 Received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
- 2006 Guest of honor at the Cairo International Film Festival
- 2007 He and his wife received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters
- 2007 Outstanding Contribution To Film And TV gong at the Screen Nation Film and TV Awards
- 2008 Kennedy Center Honors
- 2010 Received an honorary degree from Brown University[57]
- 2011 Received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute
- 2012 Chosen as Favorite Movie Icon at the People's Choice Awards
- 2012 Cecil B. DeMille Award
References[link]
- ^ In a July 3, 1978 interview with The New Yorker, Freeman states about his grandmother, "She had been married to Morgan Herbert Freeman, and my father was Morgan Porterfield Freeman, but they forgot to give me a middle name.", see here.
- ^ a b "Morgan Freeman". African American Lives 2. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aalives/profiles/freeman.html. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
- ^ Morgan Freeman biography. Film Reference.com.
- ^ Profiles: Morgan Freeman. Hello Magazine.com
- ^ a b c d e f Inside the Actors Studio. Original air date: January 2, 2005 (Season 11, Episode 10)
- ^ Morgan Freeman at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Morgan Freeman Biography. tiscali.co.uk Film & TV.
- ^ "Berlinale: 1994 Juries". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1994/04_jury_1994/04_Jury_1994.html. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ Gumbel, Andrew. "The Independent: Morgan Freeman to play Mandela in new film". The Independent. September 26, 2007.
- ^ "Morgan Freeman to Star as Nelson Mandela". New York Times. June 25, 2007.
- ^ Keller, Bill. "Entering the Scrum". The New York Times Book Review. August 17, 2008.
- ^ "Morgan Freeman Joins The Big Screen Adaptation of Warren Ellis' Red". /Film. July 19, 2009. http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/07/19/morgan-freeman-joins-the-big-screen-adaptation-of-warren-ellis%e2%80%99-red/. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
- ^ "Morgan Freeman & Pierce Brosnan in Danny DeVito's 'Charlotte Doyle', Filming in Ireland 2012". IFTN. http://iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4284238&tpl=archnews&force=1. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
- ^ Extreme 19th Leaderboard, Legend Golf & Safari Resort
- ^ Morgan Freeman: The Bucket List video interview[dead link]
- ^ SJ30jet.Com
- ^ "Luxury Launches". Luxury Launches. December 23, 2009. http://www.luxurylaunches.com/celebrities/morgan_freeman_purchases_the_sj30_private_jet_for_7million.php. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ "Ameinfo". Ameinfo. December 24, 2009. http://www.ameinfo.com/219604.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ a b "Freeman replaces Cronkite on CBS news". The Boston Globe. January 5, 2010. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2010/01/05/freeman_replaces_cronkite_on_cbs_news/. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "Through the Wormhole". Discovery Channel. http://science.discovery.com/tv/through-the-wormhole/.
- ^ "Prop 8 Play On Broadway Makes Its Debut". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/20/prop-8-play-broadway_n_971364.html. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ ""8": A Play about the Fight for Marriage Equality". YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlUG8F9uVgM. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
- ^ "YouTube to broadcast Proposition 8 play live". pinknews.co.uk. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/03/01/youtube-to-broadcast-proposition-8-play-live/. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
- ^ "Celebrity News, Photos & Videos". Access Hollywood. August 6, 2008. http://www.accesshollywood.com/article/10701/morgan-freeman-and-wife-divorcing-after-24-years-of-marriage/. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
- ^ Detroit Free Press, September 18, 2010, p. 6D
- ^ http://www.imperfectparent.com/topics/2012/01/31/morgan-freeman-will-not-marry-his-step-granddaughter/
- ^ www.madidires.com / Madidires Official Website
- ^ Matt Webb Mitovich (August 4, 2008). "Morgan Freeman in Car Accident, Listed in Serious Condition". TV Guide. http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TVGuide-News-Blog/Todays-News/Morgan-Freeman-Car/800044492. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Freeman injured in car accident". BBC News Online. August 4, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7541667.stm. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Actor Morgan Freeman badly injured in crash". The Irish Times. August 4, 2008. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0804/breaking54.htm. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Morgan Freeman hurt in car crash". BBC News Online. August 4, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7541667.stm. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ "Freeman recovering after surgery". BBC News Online. August 5, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7542208.stm. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Horn, James (August 5, 2008). "Morgan Freeman 'in good spirits' after accident". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-et-freeman5-2008aug05,0,5752402.story. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
- ^ "Morgan Freeman discharged from hospital - CNN.com". http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/07/people.morgan.freeman.ap/index.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Morgan Freeman Sued for Car Accident". WHBQ. February 25, 2009. http://www.myfoxmemphis.com/dpp/news/022509_Morgan_Freeman_Sued_for_75000. Retrieved February 25, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Morgan talks faith and science to CNN". Pingerati.net. http://ww.pingerati.net/videos/youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6WaEJVj4Zfk. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ "PLAN!T NOW History". Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080508190505/http://www.planitnow.org/explore01.php. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ "ECO". OneEarth.org. http://www.oneearth.org. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
- ^ "Mississippi State Campus Map" (PDF). http://www.msstate.edu/web/maps/pdf/MissStateCampusMap.pdf. Retrieved accessdate = August 5, 2008.
- ^ a b Freeman calls Black History Month 'ridiculous' . msnbc.com. December 15, 2005.
- ^ "Freeman calls Black History Month ridiculous". msnbc.com. December 15, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10482634. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
- ^ David Firestone (April 18, 2001). "Mississippi Votes by wide margin to keep state flag That includes Confederate emblem". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/18/us/mississippi-votes-wide-margin-keep-state-flag-that-includes-confederate-emblem.html. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ "Morgan Freeman defies labels". CBS News. December 18, 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/14/60minutes/main1127684.shtml. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ Eleanor Clift (December 21, 2007). "Freeman, Obama and Hollywood immortality". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/81393. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ "Hall of Presidents". WDW Radio. September 16, 2007. http://www.wdwradio.com/Liberty-Square/Hall-of-Presidents.html. Retrieved December 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Hail to the chief: Obama makes Disney debut at Hall of Presidents." Orlando Sentinel. June 29, 2009.
- ^ "Gousabid". Gousabid. http://www.gousabid.com/blog/entry/morgan-freeman-joins-bid-committee-in-zurich/. Retrieved January 27, 2012. [verification needed]
- ^ a b "Morgan Freeman Sparks Outcry After Calling Tea Party Racist". The Hollywood Reporter. September 24, 2011. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/morgan-freeman-sparks-outcry-tea-party-racist-239872. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ "Morgan Freeman Calls Tea Party 'Racist' (Video)". The Wall Street Journal. September 24, 2011. http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2011/09/24/morgan-freeman-calls-tea-party-racist/. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ "Obama backer: Some attacks are 'a racist thing'". USA Today. September 25, 2011. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/09/obama-backer-attacks-rooted-in-race/1. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ "Herman Cain, GOP presidential candidate, hits back at Morgan Freeman for calling Tea Party 'racist'". Daily News. New York. September 24, 2011. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2011/09/24/2011-09-24_herman_cain_disputes_morgan_freeman_claim_that_tea_party_is_racist_.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Morgan Freeman biography. http://www.superstarbiography.com/.
- ^ "Berlinale: 1990 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1990/03_preistr_ger_1990/03_Preistraeger_1990.html. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ William Bibbiani (August 17, 2011). "Marcus Nispel and Fredrick Malmberg on 'Conan the Barbarian'". Crave Online. Crave Online. http://www.craveonline.com/film/interviews/172765-interview-marcus-nispel-and-fredrick-malmberg-on-conan-the-barbarian. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1839654/
- ^ Wood, Bennett. Rhodes 150: A Sesquicentennial Yearbook, p. 214.
- ^ "Nelson Mandela To Receive Honorary Degree in Absentia, One of Eight Candidates". News.brown.edu. April 27, 2010. http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2010/04/hd. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Morgan Freeman |
- Morgan Freeman at the Internet Movie Database
- Morgan Freeman at the Internet Broadway Database
- Morgan Freeman at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Morgan Freeman at AllRovi
- Morgan Freeman on Charlie Rose
- Morgan Freeman collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Morgan Freeman collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- ClickStar headed by Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary
- Revelations Entertainment Production company co-founded by Freeman
- A detailed biography of his history as an actor
- Morgan Freeman movies at Movie Information
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Freeman, Morgan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American actor |
| Date of birth | 1937-06-01 |
| Place of birth | Memphis, Tennessee, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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