Polder

Saturday, 08 December 2012

Dutch polders - droogmakerijen - aerials

Jerkbait-PerchX-Hechtdrill mit Hechtsprung im Polder

Interview Passie in de polder (Erik) (Froeks.tv)

Non è magia - C'est pas sorcier - ITALIANO - i polder 1

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Afsluitdijk
Coordinates: 53°00′30″N 5°11′25″E / 53.00833°N 5.19028°E / 53.00833; 5.19028
The Afsluitdijk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑf.slœy̆.ˌdɛi̯k], Frisian: Ofslútdyk; English: Enclosure Dam) is a major causeway in the Netherlands, constructed between 1927 and 1933 and running from Den Oever on Wieringen in North Holland province, to the village of Zurich (in the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân) in Friesland province, over a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi) and a width of 90 m, at an initial height of 7.25 m above sea-level.
It is a fundamental part of the larger Zuiderzee Works, damming off the Zuiderzee, a salt water inlet of the North Sea, and turning it into the fresh water lake of the IJsselmeer. The Afsluitdijk was the initial demonstration site for a 130 km/h speed limit in the Netherlands.
Previous experiences had demonstrated that till (boulder clay), rather than just sand or clay, was the best primary material for a structure like the Afsluitdijk, with the added benefit that till was in plentiful supply in the area; it could be retrieved in large quantities by simply dredging it from the bottom of the Zuiderzee. Work started at four points: on both sides of the mainland and on two specially made construction-islands (Kornwerderzand and Breezanddijk) along the line of the future dike.

wn.com/Afsluitdijk
Akita Prefecture
Akita Prefecture (秋田県, Akita-ken^?) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku Region of northern Honshu, the main island of Japan. The capital is the city of Akita.
The area of Akita has been created from the ancient provinces of Dewa and Mutsu.
Separated from the principal Japanese centres of commerce, politics, and population by several hundred kilometres and the Ōu and Dewa mountain ranges to the east, Akita remained largely isolated from Japanese society until after the year 600. Akita was a region of hunter-gatherers and principally nomadic tribes.^{[citation needed]}
The first historical record of what is now Akita Prefecture dates to 658, when the Abe no Hirafu conquered the native Ezo tribes at what are now the cities of Akita and Noshiro. Hirafu, then governor of Koshi Province (the northwest part of Honshū bordering the Sea of Japan), established a fort on the Mogami River, and thus began the Japanese settlement of the region.
In 733, a new military settlement—later renamed Akita Castle—was built in modern-day Akita city at Takashimizu, and more permanent roads and structures were developed. The region was used as a base of operations for the Japanese empire as it drove the native Ezo people from northern Honshū.

wn.com/Akita_Prefecture
Alblasserwaard
The Alblasserwaard is a polder in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is mainly known for the windmills of Kinderdijk, a village in the northwest of the Alblasserwaard.
The first human inhabitants of the Alblasserwaard settled there after the last Ice Age, around 10.000 years ago. The ice had not reached the area itself, but eolian deposits created high points in the wet environment. These high points were places where hunter-gatherers settled, as archaeological investigations in the area have shown.
During the Middle Ages several canals and dikes were created to reclaim the land, with the last part being endiked in the second half of the 14th century. Yet numerous floods continued to happen throughout the history of the area, as it is bound by rivers on all sides.
During World War II the Bombing of Rotterdam also damaged the Alblasserwaard, when both the village center of Alblasserdam and a part of Papendrecht were hit by German bombs.
The Alblasserwaard is bordered by rivers on all sides. To the north is the Lek, to the west runs the Noord and to the south the river Merwede. On the east side are the Merwede-Kanaal, the Linge and the Zederik, together forming the boundary with Vijfheerenlanden. De village Kinderdijk, well-known from its windmills, is located at the northwest corner of the Alblasserwaard, where the Noord and the Lek joins.

wn.com/Alblasserwaard
Almere
Almere (Dutch pronunciation: [ɑɫ.ˈmɪː.rə] ( listen)) is a planned city and municipality in the province of Flevoland, the Netherlands, bordering Lelystad and Zeewolde. The municipality of Almere comprises the districts Almere Stad, Almere Haven, Almere Buiten, Almere Hout, Almere Poort (under construction) and Almere Pampus (design phase).
Almere is the youngest city in the Netherlands: the first house was finished in 1976, and Almere became a municipality in 1984. It is the largest municipality in Flevoland with 191,495 citizens (9 May 2011), and the 7th largest in the Netherlands. In October 2007, the city council of Almere made agreements with the government to expand the city to 350,000 inhabitants by 2030.
The original plans for the IJsselmeerpolders saw the land being used for agriculture. However, after World War II housing was needed for the rapidly growing population of Amsterdam and two towns were planned in the polders Oostelijk Flevoland and Zuidelijk Flevoland. The town in Oostelijk Flevoland became Lelystad. The town in Zuidelijk Flevoland was still called Zuidweststad (English: South West City) on the first sketches, but in the 1970s it became called Almere, named after the early medieval name of the Zuiderzee. The first house in Almere was finished in 1976. At that time the town was still controlled by the Openbaar Lichaam Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders (Z.IJ.P.), with a Landdrost. In 1984 Almere became an official municipality. Originally, Almere was envisioned as a town with multiple centres. This idea was later abandoned in favor of allowing neighbourhoods like Tussen de Vaarten to be built. There is also a difference between the way houses are built in the oldest and the newest parts of the city. The housing plan in Almere in the 1970s was basic functionality and a levelling of social status. However, starting in the 1990s more exclusive homes with striking designs were built (e.g., in the Regenboogbuurt).

wn.com/Almere
Andijk
Andijk pronunciation (help·info) (West Frisian: Andìk) is a former municipality and a village bordering Lake IJssel in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and the region of West-Frisia. Since 1 January 2011 Andijk has been part of Medemblik municipality.
The name Andijk comes from the Dutch "aan de dijk", which translates into English as "at the dike". In 1667, a small church was built. During the French Napoleonic occupation, Andijk became an independent municipality on 1 January 1812 by imperial decree of 21 October 1811 .
Andijk has fertile clay soil with agriculture and vegetable horticulture. Andijk is also an important supplier of drinking water for the region. The 40 ha size test polder, which was made in 1926-1927 in the Zuiderzee as a test run for making the Wieringermeerpolder, is located at Andijk. The polder used for recreation, including facilities for overnight stays, such as several camp-sites, two hunting points, and a beach.
The last municipal council of Andijk consisted of 13 seats, which were divided as follows:

wn.com/Andijk
Anna Paulownapolder
The Anna Paulownapolder is a polder in the municipality of Anna Paulowna in the province of Noord-Holland in the Netherlands. The area of the polder is 50 square kilometres and it forms an important horticulture area, with among other things flower bulb cultivation.
The Anna Paulownapolder was from the 7th century to the 12th centuries, the habitat of both the Frisian and Gelderlandish emigrants. The latter lived in the area where now the places Westeinde and Gelderse Buurt are. Afterwards the area became uninhabitable because of several storms and floods.
After impoldering of the Zijpe in the 16th century, other areas were drained slowly. In 1846, the Anna Paulownapolder was drained at last, with private money.
The polder is named after the wife of King Willem II. The new polder was then under the municipality of Zijpe; on August 1, 1870 the polder became its own municipality.
Coordinates: 52°51′N 4°51′E / 52.85°N 4.85°E / 52.85; 4.85

wn.com/Anna_Paulownapolder
Beemster
Beemster [ˈbeɪ̯m.stər] ( listen) is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Also, the Beemster is the first so-called polder in the Netherlands that was reclaimed from a lake, the water being extracted out of the lake by windmills. The Beemster Polder was dried during the period 1609 through 1612. It has preserved intact its well-ordered landscape of fields, roads, canals, dykes and settlements, laid out in accordance with classical and Renaissance planning principles. A grid of canals parallels the grid of roads in the Beemster. The grids are offset: the larger feeder canals are offset by approximately one kilometer from the larger roads.
The municipality of Beemster consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Middenbeemster, Noordbeemster, Westbeemster, Zuidoostbeemster.
Around 800 AD the area of the modern municipality of Beemster was covered in peat. The name "Beemster" has been derived from "Bamestra" (see Groenedijk, 2000), the name of a small river in the area. In the period 1150-1250 peat-digging by people, and storm floods, enlarged that small river into an inland sea, a lake in open connection with the Zuiderzee. Around 1605 private investors started to drain the Beemster lake. In 1610, this was almost complete, but the lake re-filled because of a break in the Zuiderzee dikes. It was decided to make the ring-dike a meter high above the surrounding country. In 1612 the polder was dry and the country was divided among the investors. In the earlier days of the polder, farmers occupied its lands for growing the crops necessary for long sea journeys by the VOC to the East Indies. It turned out that the farmland was so good that the project was considered then to be an economic success, in contrast to e.g. the Heerhugowaard. Since 1999 the entire Beemster polder has been on the UNESCO world heritage list.

wn.com/Beemster
Bijlmermeer
The Bijlmermeer (pronounced [bɛilmərmeːr]) or colloquially Bijlmer ([bɛilmər]) is one of the neighbourhoods that form the Amsterdam Zuidoost ('Amsterdam South-East') borough (or "stadsdeel") of Amsterdam, Netherlands. To many people, the Bijlmer designation is used to refer to Amsterdam Zuidoost and Diemen Zuid as a pars pro toto. The other neighbourhoods in Amsterdam Zuidoost are Gaasperdam, Bullewijk, Venserpolder and Driemond.
The Bijlmermeer neighbourhood, which today houses almost 100,000 people of over 150 nationalities, was designed as a single project. The original neighbourhood was designed as a series of nearly identical high-rise buildings laid out in a hexagonal grid. The apartments were meant to attract a suburban set, rather like condominium housing. The buildings have several features that distinguish them from traditional Dutch high-rise flats, such as tubular walkways connecting the flats and garages. The blocks are separated by large green areas planted with grass and trees. Each flat has its own garages where cars can be parked.

wn.com/Bijlmermeer
Busan
Busan (Officially Busan Metropolitan City), formerly spelled Pusan (Korean pronunciation: [pusan]) is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. The Metropolitan area (includes adjacent cities of Gimhae and Yangsan) population is 4,399,515 as of 2010. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the world's fifth busiest seaports by cargo tonnage. The city is located on the southeasternmost tip of the Korean peninsula. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and Suyeong River, with mountains separating some of the districts. Administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county.
Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and APEC 2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and is a center for international conventions in Korea. On November 14, 2005, the city officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchang's successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, the city is considering its bid to host the 2024 or 2028 Summer Olympics.

wn.com/Busan
Elbląg
Elbląg [ˈɛlblɔŋk] ( listen) (German: Elbing ( listen)) is a city in northern Poland with 127,892 inhabitants (2006). It is the capital of Elbląg County and has been assigned to the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. Before then it was the capital of Elbląg Voivodeship (1975–1998) and a county seat in Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975). The city is a port on the river Elbląg which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk.
It was first mentioned as "Ilfing" in The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan which was written in Anglo-Saxon in King Alfred's reign using information from a Viking who had visited the area.
During the Middle Ages, the Old Prussian settlement of Truso was located at Lake Drużno near the current site of Elbląg in historical Pogesania; the settlement burned down in the 10th century. The Teutonic Knights conquered the region and the inhabitants dispersed in the process. The Teutonic Order built a castle and founded Elbing at the lake with a population mostly from Lübeck; today the much smaller lake does not reach the city any more. After the defeat of the Teutonic Knights and the destruction of the castle by the inhabitants, the city successively was under the sovereignty of the Polish crown (1466), the Kingdom of Prussia (1772), and Germany (1871). Elbing was heavily damaged in World War II, its German citizens were expelled upon the war's end. The city became part of Poland in 1945 and was repopulated with Polish citizens.

wn.com/Elbląg
Grange-over-Sands
Coordinates: 54°11′24″N 2°54′54″W / 54.190°N 2.915°W / 54.190; -2.915
Grange-over-Sands is a town and civil parish by the sea – with a wide tidal range, hence the "sands" name – in Cumbria, England. Grange-over-Sands was created an urban district in 1894 and lies historically within Lancashire. In 1974 Cumbria was created under Local Government re-organisation which absorbed the area referred to as "Lancashire North of the Sands" or North Lonsdale. Grange is now in South Lakeland District. The town remains part of the County Palatine of Lancashire and is part of the Duchy of Lancaster. It has a population of 4,042.
The town developed in the Victorian era from a small fishing village and the arrival of the railway made it a popular seaside resort on the north side of Morecambe Bay, across the sands from Morecambe. The 'over-Sands' suffix was added in the late 19th or early 20th centuries by the local vicar who was fed up with his post going to Grange in Borrowdale.
In 1932 a lido was built on the seafront but it closed in 1993 and was listed Grade II in 2011.

wn.com/Grange-over-Sands
Haarlemmermeer
Haarlemmermeer [ˌɦaː.rlɛ.mər.ˈmɪːr] ( listen) is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is a polder, consisting of land reclaimed from water, and the name Haarlemmermeer means Haarlem's Lake, still referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century.
Its main town is Hoofddorp. It is one of the largest towns (pop. 70,030) in the Netherlands whose name is not used as the name of a municipality. This town, together with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp, forms part of the Randstad agglomeration. The Netherlands' main international airport Schiphol is located in Haarlemmermeer.
The original Haarlemmer Lake is said to have been mostly a peat bog, a relic of a northern arm of the Rhine which passed through the district in Roman times. In 1531 the Haarlemmermeer had an area of 26.0 square kilometres (10.0 sq mi), and near it were three smaller lakes: the Leidsche Meer, the Spiering Meer, and the Oude Meer, with a combined area of about 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi).

wn.com/Haarlemmermeer
Haarlemmermeerpolder
Haarlemmermeer [ˌɦaː.rlɛ.mər.ˈmɪːr] ( listen) is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is a polder, consisting of land reclaimed from water, and the name Haarlemmermeer means Haarlem's Lake, still referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century.
Its main town is Hoofddorp. It is one of the largest towns (pop. 70,030) in the Netherlands whose name is not used as the name of a municipality. This town, together with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp, forms part of the Randstad agglomeration. The Netherlands' main international airport Schiphol is located in Haarlemmermeer.
The original Haarlemmer Lake is said to have been mostly a peat bog, a relic of a northern arm of the Rhine which passed through the district in Roman times. In 1531 the Haarlemmermeer had an area of 26.0 square kilometres (10.0 sq mi), and near it were three smaller lakes: the Leidsche Meer, the Spiering Meer, and the Oude Meer, with a combined area of about 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi).

wn.com/Haarlemmermeerpolder
Han River (Korea)
The Han River is a major river in South Korea and the fourth longest river on the Korean peninsula after the Amnok, Duman, and Nakdong rivers. It is formed by the confluence of the Namhan River (South Han River), which originates in Mount Daedeok, and the Bukhan River (North Han River), which originates on the slopes of Mount Geumgang in North Korea. The River flows through Seoul and then merges with the Imjin River shortly before it flows into the Yellow Sea. The two major branches of the river, the Namhan River and the Bukhan River, come together at Yangsu-ri, Gyeonggi-do province, at which point it is referred to as the Han River. It then passes through Seoul and continues on to the Yellow Sea (or West Sea to Koreans). Broad tidal flats can be found at the mouth of the Han River, where it meets the sea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone that divides South and North Korea.
The total length of the Han River (to include its tributaries the Namhan and Bukhan Rivers) is approximately 514 kilometres (319 mi).

wn.com/Han_River_(Korea)
Humber
The Humber ( /ˈhʌmbər/) is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England. It is formed at Trent Falls, Faxfleet, by the confluence of the tidal River Ouse and the tidal River Trent. From here to the North Sea, it forms part of the boundary between the East Riding of Yorkshire on the north bank and North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire on the south bank. Although the Humber is an estuary from the point at which it is formed, many maps show it as the River Humber.
Below Trent Falls, the Humber passes the junction with the Market Weighton Canal on the north shore, the confluence of the River Ancholme on the south shore; between North Ferriby and South Ferriby and under the Humber Bridge; between Barton-upon-Humber on the south bank and Kingston upon Hull on the North bank (where the River Hull joins), then meets the North Sea between Cleethorpes on the Lincolnshire side and the long and thin (but rapidly changing) headland of Spurn Head to the North.
Ports on the Humber include Kingston upon Hull (better known as simply Hull), Grimsby, Immingham, New Holland and Killingholme. The estuary is navigable here for the largest of deep-sea vessels. Inland connections for smaller craft are extensive but currently only handle one quarter of the goods traffic handled in the Thames.

wn.com/Humber
Incheon
Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
The Incheon Metropolitan City (인천, 仁川, literally 'wise river' - formerly Inchon; named Jinsen during the time of Japanese rule) is located in northwestern South Korea. The city was home to just 4,700 people when Jemulpo port was built in 1883. Today 2.76 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and Busan Metropolitan City. While people have inhabited the area from the New Stone Age, the city’s growth was assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city.
Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world, issuing in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as Korea’s first free economic zone. Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.

wn.com/Incheon
Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km² (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.

wn.com/Kerala
Kinderdijk
Coordinates: 51°53′N 4°38′E / 51.883°N 4.633°E / 51.883; 4.633
Kinderdijk is a village in the Netherlands, belonging to the municipality of Nieuw-Lekkerland, in the province South Holland, about 15 km east of Rotterdam. Kinderdijk is situated in a polder at the confluence of the Lek and Noord rivers. To drain the polder, a system of 19 windmills was built around 1740. This group of mills is the largest concentration of old windmills in the Netherlands. The windmills of Kinderdijk are one of the best known Dutch tourist sites. They have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
The name Kinderdijk is Dutch for "Children's dike". In 1421 during the Saint Elizabeth flood of 1421, the Grote Hollandse Waard flooded, but the Alblasserwaard polder stayed unflooded. It is said that when the terrible storm had subsided, someone went on to the dike between these two areas, to see what could be saved. In the distance, he saw a wooden cradle floating on the waters. As it came nearer, some movement was detected. A cat was seen in the cradle trying to keep it in balance by jumping back and forth so that no water could get into it. As the cradle eventually came close enough to the dike for a bystander to pick up the cradle, he saw that a baby was quietly sleeping inside it, nice and dry. The cat had kept the cradle balanced and afloat. This folktale and legend has been published as "The Cat and the Cradle" in English.

wn.com/Kinderdijk
Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull (ⁱ/ˌkɪŋstən əpɒn ˈhʌl/ KING-stən ə-pon HUL), usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of 263,900 (2010 est.). The Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) population stands at 573,300.
Renamed Kings town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, the town and city of Hull has served as market town, military supply port, a trading hub, fishing and whaling centre, and industrial metropolis.
Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th-century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, played a key role in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain.
The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally-owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes.
After suffering heavy damage during the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline, during which the city gained unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education and policing. In recent years the city has embarked on an extensive programme of economic regeneration, reconstruction and urban renewal. The economic crisis since 2008 has caused some setbacks to these developments.

wn.com/Kingston_upon_Hull
Kostrzyn nad Odra
Kostrzyn nad Odrą [ˈkɔstʂɨn ˌnad ˈɔdrɔ̃] (German: Küstrin) is a town in western Poland at the confluence of the Oder and Warta rivers, on the border with Germany. Located in Lubusz Voivodeship in Gorzów County, it had 19,952 inhabitants as of 2007.
From about 960 to 1200 most of the territory, along with its castle, belonged to the dukes of Poland. Duke Mieszko I of Poland used Kostrzyn's strategic location as a staging area during his expedition to Cedynia. Bolesław I the Brave also prepared here for conquests and battles in Bautzen.
The name of the town was first mentioned in 1232 in a Polish letter to the Teutonic Knights, in which the old Slavic name Cozsterine (kostrzyca) was mentioned. In the 12th century it developed into a fortified outpost and a Polish taxation post. In 1223 Prince Władysław Odonic granted the town to the German Knights Templar, but it was seized by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1261. By 1300 the town had received Magdeburg rights from Margrave Albrecht III of Brandenburg and started to grow rapidly, owing largely to trade on the rivers.

wn.com/Kostrzyn_nad_Odra
Krimpenerwaard
The Krimpenerwaard, located in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands, is the rural area just south of Gouda and just east of the Rotterdam conurbation. It is borderd on the north by the river Hollandse IJssel, on the south by the river Lek and on the east by the stream Vlist.
Krimpenerwaard obtains its name from the town located in its western corner, Krimpen aan den IJssel. ("Krimp" used to mean a bend in a river.) "Waard" is the Dutch word for an interfluvial area between the winter dikes of different river channels (in this case, the Lek and the Hollandse IJssel). There are other such waarden in this area. The Lopikerwaard lies to the east; the Zuidplaspolder to the west. The name Krimpenerwaard first appeared in the historical records in 944.
The towns and villages in the Krimpenerwaard are:
Coordinates: 51°58′56″N 4°46′54″E / 51.98222°N 4.78167°E / 51.98222; 4.78167

wn.com/Krimpenerwaard
Kyushu
Kyushu (九州, Kyūshū^?, lit. "Nine Provinces") is the third largest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Its alternate ancient names include Kyūkoku (九国^?, "Nine States"), Chinzei (鎮西^?, "West of the Pacified Area"), and Tsukushi-no-shima (筑紫島^?, "Island of Tsukushi"). The historical regional name is Saikaidō (西海道^?, lit. West Sea Circuit) referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands.
In the 8th century Taihō Code reforms, Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region.
As of 2006, Kyushu has a population of 13,231,995 and covers 35,640 square kilometres (13,760 sq mi).
The island is mountainous, and Japan's most active volcano, Mt Aso at 1,591 metres (5,220 ft), is on Kyushu. There are many other signs of tectonic activity, including numerous areas of hot springs. The most famous of these are in Beppu, on the east shore, and around Mt. Aso, in central Kyushu.
The name Kyūshū comes from the nine ancient provinces of Saikaidō situated on the island: Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Osumi, and Satsuma.

wn.com/Kyushu
Lelystad
Lelystad ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a municipality and a city in the centre of the Netherlands, and it is the capital of the province of Flevoland. The city, built on reclaimed land, was founded in 1967 and was named after Cornelis Lely, who engineered the Afsluitdijk, making the reclamation possible. Lelystad is approximately 5 metres (16 ft) below sea level.
Lelystad is the largest municipality in the Netherlands in area, but a large part of that area is water: Markermeer and IJsselmeer. Another major area is the internationally famous nature park of Oostvaardersplassen, which arose naturally when the polder of South Flevoland was drained. Lelystad is also surrounded by a square of woodlands and parks and flat farmland. The location of the city makes weather and skies especially beautiful^{[citation needed]}. The importance of the landscape and sky is emphasized by several pieces of land art: engineers' work and works such as the Observatorium by Robert Morris (see below).
Lelystad has several tourist attractions, including:

wn.com/Lelystad
Les Moëres
De Moeren (Dutch) or Les Moëres (French) are a marshy region in the Westhoek, politically divided between the French-Belgian border. At one time the area was inhabited by the Gallic people known as the Morini; they are believed to have lent their name to the territory.
For many centuries, beginning around 800, the marshes were completely submerged due to a slight elevation of the nearby sea; beginning in 1617 the area was drained by Wenceslas Cobergher on the orders of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and his wife, Isabella. The project was finished in 1627, leaving the marshes around 2.5 meters above sea level.
With the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, De Moeren were divided between France and the Netherlands. Today, two communes share the territory and its name:
This article is a translation of the article in the French Wikipedia.
Coordinates: 51°2′N 2°34′E / 51.033°N 2.567°E / 51.033; 2.567

wn.com/Les_Moëres
Marais Poitevin
The Marais Poitevin (pronounced: [maʁɛ pwatvɛ̃], Poitevin Marsh) is a large area of marshland in Western France, a remnant of the former Gulf of Poitou (the name meaning "Poitou's Marsh", "Marsh of Poitou region"). It consists for two thirds of a western zone near the sea called the "dry marsh" (or "dried marsh"), used for farming and breeding, and for one third of an eastern zone called the "wet marsh", a maze of islets criss-crossed by picturesque canals now used for touristic rowboating and nicknamed The Green Venice (la Venise Verte).
With a surface area of 970 km², it is the largest marsh on the Atlantic coast and the second largest of the whole country (after the Camargue). Extending across three departments (Vendée, Deux-Sèvres, and Charente-Maritime), it is situated west of Niort, north of La Rochelle, and south of Fontenay-le-Comte.
Although the area was declared a Regional Natural Park (parc naturel régional) in 1979, it lost that status in 1997 as intensive agricultural development around the Marsh meant the unique character of the region was endangered, leaving only a core Interregional Park (Parc Interrégional du Marais poitevin) of 185 km². Attempts to get back the full Park label started in 2002, leading to a new chart being proposed in 2006; accepted by the local authorities, it was rejected in late 2008 by the government due to a perceived "juridical fragility".

wn.com/Marais_Poitevin
Mastenbroek
Mastenbroek is a polder in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It lies north of the city of Zwolle. "Mastenbroek" is also the name of a small village, built around a church in the middle of the poder.
The polder is part of three municipalities: the western part, including the hamlet Bisschopswetering and half of the village of Mastenbroek, lies in Kampen; the southeastern part lies in Zwolle; and the northeastern part, including the hamlet of Nieuwe Wetering and the other half of the village of Mastenbroek, lies in Zwartewaterland.
Coordinates: 52°34′30″N 6°1′25″E / 52.575°N 6.02361°E / 52.575; 6.02361

wn.com/Mastenbroek
Meathop
Coordinates: 54°13′12″N 2°51′47″W / 54.220°N 2.863°W / 54.220; -2.863
Meathop and Ulpha is a civil parish in the South Lakeland district of the English county of Cumbria. It is located 3.6 miles (5.8 km) north east of Grange over Sands, 10.6 miles (17.1 km) south west of Kendal and 64.0 miles (103.0 km) south of Carlisle, between the confluence of the River Kent estuary and the River Winster. Until 1974 it was part of Westmorland. The parish has a population of 143.
There are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the parish: Meathop Moss, which is a raised peat bog; and Meathop Woods and Quarry, which consists of woodland and a disused quarry on the side of a hill.

wn.com/Meathop
Nakdong River
The Nakdong River (Rakdong in North Korean) is the longest river in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and Busan.
The Nakdong flows from the Taebaek Mountains to the South Sea or Korean Strait, that separates Korea from Japan. The river originates from the junction of the Cheolamcheon and Hwangjicheon streams in Dongjeom-dong, Taebaek city, Gangwon province. From there to its mouth it winds for about 506 kilometres (314 mi). The width of the river ranges from only a few metres in its upper reaches, to several hundred metres towards its estuary.
Major tributaries include the Yeong, Geumho, and Nam rivers. Together with its tributaries, the Nakdong drains most of North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang provinces, along with small portions of North Jeolla, South Jeolla, and Gangwon. The total watershed is 23,384 square kilometres (9,029 sq mi).
The Nakdong River has played an important role throughout Korean history. The river basin has been a favored dwelling-place for as long as people have inhabited the Korean peninsula. Numerous Neolithic remains have been found in the valley.

wn.com/Nakdong_River
Netherlands
The Netherlands (ⁱ/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").

wn.com/Netherlands
New Orleans
New Orleans ( /nuː ˈɔrliənz/ or /ˈnuː ɔrˈliːnz/, locally /nuː ˈɔrlənz/ or /ˈnɔrlənz/; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ( listen)) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city proper was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,214,932.
The city is named after Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, and is well known for its distinct French Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the "most unique" in America.

wn.com/New_Orleans
Noordoostpolder
Noordoostpolder ([ˈnɔːr.toʊ̯st.ˌpɔɫ.dər] ( listen), English: North-East Polder) is a municipality in the Flevoland province in the central Netherlands. Formerly, it was also called Urker Land. Emmeloord is the administrative center, located in the heart of the Noordoostpolder. The municipality has the largest land area in the Netherlands. (Lelystad and Terschelling both technically have more total area, but in both cases it is mostly water area.)
For history see Zuiderzee Works.
Bant, Creil, Emmeloord, Ens, Espel, Kraggenburg, Luttelgeest, Marknesse, Nagele, Rutten, and Tollebeek.
The former island of Schokland, is now a museum.
The former island of Urk, in the southwest, now surrounded by the Noordoostpolder, is a separate municipality.
There are no railway stations on the Noordoostpolder, but the nearest stations are in Kampen, Steenwijk and Lelystad.
UNESCO World Heritage sites located in/near the Noordoostpolder:

wn.com/Noordoostpolder
Plymouth
Plymouth ⁱ/ˈplɪməθ/ is a city and unitary authority area on the south coast of Devon, England, about 190 miles (310 km) south-west of London. It is situated between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
Plymouth's history goes back to the Bronze Age, when its first settlement grew at Mount Batten. This settlement continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until the more prosperous village of Sutton, the current Plymouth, surpassed it. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.
Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a major commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, while the neighbouring town of Devonport grew as an important Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 the three neighbouring and independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The new, merged town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt.

wn.com/Plymouth
Purmer
Purmer is a polder and reclaimed lake in the Netherlands province of North Holland, located between the towns of Purmerend and Edam-Volendam. Windmill reclamation activity began in 1618. Hydraulic engineer Jan Adriaanszoon Leeghwater also had stakes in the reclamation, although he was not directly involved in the project itself. In 1622 all 26.8 km² (10.3 sq mi) were clear of water.
The original lake of Purmer formed part of a small number of landlocked minor seas located in North Holland. Other examples of such minor seas are the lakes of Beemster and Schermer. All these lakes were directly connected to open sea, so salt water could flow in and tidal movements occurred. Purmer lake was connected to both the Zuyderzee inlet and to Beemster lake.
The Purmer's being directly connected to open sea resulted in large-scale shoreline erosion due to wave dynamics and water currents. The high rate of erosion and the need for arable land gave rise to plans for reclamation. Once reclaimed, Purmer was given to farming, but the polder is now highly urbanised. Most of this urban sprawl is due to the town of Purmerend, which has derived its name from Purmer (the "end of Purmer"). During the 1980s and '90s Purmerend had two residential areas built in Purmer, Purmer-Noord and Purmer-Zuid. In contrast to Beemster and Schermer, Purmer is not a municipality in its own right, being divided among the municipalities of Purmerend, Edam-Volendam, and Waterland. The sparse habitation between Purmerend and Edam-Volendam is often referred to as the hamlet of Purmer.

wn.com/Purmer
River Plym
The River Plym is a river in Devon, England. Its source is some 450m (about 1500 ft) above sea level on Dartmoor, in an upland marshy area called Plym Head. From the upper reaches which contain antiquities and mining remains the river flows roughly southwest and enters the sea near (and gives its name) to the city of Plymouth, where the settlement was historically known as Sutton. Its tidal estuary is known as the Laira. It is approximately 30 km (about 20 mi) long.
The name Plym is thought to have its origins in Old English and means the 'plum tree', from a back-formation from the name of Plympton.
HMS Plym (K271), a River-class antisubmarine frigate, was named after the river during World War II. It carried out convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic and was later destroyed in the UK's first nuclear explosion.
When it was in operation, the Cann Quarry Canal left the river at Marsh Mills.
The Plym Valley Railway is a volunteer run railway which operates steam and diesel hauled train rides along a section of the Plym Valley from Marsh Mills station. The railway is currently extending its line to Plymbridge.

wn.com/River_Plym
River Witham
The River Witham is a river, almost entirely in the county of Lincolnshire, in the east of England. It rises south of Grantham close to South Witham, at SK8818, passes Lincoln at SK9771 and at Boston, TF3244, flows into The Haven, a tidal arm of The Wash, near RSPB Frampton Marsh. The river is navigable from Lincoln to Boston.
The name "Witham" seems to be extremely old, apparently predating Anglo-Saxon, Roman, and even Celtic influence. The meaning is not known.
The Witham, which was tidal up to Lincoln, has been an important navigation since Roman times. Lincoln (Lindum), the meeting point of Ermine Street, joining London to York, and Fosse Way, leading to Leicester and Bath was an important Roman fort which became one of only four colonia in Britain. Most important Roman cities were situated near navigable water, which enabled goods to be transported in bulk, but Lincoln did not possess this advantage, and so the Romans constructed the Fossdyke from Lincoln to Torksey on the River Trent, improved the River Witham from Lincoln to The Wash, and built the Car Dyke from Lincoln to the River Cam near Cambridge. The Witham thus gave Lincoln access to the east coast, while the Fossdyke gave access to the Trent and further on to the Humber.

wn.com/River_Witham
Rusnė
Rusnė (German: Ruß) is a town in Šilutė district, Lithuania, located on the Rusnė Island in the Nemunas Delta, 9 km south-west from Šilutė.
Rusnė was first mentioned in historical sources in 14th century. In 1419 the first church was built in Rusnė, and in 1553 a Lithuanian parish school was established. In 1863 the Rusnė synagogue opened.
In 1946 Rusnė received municipal rights, and in 1967 the whole Island of Rusnė was given this status.
Some parts of the town of Rusnė are located below the sea level and are the lowest in Lithuania.
Rusnė town and Rusnė island is very popular place for angling, as Nemunas delta is rich in various kinds of fish, and tourism infrastructure is built up in recent years. It is also a popular place for birdwatching.
View of Rusnė from Pakalnė and Neman confluence
Rusnė housing
Old Rusnė rectory, now a post office
Ethnographic museum near Rusnė
House in the Rusnė central square
Anglers on Rusnė island
Neringa street
Lutheran church in Rusnė
Coordinates: 55°17′50″N 21°22′40″E / 55.29722°N 21.37778°E / 55.29722; 21.37778

wn.com/Rusnė
Saemangeum
Saemangeum is an estuarine tidal flat on the coast of the Yellow Sea in South Korea. It was dammed by the government of South Korea's Saemangeum Seawall Project, completed in April 2006, after a long fight between the government and environmental activists, and is scheduled to be converted into either agricultural or industrial land. Prior to 2006, it had played an important role as a habitat for migratory birds. The completion of this seawall is likely to be a major contributor to the decline of many species. Around 400,000 shorebirds depended on the Saemangeum estuarine as an important feeding ground on the 24,000 km migration between Asia and Alaska and Russia, including the two endangered waders Nordmann's Greenshank and Spoon-billed Sandpiper (each species with less than a thousand surviving birds). A conservation organisation has accused authorities of having failed to monitor the project's impact on local wildlife in a transparent way, and carried out an independent monitoring program in 2006.

wn.com/Saemangeum
Schermer
Schermer pronunciation (help·info) (West Frisian: Skirmare) is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The name came from "skir mere", which means "bright lake" (ref. Groenedijk, 2000).
The municipality of Schermer includes not only the Schermer polder, but also the polders Oterleek, Mijzenpolder, and Eilandspolder.
Around 800 AD, the area that now the municipality of Schermer was covered in peat, and a small river called the Schermer flowed through it. Because of peat-digging by man, and storm floods, this small river had by 1250 developed into an inland lake with an open connection with the Zuyderzee. In the 17th century private investors started draining the largest part of the lake, leaving the southern part, the Alkmaardermeer, intact. In 1635 47.7 km² (18.4 sq mi) of polder was drained, whereupon the land was divided among the shareholders.
The municipality of Schermer consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Driehuizen, Grootschermer, Oterleek, Schermerhorn, Stompetoren, Zuidschermer. The latter two are located in the Schermer polder.

wn.com/Schermer
Schiphol
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ( /ˈʃɪpɒl/;Dutch: Luchthaven Schiphol, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlʏxtˌɦaːvə(n) ˈsxɪpɦɔl]) (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) is the Netherlands' main international airport, located 20 minutes (4.9 NM (9.1 km; 5.6 mi)) southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer. The airport's official English name, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, reflects the original Dutch word order (Luchthaven Schiphol). The airport used to have the IATA code of SPL, which has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by AMS.
The airport is the primary hub for KLM as well as for Arkefly, Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair and Transavia. The airport also serves as a European hub for Delta Air Lines and as a base for Vueling. Schiphol is considered to be an Airport City.
Schiphol is an important European airport, ranking as Europe’s 4th busiest and the world's 12th busiest by total passenger traffic. It also ranks as the world’s 6th busiest by international passenger traffic and the world’s 17th largest for cargo tonnage.

wn.com/Schiphol
Sunk Island
Coordinates: 53°39′09″N 0°05′04″W / 53.652384°N 0.084397°W / 53.652384; -0.084397
Sunk Island is a Crown Estate village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of Ottringham and 1-mile (1.6 km) to the north of the Humber Estuary. The Greenwich Meridian passes through the east of the parish.
According to the 2001 UK census, Sunk Island parish had a population of 224.
Sunk Island originated as a sand bank in the Humber Estuary, by the reign of Charles I of England, it was said to form a seven acre island, one-and-a-half mile from the mainland. From 1663, the land around it was gradually drained, and by the mid-18th century, the channel separating it from the shore had entirely silted up. It was parished in 1831.
A fort was built at the outbreak of World War I.
Today, the settlement consists of a church, a few houses and various farms. Cottages were built 1855-7 by Samuel Sanders Teulon.
The parish church of Holy Trinity, designed by Ewan Christian in the 1870s, is a Grade II listed building.

wn.com/Sunk_Island
The Fens
The Fens, also known as the Fenland(s), are a naturally marshy region in eastern England. Most of the fens were drained several centuries ago, resulting in a flat, damp, low-lying agricultural region.
A fen is the local name for an individual area of marshland or former marshland and also designates the type of marsh typical of the area, which has neutral or alkaline water chemistry and relatively large quantities of dissolved minerals, but few other plant nutrients.
The Fenland primarily lies around the coast of the Wash; it reaches into two of the nine official regions of England (the East of England and the East Midlands), four ceremonial counties (Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and a small area of Suffolk), eleven District Councils and six postcode areas (LN, PE, CB, IP, NR and NG). The whole occupies an area of nearly 1,500 sq mi (3,900 km²).
Most of the Fenland lies within a few metres of sea-level. As with similar areas in the Netherlands, much of the Fenland originally consisted of fresh- or salt-water wetlands, which have been artificially drained and continue to be protected from floods by drainage banks and pumps. With the support of this drainage system, the Fenland has become a major arable agricultural region in Britain for grains and vegetables. The Fens are particularly fertile, containing around half of the grade 1 agricultural land in England.

wn.com/The_Fens
Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important^{[citation needed]} river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km² (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km² (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).

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Warta
The Warta (German: Warthe; Latin: Varta) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river. With a length of approximately 808 kilometres (502 mi) it is the country's third longest river. The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers. It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski) near Bydgoszcz.
It rises in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie, Silesian Voivodeship, flows through Łódź Land, Greater Poland and Lubusz Land, where it empties into the Oder near Kostrzyn at the border with Germany.
The Greater Polish Warta river basin was the original Poland —it is said that the Polans (Polish: Polanie), a West Slavic tribe, inhabited the Warta river basin from the 8th century. The river is also mentioned in the second stanza of the Mazurek Dąbrowskiego Polish national anthem.
Coordinates: 52°35′55″N 14°36′37″E / 52.5986°N 14.6103°E / 52.5986; 14.6103

wn.com/Warta
Watergraafsmeer
The Watergraafsmeer is a polder in The Netherlands. It was reclaimed in 1629. In the 17th and 18th centuries, there were many buitenplaatsen in the Watergraafsmeer, though nowadays only one, Frankendael, remains.
Since 1921, the Watergraafsmeer is part of the city of Amsterdam and its rural character has all but disappeared. It is located in the stadsdeel Oost/Watergraafsmeer. The most important streets in the Watergraafsmeer are the Middenweg and the Kruislaan.
They grow up in Betondorp a neighbourhood in the Watergraafsmeer.
Coordinates: 52°21′N 4°56′E / 52.35°N 4.933°E / 52.35; 4.933

wn.com/Watergraafsmeer
West Flanders
West Flanders (Dutch: West-Vlaanderen [ˌβ̞ɛst.ˈflaːn.də.rə(n)] ( listen); West Flemish: West Vloandern; French: (Province de) Flandre-Occidentale; German: Westflandern) is the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, also named Flanders, in Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) on the Netherlands, the Flemish province of East Flanders (Oost-Vlaanderen) and the Walloon province of Hainaut (Henegouwen) in Belgium, on France, and the North Sea. Its capital is Bruges (Brugge). Other important cities are Kortrijk in the south and Ostend along the coastline. The province has an area of 3,125 km² which is divided into eight administrative districts (arrondissementen) containing 64 municipalities.
The whole Belgian North Sea coast, an important tourism destination, lies in West Flanders. A tram line runs the length of the coast, from De Panne on the French border to Knokke-Heist on the Dutch frontier.
West Flanders consists of the North Sea coast, followed by a very flat polder landscape. Only in the south are some small hills, with the Kemmelberg (159 m) being the highest point in the province. The Leie and IJzer are the main rivers. West Flanders is the only Belgian province that borders both France and The Netherlands.

wn.com/West_Flanders
Wieringermeer
Wieringermeer ([ˈʋirɪŋərˌmɪːr] ( listen)) is a municipality and a polder in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
The municipality of Wieringermeer consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Kreileroord, Middenmeer, Slootdorp, Wieringerwerf.
Around the year 1000 AD, this area was land. However, several storms after 1100 flooded the land, turning it into a flood plain.
The Wieringmeerpolder is a polder, newly created land, and it is part of the Zuiderzee Works. The creation of this polder started in 1927. Originally the polder would have been created after the completion of the Afsluitdijk, but there was a severe lack of agricultural ground. This meant that the dikes for the polder had to be built in the Zuiderzee, a sea, instead of in the milder lake IJsselmeer that the Zuiderzee would become after the completion of the Afsluitdijk. Therefore the dikes had to be tougher and ready to withstand the sea. Draining of the polder was finished on 21 August 1930.

wn.com/Wieringermeer
Wieringermeerpolder
Wieringermeer ([ˈʋirɪŋərˌmɪːr] ( listen)) is a municipality and a polder in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
The municipality of Wieringermeer consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Kreileroord, Middenmeer, Slootdorp, Wieringerwerf.
Around the year 1000 AD, this area was land. However, several storms after 1100 flooded the land, turning it into a flood plain.
The Wieringmeerpolder is a polder, newly created land, and it is part of the Zuiderzee Works. The creation of this polder started in 1927. Originally the polder would have been created after the completion of the Afsluitdijk, but there was a severe lack of agricultural ground. This meant that the dikes for the polder had to be built in the Zuiderzee, a sea, instead of in the milder lake IJsselmeer that the Zuiderzee would become after the completion of the Afsluitdijk. Therefore the dikes had to be tougher and ready to withstand the sea. Draining of the polder was finished on 21 August 1930.

wn.com/Wieringermeerpolder
Wieringerwaard
Wieringerwaard is a polder and a village in the municipality of Anna Paulowna in the Dutch province of Noord-Holland. Wieringerwaard was formerly a separate municipality, until it merged with Barsingerhorn in 1970.
In 2001, the village of Wieringerwaard had 1176 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.32 km², and contained 502 residences. The statistical area "Wieringerwaard", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1500.
The polder was laid dry in 1610. It border, and also the border of the municipality, were the Zuiderzee, the dike-ditches along the outside of the Westfriese Omringdijk and the Slikkerdijk of the Zijpe. In 1970, Wieringerwaard became part of the municipality of Barsingerhorn, but in 1990 it was separated from this municipality and added to the municipality of Anna Paulowna.
The area was already inhabited before 1610. In the two centuries before the All Saints' Flood of 1170 there were already Frisians in the area, later called West Frisians. After the many storms which raged around the 12th century the area became uninhabitable. After the area was drained in 1610 it became populated again. In the northern part of the area settlements slowly formed. Eventually, a ribbon shaped village formed between the 1621 lock in the Slikkerdijk and the ditch named De Kolk. This village was named after the polder. After a new lock was constructed on the other side of De Kolk, at the Pishoek and the Waardkanaal, a settlement center arose there. This center was named Nieuwesluis.

wn.com/Wieringerwaard
Wijdewormer
Wijdewormer is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is located in the municipality of Wormerland, about 5 km east of the town of Wormer, in the polder "De Wijde Wormer".
Wijdewormer was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1991, when itbecame a part of Wormerland.
Coordinates: 52°29′29″N 4°52′11″E / 52.49139°N 4.86972°E / 52.49139; 4.86972

wn.com/Wijdewormer
Zoetermeer
Coordinates: 52°03′40″N 4°29′36″E / 52.06111°N 4.49333°E / 52.06111; 4.49333
Zoetermeer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌzu.tər.ˈmɪːr] ( listen)) is a city in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 37.06 km² (of which 2.15 km² is water). A small village until the late 1960s, it had 6,392 inhabitants in 1950. By 1 January 2010 this had grown to 121.580, making it the third largest population centre in the province of South Holland, after Rotterdam and The Hague. It is part of the Haaglanden conurbation.
The name "Zoetermeer" (Dutch for "Sweet Lake") refers to the former fresh lake north of the town (reclaimed in 1614).
In the tenth century Zoetermeer was a small village, primarily home to farmers and fishermen. In the 13th century a village centre was formed, which still exists as the historic Dorpsstraat. Until the 17th century there was a lake, called the Zoetermeer. A reminder of this is the "Noord Aa" at the northern edge of town, an artificial lake was created when tons of sand were needed as building material for the foundations for new housing development, and the area north of Zoetermeer provided a good source.

wn.com/Zoetermeer

Dutch polders - droogmakerijen - aerials

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published: 17 Oct 2011

author: dreamshot

Polder - Tuning

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author: chinchill3r

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Ein paar Eindrücke unserer letzten Jerkbait Tour...

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De polder

PRACHTIGE NUMMER VAN DE BAND DEHELEBOEL...

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author: Fourp2008

Overdiepse polder

A film about watermanagement in the Netherlands. Instead of strengthening the dykes the Ne...

published: 16 Feb 2008

author: ruimtevoorderivier

Polder - December

100% pure / December No.1...

published: 25 Mar 2009

author: chinchill3r

Inondation du polder Hedwige

Après 14 années d'âpres négociations, le polder Hedwige devrait être inondé. C'est la déci...

published: 27 Sep 2010

author: JoanaHostein

CPS Polders 1

Polders Pays-Bas...

published: 30 Mar 2011

author: bjosserand

Interview Passie in de polder (Erik) (Froeks.tv)

Interview / item van Froeks.Tv (Loes in de porno). Met Erik Zijlstra (Friese porno, maker:...

published: 25 Oct 2012

author: Erik Zijlstra

Polder - Badalos

100% pure / December No.2...

published: 25 Mar 2009

author: chinchill3r

Non è magia - C'est pas sorcier - ITALIANO - i polder 1

non è magia è un interessantissimo e divertente programma- documentario per ragazzi che an...

published: 14 Jul 2011

author: gardaland92

MY TRIP TO BLACK BUSH POLDER

Black bush Polder...

published: 27 Oct 2008

author: shantaram ramrup

Polder - Midnight Mover (Reset Robot Remix)

Artist: Polder Album: Midnight Mover Label: 100% Pure Genre: Tech House Release Date: 2011...

published: 02 Mar 2011

author: TechMinimalRulz

Guyana,black bush polder.

...

published: 11 Jan 2009

author: boyze7

Blik

A young boy moves to a new neighbourhood and falls in love for the first time, with the mu...

published: 22 Jun 2011

author: Polder Animation

Melvin The Magical Mixed Media Machine

Melvin the Magical Mixed Media Machine (or just Melvin the Machine) can be described as a ...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: HEYHEYHEY

Now you know it anyway (Nu ken je het toch al)

At a sunny flea market, Robin tries to sell her own made-up stories. As she tells one of h...

published: 07 Jun 2012

author: Polder Animation

Louis Vuitton Journeys Awards - Aurore

A man travels through his senses, and through the other's body, discovers his own. Still...

published: 30 Oct 2009

author: Jean-Julien

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
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photo: AP / Bullit Marquez

Residents cross a river in the flash flood-hit village of Andap, New Bataan township, Compostela Valley in southern Philippines Wednesday, Dec. 5, 2012.

About 350 die in Philippine typhoon, 400 missing

Herald Tribune

06 Dec 2012

NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)

photo: US Navy / Matthew Stroup

Afghan and coalition forces kill insurgent leader in Kunar province

The Examiner

05 Dec 2012

ISAF today issued an operational update on combat operations in Afghanistan. It noted, among other things, that Afghan and coalition security forces conducted an operation in Watahpur district yesterday that resulted in the “death of insurgent leader Mohammad Yar Gul.” ... Mohammed Yar Gul coordinated the movement of insurgent fighters throughout Kunar province ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

photo: AP / Photo

Argentine soccer star Lionel Messi, center, is escorted by officials upon his arrival at the Beijing Capital International Airport in Beijing on Wednesday, Aug. 4, 2010.

Champions League: Lionel Messi injured in Barca-Benfica draw

Joy Online

06 Dec 2012

Lionel Messi missed out on a chance to match Gerd Mueller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year as he was injured during Barcelona's draw with Benfica. Messi, who hurt his left knee in a collision with Benfica keeper Artur, was taken off 30 minutes after coming on as a second-half substitute. Benfica knew a win would see them finish second behind Barca in Group G ... FC Barcelona's official Twitter account tweeted after the Benfica game....(size: 2.5Kb)

photo: AP / Guatemala's Human Rights Ombudsman's office

In this photo released by Guatemala's Human Rights Ombudsman's office, software company founder John McAfee is pictured in an immigration detention center in Guatemala City, Thursday, Dec. 6, 2012.

McAfee hospitalized after being denied asylum

The Salt Lake Tribune

07 Dec 2012

By SONIA PEREZ-DIAZ. The Associated Press. First Published Dec 06 2012 09.10 am • Updated 1 minute ago ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)

photo: AP / Vahid Salemi

File - Iranian worshippers listen to a sermon during Friday prayers as an Iranian flag flutters at Tehran University, in Tehran, Iran, Friday, July 6, 2012.

Can Saudi Arabia and Iran Reestablish the Medina Pact?

WorldNews.com

07 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
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Izhar Gafni invents a cardboard bicycle that may revolutionize transportation

Yahoo Daily News

07 Dec 2012

Izhar Gafni smiles and shakes his head in wonder when asked about the whirlwind of events that have taken place since news of his revolutionary cardboard bicycle first made international headlines a few weeks ago. "It's all happened so fast, and we did not expect it at all," exclaims Mr ... IN PICTURES. The things we do with bikes! ... "People don't really need watches anymore ... Cardboard Technologies ... Mr ... IN PICTURES ... Ms ... • The goal of Polder Inc ... ....(size: 9.8Kb)

Russell: Sir suited by three miles

Sporting Life

06 Dec 2012

The likes of Impek, Star De Mohaison and Barbers Shop have used this race as a stepping stone to bigger things in the past ... Paul Nicholls expects Pacha Du Polder to fare much better over a longer trip at Sandown after he was pulled up in the two-and-a-half-mile Old Roan Chase at Aintree in October ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)

Are floating homes a solution to UK floods?

BBC News

28 Nov 2012

Flood-proofing ... Since the 12th Century people have been draining delta swamps and creating artificial dry land - polders - at first using pumps powered by windmills. Currently, there are about 3,500 low-lying polders enclosed by dykes in the Netherlands ... "Nevertheless, with the ever-increasing urbanisation of our polders and flood plains, spatial planning is increasingly combined with flood resilience," adds Mr Maccabiani ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)

All-Colorado field hockey 2012

Denver Post

26 Nov 2012

Colorado Academy's Julia Murphy. (AAron Ontiveroz, The Denver Post) ... All-Colorado Player School Yr ... Dahlia Gutierrez St ... Daan Polders, Colorado Academy Honorable Mention Paige Carson, Denver East, Jr.; Raina Cazier, Regis Jesuit, Sr.; Tilly Hallett, St ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

4 tools for veggie platters and 3 fat-free dips

The Examiner

16 Nov 2012

Related topics. Dip Recipes. Advertisement. With the following four kitchen tools, you can create professional-looking and tempting-to-taste (raw) vegetables that will not only impress grown-ups, but the kiddies too! ... red pepper dip and veggie platters ... Video ... For more info and details on these veggie (which can also be used on some varieties of fruit) tools, check out www.oxo.com and www.polder.com. Three Fat-Free Dips. Roasted Red Pepper ... ....(size: 7.2Kb)

How Cities Plan to Keep the Sea at Bay in an Age of Climate Change

The New York Times

05 Nov 2012

By CHRISTOPHER F. SCHUETZE. Hurricane Sandy was bad ... Reporting and analysis on how to move the world toward a sustainable model ... Chen and Mireya Navarro. Andrew C ... If the city builds them, New York (once known as New Amsterdam) would be following in the footsteps of old Amsterdam, where parts of the city are up to 6.5 meters (21 feet) lower than the North Sea, thanks to an intricate and very expensive system of levees, polders and dams ... Mr....(size: 4.1Kb)

Colorado Academy defeats Palmer Ridge for state title in field hockey

Denver Post

30 Oct 2012

( AAron Ontiveroz, The Denver Post). Mandy Weeks was virtually a nervous wreck ... It's a thrill." ... It's why she was given a chance by coach Daan Polders, and she responded by giving Colorado Academy its first title since taking the game's inaugural championship after sanctioning in 1997. "It look a little longer than we wanted," Polders said of his team that finished the season 16-0-2. ... excuses ... "We're very excited about it," Polders said ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)

>Nature and early visual computer-generated art in the Netherlands (before 1980)

Wired News

29 Oct 2012

*Man, Darko Fritz is like a one-man tech-art history machine. Who knew? Who remembered? Besides him of course ... artists ... “Generative sound machine Eemnes Machine by Victor Wentink was conceived as a permanent installation powered by solar energy in a desert-like environment, a new polder in Flevoland ... The piece was intended as a permanent installation powered by solar energy in a desert-like environment, a new polder in Flevoland ... 1....(size: 15.9Kb)

Heads Up: Noble Prince looks value bet in Aintree Old Roan Chase

The Guardian

26 Oct 2012

He needs good ground and a fast-run race to show his best, both of which he ought to be able to enjoy here, with Nacarat likely to help ensure a decent early gallop and Pacha Du Polder, Gauvain and Hector's Choice all having also been known to bowl along from the front ......(size: 2.0Kb)

Doncaster: Kingsbarns favourite for Racing Post Trophy

BBC News

26 Oct 2012

Kingsbarns is favourite as trainer Aidan O'Brien seeks his seventh win in the Racing Post Trophy at Doncaster on Saturday (15.05 BST). His rivals are Trading Leather, First Cornerstone, Van Der Neer, Steeler, Birdman and Sir Patrick Moore ... O'Brien's past Racing Post Trophy winners ... Meanwhile, Nacarat, Pacha Du Polder and Gauvain are among runners in the Old Roan Chase at Aintree (15.30) ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)

Thinking of Value at Aintree

Sporting Life

26 Oct 2012

1pt win Wishfull Thinking in 1530 Aintree at 8/1 (bet365). Some old favourites turn out in the Betfred Monet's Garden Old Roan Chase at Aintree in an excellent renewal with the soggy autumn meaning numbers have swelled compared to past renewals. Kauto Star was a past winner of the race in 2006 and champion trainer Paul Nicholls relies on the lightly-raced and progressive Pacha Du Polder with Daryl Jacob on board ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

Thinking of some value at Aintree

Sporting Life

26 Oct 2012

Aintree set for a Noble Gesture

Sporting Life

26 Oct 2012

Marshgate Lane sports the first colours of the Godolphin trio and will appreciate the return to soft ground ... Bridle Belle and Party Line are others capable of making their presence felt and Lady Kashaan remains on the upgrade as shown by her latest win at Haydock ... Pacha Du Polder is only a five-year-old but won three times over fences last season, though was already beaten when falling behind For Non Stop at Newbury in February ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

For other uses, see Polder (disambiguation).

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2009)

Satellite image of Noordoostpolder, Netherlands (595.41 km²)

A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments (barriers) known as dikes that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with outside water other than through manually operated devices. There are three types of polder:

Land reclaimed from a body of water, such as a lake or the sea bed.
Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike.
Marshes separated from the surrounding water by a dike and subsequently drained.

The ground level in drained marshes subsides over time and thus all polders will eventually be below the surrounding water level some or all of the time. Water enters the low-lying polder through groundswell owing to water pressure on ground water or rainfall and transport of water by rivers and canals. This usually means that the polder has an excess of water, which needs to be pumped out or drained by opening sluices at low tide. However care must be taken not to set the internal water level too low. Polder land made up of peat (former marshland) will show accelerated compression owing to the peat decomposing in dry conditions.

Polders are at risk from flooding at all times and care must be taken to protect the surrounding dikes. Dikes are mostly built using locally available materials and each has its own risk factor: sand is prone to collapse owing to oversaturation by water while dry peat is lighter than water, making the barrier potentially unstable in very dry seasons. Some animals dig tunnels in the barrier, undermining the structure; the muskrat is notorious for this behaviour. For this reason in the Netherlands it is actively hunted to extinction. No such care is taken in neighbouring Germany though, causing the stock to be constantly resupplied across the border.^{[citation needed]}

Polders are most commonly though not exclusively found in river deltas, former fenlands and coastal areas.

Polders and the Netherlands [link]

Pumping station in Zoetermeer, Netherlands. The polder lies lower than the surrounding water on the other side of the dike.

The Netherlands is frequently associated with polders. This is illustrated by the English saying: God created the world but the Dutch created Holland.

The Dutch have a long history of reclamation of marshes and fenland, resulting in some 3,000 polders^[1] nationwide. About half the total surface area of polders in north-west Europe is in the Netherlands. The first embankments in Europe were constructed in Roman times. The first polders were constructed in the 11th century. As a result of flooding disasters water boards called waterschap (when situated more inland) or hoogheemraadschap (near the sea, mainly used in Holland)^[2] were set up to maintain the integrity of the water defences around polders, maintain the waterways inside a polder and control the various water levels inside and outside the polder. Water bodies hold separate elections, levy taxes and function independently from other government bodies. Their function is basically unchanged even today. As such they are the oldest democratic institution in the country. The necessary cooperation between all ranks in maintaining polder integrity also gave its name to the Dutch version of third way politics - the Polder Model.

The 1953 flood disaster prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other water-retaining structures, based on an acceptable probability of overflowing. Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequences. The damage in lives, property and rebuilding costs is offset against the cost of water defences. From these calculations follows an acceptable flood risk from the sea at 1 in 4,000–10,000 years, while it is 1 in 100–2,500 years for a river flood. The established policy forces the Dutch government to improve flood defences as new data on threat levels becomes available.

Examples of polders [link]

Belgium [link]

De Moeren, near Veurne in West Flanders
Polders of Muisbroek and Ettenhoven, in Ekeren and Hoevenen
Polder of Stabroek, in Stabroek
Kabeljauwpolder, in Zandvliet
Scheldepolders on the left bank of the Scheldt
Uitkerkse polders, near Blankenberge in West Flanders

Canada [link]

Holland Marsh

France [link]

Marais Poitevin
Les Moëres, adjacent to the Flemish polder De Moeren in Belgium.

Germany [link]

Altes Land near Hamburg
Blockland & Hollerland near Bremen
Nordstrand, Germany
Bormerkoog and Meggerkoog near Friedrichstadt

Guyana [link]

Black Bush Polder, Corentyne, Berbice

India [link]

Kuttanad Region, Kerala^[3]^[4]

Italy [link]

Delta of the river Po such as Bonifica Valle del Mezzano

Japan [link]

Hachirogata in Akita Prefecture^{[citation needed]}
Isahaya Bay in Kyushu^{[citation needed]}
Kojima Bay in Okayama Prefecture^{[citation needed]}

Korea, Republic of [link]

Parts of the coast of Ganghwa Island, adjacent to the river Han in Incheon
Delta of the river Nakdong in Busan
Saemangeum in Jeollabuk-do

Lithuania [link]

Rusnė island

Monaco [link]

Most of La Condamine
Under development Le Portier part of Fontvieille

Netherlands [link]

Alblasserwaard, containing the windmills of Kinderdijk, a World Heritage Site
Andijk
Anna Paulownapolder
Beemster, a World Heritage Site
Bijlmermeer
Haarlemmermeer, containing Schiphol airport
Krimpenerwaard
Lauwersmeer
Mastenbroek
Noordoostpolder
Ooijpolder
Prins Alexanderpolder
Purmer
Schermer
Rosandepolder
Watergraafsmeer
Wieringermeer
Wieringerwaard
Wijdewormer
Zijpe- en Hazepolder
Zuidplaspolder
Eastern and Southern Flevoland polders, containing the cities of Lelystad and Almere, respectively. Together these polders are also known as the Flevopolder.

Poland [link]

Vistula delta near Elbląg and Nowy Dwór Gdański
Warta delta near Kostrzyn nad Odra

United Kingdom [link]

Traeth Mawr
Sunk Island, on the north shore of the Humber east of Hull
Parts of The Fens
- Branston Island, by the River Witham outside the conventional area of the fens but connected to them.
Parts of the coast of Essex
Some land along the River Plym in Plymouth
Some land around Meathop east of Grange-over-Sands, reclaimed as a side-effect of building a railway embankment
The Somerset Levels and North Somerset Levels
Romney Marsh

United States [link]

References [link]

^ "TKijk naar de geschiedenis". Rijkswaterstaat. https://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/rws/waterinnovatiebron/cgi-bin/toonlijst.pl?config=config&var=volgnr&val=1&layout=index-forceframe&confignr=1&menu=1067260347&menuitem=1120115781. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
^ http://www.waterschappen.nl/mijn-waterschap.html
^ "Rain continues to throw a challenge in Kuttanad". The Hindu (The Hindu Group). 2011. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1765439.ece?css=print. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
^ Thampatti, Manorama (March 1999). "Rice Bowl in Turmoil: The Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem". Resonance (Indian Academy of Sciences). http://www.scribd.com/doc/17029034/Degrading-wetland-backwater-ecosystem-of-Kuttanad-India. Retrieved 2011-06-10.

Farjon, J.M.J., J. Dirkx, A. Koomen, J. Vervloet & W. Lammers. 2001. Neder-landschap Internationaal: bouwstenen voor een selectie van gebieden landschapsbehoud. Alterra, Wageningen. Rapport 358.
Morten Stenak. 2005. De inddæmmede Landskaber - En historisk geografi. Landbohistorik Selskab.
Ven, G.P. van de (red.) 1993. Leefbaar laagland: geschiedenis van waterbeheersing en landaanwinning in Nederland. Matrijs, Utrecht.
Wagret, P. 1972. Polderlands. London : Methuen.

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Contents

Polders and the Netherlands [link]

Examples of polders [link]

Belgium [link]

Canada [link]

France [link]

Germany [link]

Guyana [link]

India [link]

Italy [link]

Japan [link]

Korea, Republic of [link]

Lithuania [link]

Monaco [link]

Netherlands [link]

Poland [link]

United Kingdom [link]

United States [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Polder

Related pages:

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http://cs.wn.com/Polder

http://id.wn.com/Polder

http://es.wn.com/Pólder

http://ru.wn.com/Польдер

http://nl.wn.com/Polder

http://pl.wn.com/Poldery

http://fr.wn.com/Polder

http://de.wn.com/Koog

http://pt.wn.com/Pôlder