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In many jurisdictions in the United States, a District Attorney (DA) is an elected or appointed government official who represents the government in the prosecution of criminal offenses. The district attorney is the highest officeholder in the jurisdiction's legal department and supervises a staff of assistant (ADA) or deputy district attorneys. Similar functions are carried out at the local level in other jurisdictions by officers named the Commonwealth's Attorney, State's Attorney, County Attorney, or County Prosecutor. Depending on the system in place in the particular state or county, district attorneys may be appointed by the chief executive of the region or elected by the people.

Equivalent and related titles and offices[link]

Different levels of government in the U.S. operate independently of one another, and people who perform the role of district attorney function differently at the federal, state, and county levels. The proper title for an appointed federal prosecutor at the local level (as opposed to an appointed U.S. Department of Justice prosecutor based in Washington, D.C.) is United States Attorney. Such officers are appointed by the President of the United States, serve under the Attorney General, and prosecute cases in the district courts of the federal government. United States Attorneys, in turn, hire prosecutors to handle the daily affairs of the office; they are known as Assistant United States Attorneys, or AUSAs.

Most US states also have an attorney who oversees prosecutions throughout the state, normally known as the Attorney General.

In the United Kingdom, positions equivalent to a District Attorney are the Chief Crown Prosecutors (or Crown Prosecutors in the case of Deputy or Assistant District Attorneys) of the Crown Prosecution Service in England and Wales, the Procurator Fiscal in Scotland, and the Director of Public Prosecutions in Northern Ireland. The United States has no direct equivalent of the English Director of Public Prosecutions, who has legal responsibility for more than one million prosecutions annually in England and Wales. Many Commonwealth countries use Director of Public Prosecutions or Crown Prosecutor, while Canada uses the titles of Crown Attorney or Crown Counsel.

An Executive Assistant District Attorney (EADA), sometimes called the Chief Assistant District Attorney (CADA), or the First Assistant District Attorney is a title given to senior management in a prosecutor's office.^{[citation needed]} The people who hold these titles are generally considered the second-in-command for the office, and usually report directly to the head prosecutor. The exact roles and job assignments for each title vary with each individual office, but generally include management of the daily activities and supervision of specialized divisions within the office.

In some offices the positions resembles that of the Executive Officer (XO) on a naval vessel, with the elected District Attorney as the Commanding Officer (CO). He or she reports directly to the District Attorney and acts as the district attorney in his or her absence. Often, the EADA may oversee or prosecute some of the larger crimes within the jurisdiction. In some offices the Executive Assistant District Attorney has the responsibility of hiring lawyers and other staff members in the District Attorney's office. Often, the EADA supervises press-releases and oversees the work of the office staff. In jurisdictions where the elected prosecutor is the Commonwealth's Attorney a similar position is assigned the title of First Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney.

See also[link]

• United States Attorney

External links[link]

• Prosecuting Attorneys, District Attorneys, Attorneys General & US Attorneys on the Web—indexes prosecutor web sites throughout the USA and other countries
• Website of the National District Attorneys Association

Earling Carothers "Jim" Garrison (November 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992) — who changed his first name to Jim in the early 1960s — was the District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana from 1962 to 1973. A member of the Democratic Party, he is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (JFK).

Garrison remains a controversial figure. Opinions differ as to whether he uncovered a conspiracy behind the John F. Kennedy assassination, but was blocked from successful prosecution by a federal government cover-up, whether he bungled his chance to uncover a conspiracy, or whether the entire case was an unproductive waste of resources.

Early life and career[link]

Earling Carothers Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa.^[1][2][3] His family moved to New Orleans in his childhood, where he was reared by his divorced mother. He served in the U.S. National Guard in World War II, then obtained a law degree from Tulane University Law School in 1949. He worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for two years and then returned to active duty with the National Guard. After fifteen months, he was relieved from duty. One Army doctor concluded he had a "severe and disabling psychoneurosis" which "interfered with his social and professional adjustment to a marked degree. He is considered totally incapacitated from the standpoint of military duty and moderately incapacitated in civilian adaptability."^[4] Although one doctor did recommend that Garrison be discharged from service and collect 10% permanent disability, Garrison opted instead to join the National Guard where his record was reviewed by the U.S. Army Surgeon General who “found him to be physically qualified for federal recognition in the national army.”^[5]

District Attorney[link]

Garrison worked for New Orleans law firm Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958, when he became an assistant district attorney. Garrison became a flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure in New Orleans, but was initially unsuccessful in his run for public office, losing a 1959 election for criminal court judge. In 1961 he ran for district attorney, winning against incumbent Richard Dowling by 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary. Despite lack of major political backing, his performance in a televised debate and last minute television commercials are credited with his victory.

Once in office, Garrison cracked down on prostitution and the abuses of Bourbon Street bars and strip joints. He indicted Dowling and one of his assistants with criminal malfeasance, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Garrison did not appeal. Garrison received national attention for a series of vice raids in the French Quarter, staged sometimes on a nightly basis. Newspaper headlines in 1962 praised Garrison's efforts, "Quarter Crime Emergency Declared by Police, DA. — Garrison Back, Vows Vice Drive to Continue — 14 Arrested, 12 more nabbed in Vice Raids." Garrison's critics often point out that many of the arrests made by his office did not result in convictions, implying that he was in the habit of making arrests without evidence. However, assistant DA William Alford has said that charges would more often than not be reduced or dropped if a relative of someone charged gained Garrison’s ear. He had, said Alford, “a heart of gold.”^[6]

After a conflict with local criminal judges over his budget, he accused them of racketeering and conspiring against him. The eight judges charged him with misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Garrison was convicted in January 1963. (In 1965 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction and struck down the state statute as unconstitutional.) At the same time, Garrison indicted Judge Bernard Cocke with criminal malfeasance and, in two trials prosecuted by Garrison himself, Cocke was acquitted.

Garrison charged nine policemen with brutality, but dropped the charges two weeks later. At a press conference he accused the state parole board of accepting bribes, but could obtain no indictments. He accused the state legislature of the same, but held no investigation. He was unanimously censured by the legislature.^{[citation needed]}

In 1965, running for reelection against Judge Malcolm O'Hara, Garrison won with 60 percent of the vote.

Kennedy assassination investigation[link]

New Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison began an investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy in late 1966, after receiving several tips from Jack Martin that a man named David Ferrie may have been involved in the assassination.^[7][8] The end result of Garrison's investigation was the arrest and trial of New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw in 1969, with Shaw being unanimously acquitted less than one hour after the case went to the jury.^[9][10][11]

Garrison was able to subpoena the Zapruder film from Life magazine and show it to the public for the first time. Until the trial, the film had rarely been seen, and bootleg copies made by assassination investigators working with Garrison led to the film's wider distribution.^[12]

Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo, a 25-year-old insurance salesman from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At the trial, Russo testified that he had attended a party at anti-Castro activist David Ferrie's apartment. At the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing President Kennedy.^[13] The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.^[13]

Russo’s version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that part of his testimony was induced by hypnotism, and by the drug sodium pentothal (sometimes called "truth serum").^[14] An early version of Russo's testimony (as told in Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra's memo, before Russo was subjected to sodium pentothal and hypnosis) fails to mention an "assassination party" and says that Russo met Clay Shaw on two occasions, neither of which occurred at the party.^[15][16] However, in his book On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that Russo had already discussed the party at Ferrie's apartment before any "truth serum" was admitted.^[17] Moreover, in several public interviews, such as one shown in the video The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, Russo reiterates the same account of a party at Ferrie's apartment that he gave at the trial.^[18][19]

Jim Garrison defended his conduct regarding witness testimony, stating:

Before we introduced the testimony of our witnesses, we made them undergo independent verifying tests, including polygraph examination, truth serum and hypnosis. We thought this would be hailed as an unprecedented step in jurisprudence; instead, the press turned around and hinted that we had drugged our witnesses or given them posthypnotic suggestions to testify falsely.^[20]

Later career[link]

In 1973, Garrison was tried for accepting bribes to protect illegal pinball machine operations. Pershing Gervais, Garrison's former chief investigator, testified that Garrison had received approximately $3,000 every two months for nine years from the dealers. Garrison, acting as his own defense attorney, called the allegations baseless, alleging they were concocted as part of a U.S. government effort to destroy him, because of his efforts to implicate the CIA in the Kennedy assassination. The jury found Garrison not guilty. In an interview conducted by New Orleans reporter Rosemary James with Pershing Gervais, James said Gervais admitted to concocting the charges.^[21]

In the same year, Garrison was defeated for reelection as district attorney by Harry Connick, Sr. On April 15, 1978, Garrison won a special election over a Republican candidate, Thomas F. Jordan, for a state Circuit Court of Appeals judgeship, a position that he held until his death.^[22]

In 1987, Garrison appeared as himself in the film The Big Easy.

After the Shaw trial, Garrison wrote three books on the Kennedy assassination, A Heritage of Stone (1970), The Star Spangled Contract (1976, fiction, but based on the JFK assassination), and the best-seller, On The Trail of The Assassins (1988). His investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stone's 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrison's book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs' Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy. Kevin Costner played a fictionalized version of Garrison in the movie. Garrison himself had a small on-screen role in the film, playing United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren.

He died of cancer in 1992, survived by his wife and five children.^[23][24]

Legacy[link]

Some suggest that Garrison will be remembered positively, including political analyst Carl Oglesby who was quoted as saying, "...I have done a study of Garrison: I come out of it thinking that he is one of the really first-rate class-act heroes of this whole ugly story [the killing of John F. Kennedy, the cover-up, and subsequent investigation], which suffers so badly for heroes."^[25]

Garrison was later viewed as an embarrassment by writer Gerald Posner, who believes Oswald acted alone.^[26] However, several researchers, including Jim DiEugenio,^[27] William Davy,^[28] and Joan Mellen^[29][30] have defended Garrison.

Garrison came under contemporary criticism from writers including Sylvia Meagher, who in 1967 wrote: "...as the Garrison investigation continued to unfold, it gave cause for increasingly serious misgivings about the validity of his evidence, the credibility of his witnesses, and the scrupulousness of his methods. The fact that many critics of the Warren Report have remained passionate advocates of the Garrison investigation, even condoning tactics which they might not condone on the part of others, is a matter of regret and disappointment."^[31] Others say Garrison was cruel and mistreated witnesses in his attempt to prove an assassination conspiracy.^{[citation needed]} According to Clay Shaw's defense team, witnesses, including Perry Russo, claimed to have been bribed and threatened with perjury and contempt of court charges by Garrison in order to make his case against Shaw.^[32] However, in a later interview with public radio, Perry Russo stated: "Well the truth of the matter was that Garrison was very sincere. [NBC News reporter] Walter Sheridan tells me and threatens me that he's gonna take Garrison out and take me with him.^[18]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power (Clarkson N. Potter, 1969)
• Vincent Bugliosi, Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (W.W. Norton and Company, 2007) -- pp. 1347–1436 of the main text and pp. 804–932 of the endnotes are devoted to "Jim Garrison's Prosecution of Clay Shaw and Oliver Stone's Movie JFK"
• William Hardy Davis, Aiming for the Jugular in New Orleans (Ashley Books, June 1976)
• Sean Egan, Ponies & Rainbows: The Life of James Kirkwood (Bearmanor Media, December 2011)
• Paris Flamonde, The Kennedy Conspiracy
• Paris Flamonde, The Assassinastion of America (2007)
• Jim Garrison, A Heritage of Stone (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 978-0-399-10398-8
• Jim Garrison (1991-12-01). On the Trail of the Assassins. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-36277-1. 
• James Kirkwood, American Grotesque: An Account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison-Kennedy Assassination Trial in New Orleans
• Patricia Lambert (2000-09-25). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK. M Evans & Co. ISBN 978-0-87131-920-3. 
• Gerald Posner, Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK (New York: Random House Publishers, 1993)
• Oliver Stone; Zachary Sklar, Jim Marrs (February 2000). JFK: The Book of the Film. Applause Books. ISBN 978-1-55783-127-9. 
• James Andrew Savage (2010-06-01). Jim Garrison's Bourbon Street brawl: the making of a First Amendment milestone. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. ISBN 978-1-887366-95-3. 
• Harold Weisberg, Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A. (New York: Canyon Books, 1967)
• Christine Wiltz, The Last Madam p. 145-150 ISBN 978-0-571-19954-9
• Harold Weisberg, Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A. (New York: Canyon Books, 1967)
• DeEugenio, James (1992). Destiny Betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison Case. New York: Sheridan Square Press. ISBN 1-879823-00-4.
• Davy, William (1999). Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation. Reston, VA: Jordan Pub. ISBN 0-9669716-0-4.
• Joan Mellen (2005-10-19). A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's assassination, and the case that should have changed history. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-973-4.

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jim Garrison

• JFK Online: The Jim Garrison Investigation
• JFK Online: Jim Garrison audio resources - mp3s of Garrison speaking
• Jim Garrison's Grave on Find A Grave
• Jim Garrison Interview, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967

Jonathan Miller
Jonathan Miller at the 1986 Miami Book Fair International.
Born	Jonathan Wolfe Miller (1934-07-21) 21 July 1934 (age 77) London, U.K.
Spouse	Helen Rachel Collet (1956–present)

Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller CBE (born 21 July 1934) is a British theatre and opera director, actor, author, television presenter, humorist and sculptor. Trained as a physician in the late 1950s, he first came to prominence in the early 1960s with his role in the comedy revue Beyond the Fringe with fellow writers and performers Peter Cook, Dudley Moore and Alan Bennett. Despite having seen few operas and not knowing how to read music, he began stage-directing them in the 1970s and has since become one of the world's leading opera directors with several classic productions to his credit. His best-known production is probably his 1982 "Mafia"-styled Rigoletto set in 1950s Little Italy, Manhattan. In its early days he was an associate director at the Royal National Theatre and later he ran the Old Vic Theatre. He has also become a well-known television personality and familiar public intellectual in Britain and the United States of America.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Miller grew up in St John's Wood, London, in a well-connected Jewish family. His father Emanuel (1892–1970), who suffered from severe rheumatoid arthritis, was a military psychiatrist, and subsequently a paediatric psychiatrist in Harley House. His mother Betty Miller (née Spiro) was a novelist and biographer. Miller's sister Sarah (died 2006) worked in television for many years and retained an involvement with Judaism that he, an atheist, has always eschewed. He was educated at St Paul's School, London^[1] where he developed an early (and ultimately lifelong) interest in the biological sciences. Miller studied natural sciences and medicine at St John's College, Cambridge (MB BCh, 1959), where he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, before going on to University College London. While studying medicine, Miller was involved in the Cambridge Footlights, appearing in the revues Out of the Blue (1954) and Between the Lines (1955). Good reviews for these shows, and for Miller's performances in particular, led to him performing on a number of radio and TV shows while continuing his studies; these included appearances on Saturday Night on the Light, Tonight and Sunday Night at the London Palladium. He qualified as a medical doctor in 1959 and then worked as a hospital house officer for two years, including at the Central Middlesex Hospital as house physician for gastroenterologist Dr.(later Sir) Frances Avery Jones.

[edit] 1960s: Beyond the Fringe

In 1960, Miller helped to write and produce a musical revue, Beyond the Fringe, at the Edinburgh Festival. This launched, in addition to his own, the careers of Alan Bennett, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore. Miller quit the show shortly after its move from London to Broadway in 1962, and took over as editor and presenter of the BBC's flagship arts programme Monitor in 1965. All these appointments were unsolicited invitations, the Monitor appointment arose because Miller had approached Huw Wheldon about taking up a place on the BBC's director training course, in which Miller was assured that he would "pick it up as he went along".^{[citation needed]} In 1966, he wrote, produced, and directed a film adaptation of Alice in Wonderland for the BBC. In 1968 he directed Whistle and I'll Come to You starring Michael Hordern, a television adaptation of M. R. James's 1904 ghost story "Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad". By 1970, his reputation in British theatre was such that he mounted a West End production of The Merchant of Venice starring Laurence Olivier.

1970s: Medical history and opera[link]

Miller held a research fellowship in the history of medicine at University College, London from 1970 to 1973. In 1974, he also started directing and producing operas for Kent Opera and Glyndebourne, followed by a new production of The Marriage of Figaro for English National Opera in 1978. Despite only having seen a few operas and not knowing how to read music, Miller has become one of the world's leading opera directors with classic productions being Rigoletto (in 1975 and 1982) and the operetta The Mikado (in 1987).

Miller drew upon his own experiences as a physician as writer and presenter of the BBC television series The Body in Question (1979), which caused some controversy for showing the dissection of a cadaver. For a time, he was a vice president of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality.^[2]

1980s: Shakespeare and neuropsychology[link]

In 1980, Miller was persuaded to join the troubled BBC Television Shakespeare project (1978–85). He became producer (1980–82) and directed six of the plays himself, beginning with a well received Taming of the Shrew starring John Cleese. In the early 1980s, Miller was a popular and frequent guest on PBS' Dick Cavett Show.

Miller wrote and presented the BBC television series States of Mind in 1983. In 1984, he studied neuropsychology with Dr. Sandra Witelson at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada before becoming a neuropsychology research fellow at Sussex University the following year.

1990s[link]

In 1990, Miller wrote and presented a joint BBC/Canadian production entitled, "Born Talking: A Personal Inquiry into Language". The four-part series looked into the acquisition and complexities surrounding language production. Miller then wrote and presented the television series Madness (1991) and Jonathan Miller on Reflection (1998). The five-part Madness series ran on PBS in 1991. It featured a brief history of madness and interviews with psychiatric researchers, clinical psychiatrists, and patients in therapy sessions.

2000s: Atheism and return to directing[link]

In 2004, Miller wrote and presented a TV series on atheism entitled Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief (more commonly referred to as Jonathan Miller's Brief History of Disbelief) for BBC Four, exploring the roots of his own atheism and investigating the history of atheism in the world. Individual conversations, debates and discussions for the series that could not be included due to time constraints were aired in a six-part series entitled The Atheism Tapes. He also appeared on a BBC Two programme in February 2004, called What the World Thinks of God appearing from New York. The original three-part series was slated to air on Public Television in the United States, starting 4 May 2007, cosponsored by the American Ethical Union, American Humanist Association, Center for Inquiry, the HKH Foundation, and the Institute for Humanist Studies.

In 2007, Miller directed The Cherry Orchard at The Crucible, Sheffield, his first work on the British stage for ten years. He also directed Monteverdi's L'Orfeo in Manchester and Bristol, and Der Rosenkavalier in Tokyo and gave talks throughout Britain during 2007 called An Audience with Jonathan Miller in which he spoke about his life for an hour and then fielded questions from the audience. He also curated an exhibition on camouflage at the Imperial War Museum. He has appeared at the Royal Society of the Arts in London discussing humour (4 July 2007) and at the British Library on religion (3 September 2007).

In January 2009, after a break of twelve years, Miller returned to the English National Opera to direct his own production of La Bohème, notable for its 1930s setting. This same production ran at the Cincinnati Opera in July 2010, also directed by Miller.

2010s[link]

On 15 September 2010, Miller, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.^[3] In April and May 2011, Miller directed Verdi's La Traviata in Vancouver, Canada,^[4] and in February and March 2012, Mozart's Cosi fan tutte in Washington DC, USA.^[5]

Personal life[link]

Miller married Helen Rachel Collet in 1956. They have two sons and a daughter.^[6] He lives in Camden, North London.^{[citation needed]} He is 6' 4" (1.93 m) tall.^{[citation needed]}

Parodies and representations[link]

• Private Eye (which had a falling-out with Miller) occasionally lampooned him under the name 'Dr Jonathan', depicting him as a Dr Johnson-like self-important man of learning.
• The Beatles film Yellow Submarine features a parody of polymath intellectuals in general and Miller in particular: Jeremy Hilary Boob, who describes himself as an "eminent physicist, polyglot classicist, prize-winning botanist, hard-biting satirist, talented pianist, good dentist too."^[7]
• The satirical television puppet show Spitting Image portrayed Miller as an anteater (lampooning his large nose), as well as featuring a segment entitled "Talking Bollocks" (the 'A' in 'Talking' combining with the 'ollo' in "Bollocks" below to create a penis), in which he discussed, with Bernard Levin, various cultural matters in a ridiculously pretentious way.
• In the film for television Not Only But Always about the careers of Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, Jonathan Aris played Jonathan Miller as a young man; Aris reprised the role in the BBC Radio 4 play Good Evening (2008) by Roy Smiles.
• Along with the other members of Beyond the Fringe, he is portrayed in the play Pete and Dud: Come Again, by Chris Bartlett and Nick Awde.

Honours and awards[link]

• Special Tony Award (1963), with co-stars Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, "for their brilliance which has shattered all the old concepts of comedy" in the musical revue Beyond the Fringe.
• Distinguished Supporter, British Humanist Association.
• Honorary Associate, National Secular Society.
• Honorary Fellow, University College London.
• Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Art.
• Associate member, Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.
• Honorary Fellow, St John's College, Cambridge (1982).
• Honorary Fellow, Royal College of Physicians (London and Edinburgh).
• Honorary D.Phil., University of Cambridge.
• Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE; 1983).
• Nomination: Best Director Tony Award (1986), for his revival of O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night.
• Knight Bachelor (2002), for services to music and the arts.
• Nominated artist of honour at Bornholm thanks to his instruction in Rønne Theater (Opera Island Bornholm; 2003).
• Foreign Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
• President, Rationalist Association (2006–present)^[8]

Bibliography[link]

Books[link]

• Miller, Jonathan (1971). McLuhan. Fontana Modern Masters. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1971). Censorship and the Limits of Personal Freedom. Oxford University Press. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1972). Freud: The Man, His World and His Influence. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1974). The Uses of Pain (Conway memorial lecture). South Place Ethical Society. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1978). The Body in Question. Jonathan Cape. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1982). Darwin for Beginners. Writers and Readers Comic Book/2003 Pantheon Books (USA). ISBN 0-375-71458-8. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1983). The Human Body. Viking Press.  (1994 Jonathan Cape [pop-up book])
• Miller, Jonathan (1983). States of Mind. Conversations with Psychological Investigators. BBC /Random House. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1984). The Facts of Life. Jonathan Cape.  (pop-up book intended for children)
• Miller, Jonathan (1986). Subsequent Performances. Faber. 
• Miller, Jonathan & John Durrant (1989). Laughing Matters: A Serious Look at Humour. Longman. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1990). Acting in Opera. Applause Theatre & Cinema Books.  (The Applause Acting Series)
• Miller, Jonathan (1992). The Afterlife of Plays. San Diego State Univ Press.  (University Research Lecture Series No. 5)
• Miller, Jonathan (1998). Dimensional Man. Jonathan Cape. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1998). On Reflection. National Gallery Publications/Yale University Press (USA). ISBN 0-300-07713-0. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1999). Nowhere in Particular. Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 1-84000-150-X.  [collection of his photographs]

Editor[link]

• Miller, Jonathan (1968). Harvey and the Circulation of Blood: A Collection of Contemporary Documents. Jackdaw Publications. 
• Miller, Jonathan (1990). The Don Giovanni Book: Myths of Seduction and Betrayal. Faber. 

Contributor[link]

• Miller, Jonathan; Alan Bennett; Peter Cook; Dudley Moore (1963). Beyond the Fringe. A Revue. Souvenir Press/Samuel French. 
• Miller, Jonathan; Margaret Drabble; Richard Hoggart; Adrian Mitchell et al. (1969). The Permissive Society. Panther. 
• Miller, Jonathan; Alan Bennett; Peter Cook; Dudley Moore (1987). The Complete Beyond the Fringe. Methuen. ISBN 0-413-14670-7. 
• Sokol, B.J. (ed.) (1993). The undiscover'd country: New Essays on Psychoanalysis and Shakespeare. Free Association Books. ISBN 1-85343-197-4.  – Jonathan Miller: 'King Lear in Rehearsal: A Talk' and seven other essays
• Silvers, Robert B. (ed.); Jonathan Miller; Stephen Jay Gould; Daniel J Kevles; RC Lewontin; Oliver Sacks (1997). Hidden Histories of Science. Granta Books. 
• Silvers, Robert B. (ed.) (2000). Doing It : Five Performing Arts. New York Review of Books (USA). ISBN 0-940322-75-7.  Essays by Jonathan Miller Geoffrey O'Brien, Charles Rosen, Tom Stoppard and Garry Wills

Introductions and forewords[link]

• Lowell, Robert (1966). Old Glory, The: Endecott and the Red Cross; My Kinsman, Major Molineux; and Benito Cereno.  (directors note)
• Biz, Jim; et al. (1999). More Viz Crap Jokes. John Brown Publishing. ISBN 1-902212-16-9.  (introduction)
• Rothenstein, Julian (2000). The Paradox Box: Optical Illusions, Puzzling Pictures, Verbal Diversions. Redstons Press / Shambhala Publications (USA). 
• Scotson, Linda (2000). Doran: Child of Courage. Macmillan. 

Filmography[link]

Actor[link]

• Beyond the Fringe (1964), TV version.
• One Way Pendulum (1964)
• Sensitive Skin (as "Dr Cass", 2 episodes, 2005) ^[9]

Director[link]

• Alice in Wonderland (1966; BBC television drama; Also writer and producer; Provides commentary track on DVD version)
• Whistle and I'll Come to You (1968; BBC television drama).
• BBC Television Shakespeare^[10] (1978–85):
  • The Taming of the Shrew (1980), starring John Cleese.
  • Timon of Athens (1981), starring Jonathan Pryce.
  • Antony and Cleopatra (1981), starring Colin Blakely.
  • Othello (1981), starring Anthony Hopkins and Bob Hoskins.
  • Troilus and Cressida (1981) .
  • King Lear (1982), starring Michael Hordern.

Presenter-writer[link]

• Monitor (1962; also editor).
• The Zoo in Winter (1969), BBC, directed by Patrick Garland.
• The Body in Question (1979), 13 episodes.
• Equinox - Prisoner of Consciousness (1986)
• Born Talking: A Personal Inquiry into Language (1990).
• Madness (1991).
• Equinox - Moving Pictures (1991)
• Jonathan Miller's Opera Works (1997), 6 episodes.
• Jonathan Miller on Reflection (1998).
• Absolute Rubbish with Jonathan Miller (2004)
• Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief (2004).
• The Atheism Tapes (2004).

Interviewee[link]

• BBC. Great Composers of the World.  Miller appears on the Puccini and Bach DVDs of this BBC series. In the Bach episode, he discusses his affection for the famous "Erbarme Dich" aria of the St Matthew Passion.
• PBS. Vermeer: Master of Light.  Miller appears in this one-hour program on the painter.

Selected stage productions[link]

Musical revue[link]

• Beyond the Fringe (performer, writer, producer; Edinburgh Festival; 1960).
• Beyond the Fringe (performer, writer; Fortune Theatre, London; 1961-62).
• Beyond the Fringe (performer, writer; John Golden Theatre. NYC; 27 October 1962 to 30 May 1964; 667 performances).^[11]

Oratorium[link]

• St. Matthew Passion (Director; St. George's Theatre, London, February 1994) with Paul Goodwin. A dramatised production of J.S. Bach's masterpiece, recorded for BBC Television.This production was also revived at London's National Theatre in September/October 2011 with Southbank Sinfonia, conducted by Paul Goodwin.

Drama[link]

• The Old Glory (Director; American Place Theatre, 1964) starring Frank Langella, Roscoe Lee Brown, and Lester Rawlins.
• The Merchant of Venice (Director; Cambridge Theatre, 1970) starring Laurence Olivier.
• Danton's Death (Director; 1972) starring Christopher Plummer.
• Long Day's Journey Into Night (Director; Broadhurst Theatre, 28 April to 29 June 1986; 54 performances).
• King Lear (Director; Vivian Beaumont Theatre 4 March to 18 April 2004; 33 performances).
• The Cherry Orchard (Director; Crucible Theatre, 2007). Miller's return to the English stage after a ten-year absence.

Opera[link]

Over four decades, Miller has directed more than 50 operas in cities including London, New York, Florence, Milan, Berlin, Munich, Zurich, and Tokyo.

• Così fan tutte (Stage director; Kent Opera, 1974). The first of seven operas Miller directed for Kent Opera.
• Rigoletto (Stage director; 1975). Set in the 19th century.
• L'Orfeo (Stage director; Glyndebourne, 197?).
• Le nozze di Figaro (Stage director; English National Opera, 1978). A televised version was made in 1991.
• Rigoletto (Stage and video director; English National Opera, 1982). Set in 1950s Little Italy, Manhattan.
• La traviata (Stage director; Glimmerglass Opera, 1989).
• La fanciulla del West (Stage and video director; 1991).
• The Mikado (Stage and video director; English National Opera, 1987) starring Eric Idle.
• Le nozze di Figaro (Stage director and producer; Metropolitan Opera, 1998)
• Die Zauberflöte (Stage and video director; 2000).
• Tamerlano (Stage and video director; 2001).
• Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Stage and video director; 2003).
• Falstaff (Stage director; New National Theatre Tokyo, 2004).
• Jenůfa (Stage director; Glimmerglass Opera with New York City Opera in Cooperstown, New York, 29 July to 29 August 2006).
• L'Orfeo (Stage director; Manchester and Bristol productions, 2007).
• Der Rosenkavalier (Stage director; New National Theatre Tokyo, 2007).
• La traviata (Stage director; Glimmerglass Opera, 2009).
• La bohème (Stage director; Cincinnati Opera, 2010).
• Pelléas et Mélisande (Stage director; Metropolitan Opera, 2005 and 2010).
• La traviata (Director; Vancouver Opera, 2011 (scheduled)).
• Miller's most recent opera productions in England were Cosi fan Tutte and Don Pasquale at the Royal Opera House (both revived in 2012) and La Boheme and L'Elisir d'Amore at the English National Opera. His production of Rigoletto at the ENO is still being revived after 28 years and his production of The Mikado is about to return in its 25th year. He continues to direct new operas and revivals in Europe and North America.

Museum and gallery exhibitions[link]

• Miller curated an exhibition on "Reflexion" (1998) at the National Gallery and one on "Motion in Art and Photography" at the Estorik Gallery in Islington.
• Miller had three exhibitions of his own art work at Flowers East, the Boundary Gallery and at the Katz Gallery in Bond Street, London.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Books about Miller[link]

• Kate Bassett (2012 forthcoming). In Two Minds. 
• Ronald Bergan (1990). Beyond the Fringe...and Beyond: A Critical Biography of Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, Jonathan Miller, Dudley Moore. Virgin Books. ISBN 1-85227-175-2. 
• Michael Romain (Ed) (1992). A Profile of Jonathan Miller. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40953-5. 
• Humphrey Carpenter (2000). That Was Satire, That Was: Beyond the Fringe, the Establishment Club, "Private Eye" and "That Was the Week That Was". Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-575-06588-5. 
• Robert Hewison (1983). Footlights! – A Hundred Years of Cambridge Comedy. Methuen. ISBN 0-413-51150-2. 
• Roger Wilmut (1980). From Fringe to Flying Circus – Celebrating a Unique Generation of Comedy 1960–1980. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-46950-6. 

See also[link]

• National Secular Society
• Rationalist Association
• Las Meninas

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jonathan Miller

• Production details, Theatre Archive, University of Bristol
• Jonathan Miller at the Internet Broadway Database
• Jonathan Miller at the Internet Movie Database
• Can English Satire Draw Blood?
• Jonathan Miller bio. – Miller's agents
• Audio: Jonathan Miller in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum
• What the World Thinks of God
• Jonathan Miller radio series on the origin of life – "Self Made Things"
• A six-part history of Public Health in England (includes a spill-over interview series)
• Jonathan Miller's choices on "Desert Island Discs"
• Jonathan Miller's Brief History of Disbelief

Kamala Harris
Official Photo as California Attorney General
32nd Attorney General of California
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 2011
Governor	Jerry Brown
Preceded by	Jerry Brown
District Attorney of San Francisco
In office January 1, 2004 – January 3, 2011
Preceded by	Terence Hallinan
Succeeded by	George Gascón
Personal details
Born	(1964-10-20) October 20, 1964 (age 47) Oakland, California, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	University of California, Hastings College of the Law Howard University
Profession	Lawyer
Website	Office of the Attorney General

Kamala Devi Harris (born October 20, 1964) is an American attorney. She is the 32nd and current Attorney General of California following the 2010 California state elections.^[1][2] Harris has worked as an author and a politician and served as District Attorney of San Francisco from 2004 to 2011. First elected in 2003, defeating incumbent district attorney Terence Hallinan, she was re-elected in 2007. Harris is the first female,^[3] African-American^[4][5] and Asian American attorney general in California as well as the first ethnic Indian American attorney general in the United States.^[6][7]

Early life and education[link]

Harris was born in Oakland, California. She is the daughter of a Tamil mother, Dr. Shyamala Gopalan—a breast cancer specialist who immigrated to the United States from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in 1960^[8]—and a Jamaican American father, Stanford University economics professor Donald Harris.^[9] She has one younger sister, Maya Harris. While the Harris sisters grew up in a household that blended Hindu and Baptist teachings,^[10] she is currently a practicing Baptist.^[11]

Harris attended Howard University in Washington, D.C.,^[12] where she was initiated into Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, and received her Juris Doctor (JD) from University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 1989.^[13]

Career[link]

Harris celebrating the 90th Anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Harris served as Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, from 1990 to 1998. She then became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the San Francisco District Attorney's Office. In 2000, San Francisco City Attorney Louise Renne recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil code enforcement matters.^[14] Recognized by The Los Angeles Daily Journal as one of the top 100 lawyers in California, Harris serves on the board of the California District Attorney's Association and is Vice President of the National District Attorneys Association.^[3]

In 2003 Harris was elected District Attorney of San Francisco by defeating two term incumbent Terence Hallinan and was reelected when she ran unopposed in 2007.^[3]

She was called a front-runner in her campaign being nominated to be California Attorney General in 2010,^[15] and on June 8, 2010, she received the Democratic nomination for California Attorney General.^[16]

In 2009, Harris wrote Smart on Crime: A Career Prosecutor's Plan to Make Us Safer.^[17] Harris looks at criminal justice from an economic perspective, attempting to reduce temptation and access for criminals.^[18] The book goes through a series of "myths" surrounding the criminal justice system, and presents proposals to reduce and prevent crime.^[18]

She has been outspoken on the need for innovation in public safety, particularly with respect to reducing the recidivism rate in San Francisco.^[19] One such program, "Back on Track" was signed into law by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as a model program for the state.^[20] Initially, there were issues with removing illegal immigrants from the program, including an incident involving Alexander Izaguirre, who was later arrested for assault.^[21] However, before the program was named a state model by Governor Schwarzenegger,^[22] it was revised to address this concern.

2010 race for California Attorney General[link]

On November 12, 2008, Harris announced her candidacy for California Attorney General. She was immediately seen as the front runner and was endorsed by such prominent Californians as Senator Dianne Feinstein and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. In the Democratic Party primary she faced Chris Kelly, former Chief Privacy Officer of Facebook; Assemblyman Alberto Torrico; Assemblyman and former military prosecutor Ted Lieu; Assemblyman Pedro Nava; Rocky Delgadillo, former City Attorney of Los Angeles; and Mike Schmier.^[23] In the June 8, 2010, primary, she was nominated with 33.6% of the vote and her closest competitors, Torrico and Kelly, had 15.6% and 15.5% respectively.^[23] In the general election, she faced Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley. On election night, November 2, 2010, Cooley prematurely declared victory, but many ballots remained uncounted. On November 24, as the count advanced, Harris was leading by more than 55,000 votes, and Cooley conceded.^[24][25] On January 3, 2011, Harris became the first woman,^[3] African-American,^[4][5] and Asian American attorney general in California and the first Indian American attorney general in the United States.^[6][7]

Endorsements[link]

In her campaign for California Attorney General, Harris has received the endorsements of United Farm Workers co-founder Dolores Huerta, United Educators of San Francisco, and the San Francisco Firefighters Local 798.^[26] She has also received the endorsement of Antonio Villaraigosa, the current Mayor of Los Angeles.^[5]

Issues[link]

Death penalty[link]

Harris is opposed to the death penalty but has said that she would review each case individually.^[27] Her position was tested in April 2004, when SFPD Officer Isaac Espinoza was murdered in the Bayview district. Harris announced that she would not seek the death penalty for the man accused of his killing. The decision evoked protests from the San Francisco Police Officers Association, Sen. Dianne Feinstein, and others. Those who supported the decision not to seek the death penalty included San Francisco Supervisors Tom Ammiano and Sophie Maxwell, in whose district the murder occurred.^[28] The jury found the convicted killer, David Hill, guilty of second-degree murder although the prosecutor, Harry Dorfman, had sought a first-degree murder conviction.^[29] The defense had argued that Hill thought Espinoza was a member of a rival gang and that the murder was not premeditated. Hill was given the maximum sentence for the conviction, life without the possibility of parole.^[29]

Harris's position against the death penalty was tested again in the case of Edwin Ramos, an illegal immigrant and alleged MS-13 gang member who was accused of murdering Tony Bologna and his sons Michael and Matthew.^[21] On September 10, 2009, Harris announced she would seek life in prison without the possibility of parole rather than the death penalty in the Ramos case.^[30]

Harris has expressed the belief that life without possibility of parole is a better, and more cost-effective, punishment.^[31] According to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, the death penalty conservatively costs $137 million per year.^[32] If the system were changed to life without possibility of parole, the annual costs would be approximately $12 million per year.^[32] Harris noted that the resulting surplus could put 1,000 more police officers into service in San Francisco alone.^[31]

Violent crimes, felons, incarceration rate, and conviction rate[link]

As San Francisco District Attorney, Harris has raised the overall felony conviction rate from 52% in 2003 to 67% in 2006, the highest in a decade, secured an 85% conviction rate for homicides, and increased convictions of drug dealers from 56% in 2003 to 74% in 2006.^[33] While these statistics represent only trial convictions, she has also closed many cases via plea bargains. When she took office, she took a special interest in clearing some of the murder caseload from the previous administration. Harris claimed that the records were less than optimal from the previous administration, and worked to get convictions on what she could. That meant that out of the 73 homicide cases backlogged, 32 cases took deals for lesser charges such as manslaughter or took pleas to other crimes such as assault or burglary while the murder charges were dismissed.^[34]

However, critics argue that San Francisco sends fewer people to jail per arrest than other counties throughout the state. The San Francisco DA's incarceration rates are among the lowest in the entire state of California—fully 10 times lower than in San Diego County, for example. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, "roughly 4 of every 100 arrests result in prison terms in San Francisco, compared with 12.8 out of 100 in Alameda County, 14.4 of 100 in Sacramento County, 21 of 100 in San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, 26.6 of 100 in Fresno County, 38.7 of 100 in Los Angeles County and 41 of 100 in San Diego County." ^[35] Police also note that lenient sentencing from San Francisco judges also plays a role in this.^[35]

While officers within the SFPD have credited Harris with tightening loopholes in bail and drug programs that defendants have exploited in the past, they have also accused her of being too deliberate in her prosecution of murder suspects.^[36] Additionally, in 2009 San Francisco prosecutors won a lower percentage of their felony jury trials than their counterparts at district attorneys' offices covering the 10 largest cities in California, according to data on case outcomes compiled by officials at the San Francisco Superior Court as well as by other county courts and prosecutors. (Officials in Sacramento, the state's seventh-largest city, did not provide data.) Harris's at-trial felony conviction rate that year was 76 percent, down 12 points from the previous year. By contrast, the most recent recorded statewide average was 83 percent, according to statistics from the California Judicial Council.^[37] In a small sample, a report computed that the conviction rate for felony trials in San Francisco County in the first three months of 2010 was just 53%.^[37] San Francisco has historically had one of the lowest conviction rates in the state; the county is known for a defendant friendly jury pool.^[38][39]

Hate crimes and civil rights[link]

Harris created a special Hate Crimes Unit as San Francisco District Attorney. She focused on hate crimes against LGBT children and teens in schools. She convened a national conference to confront the "gay-transgender panic defense", which has been used to justify violent hate crimes.^[40] Harris supports same-sex marriage in California and opposed both Proposition 22 and Proposition 8.^[41]

In 2004, The National Urban League honored Harris as a "Woman of Power" and she received the Thurgood Marshall Award from the National Black Prosecutors Association in 2005. In her campaign for California Attorney General, she has received the endorsements of numerous groups, including the abortion rights EMILY's List, California Legislative Black Caucus, Asian American Action Fund, Black Women Organized for Political Action, Mexican American Bar Association, South Asians for Opportunity, and the National Women's Political Caucus.^[26]

Harris has been vocal in the immigration debate, supporting San Francisco's immigration policy of not inquiring about immigration status in the process of a criminal investigation.^[42] Harris argues that it is important that immigrants be able to talk with law enforcement without fear.^[43]

Education[link]

In interviews with Matt Lauer on The Today Show and local KGO-TV, Harris argued for treating "habitual and chronic truancy" among children in elementary school as a crime committed by the parents of truant children. She argues that there is a direct connection between habitual truancy in elementary school and crime later in life.^[44][45] She has received the endorsement of the California Federation of Teachers.^[26]

Environment[link]

During her time as San Francisco District Attorney, Harris created the Environmental Justice Unit in the San Francisco District Attorney’s Office^[46] and has prosecuted several industries and individuals for pollution, most notably U-Haul, Alameda Publishing Corporation, and the Cosco Busan oil spill. She has also advocated for strong enforcement of environmental protection laws.^[47]

Financial crimes[link]

Harris has prosecuted numerous financial crimes throughout her career, particularly those affecting elders, those involving use of high-technology, and identity theft.^[48] She has indicated that as attorney general she would crack down on predatory lending and other financial crimes.^[49]

Police department laboratory and disclosure failures[link]

San Francisco Police Department drug lab technician Deborah Madden admitted to taking amounts of cocaine from evidence samples in the police department's crime lab. The testing unit of the police department lab was shut down on March 9, 2010. Since then, hundreds of drug cases have either been dismissed or discharged due to evidentiary requirements. While Harris's office was aware of troubling issues at the police department's drug lab months before the issue became public, the entire scope of the issues did not become clear until Madden was exposed for removing drug samples.^[50] The police department later widened the investigation into their crime lab to include cases that were already prosecuted.^[51]

On May 4, 2010, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that a number of felony convictions were in jeopardy when it was revealed that the prosecuting attorneys did not disclose criminal backgrounds for relevant San Francisco police officers before testifying.^[52] On May 20, 2010, San Francisco Superior Court Judge Anne-Christine Massullo ruled that prosecutors had violated defendants' rights by failing to disclose damaging information about the police drug lab technician. The judge concluded that prosecutors had failed to fulfill their constitutional duty to tell defense attorneys about problems surrounding Deborah Madden, the now-retired technician at the heart of the cocaine-skimming scandal that led police to shut down the drug analysis section of their crime lab. Harris's office has been unable to vouch for the reliability of Madden's work and has dismissed more than 600 drug cases since the scandal became public in February. Madden testified at trials before leaving the lab in December. Under a 1963 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Brady v. Maryland, district attorneys are obligated to provide defense attorneys with information in their possession about prosecution witnesses that could be used to challenge their credibility.

Massullo wrote that top drug prosecutor Assistant District Attorney Sharon Woo's November 19 memo about Madden to Russ Giuntini, Chief Assistant District Attorney, and Jeffrey Ross, head of the criminal division, showed that prosecutors "at the highest levels of the district attorney's office knew that Madden was not a dependable witness at trial and that there were serious concerns regarding the crime lab".^[53] The failure by Harris's office "to produce information actually in its possession regarding Madden and the crime lab is a violation of the defendants' constitutional rights," Massullo wrote. The Judge said that the prosecutors had the "duty to implement some type of procedure to secure and produce information relevant to Madden's criminal history." But Massullo said her repeated requests that prosecutors explain why they did not have such procedures were met with "a level of indifference." However, Judge Massullo refused to dismiss any cases, saying that all cases must be considered individually.^[54]

On May 26, 2010, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that a San Francisco coroner's supervising toxicologist, Ann Marie Gordon, vouched for blood-test results in drunken-driving cases for two years before prosecutors told defense attorneys that a Washington state court had labeled her as a "perpetrator of fraud" while running that state's toxicology lab. San Francisco prosecutors began telling defense attorneys about Gordon's past after the Chronicle reported earlier in May 2010 that scores of police officers had criminal arrests or misconduct cases that were never called to defendants' attention before trials. Prosecutors are obligated to provide potentially exculpatory information about their witnesses to the defense under the 1963 U.S. Supreme Court ruling.^[55]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kamala Harris

• Office of the Attorney General
• Campaign website
• San Francisco District Attorney
• Kamala Harris at Project Vote Smart

v t e Attorneys General of California Kewen McDougall Hastings McConnell Stewart Wallace Williams Pixley McCullough Hamilton Love Hamilton A. Hart Marshall Johnson W. Hart Fitzgerald Ford Webb Warren Kenny Howser P. Brown Mosk Lynch Younger Deukmejian Van de Kamp Lungren Lockyer J. Brown Harris

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