Wikisource has original text related to this article: Protocol I

Protocol I is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. It reaffirms the international laws of the original Geneva Conventions of 1949, but adds clarifications and new provisions to accommodate developments in modern international warfare that have taken place since the Second World War.

As of 11 May 2011, it had been ratified by 170 countries,^[1] with the United States, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey being notable exceptions. However, the United States, Iran, and Pakistan signed it on 12 December 1977 with the intention of ratifying it. According to an appeal by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1997, a number of the articles contained in both protocols are recognized as rules of customary international law valid for all states, whether or not they have ratified them.^[2]

Summary of Provisions[link]

Protocol I is an extensive document, containing 102 articles. Following is a basic overview of the protocol.^[3] For a comprehensive listing of all provisions, consult the original text^[4] and the commentary.^[5] In general, the protocol reaffirms the provisions of the original four Geneva Conventions. However, the following additional protections are added.

• Articles 51 and 54 outlaw indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations, and destruction of food, water, and other materials needed for survival. Indiscriminate attacks include directly attacking civilian (non-military) targets, but also using technology such as biological weapons, nuclear weapons and land mines, whose scope of destruction cannot be limited.^[5] A total war that does not distinguish between civilian and military targets is considered a war crime.
• Articles 56 and 53 outlaw attacks on dams, dikes, nuclear generating stations, and places of worship. The first three are "works and installations containing dangerous forces" and may be attacked but only in ways that do not threaten to release the dangerous forces (i.e., it is permissible to attempt to capture them but not to try to destroy them).
• Articles 76 and 77, 15 and 79 provide special protections for women, children, and civilian medical personnel, and provide measures of protection for journalists.
• Article 77 forbids conscription of children under age 15 into the armed forces. It does allow, however, for persons under the age of 15 to participate voluntarily.^[5]
• Articles 43 and 44 clarify the military status of members of guerrilla forces. Combatant and prisoner of war status is granted to members of dissident forces when under the command of a central authority. Such combatants cannot conceal their allegiance; they must be recognizable as combatants while preparing for or during an attack.
• Article 35 bans weapons that "cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering," as well as means of warfare that "cause widespread, long-term, and severe damage to the natural environment."
• Article 85 states that it is a war crime to use one of the protective emblems recognized by the Geneva Conventions to deceive the opposing forces (perfidy).
• Articles 17 and 81 authorize the ICRC, national societies, or other impartial humanitarian organizations to provide assistance to the victims of war.

See also[link]

• Command responsibility
• Geneva Conventions
• List of parties to the Geneva Conventions
• First Geneva Convention of 1864, on the treatment of battlefield casualties.
• Jus in bello
• Targeted killing

References[link]

External links[link]

• Full text of Protocol I
• List of countries that have signed but not yet ratified Protocol I
• International Review of the Red Cross, 1997 – No. 320 Special issue: 20th anniversary of the 1977 Additional Protocols
• 1977 Additional Protocols – short bibliography (by ICRC)
• "New rules for victims of armed conflicts, Commentary on the two 1977 Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949", by M. Bothe, K.J.Partsch, W.A. Solf, Pub: Martinus Nijhoff The Hague/Boston/London, 1982, ISBN 90-247-2537-2
• U.S. President Ronald Reagan's message to the Senate on Protocols I & II

Lloyd Banks
Lloyd Banks on the set of the "Rider Pt. 2" video.
Background information
Also known as	The Boy Wonder, Blue Hefner, Punch Line King
Born	(1982-04-30) April 30, 1982 (age 30) New Carrollton, Maryland
Origin	South Jamaica, Queens, New York, USA
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper
Years active	1999 – present
Labels	G-Unit (2003 – present) Interscope (2003–2009) EMI[1] (2010 – present)
Associated acts	G-Unit, Tony Yayo, 50 Cent, Eminem, Obie Trice, Mobb Deep
Website	www.lloydbanks.com

Christopher Charles Lloyd (born April 30, 1982),^[2] better known by his stage name Lloyd Banks, is a Multiracial American rapper and member of the rap group G-Unit. Raised in South Jamaica, Queens, he dropped out of high school in 1998. G-Unit released two albums, Beg for Mercy in 2003 and T.O.S. (Terminate on Sight) in 2008. Banks released his first solo album The Hunger for More in 2004 with the top ten hit single "On Fire". He followed with Rotten Apple in 2006 and left Interscope Records 2009. In 2010 G-Unit signed with EMI ^[3] to distribute Banks third studio album H.F.M. 2 (Hunger for More 2), which was released on November 22, 2010.^[4]

Early life[link]

Banks was born in New Carrollton, Maryland and raised in Queens, New York City; he is of mixed Puerto Rican and African American descent.^[5] His father spent most of Lloyd's childhood in prison,^[6] leaving his mother to raise him and his two siblings.^[7] Lloyd attended August Martin High School^[8] but dropped out at age 16.^[6] For his stage name, he took his great, great-grandfather's name Banks, which was passed on by his uncles who also shared it.^[5]

Career with G-Unit (1999-present)[link]

G-Unit was founded when childhood friends Lloyd Banks, 50 Cent, and Tony Yayo decided to make a group with each other.^[6] They met Young Buck when UTP group came to New York and 50 Cent heard Young Buck rapping. After 50 Cent signed his contract with Aftermath Entertainment they took Young Buck in the group and signed him. Tony Yayo, being an older and more experienced rapper, joined 50 Cent on the Nas Promo Tour, the Cash Money Tour and the Ruff Ryders Tour. As Banks remained at home waiting for 50 and Yayo to return, he started rappin around the neighborhood to further increase his buzz on the streets. He then hooked up with neighborhood producers and made tracks for local mixtapes. Lloyd Banks has a renowned reputation on the mixtape scene. While Banks was making Mixtapes,^[9]

50 Cent was soon granted his own record label by Dr. Dre and released the album Get Rich or Die Tryin'; Lloyd Banks was featured on the song "Don't Push Me", and the remixed version of "P.I.M.P". Soon after the group had established their own record label, G-Unit Records, G-Unit released their first official group album Beg for Mercy in November 2003, which went on to be certified double platinum.^[10]

During August 2005, Lloyd Banks, Young Buck, and their entourage were traveling in a van, when the vehicle was pulled over after passing through a red light in midtown Manhattan.^[11] Officers said they discovered a loaded handgun and another weapon in the van. Prosecutors asked a judge to dismiss the charges after an investigation determined that neither Lloyd Banks nor Young Buck was in possession of the weapons. Felony gun charges against Lloyd Banks and Young Buck were dropped on November 8, 2006.^[12]

In the early morning hours of January 9, 2010, in a Kitchener, Ontario hotel, an alleged altercation took place between Banks and a concert promoter over performance fees. Banks, and three of his associates, were later charged with forcible confinement, aggravated assault and robbery, and released on $50,000 bail.^[13]

Feud with The Game[link]

The most well known feud involving Lloyd Banks is the feud between him and The Game. It started publicly after The Game left G-Unit. Lloyd Banks speculates that The Game had jealous insecurities involving the attention he received after the success of his debut album The Hunger for More and Banks winning a lyricist title.^[14]

Solo career[link]

[edit] The Hunger for More (2004-2005)

Lloyd Banks released his solo debut album The Hunger for More in June 2004. The first single was the summer smash hit "On Fire" which featured 50 Cent, however he was uncredited. Banks explained the reasoning behind the album's title:

The album was a commercial success, receiving positive reviews. It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard charts with 500,500 copies sold in the first week.^{[citation needed]} The album has since sold over 4 million copies and has been certified double platinum by the RIAA.^[16][17] During an interview, Lloyd Banks commented on his first week sales:

Two other singles were also released from The Hunger For More, "I'm So Fly" and "Karma", the latter was a hit reaching number 17 on the Hot 100, number 9 on the R&B charts and number 6 on the rap charts.

[edit] Rotten Apple (2006-2007)

The Big Withdraw was intended to be Lloyd Banks's second album. The album was leaked to the internet after Banks had a ménage à trois encounter with two women and left the CD album behind.^[18] The leaked version of the album contained 23 tracks.^[19]

During an interview, Lloyd Banks commented on the issue, he said:

It's truth to that rumor. That comes from me doing too much. I was just lost in my ways, fucked two women at one time. It's the little things you don't pay attention to. I had the CD in an actual DJ Whoo Kid mixtape cover. It was just a blank CD with just tracks. I got over 70, 80 tracks, so you can't get them all on one CD. So I might have had 14 tracks of the last two weeks or something like that. Next thing I know, [I] can't find the CD. I'm assuming it had to be from one of those situations when you got too much going on around you. Maybe I'mma just stick to one girl from now on. That's the only explanation that makes sense. Sticky fingers.^[18]

Lloyd Banks at the 2006 Monster Jam concert.

Due to the leak, Lloyd Banks began work on Rotten Apple. "Rotten Apple" is a play on New York City's nickname "The Big Apple". It was released on October 10, 2006. The album debuted at #3, selling 143,000 copies in its first week. Rotten Apple was not considered as a commercial success because his debut album sold a significantly higher number of copies in its first week. He has released three singles from Rotten Apple: "Hands Up", "The Cake", and "Help".^[20]

Departure from Interscope[link]

Banks was dropped from Interscope Records in 2009.^{[21] [22]} He is still signed to G-Unit Records, which will release his new album.^[22] Banks released a mixtape on his 27th birthday, which fell on April 30, 2009; it included the track "Officer Down" that dissed Rick Ross. Banks also released a mixtape in 2009 called V5.^[23][24]

The Hunger for More 2 and signing with EMI (2010-present)[link]

In late January 2010, it was announced that Banks would release a new song, "Beamer, Benz, or Bentley" featuring Juelz Santana, from his upcoming third studio album.^[25] "Beamer, Benz, or Bentley" charted at #49 on the Billboard Hot 100.^[26] In early June, Banks released the second single off the album The Hunger for More 2, called Any Girl and it featured R&B singer Lloyd. Later on November 2, 2010 he released the third single Start It Up featuring Swizz Beatz, Kanye West, Ryan Leslie & Fabolous. Lloyd released the fourth single off the album called, I Don't Deserve You and the song featured R&B singer Jeremih.

Lloyd Banks release info via his Twitter announcing that the title for his third album has tentatively been called 'The Hunger for More 2' and will attempt to take him back to his best work. However, the G-Unit label later stated that the title is not set in concrete and still may be altered. The title of the album was confirmed by 50 Cent as The Hunger for More 2 in an interview with MTV News.^[27] According to Banks, Interscope is trying to get him back due to the success of the single "Beamer, Benz, or Bentley",^[28] but failed when Lloyd Banks revealed that he had signed a deal with EMI.

After being dropped by Interscope Records in 2009, Lloyd Banks announced on Friday, August 13, 2010 on MTV News that EMI Label Services has signed a deal with 50 Cent’s label, G-Unit Records, in which EMI will distribute and promote releases on the G-Unit roster in North America including Lloyd Banks third album The Hunger for More 2.^[1]

Banks' had this to say about the deal,

Awards[link]

In 2004, Banks was awarded 2004's Mixtape artist of the Year at the Mixtape Awards. Lloyd Banks commented on this award in an interview with AOL Sessions:

When I won the mixtape artist of the year 2004, after that I didn’t want to get away from it because that right there is where I got my satisfaction, from the fans giving me that award. It wasn’t like an award show when you got some big fat guys in suits on the podium that never even heard my album giving me a rating or judging what I deserve... that's actually my most proudest trophy right now.^[29]

In 2005, "On Fire" was nominated for a Grammy award for Best Rap Solo Performance. In 2006, "Touch It [Remix]" was nominated for Hip-Hop Video of the Year, and won for Best Collaboration at the BET Awards. The award was shared by Banks and his collaborators, Busta Rhymes, Mary J. Blige, Rah Digga, Missy Elliott, Papoose, and DMX. In 2010 with the excitement surrounding the release of H.M.F. 2 (Hunger for More 2) and his return to Hip-Hop's spotlight Hip-Hop news website HipHopDX wrote that Banks had the "Comeback of the Year".^[30]

Discography[link]

• 2004: The Hunger for More
• 2006: Rotten Apple
• 2010: H.F.M. 2 (The Hunger for More)

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lloyd Banks

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lloyd Banks

• Official website
• G-Unit UK
• Lloyd Banks at Allmusic
• Lloyd Banks at MTV
• Lloyd Banks at the Internet Movie Database

Robert E. Beck Jr. (September 2, 1944 – May 24, 2008) was a zoologist and conservationist, who worked to save Guam's indigenous native birds from 1982 to 2003.^[1] Beck championed the fight to save Guam's native birds, such as the Mariana Crow, Rufous Fantail, Guam Flycatcher, Marianas kingfisher and the Guam Rail, known locally as ko'ko' in Chamorro, which are under the extreme threat of extinction due to the non-native brown tree snake and habitat loss.^[1] The Rufous Fantail and the Guam Flycatcher listed above are now extinct in the wild in their native Guam.^[1] However, the captive and wild populations of the Mariana Crow, Guam rail and the Micronesian kingfisher have increased, due in large part to conservation efforts by Beck.^[1]

Early life[link]

Bob Beck was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, on September 2, 1944.^[2] His parents were Robert E. Beck Sr. and Ruth Powles Beck.^[2] Beck graduated from Hagerstown High School in 1962. He obtained his bachelor's degree in education with a concentration in zoology from the University of Maryland.^[2] He completed his master's degree in zoology with an emphasis on genetics and population biology at the University of Maryland, the University of Rhode Island and the University of Tennessee.^[2] He started his career as a school teacher in the Montgomery County, Maryland, public school system.^[2]

Guamanian bird conservation[link]

Beck moved to Guam in 1974 and initially worked as a school teacher for several years.^[2] He eventually left teaching to become a zoologist with the Guam Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources.^[2]

Guam Rail

Beck was considered to be instrumental in capturing the remaining native birds on Guam, such as the Guam rail or kingfisher, whose numbers had been decimated due to the accidental introduction of the brown tree snake.^[1] Beck, a former Guamanian Department of Agriculture Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources wildlife supervisor, established captive breeding programs on Guam.^[1] For example, Beck established a stable breeding population of Guam rails, or ko'ko', in captivity and released them on the neighboring island of Rota, in the Northern Mariana Islands.^[1] Wildlife biologist Gary Wiles was quoted in the Pacific Daily News as crediting Beck for saving the species, "Bob was one of the first to begin organizing catching the birds so they could be brought into captivity, held there and bred. He started a captive population. We still have Guam rails today because of his efforts."^[1]

Beck was also a driving force for the establishment of captive breeding programs for native Guam rails in zoos throughout the United States.^[1] The Guam rail breeding program initially began at just three zoos, the Bronx Zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo and the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. .^[1] However, the program has been expanded to include seventeen zoos nationwide, including the Audubon Zoo in New Orleans^[1] and the San Diego Zoo.^[2] There are now over 120 individual Guam rails at the program's facilities on Guam and thirty-five Guam rails on the mainland United States.^[1]

Bob Beck stayed on Guam and remained involved in his programs following his retirement in 2003.^[1] He died in Tamuning, Guam, on May 24, 2008 at the age of 63.^[1][2] He was married to his wife, Patricia Rossett, from 1978 until 1992.^[2] The couple had two children, Erik R. Beck and Joanna R. Beck.^[2]

References[link]