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Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
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Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Babbs Switch fire
The Babbs Switch fire on December 24, 1924 killed thirty-six people in a one-room school house at Babbs Switch, Oklahoma, USA. Whole families died and more than half the dead were children.
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Babbs, Oklahoma
Babbs (Babbs Switch) is a small rural community in Kiowa County, Oklahoma. It was named for Edith "Babbs" Babcock. Babbs was the scene of the nationally known Babbs Switch Fire on December 24, 1924, in which 36 people died in a school fire. Many of the dead were children but several families were completely wiped out.
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Beer Hall Putsch
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Croydon Airport
Croydon Airport (ICAO: EGCR) was an airport in South London which straddled the boundary between what are now the London boroughs of Croydon and Sutton. Croydon was the first airport in the world to introduce air traffic control, in 1921. It was the main airport for London before it was replaced by Northolt Aerodrome, London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick Airport. Both the terminal building and entrance lodge are Grade II listed buildings.
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English Channel
The English Channel (, the "sleeve") is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about long and varies in width from at its widest, to only in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some .
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Fiume
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Georgia (country)
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Greece
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Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Israel
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Italy
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Kauai
Kauai or Kauai,
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Lenin Mausoleum
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Leningrad
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Lorain, Ohio
Lorain is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Black River, about 30 miles west of Cleveland.
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Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Nevada
Nevada is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union, and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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New York State
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha () is the largest city in the state of Nebraska, United States, and is the county seat of Douglas County. It is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about 20 miles (30 km) north of the mouth of the Platte River. Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. It is located 190 miles north of Kansas City, Missouri.
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Red Square
http://wn.com/Red_Square -
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Saint Petersburg
http://wn.com/Saint_Petersburg -
Seattle
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Soviet Union
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Stirling
Stirling (Gaelic: Sruighlea , Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland, and is at the heart of the wider Stirling council area. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old-town beside the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the boundary between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands, and its crossing of the Forth, the nearest to the river mouth.
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Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Utah
Utah ( or ) is a western state of the United States. It was the 45th state admitted to the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,784,572 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
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War Office
The War Office was a department of the British Government, responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1963, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence. The name "War Office" is also often given to the former home of the department, the Old War Office Building on Horse Guards Avenue, London.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
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Wyoming
Wyoming is a state in the Western United States. The western two thirds of the state is mostly covered by the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. While the tenth largest U.S. state by area, Wyoming is the least populous, with a U.S. Census estimated population of 544,270 in 2009. This is a 5.9% increase since 2000. The capital and the most populous city of Wyoming is Cheyenne.
http://wn.com/Wyoming
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Abdul Mejid II
http://wn.com/Abdul_Mejid_II -
Abioseh Nicol
http://wn.com/Abioseh_Nicol -
Adolf Hitler
http://wn.com/Adolf_Hitler -
Ahmadou Ahidjo
http://wn.com/Ahmadou_Ahidjo -
Al Balding
Allan George Balding (April 29, 1924 – July 30, 2006) was a Canadian professional golfer best known for being the first Canadian to win on the PGA Tour.
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Al Rosen
http://wn.com/Al_Rosen -
Ali Fethi Okyar
http://wn.com/Ali_Fethi_Okyar -
Allan McLeod Cormack
Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African-born American physicist who won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (along with Godfrey Hounsfield) for his work on x-ray computed tomography (CT).
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Alphons Egli
Alphons Egli (born October 8, 1924) is a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1983-1986).
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Anatole France
http://wn.com/Anatole_France -
André Breton
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Anita Linda
Anita Linda (born Alice Lake; November 23, 1924) is a two-time FAMAS award-winning and Gawad Urian award-winning Filipino film actress. A romantic lead in her youth, she later gained critical acclaim for her portrayals in maternal or elderly roles. At the age of 74, she became the oldest actress to ever win a FAMAS award, when she was named Best Supporting Actress for Ang Babae sa Bubungang Lata. In 2008, at age 83, she was named Best Actress in the 10th Cinemanila International Film Festival (Southeast Asia Film Competition) for her portrayal of the titular character in Adela.
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Anita Snellman
http://wn.com/Anita_Snellman -
Anne Braden
http://wn.com/Anne_Braden -
Annette Strauss
http://wn.com/Annette_Strauss -
Antony Hewish
Antony Hewish (born Fowey, Cornwall, 11 May 1924) is a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his work on the development of radio aperture synthesis and its role in the discovery of pulsars. (Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Hewish's graduate student, was not recognized, although she was the first to notice the stellar radio source that was later recognised as a pulsar.) He was also awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1969.
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Apache Wars
The Apache Wars were a series of colonial conflicts fought during the nineteenth century between American settlers, the United States and/or Confederate States Army against many Apache tribes in what is now the southwestern United States.
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Archibald Geikie
Sir Archibald Geikie, OM, KCB, PRS, FRSE (28 December 1835 - 10 November 1924), was a Scottish geologist and writer.
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Atal Behari Vajpayee
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Audie Murphy
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Benny Hill
Benny Hill (21 January 1924 – 20 April 1992) was an English actor and comedian, notable for his long-running television programme The Benny Hill Show.
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Benoît Mandelbrot
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Bent Fabric
Bent Fabricius-Bjerre (born December 7, 1924 in Frederiksberg, Denmark), better known internationally as Bent Fabric, is a Danish pianist and composer.
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Bernard Waber
Bernard Waber (born September 27, 1924) is an American children's author most famous for the books The House on East 88th Street (1962), Lyle, Lyle Crocodile (1965) and the subsequent books in the Lyle series.
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Bess Truman
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Betty Tucker
Elizabeth Tucker [Betty] (born January 28, 1924) is a former female pitcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 4", 123 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
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Bob Appleyard
Bob Appleyard (Robert Appleyard; born 27 June 1924, Wibsey, Bradford, Yorkshire, England) is a former England and Yorkshire cricketer.
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Bob Kurland
Robert Albert "Bob" Kurland (born December 23, 1924 in St. Louis, Missouri) was a 7-foot basketball center, who played for Henry Iba's Oklahoma A & M Aggies (now Oklahoma State Cowboys) basketball team. He was an integral part of the team's consecutive NCAA titles in 1945 and 1946.
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Brendan Byrne
Brendan Thomas Byrne (born April 1, 1924) is an American Democratic Party politician from New Jersey, who served as the 47th Governor of New Jersey, from 1974 to 1982.
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Brett Somers
Brett Somers (July 11, 1924 – September 15, 2007) was a Canadian-born American actress, singer, and comedienne. She was best known as a panelist on the 1970s game show, Match Game and for her recurring role as Blanche Madison opposite her real life husband Jack Klugman on The Odd Couple.
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Brian Bevan
Brian Eyrl Bevan (born 24 June 1924 in Bondi, New South Wales, Australia and died 3 June 1991 in Southport, Merseyside, England) was a legendary rugby league winger who scored a world record 796 tries for Warrington RLFC. He is the only player ever to have been inducted into both the Australian and British rugby league Halls of Fame.
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Buddy Hackett
Buddy Hackett (August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an American comedian and actor. In his later life, he and his wife set up the Singita Animal Sanctuary in the San Fernando Valley, California.
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Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr., (July 4, 1872 January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.
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Calvin Coolidge, Jr.
Calvin Coolidge Jr. (April 13, 1908- July 7, 1924) was the son of President Calvin Coolidge
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Carl Spitteler
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Carroll O'Connor
'''John Carroll O'Connor (August 2, 1924 – June 21, 2001) best known as Carroll O'Connor', was an American actor, producer and director whose television career spanned four decades. Known at first for playing the role of Major General Colt in the 1970 cult movie, Kelly's Heroes, he later found fame as the bigoted workingman Archie Bunker, the main character in the 1970s CBS television sitcoms All in the Family (1971 to 1979) and Archie Bunker's Place'' (1979 to 1983). O'Connor later starred in the NBC television crime drama In the Heat of the Night
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Charles Aznavour
Charles Aznavour OC, (born Shahnour Vaghenag Aznavourian, May 22, 1924, Paris) is a French-Armenian singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat. Besides being one of France's most popular and enduring singers, he is also one of the best-known singers in the world. Aznavour is known for his characteristic short figure and unique tenor voice; clear and ringing in its upper reaches, with gravelly and profound low notes. He has appeared in more than 60 movies, composed about 1,000 songs (including 150 at least in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German), and has sold well over 100 million records.
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Charles Keeping
Charles William James Keeping (22 September 1924 - 16 May 1988) was a British illustrator, children's book author and lithographer. He first came to prominence with his illustrations for Rosemary Sutcliff's historical novels for children, and he created more than twenty picture books. He won the Kate Greenaway Medal for outstanding work in children's illustration twice: for Charley, Charlotte and the Golden Canary in 1967, and for an illustrated edition of Alfred Noyes's poem The Highwayman in 1981. He illustrated The God Beneath the Sea, by Leon Garfield and Edward Blishen, which won the Carnegie Medal for children's literature in 1970. He also illustrated the complete works of Charles Dickens for the Folio Society.
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Charlie Tully
Charles Patrick "Charlie" Tully (11 July 1924 - 27 July 1971) was a famous footballer of Celtic Football Club.
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Chet Atkins
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Christine Glanville
Christine Glanville (24 October 1924 – 28 February 1999) was a British professional puppeteer and spent most of her working life on television programs produced by Gerry Anderson.
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Clement Freud
Sir Clement Raphael Freud (24 April 1924 – 15 April 2009) was an English broadcaster, writer, politician and chef.
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Consuelo Velázquez
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Daniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (;, Inoue Ken; born September 7, 1924) is an American politician who is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. A Democrat, Inouye is the chairman of the influential United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.
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Dawda Jawara
Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, GCMG (born May 16, 1924) was the first leader of The Gambia, serving first as Prime Minister from 1962 to 1970 and then as President from 1970 to 1994.
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Deke Slayton
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Dennis Brutus
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Dennis Weaver
William Dennis Weaver (June 4, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American actor, best known for his work in television, including roles on Gunsmoke, as Marshal Sam McCloud on the NBC police drama McCloud, and the 1971 TV movie Duel.
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Derek Shackleton
Derek Shackleton (August 12, 1924 – 28 September 2007) was a Hampshire and England bowler. He took over 100 wickets in 20 consecutive seasons of first-class cricket, but only played in 7 Tests for England. As of 2007, he has the seventh-highest tally of first-class wickets, and the most first-class wickets of any player who began his career after the Second World War. He holds the record for the most first-class wickets taken by any Hampshire player.
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Dixie Dean
William Ralph Dean (22 January 1907 – 1 March 1980), better known as Dixie Dean, was an English football player. Dean originally started his career with Birkenhead based Tranmere Rovers before moving on to professional team Everton, the club he had supported as a child, where he became one of the most prolific goal-scorers in English football history. Dean played the majority of his career at Everton before injuries caught up with him and he moved on to new challenges at Notts County and Ireland's Sligo Rovers. He is best known for his exploits in 1927-28 season which saw Dean score 100 goals in a season, 60 of which were in the league - a record which stands to this day.
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Don Harron
Donald H. Harron, OC, OOnt (born September 19, 1924 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian comedian, actor, director, journalist, author and composer.
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Don Knotts
Jesse Donald "Don" Knotts (July 21, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American comedic actor best known for his portrayal of Barney Fife on the 1960s television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show, a role which earned him five Emmy Awards. He also played landlord Ralph Furley on the 1970s television sitcom ''Three's Company''.
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Doris Day
Doris Day (born April 3, 1922) is an American actress and singer, and has been an outspoken animal rights activist since her retirement from show business. Day's entertainment career began in her late teens as a big band singer. In 1945 she had her first hit recording , "Sentimental Journey", and, in 1948, appeared in her first film, Romance on the High Seas. During her entertainment career, she has appeared in thirty-nine films, recorded more than six-hundred-fifty songs, received an Academy Award nomination, won a Golden Globe and a Grammy Award, and, in 1989, received the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures.
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Earl Scruggs
Earl Eugene Scruggs (born January 6, 1924) is a musician noted for perfecting and popularizing a 3-finger style (now called Scruggs style) on the 5-string banjo that is a defining characteristic of bluegrass music. Although other musicians had played in 3-finger style before him, Scruggs shot to prominence when he was hired by Bill Monroe to fill the banjo slot in the "Blue Grass Boys". Scruggs built on earlier styles to develop a truly new and readily identifiable style, involving: unprecedented smoothness, syncopation, and uninterrupted flow; a large vocabulary of unique and original licks; blues and jazz phrases, evident in backup and in solos such as "Foggy Mountain Special;" and an overall coherency and polish that other stylists lacked, which inspired imitation by newer generations of banjo pickers.
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Earl W. Bascom
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Ed Koch
Edward Irving "Ed" Koch (born December 12, 1924; ) is an American lawyer, politician, and political commentator who was a United States Congressman from 1969 to 1977, and a three-term Mayor of New York City, from 1978 to 1989. He also gained fame as a judge on the television show ''The People's Court'' from 1997 to 1999.
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Edward D. Wood, Jr.
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Edwin Hubble
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Eleonora Duse
Eleonora Duse (October 3, 1858–April 21, 1924) was an Italian actress, often known simply as Duse.
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Elfi von Dassanowsky
http://wn.com/Elfi_von_Dassanowsky -
Elizabeth Short
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Ernst Alexanderson
Ernst Frederick Werner Alexanderson (January 25, 1878 – May 14, 1975) was a Swedish-American electrical engineer, who was a pioneer in radio and television development.
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Errol Brathwaite
Errol Brathwaite (1924-2005) was a New Zealand author. He was born and grew up in Waipukurau, Hawke's Bay. He experienced the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake first-hand.
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Eva Marie Saint
Eva Marie Saint (born 4 July 1924) is an American actress who has starred in films, on Broadway, and on television in a career spanning seven decades. Saint won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in On the Waterfront (1954), and later starred in Alfred Hitchcock's classic thriller North by Northwest (1959). She received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for A Hatful of Rain (1957) and won an Emmy Award for the miniseries People Like Us (1990). Her film career also includes roles in Raintree County (1957), Because of Winn-Dixie (2005), and Superman Returns (2006).
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Ezer Weizman
(), born 15 June 1924, died 24 April 2005) was the seventh President of Israel, first elected in 1993 and re-elected in 1998. Before the presidency, Weizman was commander of the Israeli Air Force and Minister of Defense.
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Ezra Laderman
Ezra Laderman (born June 29, 1924 Brooklyn ) is an American composer of classical music.
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Ferruccio Busoni
Ferruccio (Dante Michelangelo Benvenuto) Busoni (April 1, 1866 – July 27, 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, editor, writer, piano and composition teacher, and conductor.
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Flo Sandon's
Mammola Sandon, known by the stage name of '''Flo Sandon's''' (29 June 1924 – 17 November 2006), was an Italian singer who was popular in the post-WWII years. She won the Sanremo Music Festival in 1953 with the song "Viale d'autunno".
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Frank Chance
Frank Leroy Chance (September 9, 1876 – September 15, 1924) was a Major League Baseball player at the turn of the 20th century. Performing the roles of first baseman and manager, Chance led the Chicago Cubs to four National League championships in the span of five years (1906-1910) and earned the nickname "The Peerless Leader".
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Frank Frost Abbott
Frank Frost Abbott (March 27, 1860 – July 23, 1924) was an American classical scholar. Born in Redding, Connecticut, he taught at the University of Chicago, then moved to Princeton University in 1907. He died in Montreux, Switzerland.
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Frank J. Kelley
Frank J. Kelley (born December 31, 1924), was the 50th Attorney General of the U.S. state of Michigan. His 37-year term of office, from 1961 to 1998, made him both the youngest (36 years old) and oldest (74 years old) Attorney General in the state's history, and led to his nickname as the "Eternal General". He is the longest serving state attorney general in U.S. history.
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Frank Lautenberg
Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (; born January 23, 1924) is the senior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. He is serving his fifth non-consecutive term in the Senate, first serving from 1982 to 2001 and again since 2003; he is the only current Senator to have returned to office after having retired from the Senate. He is also the oldest member of the Senate.
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Franz Kafka
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Freddie Bartholomew
Freddie Bartholomew (March 28, 1924 – January 23, 1992) was a Irish child actor, popular in 1930s Hollywood films.
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Gabriel Fauré
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Gene Stratton-Porter
Gene Stratton-Porter (August 17, 1863 – December 6, 1924) was an American author, amateur naturalist, wildlife photographer, and one of the earliest women to form a movie studio and production company. She wrote some best-selling novels and well-received columns in national magazines, such as McCalls. Her works were translated into several languages, including Braille, and Stratton-Porter was estimated to have 50 million readers around the world. She used her position and income as a well-known author to support conservation of Limberlost Swamp and other wetlands in the state of Indiana. Her novel A Girl of the Limberlost was adapted four times as a film, most recently in 1990 in a made-for-TV version.
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Geoffrey Bayldon
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Geoffrey Beene
http://wn.com/Geoffrey_Beene -
George Gershwin
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George Guest
Dr George Howell Guest, CBE (9 February 1924 - 20 November 2002) was organist and choirmaster of the Choir of St John's College, Cambridge, for four decades. He was a highly influential teacher, numbering many cathedral organists among his former students. He was at the forefront of the adoption of a more continental tone in English cathedral choirs.
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George Mallory
George Herbert Leigh Mallory (18 June 1886 – 8/9 June 1924) was an English mountaineer who took part in the first three British expeditions to Mount Everest in the early 1920s.
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George Mikan
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Georges Charpak
Georges Charpak (March 8, 1924 – September 29, 2010) was a French physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992.
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Gershwin
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Giacomo Matteotti
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Giacomo Puccini
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Gil Hodges
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Gloria Vanderbilt
Gloria Laura Morgan Vanderbilt (born February 20, 1924) is an American artist, actress, heiress, and socialite most noted as an early developer of designer blue jeans. She is a member of the prominent Vanderbilt family of New York and mother of CNN's Anderson Cooper.
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Gopinath Saha
Gopinath Saha was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter who attempted to assassinate Charles Tegart, the then head of the Detective Department of Calcutta Police. On 12 January 1924 Saha attempted to kill Tegart, but erroneously killed Ernest Day, a White civilian who had come there on official business. Saha was arrested and executed by the government.
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Gottlieb Daimler
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Gregoire Kayibanda
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Hank Stram
Henry Louis "Hank" Stram (; January 3, 1923–July 4, 2005), was an American college and Professional Football coach. He is best known for his fifteen-year tenure with the American Football League's Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs and the Chiefs of the NFL. Stram won three AFL Championships (more than any other coach in the league's history) and Super Bowl IV with the Chiefs. He also coached the most victories (87), had the most post-season appearances (6) and the best post-season record in the AFL (5–1). Stram is largely responsible for the introduction of Gatorade to the NFL due to his close association with Ray Graves, coach at the University of Florida during Gatorade's development and infancy. Hank Stram never had an offensive coordinator, defensive coordinator, or special teams coach during his legendary career with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs.
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Harlon Block
http://wn.com/Harlon_Block -
Harry S. Truman
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Henry Bacon
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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Henry Hyde
Henry John Hyde (April 18, 1924 – November 29, 2007), an American politician, was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 2007, representing the 6th District of Illinois, an area of Chicago's northwestern suburbs which included O'Hare International Airport. He chaired the Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 2001, and the House International Relations Committee from 2001 to 2007.
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Henry Mancini
Henry Mancini (April 16, 1924 – June 14, 1994) was an American composer, conductor and arranger, best remembered for his film and television scores. He won a record number of Grammy Awards (20), including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award posthumously in 1995. His best-known works include the jazz-idiom theme to The Pink Panther film series ("The Pink Panther Theme"), the Peter Gunn Theme from the television series, and back-to-back Academy Awards for the songs "Moon River" from the Blake Edwards film ''Breakfast at Tiffany's and "Days of Wine and Roses" from the 1962 film Days of Wine and Roses''.
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Herk Harvey
Harold Arnold "Herk" Harvey (June 3, 1924 – April 3, 1996) was an American film director, actor, and film producer.
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Hermann Buhl
Hermann Buhl (September 21, 1924 – June 27, 1957) is considered one of the best post-World War II Austrian climbers and one of the best climbers of all time. He was particularly innovative in applying alpine style to Himalayan climbing. His accomplishments include:
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Holger Juul Hansen
Holger Juul Hansen (born 14 August 1924 in Nyborg) is a Danish actor.
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Inez Voyce
Inez Ferne Voyce [Lefty] (born August 16, 1924) is a former first basewoman who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 6", 148 lb., she batted and threw left-handed.
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Ira Gershwin
http://wn.com/Ira_Gershwin -
Isabella Ford
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İsmet İnönü
http://wn.com/İsmet_İnönü -
J. Edgar Hoover
John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972. Hoover is credited with building the FBI into a large and efficient crime-fighting agency, and with instituting a number of modern innovations to police technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories.
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Jamal Abro
Jamaluddin Abro, (), () also known as Jamal Abro (2 May 1924 - 30 June 2004, Larkana, Pakistan) was a Sindhi writer. He was born in May 1924 at Sangi, a small village in Mehar Taluka, then part of Dadu District.
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James W. Black
Sir James Whyte Black, OM, FRS, FRSE, FRCP (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010) was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. He spent his career both as researcher and as an academic at several universities. Black established the physiology department at the University of Glasgow, where he became interested in the effects of adrenaline on the human heart. He went to work for ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958 and, while there, developed propranolol, a beta blocker used for the treatment of heart disease. Black was also responsible for the development of cimetidine, a drug used in a similar manner to treat stomach ulcers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988 for work leading to the development of propranolol and cimetidine.
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Janet Waldo
Janet Waldo (born February 4, 1924, though several sources state 1918, in Yakima, Washington, though several sources state Grandview) is an American actress and voice artist with a career encompassing radio, television, animation and live-action films. She is best known in animation for voicing Judy Jetson, Penelope Pitstop, and Josie McCoy in Josie and the Pussycats. She was equally famed for radio's Meet Corliss Archer, a title role with which she was so identified that she was drawn into the comic book adaptation.
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Jeanette Schmid
Jeanette Schmid (6 November 1924 - 9 March 2005) was a professional transsexual whistler.
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Jew
http://wn.com/Jew -
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Carter -
Joan Aiken
http://wn.com/Joan_Aiken -
Joanne Winter
Joanne Emily Winter [Jo] (November 24, 1924 - September 22, 1996) was a female pitcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 8", 138 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
http://wn.com/Joanne_Winter -
John Edward Bruce
http://wn.com/John_Edward_Bruce -
John Marden
Dr. John Marden B.A., LL.D (9 April 1855 – 29 October 1924) was an Australian Headmaster, pioneer of women's education, and Presbyterian elder.
http://wn.com/John_Marden -
John Nelder
http://wn.com/John_Nelder -
John W. Davis
John William Davis (April 13, 1873 – March 24, 1955) was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served as a United States Representative from West Virginia (1911–1913), then as Solicitor General of the United States and U.S. Ambassador to the UK under President Woodrow Wilson. Over a 60-year legal career, he argued 140 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court.
http://wn.com/John_W_Davis -
Johnny Gilbert
Johnny Gilbert (born John L. Gilbert, III on July 13, 1924; Newport News, Virginia), is an American television personality who has worked primarily on game shows. Originally a game show host, he has become known primarily as an announcer for several titles dating back to the 1950s. Since 1984, he has been the announcer of the quiz show Jeopardy!.
http://wn.com/Johnny_Gilbert -
Joseph Conrad
http://wn.com/Joseph_Conrad -
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
José Arraño Acevedo
http://wn.com/José_Arraño_Acevedo -
Joyce Randolph
Joyce Randolph (born October 21, 1924) is an American actress, best known for playing Trixie Norton on The Honeymooners.
http://wn.com/Joyce_Randolph -
Juan Ponce Enrile
Juan "Manong/Manong Johnny/Johnny" Ponce Enrile (born February 14, 1924) is a political figure in the Philippines. Originally a protege of late dictator Ferdinand Marcos he later became one of the leaders (along with then General Fidel V. Ramos) in the 1986 People Power Movement that drove President Ferdinand Marcos from power. Enrile has been the President of the Senate of the Philippines since November 2008.
http://wn.com/Juan_Ponce_Enrile -
June Callwood
June Rose Callwood, CC, O.Ont. (June 2, 1924 – April 14, 2007) was a Canadian journalist, author and social activist. She was born in Chatham, Ontario and grew up in nearby Belle River.
http://wn.com/June_Callwood -
János Starker
http://wn.com/János_Starker -
Karl Benz
http://wn.com/Karl_Benz -
Katy Jurado
http://wn.com/Katy_Jurado -
Kazimieras Būga
http://wn.com/Kazimieras_Būga -
Kemal Atatürk
http://wn.com/Kemal_Atatürk -
Kenneth Kaunda
Kenneth David Kaunda, affectionately known as KK (born April 28, 1924) served as the first President of Zambia, from 1964 to 1991.
http://wn.com/Kenneth_Kaunda -
Kenneth Kendall
http://wn.com/Kenneth_Kendall -
Kenneth O'Donnell
'''Kenneth Patrick O'Donnell (March 4, 1924 - September 9, 1977), known as Kenny''', was a top aide to U.S. President John F. Kennedy and part of the group of Kennedys' close advisors called the "Irish Mafia". He served as organizer and director of Kennedy's presidential campaign schedule in 1960, as Kennedy's special assistant and appointments secretary 1961-1963, as Lyndon Johnson's Presidential Aide 1963-1965, as campaign manager for Robert Kennedy in the 1968 presidential election campaign, and as campaign manager for Hubert Humphrey after Bobby Kennedy's assassination.
http://wn.com/Kenneth_O'Donnell -
King Edward VII
http://wn.com/King_Edward_VII -
Kōbō Abe
, pseudonym of was a Japanese writer, playwright, photographer and inventor. Abe has been often compared to Franz Kafka and Alberto Moravia for his surreal, often nightmarish explorations of individuals in contemporary society and his modernist sensibilities.
http://wn.com/Kōbō_Abe -
Lauren Bacall
Lauren Bacall (born Betty Joan Perske September 16, 1924) is an American film and stage actress and model, known for her distinctive husky voice and sultry looks.
http://wn.com/Lauren_Bacall -
Lee Iacocca
Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca (born October 15, 1924) is an American businessman known for his revival of the Chrysler Corporation in the 1980s, serving as President and CEO from 1978 and additionally as chairman from 1979, until his retirement at the end of 1992. One of the most famous business people in the world, he was a passionate advocate of U.S. business exports during the 1980s. He is the author (or co-author) of several books, including (with William Novak), and Where have all the Leaders Gone?
http://wn.com/Lee_Iacocca -
Lee Marvin
Lee Marvin (February 19, 1924 – August 29, 1987) was an American film actor. Known for his gravelly voice, white hair and 6' 2" stature, Marvin at first did supporting roles, mostly villains, soldiers and other hardboiled characters, but after winning an Academy Award for Best Actor for his dual roles in Cat Ballou (1965), he landed more heroic and sympathetic leading roles.
http://wn.com/Lee_Marvin -
Leon Uris
http://wn.com/Leon_Uris -
Leslie Phillips
:See also Leslie Phillips (singer).
http://wn.com/Leslie_Phillips -
Lilian Velez
http://wn.com/Lilian_Velez -
Lillian Faralla
Lillian Faralla [Lil] (born July 29, 1924) is a former female pitcher and utility who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right-handed.
http://wn.com/Lillian_Faralla -
Lloyd Alexander
http://wn.com/Lloyd_Alexander -
Louis Delluc
Louis Delluc (October 14, 1890–March 22, 1924) was a French film director, screen writer and film critic, many of whose late 1910s film writings for French newspapers were collected in the volume Cinema et cie (1919). He is best known for his early book on Charles Chaplin (1921; translated into English in 1922).
http://wn.com/Louis_Delluc -
Louis Sullivan
http://wn.com/Louis_Sullivan -
Luigi Nono
http://wn.com/Luigi_Nono -
Makhmud Esambayev
Makhmud Alisultanovich Esambayev () (July 15, 1924 - January 7, 2000) was a Chechen actor and dancer. Makhmud was regarded as one the most famous dancers of the Soviet Union.[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0260063/bio]
http://wn.com/Makhmud_Esambayev -
Mal Whitfield
Malvin "Mal" Greston Whitfield (born October 11, 1924) is a former American athlete, a double winner of 800 m at the Olympic Games. Mal Whitfield is the father of CNN anchor Fredricka Whitfield.
http://wn.com/Mal_Whitfield -
Margaret Fulton
Margaret Isobel Fulton OAM (born 1924 in Nairn, Scotland) is a British-born Australian food and cooking 'guru', writer, journalist, author, and commentator. She was the first of this genre of writers in Australia.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Fulton -
Margaret Truman
http://wn.com/Margaret_Truman -
Margaret Wigiser
Margaret M. Wigiser [Wiggie] (born December 17, 1924) is a former female center fielder who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right-handed.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Wigiser -
Maria Koepcke
http://wn.com/Maria_Koepcke -
Mariano Álvarez
http://wn.com/Mariano_Álvarez -
Mario Soares
http://wn.com/Mario_Soares -
Mark Lenard
Mark Lenard (15 October 1924 - 22 November 1996) was an American actor, primarily in television.
http://wn.com/Mark_Lenard -
Marlon Brando
http://wn.com/Marlon_Brando -
Mary Grace Canfield
Mary Grace Canfield (born September 3, 1924 in Rochester, New York) is an American actress who often played the role of a romance-starved spinster/wallflower.
http://wn.com/Mary_Grace_Canfield -
Maurice Jarre
http://wn.com/Maurice_Jarre -
Max Roach
Maxwell Lemuel Roach (January 10, 1924 – August 16, 2007) was an American jazz percussionist, drummer, and composer.
http://wn.com/Max_Roach -
Michael Barrington
Michael Barrington (London, 3 July 1924 – 5 June 1988 in London) was a British actor best known for his television work.
http://wn.com/Michael_Barrington -
Milburn G. Apt
http://wn.com/Milburn_G_Apt -
Milton Obote
http://wn.com/Milton_Obote -
Mimi Parent
Mimi Parent (September 8, 1924 - June 14, 2005), born Marie Parent in Montreal, was a Canadian surrealist artist.
http://wn.com/Mimi_Parent -
Mohammed Rafi
http://wn.com/Mohammed_Rafi -
Moturu Udayam
Moturu Udayam (b. October 13, 1924, Turumella village, Guntur district, d. March 31, 2002, Vijayawada) was an Indian politician and women's rights activist. She was the General Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Mahila Sangham for eighteen years, and then the honorary president of the organisation between 1992 and 2001. She was also Vice President of the All India Democratic Women's Association, to which the APMS is affiliated, between 1981 to 2001.
http://wn.com/Moturu_Udayam -
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq -
Nahuel Moreno
Nahuel Moreno (April 24, 1924 - January 25, 1987) (real name Hugo Miguel Bressano Capacete) was a Trotskyist leader from Argentina. Moreno was active in the Trotskyist movement from before World War II until his death.
http://wn.com/Nahuel_Moreno -
Nancy Buckingham
Nancy Jean Buckingham (born 10 August 1924) is a British writer of gothic and romance novels in collaboration with her husband, John Sawyer (4 October 1919 – 1994). They wrote novels under her maiden name Nancy Buckingham, and under the pseudonyms Christina Abbey, Erica Quest, Nancy John and Hilary London. Their last novel was released in 1992.
http://wn.com/Nancy_Buckingham -
Nellie Tayloe Ross
http://wn.com/Nellie_Tayloe_Ross -
Neville Marriner
Sir Neville Marriner (born 15 April 1924) is an English conductor and violinist.
http://wn.com/Neville_Marriner -
Niels Jannasch
Niels Windekilde Jannasch, OC (1924 - 2001) was a mariner, marine historian and the founding director of the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.
http://wn.com/Niels_Jannasch -
Nina Bocharova
Nina Antonovna Bocharova () (b. September 24, 1924 in village Suprunovka, Poltava Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a former Soviet/Ukrainian gymnast, who won five medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
http://wn.com/Nina_Bocharova -
Nina Foch
Nina Foch (April 20, 1924 - December 5, 2008) was a Dutch-born American actress and leading lady in many 1940s and 1950s films.
http://wn.com/Nina_Foch -
Noel Odell
http://wn.com/Noel_Odell -
Norman Fell
http://wn.com/Norman_Fell -
Olivier Gendebien
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Olivier_Gendebien -
Osman Lins
http://wn.com/Osman_Lins -
Ossie Davis
http://wn.com/Ossie_Davis -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Panagiotis Danglis
Panagiotis Danglis () was a Greek general of the Hellenic Army and a politician.
http://wn.com/Panagiotis_Danglis -
Pat Hingle
Martin Patterson "Pat" Hingle (July 19, 1924 – January 3, 2009) was an American actor.
http://wn.com/Pat_Hingle -
Paul Dietzel
Paul Dietzel (born September 5, 1924 in Fremont, Ohio) is a former American football player and coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head coach at Louisiana State University (1955–1961), the United States Military Academy (1962–1965), and the University of South Carolina (1966–1974), compiling a career record of 109–95–5. Dietzel's 1958 LSU team concluded an 11–0 season with a win over Clemson in the Sugar Bowl and was a consensus national champion. For his efforts that year, Dietzel was named the National Coach of the Year by both the American Football Coaches Association and the Football Writers Association of America. Dietzel also served as the athletic director at South Carolina (1966–1975) and at LSU (1978–1982).
http://wn.com/Paul_Dietzel -
Peggy Ryan
'''Margaret O'Rene "Peggy" Ryan''' (August 28, 1924; Long Beach, California – October 30, 2004; Las Vegas, Nevada) was an American dancer who starred in a series of movie musicals at Universal Studios, tapping and clowning with Donald O'Connor.
http://wn.com/Peggy_Ryan -
Pepper Paire
Lavonne Paire Davis [Pepper] (born May 29, 1924) is a former female catcher and infielder who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at 5' 4", 138 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
http://wn.com/Pepper_Paire -
Philip Stone
Philip Stone (14 April 1924 – 15 June 2003) was an English actor.
http://wn.com/Philip_Stone -
Priscilla Pointer
Priscilla Pointer (born May 18, 1924) is an American stage, film and television character actress. She began her career in the theater, including productions on Broadway. Later, Pointer moved to Hollywood to act in films and on television. She is the mother of actress Amy Irving (and former mother-in-law of Steven Spielberg).
http://wn.com/Priscilla_Pointer -
Ramsay MacDonald
http://wn.com/Ramsay_MacDonald -
Raymond Poincaré
http://wn.com/Raymond_Poincaré -
Rik Van Steenbergen
Rik Van Steenbergen (Arendonk, 9 September 1924 – Antwerp, 15 May 2003) was a Belgian racing cyclist, considered to be one of the best among the great number of successful Belgian cyclists.
http://wn.com/Rik_Van_Steenbergen -
Robert Bolt
http://wn.com/Robert_Bolt -
Robert Frank
http://wn.com/Robert_Frank -
Robert Mugabe
Robert Gabriel Mugabe (, ; born 21 February 1924) is the second and current President of Zimbabwe. One of the leaders of the liberation movement against white-minority rule, he was elected into power as the head of government since 1980, as Prime Minister from 1980 to 1987, and as the first executive head of state since 1987.
http://wn.com/Robert_Mugabe -
Robert Solow
Robert Merton Solow (born August 23, 1924) is an American economist particularly known for his work on the theory of economic growth that culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal (in 1961) and the 1987 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
http://wn.com/Robert_Solow -
Robert Webber
Robert L. Webber (October 14, 1924 - May 19, 1989) was an American actor who starred as Juror #12 in the 1957 movie 12 Angry Men.
http://wn.com/Robert_Webber -
Rod Serling
http://wn.com/Rod_Serling -
Roger Guillemin
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (born January 11, 1924 in Dijon, Bourgogne, France) received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and the Nobel prize for medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones, sharing the prize that year with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow.
http://wn.com/Roger_Guillemin -
Roland Petit
http://wn.com/Roland_Petit -
Rosamunde Pilcher
Rosamunde Pilcher OBE (maiden name Scott, born 22 September 1924) is a British author of romance novels and mainstream women's fiction. Early in her career she was also published under the pen name Jane Fraser. Pilcher retired from writing in 2000.
http://wn.com/Rosamunde_Pilcher -
Ruby Dee
Ruby Dee (born October 27, 1924) is an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, and activist, perhaps best-known for co-starring in the film A Raisin in the Sun (1961).
http://wn.com/Ruby_Dee -
Ruby Stephens
Ruby Lee Stephens [Stevie] (October 2, 1924 - March 21, 1996) was a female pitcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right-handed.
http://wn.com/Ruby_Stephens -
Rudolf Vrba
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Vrba -
Russell Johnson
:For other people with this or similar names see Russell Johnson (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Russell_Johnson -
Russell Maughan
Russell Lowell Maughan was a pioneer aviator and U.S. military pilot. His career spanned a period in which the Air Force, then part of the U.S. Army, was known as the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps; U.S. Air Service; U.S. Army Air Corps; and U.S. Army Air Forces. Maughan was born March 28, 1893 in Logan, Utah, to Peter W. Maughan and Mary Naef Maughan. He graduated from Utah State Agricultural College in June 1917.
http://wn.com/Russell_Maughan -
Sabine Baring-Gould
The Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould (28 January 1834 - 2 January 1924) was an English hagiographer, antiquarian, novelist and eclectic scholar. His bibliography lists more than 1240 separate publications, though this list continues to grow. His family home, Lew Trenchard Manor near Okehampton, Devon, has been preserved as he rebuilt it and is now a hotel. He is remembered particularly as a writer of hymns, the best-known being "Onward, Christian Soldiers" and "Now the Day Is Over". He also translated the carol "Gabriel's Message" from Basque to English.
http://wn.com/Sabine_Baring-Gould -
Samuel Gompers
Samuel Gompers (January 27, 1850 – December 13, 1924) was an English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as that organization's president from 1886 to 1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924. He promoted harmony among the different craft unions that comprised the AFL, trying to minimize jurisdictional battles. He promoted "thorough" organization and collective bargaining to secure shorter hours and higher wages, the first essential steps, he believed, to emancipating labor. He also encouraged the AFL to take political action to "elect their friends" and "defeat their enemies." During World War I, Gompers and the AFL worked with the government to avoid strikes and boost morale, while raising wage rates and expanding membership.
http://wn.com/Samuel_Gompers -
Sandy Wilson
Sandy Wilson (born 19 May 1924) is an English composer and lyricist, best known for his musical The Boy Friend (1953).
http://wn.com/Sandy_Wilson -
Sellapan Ramanathan
Sellapan Ramanathan (; born 3 July 1924) is the sixth and current President of the Republic of Singapore. Often referred to as S. R. Nathan, he was first sworn in on September 1, 1999. In 1999 and 2005 he was proclaimed president after an uncontested election(all competing candidates disqualified). In 2009, he surpassed Benjamin Sheares to become Singapore's longest serving President.
http://wn.com/Sellapan_Ramanathan -
Sidney Lumet
Sidney Lumet (, loo-MET; born June 25, 1924) is an American film director, with over 50 films to his name, including 12 Angry Men (1957), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Network (1976) and The Verdict (1982), all of which earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Director.
http://wn.com/Sidney_Lumet -
Sidney Phillips
Sidney C. Phillips, Jr. (born September 2, 1924) is a retired family practice physician from Mobile, Alabama who is most widely known to the public as one of the collaborators who provided source material and interviews for the making of Ken Burns' PBS documentary film The War and the HBO miniseries The Pacific. His recollections revolve around his time as a young man fighting in the Pacific War as a United States Marine.
http://wn.com/Sidney_Phillips -
Slim Harpo
http://wn.com/Slim_Harpo -
Speedy West
http://wn.com/Speedy_West -
Stanley K. Hathaway
Stanley Knapp Hathaway (July 19, 1924–October 4, 2005) served as 27th Governor of Wyoming from 1967—1975, and as United States Secretary of the Interior under President Gerald R. Ford.
http://wn.com/Stanley_K_Hathaway -
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose () was born 23 January 1897; and presumed to have died 18 August 1945, although this is disputed, popularly known as Netaji (literally "Respected Leader"), was one of the most prominent leaders in the Indian independence movement and a legendary figure in india today.
http://wn.com/Subhas_Chandra_Bose -
Takaaki Yoshimoto
http://wn.com/Takaaki_Yoshimoto -
Tatyana Lioznova
http://wn.com/Tatyana_Lioznova -
Taylor Mead
Taylor Mead (born December 31, 1924) is an American writer, actor, and performer. Mead appeared in several of Andy Warhol's underground films including Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of and ''Taylor Mead's Ass''.
http://wn.com/Taylor_Mead -
Ted Mallie
http://wn.com/Ted_Mallie -
Thomas H. Ince
http://wn.com/Thomas_H_Ince -
Théodore Dubois
http://wn.com/Théodore_Dubois -
Tom Landry
Thomas Wade "Tom" Landry (September 11, 1924 – February 12, 2000) was an American football player and coach. He is legendary for his successes as the coach of the Dallas Cowboys. He is ranked as one of the greatest and most innovative coaches in NFL history, creating many new formations and methods. He invented the now popular 4-3 defense, and the "flex defense" system made famous by the "Doomsday Defense" squads he created during his tenure with the Dallas Cowboys.
http://wn.com/Tom_Landry -
Tomiichi Murayama
is a retired Japanese politician who served as the 81st Prime Minister of Japan from June 30, 1994 to January 11, 1996. He was the head of the Social Democratic Party of Japan (until 1996, the Japan Socialist Party) and the first Socialist prime minister in nearly fifty years. He is most remembered today for his speech "On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end," in which he publicly apologized for Japanese atrocities during World War II.
http://wn.com/Tomiichi_Murayama -
Tony Hancock
Anthony John "Tony" Hancock (12 May 1924 – 24 June 1968) was a British actor and comedian.
http://wn.com/Tony_Hancock -
Torsten Wiesel
Torsten Nils Wiesel (born June 3, 1924) was a Swedish co-recipient with David H. Hubel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was shared with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.
http://wn.com/Torsten_Wiesel -
Truman Capote
http://wn.com/Truman_Capote -
Victor Herbert
Victor August Herbert (February 1, 1859 – May 26, 1924) was an Irish-born, German-raised American composer, cellist and conductor. Although Herbert enjoyed important careers as a cello soloist and conductor, he is best known for composing many successful operettas that premiered on Broadway from the 1890s to World War I. He was also prominent among the tin pan alley composers and was later a founder of the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). A prolific composer, Herbert produced two operas, a cantata, 43 operettas, incidental music to 10 plays, 31 compositions for orchestra, nine band compositions, nine cello compositions, five violin compositions with piano or orchestra, 22 piano compositions and numerous songs, choral compositions and orchestrations of works by other composers, among other music.
http://wn.com/Victor_Herbert -
Vincent Cronin
Vincent Cronin (born 24 May 1924 in Tredegar, Wales) is a British historical, cultural, and biographical writer. He is known for his biographies of Louis XIV, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Catherine the Great, and Napoleon, as well as for his books on the Renaissance.
http://wn.com/Vincent_Cronin -
Vladimir Lenin
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Lenin -
Wally Cox
http://wn.com/Wally_Cox -
Walter Gotell
http://wn.com/Walter_Gotell -
Walter Ris
http://wn.com/Walter_Ris -
Werner Abrolat
Werner Abrolat (15 August 1924 – 24 August 1997, Munich) was a German actor best known for his role as various characters in the West German crime-drama television series Tatort.
http://wn.com/Werner_Abrolat -
Willard Boyle
http://wn.com/Willard_Boyle -
Willem Einthoven
Willem Einthoven (Semarang, May 21, 1860 – Leiden, September 29, 1927) was a Dutch doctor and physiologist. He invented the first practical electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) in 1903 and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 for it.
http://wn.com/Willem_Einthoven -
William Rehnquist
http://wn.com/William_Rehnquist -
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
http://wn.com/Woodrow_Wilson -
Władysław Reymont
http://wn.com/Władysław_Reymont -
Zahrad
http://wn.com/Zahrad
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Soldiers Of Allah (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
(Al Asr, Quran): In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful; By (the Token of) Time (through the ages), Verily Man is in loss, Except such as have Faith, and do righteous deeds, and (join together) in the mutual teaching of Truth, and of Patience and Constancy.
http://wn.com/Soldiers_Of_Allah_1924
President Coolidge, 1st Presidential Film (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
The first presidential film with sound recording.
http://wn.com/President_Coolidge,_1st_Presidential_Film_1924
Mount Everest Mallory & Irvine 1924 Discovery Of Mallory's body
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:41
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Mount_Everest_Mallory_Irvine_1924_Discovery_Of_Mallory's_body
The Fugitive Futurist (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:09
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
This witty short proffers futuristic visions of London landmarks by way of a 'magic' camera. But while its gleeful inventor turns out to be an escapee from the local asylum, French director Gaston Quiribet may not have been entirely barking up the wrong tree with one of his trick shots - which imagines Trafalgar Square flooded by rising sea levels. Could this be a prophetic glimpse of our great capital's fate? (Simon McCallum) You can watch 1000 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge at the new BFI Mediatheque - www.bfi.org.uk
http://wn.com/The_Fugitive_Futurist_1924
Our Gang - The Sun Down Limited (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:37
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
A silent Our Gang short from 1924
http://wn.com/Our_Gang_The_Sun_Down_Limited_1924
Felix the Cat - Felix Dopes It Out - 1924
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Felix tries helping a depressed clown. DISCLAIMER: The classic black and white Felix the Cat Cartoons are under Public Domain, meaning they are out for the public to use, So it is not Violating any Copyright law when I upload them on here.
http://wn.com/Felix_the_Cat_Felix_Dopes_It_Out_1924
Snow Motor - 1924
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
the fordson snow motor built in 1924
http://wn.com/Snow_Motor_1924
Ballet mecanique (1924) Fernand Leger - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:30
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Nice video, with nice sound. Part 1, Enjoy!!!!!
http://wn.com/Ballet_mecanique_1924_Fernand_Leger_Part_1
Snow Vehicle 1924
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:10
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Snow Vehicle 1924
http://wn.com/Snow_Vehicle_1924
Haka History Behind ALL BLACK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
ever wondored what is haka dance? what is its history? why and when it started? different changes by the passage of time in haka dance? all you questions answered here in this video.
http://wn.com/Haka_History_Behind_ALL_BLACK
Friedman: Chopin "Minute Waltz" (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Duo-Art piano roll No. 6722 Waltz in D flat major, opus 64, No 1 Frederic Chopin Ignaz Friedman *Photo of Paderewski by mistake
http://wn.com/Friedman_Chopin_Minute_Waltz_1924
COMMUNIST MONGOLIA 1924-1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
In 1924, after the death of the religious leader and king Bogd Khan, a Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed with support from the Soviet Union. In 1928, Khorloogiin Choibalsan rose to power. He instituted collectivisation of livestock, the destruction of Buddhist monasteries and the Mongolia's enemies of the people persecution resulting in the murder of monks and other people. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century about 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia.[12] The Stalinist purges in Mongolia beginning in 1937, affected the Republic as it left more than 30000 people dead. Japanese imperialism became even more alarming after the invasion of neighboring Manchuria in 1931. During the Soviet-Japanese Border War of 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism. In August 1945 Mongolian forces also took part in the Soviet Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation in Inner Mongolia. The Soviet threat of seizing parts of Inner Mongolia[citation needed] induced China to recognize Outer Mongolia's independence, provided that a referendum was held. The referendum took place on October 20, 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on October 6, 1949. In January 26, 1952, Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal ...
http://wn.com/COMMUNIST_MONGOLIA_1924-1990
Ballet mecanique (1924) Fernand Leger - Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:40
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Nice video, with nice sound. Part 2, Enjoy!!!!!
http://wn.com/Ballet_mecanique_1924_Fernand_Leger_Part_2
1924 Model T Ford- Teaching me to drive the thing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
my dad takes her for a spin at first.. then watch him yell at me while i am trying to drive the 1924 Model T Ford (3.30 minute mark).. it aint easy, folks... the pedals are NOT where you think they should be....
http://wn.com/1924_Model_T_Ford_Teaching_me_to_drive_the_thing
Erik Satie: Relâche (Complete ballet) (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:00
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Erik Satie (1866-1925): Relâche, ballet instantanéiste en deux Actes: un entr'acte cinématographique, et "la queque de chien" (1924). Relâche is a 1924 ballet by Francis Picabia with music composed by Erik Satie. The title was thought to be a Dadaist practical joke, as relâche is the French word used on posters to indicate that a show is canceled, or the theater is closed. The first performance was indeed canceled, due to the illness of Jean Börlin, the principal dancer, choreographer, and artistic director of the Ballets Suédois. Picabia commissioned filmmaker René Clair to create a cinematic entr'acte to be shown during the ballet's intermission. The film, simply titled Entr'acte, consists of a scene shown before the ballet and a longer piece between the acts. The nonsensical film features Picabia, Satie, and other well known artists as actors. The score was composed by Satie. 1. Premier Acte 2. Cinéma (Entr'Acte) (start at 9'.47'') 3. Deuxiéme Acte (start at 20'.50'') Orchestre Symphonique et Lyrique de Nancy diretta da Jérome Kaltenbach. Cover image: Pablo Picasso "Dance" (1925). *** Themusic published in our channel is exclusively dedicated to divulgation purposes and not commercial. This within a program shared to study classic educational music of the 1900's (mostly Italian) which involves thousands of people around the world. If someone, for any reason, would deem that a video appearing in this channel violates the copyright, please inform us immediately before ...
http://wn.com/Erik_Satie_Relâche_Complete_ballet_1924
Sherlock Jr 1924 Buster Keaton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:44
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
bakerstreetbijou.com Watch Sherlock Holmes online free. Sherlock Holmes movies and classic television at Baker Street Bijou.
http://wn.com/Sherlock_Jr_1924_Buster_Keaton
1924 Delage 2LCV V12 Grand Prix - Pebble Beach 2012: Jay Leno's Garage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Lukas Huni walks Jay through his 1924 Delage 2LCV V12 Grand Prix, one of only two in existence! Subscribe NOW to Jay Leno's Garage: full.sc Check out the Official Jay Leno's Garage Site for more: JayLenosGarage.com Get more Jay Leno's Garage Follow Jay: Twitter.com Like Jay: Facebook.com Get more NBC: NBC YouTube: full.sc NBC Facebook: facebook.com NBC Twitter: twitter.com NBC Pinterest: pinterest.com NBC Tumblr: nbctv.tumblr.com Tonight Show host Jay Leno explores his passion for all things on wheels in this Emmy Award-winning web series. 1924 Delage 2LCV V12 Grand Prix www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/1924_Delage_2LCV_V12_Grand_Prix_Pebble_Beach_2012_Jay_Leno's_Garage
WRECK OF THE OLD 97 by Vernon Dalhart 1924
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Wreck of the Old 97 sung by Vernon Dalhart, recorded in 1924. Great old railroad song to commemorate a train wreck. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/WRECK_OF_THE_OLD_97_by_Vernon_Dalhart_1924
Ernest V. Stoneman-The Titanic 1924
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Ernest V. Stoneman-The Titanic 1924
http://wn.com/Ernest_V_Stoneman-The_Titanic_1924
Waxworks (1924) 1/9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Directed by: Paul Leni & Leo Birinski Emil Jannings - Harun al-Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad Conrad Veidt - Ivan the Terrible Werner Krauss - Jack the Ripper/Spring-heeled Jack William Dieterle - The Poet The owner of a waxworks ask a young writer to create a back story for three of the museums most popular attractions: the wax figures of an exuberant late 8th century Persian caliph, Harun al-Rashid, the tyrannical Russian Tzar Ivan the Terrible, and Victorian legend, Spring-heeled Jack (also referred to, confusingly, as Jack the Ripper in the film, although the two are not one and the same). An intriguing example of German Expressionism.
http://wn.com/Waxworks_1924_1_9
Rhapsody in Blue - Original 1924 Recording
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
The original Rhapsody in Blue recording from 1924, by George Gershwin. Watch in HD for best audio quality. Download part 1 here: www.archive.org Download part 2 here: www.archive.org
http://wn.com/Rhapsody_in_Blue_Original_1924_Recording
BJ Palmer Adjusting in 1924
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Here BJ Palmer is adjusting in 1924. This is a great video. Since the orginial video was silient, commentary has been added to the video to give history of BJ.
http://wn.com/BJ_Palmer_Adjusting_in_1924
Torquay, Devon (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Families on holiday at the popular seaside resort of Torquay. Thisextract comes from Claude Friese-Greene's 'The Open Road' - originally filmed in 1925/6 and now re-edited and digitally restored by the BFI National Archive. Britain seen in colour for the first time was heralded as a great technical advance for the cinema audience - now we can view a much improved image, but one which still stays true to the principles of the colour process. The rather haphazard journey from Land's End to John O'Groats creates a series of moving picture postcards. Look out for shots containing the component colours - red and blue-green - such as when a little girl in a red coat and hat walks among peacocks in the grounds of a castle, and three girls with red curly hair pose by the sea at Torquay. The car is a Vauxhall D-type - considered a sporty model at the time. A long-distance journey by car was a relatively new concept, with none of the amenities en route now taken for granted. The visit to a petrol station shows smoking on the forecourt: no health and safety issues back then! The travelogue ends with a series of recognisable London landmarks. Much remains the same - one major exception being the volume of traffic on the roads. (Jan Faull) For more information about 'The Open Road' see www.bfi.org.uk To buy the DVD click here -- www.bfi.org.uk/filmstore
http://wn.com/Torquay,_Devon_1924
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Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
26 Oct 2012
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France24
Early voting kicked off in the hotly contested swing state of Florida this weekend. France24.com checked in at a local polling station to see who showed up, how people voted, and why. By Jon FROSCH (text) With the race between US President Barack Obama and Republican Mitt Romney as close as...(size: 11.5Kb)
Baseball: List of World Series winners
29 Oct 2012
MSNBC
(Reuters) - List of winners in Major League Baseball's World Series: 2012 - San Francisco Giants 4, Detroit Tigers 0 2011 - St. Louis Cardinals 4, Texas Rangers 3 2010 - San Francisco Giants 4, Texas Rangers 1 2009 - New York Yankees 4, Philadelphia Phillies 2 2008 - Philadelphia Phillies 4, Tampa...(size: 19.6Kb)
World Series 2012: Year-by-year champions
29 Oct 2012
Sporting News
World Series year-by-year champions: 2012 — San Francisco (NL) 4, Detroit (AL) 0 2011 — St. Louis (NL) 4, Texas (AL) 3 2010 — San Francisco (NL) 4, Texas (AL) 1 2009 — New York (AL) 4, Philadelphia (NL) 2 2008 — Philadelphia (NL) 4, Tampa Bay (AL) 1 2007 — Boston (AL) 4, Colorado (NL) 0...(size: 7.0Kb)
Sporting News
World Series that were decided with the final game in extra innings: 2012 — San Francisco 4, Detroit 3, 10 innings, Game 4. 1997 — Florida 3, Cleveland 2, 11 innings, Game 7. 1992 — Toronto 4, Atlanta 3, 11 innings, Game 6. 1991 — Minnesota 1, Atlanta 0, 10 innings, Game 7....(size: 2.0Kb)
World Series Extra-Inning Games
29 Oct 2012
my SA
2012 — San Francisco 4, Detroit 3, 10 innings, Game 4. 2011 — St. Louis 10, Texas 9, 11 innings, Game 6. 2005 — Chicago White Sox 7, Houston 5, 14 innings, Game 3. 2003 — Florida 4, New York Yankees 3, 12 innings, Game 4. 2001 — New York Yankees 3, Arizona 2, 12 innings, Game 5. 2001 — New York...(size: 3.6Kb)
World Series Extra-Inning Finishes
29 Oct 2012
my SA
World Series that were decided with the final game in extra innings: 2012 — San...(size: 0.6Kb)
Obama Extends Narrow Lead Over Mitt Romney: Poll
28 Oct 2012
Huffington Post
WASHINGTON, Oct 28 (Reuters) - President Barack Obama has extended his narrow lead over Republican challenger Mitt Romney among likely voters in a race that remains statistically tied nine days before the election, according to a Reuters/Ipsos tracking poll released on Sunday....(size: 9.0Kb)
When was the first live blog? 1923, it seems
28 Oct 2012
The Observer
The Guardian's 'hour by hour' coverage of the 1923 election. Click for the full version Regular readers will know how important live blogs have become for the Guardian's web news coverage. For the uninitiated, they are a text version of rolling news on everything from the Arab spring to "Plebgate"....(size: 6.4Kb)
CNN
October 28, 2012 -- Updated 1924 GMT (0324 HKT) Bayer Leverksen players celebrate at the final whistle after their 2-1 win at Bayern Munich. (CNN) -- Bayern Munich's record winning start to the Bundesliga season came to an abrupt end Sunday as they were stunned 2-1 at home by Bayer Leverkusen. Going...(size: 8.0Kb)
Huffington Post
ALEXANDRIA, VA - AUGUST 09: Virginia Gov. Bob McDonnell reads a book to students at the KinderCare Learning Center August 9, 2012 in Alexandria, Virginia. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)...(size: 13.3Kb)
CNBC
NEW YORK (Reuters) - The crown of the Statue of Liberty will reopen to the public on Sunday - the 126th anniversary of its dedication - after a year-long renovation to make the New York landmark safer and more accessible to people in wheelchairs. The $30 million renovation of the statue, which...(size: 15.8Kb)
Pats playing in historic venue
28 Oct 2012
The Providence Journal
LONDON -- The Patriots play Sunday in one of the most historic sports venues in the world. The original Wembley Stadium was formally opened by King George V in 1924, when it was called Empire Stadium. Among the most memorable events held at the old Wembley were the 1948...(size: 1.8Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. mentioned her in his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail. And there is a photograph of her standing with her husband, Carl Braden, behind King as he delivered a speech to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on Sept. 26, 1962. Still, Anne Braden, who worked...(size: 5.5Kb)
This article is about the year 1924. For the rap album, see 1924 (album).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1890s 1900s 1910s – 1920s – 1930s 1940s 1950s |
| Years: | 1921 1922 1923 – 1924 – 1925 1926 1927 |
| 1924 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1924 MCMXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2677 |
| Armenian calendar | 1373 ԹՎ ՌՅՀԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6674 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 80–81 |
| Bengali calendar | 1331 |
| Berber calendar | 2874 |
| British Regnal year | 13 Geo. 5 – 14 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2468 |
| Burmese calendar | 1286 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7432–7433 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸亥年十一月廿五日 (4560/4620-11-25) — to —
甲子年十二月初六日(4561/4621-12-6) |
| Coptic calendar | 1640–1641 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1916–1917 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5684–5685 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1980–1981 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1846–1847 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5025–5026 |
| Holocene calendar | 11924 |
| Iranian calendar | 1302–1303 |
| Islamic calendar | 1342–1343 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 13 (大正13年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4257 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 13 民國13年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2467 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1924 |
Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 10 – The British submarine L-24 sinks in the English Channel; 43 are killed.
- January 12 – Gopinath Saha shoots a man he erroneously thinks is the police commissioner of Calcutta (Charles Augustus Tegart); he is arrested soon after.
- January 21 – Following the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin immediately begins to purge his rivals to clear the way for his leadership.
- January 22 – Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister.
- January 23 – The Soviet Union officially declares that Lenin died January 21.
- January 25 – The 1924 Winter Olympics open in Chamonix, France (in the French Alps).
- January 26 – Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) is renamed Leningrad.
- January 27 – Lenin is buried in Lenin Mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square.
February[link]
- February 1 – The United Kingdom recognizes the Soviet Union.
- February 5 – GMT: A radio time signal is broadcast for the first time from the Royal Greenwich Observatory.
- February 7 – Death penalty: The first state execution using gas in the United States takes place in Nevada.
- February 12 – Rhapsody in Blue, by George Gershwin, is first performed in New York City at Aeolian Hall.
- February 14 – IBM is founded in New York State.
- February 16–February 26 – Dock strikes break out in various U.S. harbors.
- February 22 – Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House.
March[link]
- March 3 – The 1,400-year-old Islamic caliphate is abolished when Caliph Abdul Mejid II of the Ottoman Empire is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of President Kemal Atatürk.
- March 6 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey. (2nd government)
- March 8 – The Castle Gate mine disaster kills 172 coal miners in Utah, United States.
- March 9 – Italy annexes Fiume.
- March 25 – Greece proclaims itself a republic.
- March 29 – The Third Ministry of Raymond Poincaré starts in France.
April[link]
- April 1
- Adolf Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in jail for his participation in the Beer Hall Putsch (he serves only 8 months).
- The first revenue flight for Belgium's SABENA Airlines takes place.
- April 6 – Fascists win the elections in Italy with a ⅔ majority.
- April 13
- A referendum in Greece favors the formation of the Second Hellenic Republic.
- The A.E.K. is founded in Greece.
- April 16 – American media company Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM) is founded in Los Angeles, California.
- April 23 – British Empire Exhibition opens. It was the largest colonial exhibition with 58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.
- April 26 – Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his "death ray" in London but fails to convince the British War Office.
- April 27 – A group of Alawites kill some Christian nuns in Syria; French troops march against them.
- April 28 – An explosion in the mine of the Wheeling Steel Corporation in Benwood, West Virginia kills 119 men.
May[link]
- May 3 – The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in Omaha, Nebraska.
- May 4 – The 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremonies are held in Paris, France.
- May 10 – J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
- May 11 – Mercedes-Benz is formed by the merging companies owned by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz.
- May 21 – University of Chicago students Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr. murder 14-year-old Bobby Franks in a thrill killing.
- May 24 – The Immigration Act of 1924 was signed into law in the United States, including the Asian Exclusion Act.
June[link]
- June 1 – Harry Grindell Matthews returns from Paris to London; he tries to use a Pathé film to demonstrate that his death ray works.
- June 2 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.
- June 5 – Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean (to his father in Sweden).
- June 8 – George Mallory and Andrew Irvine are last seen "going strong for the top" of Mount Everest by teammate Noel Odell at 12:50 P.M. The two mountaineers are never seen alive again.
- June 10 – Fascists kidnap and kill Italian socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.
- June 12 – Rondout Heist: Six men of the Egan's Rats gang rob a mail train in Rondout, Illinois; the robbery is later found to have been an inside job.
- June 16 – Whampoa Military Academy is founded in China.
- June 23 – American airman Russell Maughan flies from New York to San Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss pursuit.
- June 28 – A tornado touches down in Lorain, Ohio and kills 78 people.
July[link]
- July 17 – Voting in federal elections becomes compulsory in Australia, after a private member's bill proposed by Tasmanian Nationalist senator Herbert Payne results in the passing of the Commonwealth Electoral (Compulsory Voting) Act 1924.
- July 20 – The Soviet sports newspaper Sovetskiy Sport is founded.
August[link]
- August 16 – The Dawes Plan is accepted.
- August 18 – France begins to withdraw its troops from Germany.
- August 28 – Georgia rises against the Soviet Union in an abortive rebellion, in which several thousands die.
September[link]
- September 9
- The Hanapepe Massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii.
- The 8-hour work day is introduced in Belgium.
- September 9–September 11 – The Kohat riots break out in India.
- September 28 – U.S. Army pilots John Harding and Erik Nelson complete the first round-the-world flight. It takes them 175 days and 74 stops before they finally returned to Seattle.
October[link]
- October 2 – The Geneva Protocol is adopted by the League of Nations Assembly as a means to strengthen the League, but later fails to be ratified.
- October 10 – The Alpha Delta Gamma Fraternity is founded at the Lake Shore Campus of Loyola University, Chicago.
- October 12–October 15 – Zeppelin LZ-126 makes a transatlantic delivery flight from Friedrichshafen, Germany, to Lakehurst, New Jersey.
- October 19 – Abdul Aziz declares himself protector of holy places in Mecca.
- October 22 – The Toastmasters Club is founded.
- October 24 – Dixie Dean scores a hat-trick for Tranmere Rovers to become the youngest ever player to score three goals for The Superwhites.
- October 25
- The British Foreign Office publishes the Zinoviev Letter.
- British authorities in India arrest Subhas Chandra Bose and jail him for the next 2½ years.
- October 27 – The Uzbek SSR joins the Soviet Union.
November[link]
- November 4
- Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is elected as the first woman governor in the United States.
- U.S. presidential election, 1924: Republican Calvin Coolidge defeats Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Robert M. LaFollette, Sr.
- November 19 – In Los Angeles, California, famous silent film director Thomas Ince ("The Father of the Western") dies, reportedly of a heart attack, in his bed (rumors soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon William Randolph Hearst).
- November 21 – Ali Fethi Okyar forms new government in Turkey. (3rd government)
- November 27 – In New York City the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held.
December[link]
- December 1
- A Soviet-backed communist coup attempt fails in Estonia.
- George Gershwin's Lady Be Good and Fascinating Rhythm (book by Guy Bolton and Fred Thompson, lyrics by Ira Gershwin) premiere in New York, NY.
- December 19 – German serial killer Fritz Haarmann is sentenced to death for a series of murders.
- December 24
- An air crash at Croydon Air Field in London kills 8.
- Albania becomes a republic.
- A flash fire at a Christmas celebration in a one-room schoolhouse in Babbs, Oklahoma kills 36 people, mostly small children.
- December 30 – Astronomer Edwin Hubble announces that Andromeda, previously believed to be a nebula, is actually another galaxy, and that the Milky Way is only one of many such galaxies in the universe.
Date unknown[link]
- International Union of Official Organizations for Tourist Propaganda.
- The powerful opiate hydromorphone is developed in Germany.
- Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo's first one-hand bareback rigging at Stirling, Alberta Canada.
- Alice Vanderbilt Morris, a wealthy heiress, founds the International Auxiliary Language Association in New York
- André Breton defines surrealism as "pure psychic automatism" in the first Surrealist Manifesto.
- U.S. bootleggers begin to use Thompson submachine guns.
- The Earth Inductor Compass is invented in New York City.
- In the United States both the Renegade Period and the Apache Wars end which brings the American Indian Wars to a close after 302 years.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (d. 2011)
- January 3 – Hank Stram, American football coach and broadcaster (d. 2005)
- January 4 – Walter Ris, American freestyle swimmer (d. 1989)
- January 6 – Earl Scruggs, American musician (d. 2012)
- January 7 – Geoffrey Bayldon, British actor
- January 8 – Ron Moody, British actor
- January 10 – Max Roach, American percussionist, drummer, and composer (d. 2007)
- January 11
- Roger Guillemin, French neuroendocrinologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Sam B. Hall, American politician (d. 1994)
- Slim Harpo, American musician (d. 1970)
- January 12 – Olivier Gendebien, Belgian race car driver (d. 1998)
- January 13 – Roland Petit, French choreographer/dancer (d. 2011)
- January 16 – Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
- January 19 – Jean-Francois Revel, French author (d. 2006)
- January 21 – Benny Hill, English comedian and singer (d. 1992)
- January 23 – Frank Lautenberg, the senior United States Senator from New Jersey
- January 25 – Speedy West, American Musician (d. 2003)
- January 26 – Annette Strauss, American philanthropist and mayor of Dallas, Texas (d. 1998)
- January 27 – Sabu, Indian actor (d. 1963)
- January 28 – Betty Tucker, American female baseball player
- January 29 – Luigi Nono, Italian composer (d. 1990)
- January 30 – Lloyd Alexander, American writer (d. 2007)
February[link]
- February 2 – Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian-born producer and musician (d. 2007)
- February 4
- Dorothy Harrell, American female professional baseball player
- Janet Waldo, American actress
- February 7 – Hattie Jacques, English actress (d. 1980)
- February 9 – George Guest, Welsh choral conductor (d. 2002)
- February 14 – Juan Ponce Enrile, Filipino politician, President of the Senate of the Philippines since 2008.
- February 17 – Margaret Truman, American novelist and only child of U.S. President Harry S. Truman and Bess Truman (d. 2008)
- February 19 – Lee Marvin, American actor (d. 1987)
- February 20
- Gerson Goldhaber, American particle physicist and astrophysicist
- Gloria Vanderbilt, American cosmetics entrepreneur
- February 21 – Robert Mugabe, first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
- February 23 – Allan McLeod Cormack, South African physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- February 26 – Noboru Takeshita, Japanese politician (d. 2000)
- February 29 – Al Rosen, American baseball player
March[link]
- March 1 – Deke Slayton, American astronaut (d. 1993)
- March 3
- John Woodnutt, British actor (d. 2006)
- Tomiichi Murayama, former Prime Minister of Japan
- March 3 – Lilian Velez, Filipino actress (d. 1948)
- March 4 – Kenneth O'Donnell, aide to U.S. President John F. Kennedy (d. 1977)
- March 7 – Kōbō Abe, Japanese novelist (d. 1993)
- March 15 – Walter Gotell, German actor (d. 1997)
- March 24 – Norman Fell, American actor (d. 1998)
- March 27
- Sarah Vaughan, American jazz singer (d. 1990)
- Herbert Zangs, German artist
- March 28 – Freddie Bartholomew, British actor (d. 1992)
- March 30 – Alan Davidson, British author (d. 2003)
April[link]
- April 1 – Brendan Byrne, Governor of New Jersey
- April 3
- Doris Day, American singer and actress
- Marlon Brando, American actor (d. 2004)
- Errol Brathwaite, New Zealand author (d. 2005)
- Josephine Pullein-Thompson, British author
- April 4 – Gil Hodges, American baseball player (d. 1972)
- April 6 – Jimmy Roberts, American singer (d. 1999)
- April 7 – Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (d. 2009)
- April 9 – Milburn G. Apt, American test pilot (d. 1956)
- April 12 – Raymond Barre, French politician and Prime Minister (d. 2007)
- April 14 – Philip Stone, English actor (d. 2003)
- April 15 – Sir Neville Marriner, English conductor and violinist
- April 16 – Henry Mancini, American composer and arranger (d. 1994)
- April 18
- Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, American blues musician (d. 2005)
- Henry Hyde, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (d. 2007)
- April 19 – Al Balding, Canadian golfer (d. 2006)
- April 20
- Leslie Phillips, English actor
- Nina Foch, Dutch-American actress (d. 2008)
- April 23 – Bobby Rosengarden, American jazz drummer (d. 2007)
- April 24
- Clement Freud, British writer, radio personality, and politician (d. 2009)
- Nahuel Moreno, Argentine Trotskyist leader (d. 1987)
- April 28 – Kenneth Kaunda, former President of Zambia
May[link]
- May 1
- Art Fleming, American television host and presenter (d. 1995)
- Gregoire Kayibanda, former President of Rwanda (d. 1976)
- May 2 – Jamal Abro, Sindhi writer (d. 2004)
- May 10 – Zahrad, Western Armenian poet (d. 2007)
- May 11 – Antony Hewish, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- May 12 – Tony Hancock, English comedian (d. 1968)
- May 16 – Dawda Jawara, former President of the Gambia
- May 18 – Priscilla Pointer, American actress
- May 19 – Sandy Wilson, British composer
- May 22 – Charles Aznavour, French singer, actor, and songwriter
- May 24
- Vincent Cronin, British historical writer and biographer
- Maria Koepcke, German ornithologist (d. 1971)
- May 29
- Lars Bo, Danish artist and writer (d. 1999)
- Lavonne [Pepper] Paire Davis, American female baseball player
June[link]
- June 1 – Dr. William Sloane Coffin, American clergyman (d. 2006)
- June 2 – June Callwood, Canadian journalist, author & social activist (d. 2007)
- June 3
- Ted Mallie, American radio and television announcer (d. 1999)
- Torsten Wiesel, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Herk Harvey, American film director (d. 1996)
- June 4 – Dennis Weaver, American actor (d. 2006)
- June 12 – George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st President of the United States
- June 14 – James W. Black, British doctor (d. 2010)
- June 15 – Ezer Weizman, 7th President of Israel (d. 2005)
- June 17 – Charlotte Armstrong, American female baseball player (d. 2008)
- June 18 – George Mikan, American basketball player (d. 2005)
- June 20
- Chet Atkins, American country guitar player and producer (d. 2001)
- Audie Murphy, American World War II hero and actor (d. 1971)
- June 24 – Brian Bevan, Australian rugby league footballer (d. 1991)
- June 25 – Sidney Lumet, American film director (d. 2011)
- June 27 – Bob Appleyard, English cricketer
- June 29
- Flo Sandon's, Italian singer (d. 2006)
- Ezra Laderman, American composer
July[link]
- July 3
- S. R. Nathan, 6th president of Singapore
- Michael Barrington, British actor (d. 1988)
- July 4 – Eva Marie Saint, American actress
- July 5
- Niels Jannasch, Canadian historian and museum curator (d. 2001)
- Osman Lins, Brazilian novelist (d. 1978)
- János Starker, Hungarian cellist
- July 11
- Brett Somers, (d. 2007)
- Charlie Tully, Northern Irish footballer (d. 1971)
- July 13
- Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor
- Johnny Gilbert, American game show announcer
- July 15 – Makhmud Esambayev,(d. 2000)
- July 19
- Stanley K. Hathaway, American politician (d. 2005)
- Pat Hingle, American actor (d. 2009)
- July 20
- Lola Albright, American actress
- Tatyana Lioznova, Soviet film director (d. 2011)
- July 21 – Don Knotts, American actor (d. 2006)
- July 28 – Anne Braden, American civil rights activist (d. 2006)
- July 29
- Robert Horton, American actor
- Lillian Faralla, American female professional baseball player
- Elizabeth Short (The Black Dahlia), American actress and murder victim (d. 1947)
August[link]
- August 1
- Georges Charpak, Ukrainian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)
- King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
- August 2
- Carroll O'Connor, American actor (d. 2001)
- James Baldwin, American author (d. 1987)
- August 3 – Leon Uris, American writer (d. 2003)
- August 7 – Kenneth Kendall, British newsreader and presenter
- August 10 – Nancy Buckingham Sawyer (Christina Abbey, Erica Quest, Nancy John, Hilary London), British romance novelist.
- August 12
- Derek Shackleton, English cricketer (d. 2007)
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (d. 1988)
- August 14 – Holger Juul Hansen, Danish actor
- August 15
- Werner Abrolat, German actor (d. 1997)
- Robert Bolt, English writer (d. 1995)
- August 16 – Inez Voyce, American female baseball player
- August 17 – Evan S. Connell, Jr., American novelist, poet, and short story-writer
- August 19 – Willard Boyle, Canadian physicist (d. 2011)
- August 23 – Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 24
- Ahmadou Ahidjo, former President of Cameroon (d. 1989)
- August 28 – Peggy Ryan, American actress (d. 2004)
- August 29 – Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005)
- August 30 – Geoffrey Beene, American fashion designer (d. 2004)
- August 31 – Buddy Hackett, American comedian and actor (d. 2003)
September[link]
- September 2
- Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya
- Sidney Phillips, Physician and WW2 marine
- September 3 – Mary Grace Canfield, American actress
- September 4
- Joan Aiken, English writer (d. 2004)
- Anita Snellman, Finnish painter (d. 2006)
- September 5 – Paul Dietzel, College football coach
- September 7 – Daniel Inouye, American politician who is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate
- September 8 – Mimi Parent, Canadian painter (d. 2005)
- September 9
- Jane Greer, American actress (d. 2001)
- Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (d. 2003)
- September 11
- Tom Landry, American football player and coach (d. 2000)
- Rudolf Vrba, escapee from Auschwitz (d. 2006)
- September 13 – Maurice Jarre, French composer (d. 2009)
- September 14 – Abioseh Nicol, Sierra Leonean diplomat and author (d. 1994)
- September 15 – Bobby Short, American entertainer (d. 2005)
- September 16 – Lauren Bacall, American actress
- September 19 – Don Harron, Canadian entertainer
- September 20 – Hermann Buhl, Austrian mountaineer (d. 1957)
- September 22
- Charles Keeping, English illustrator (d. 1988)
- Rosamunde Pilcher, English novelist
- September 23 – Heinrich Schultz, Estonian cultural functionary
- September 26 – Nina Bocharova, Soviet gymnast
- September 27 – Bernard Waber, American children's author
- September 30 – Truman Capote, American author (d. 1984)
October[link]
- October 1
- Jimmy Carter, President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 2005)
- October 2 – Ruby Stephens, American female baseball player (d. 1996)
- October 8 – Alphons Egli, member of the Swiss Federal Council
- John Nelder, British statistician
- October 10
- Margaret Fulton, Australian food writer
- Ed Wood, American filmmaker (d. 1978)
- October 11 – Mal Whitfield, American athlete
- October 13 – Moturu Udayam, Indian women's activist (d. 2002)
- October 14
- José Arraño Acevedo, Chilean historian (d. 2009)
- Robert Webber, American actor (d. 1989)
- October 15
- Mark Lenard, American actor (d. 1996)
- Lee Iacocca, American industrialist
- October 21
- Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (d. 2003)
- Joyce Randolph, American actress
- October 24 – Christine Glanville, English puppeteer (d. 1999)
- October 25 – Billy Barty, American actor (d. 2000)
- October 27 – Ruby Dee, American actress, poet, activist, journalist and second wife of Ossie Davis
November[link]
- November 1 – Suleyman Demirel, former President of Turkey
- November 6
- Jeanette Schmid, famous German whistler (d. 2005)
- Harlon Block, U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1945)
- November 9 – Robert Frank, Swiss Photographer
- November 10 – Russell Johnson, American actor
- November 11 – Evelyn Wawryshyn, Canadian professional baseball player
- November 13
- Motoo Kimura, Japanese population geneticist (d. 1994)
- Edward F. Welch, Jr., American admiral (d. 2008)
- November 19 – William Russell, British actor
- November 20 – Benoît Mandelbrot, Polish-born mathematician (d. 2010)
- November 23 – Anita Linda, Filipino actress
- November 24
- Mel Patton, American athlete
- Joanne Winter, American female professional baseball pitcher and LPGA player (d. 1996)
- November 25 – Takaaki Yoshimoto, Japanese poet, critic, and philosopher.
- November 28 – Dennis Brutus, South African poet and anti-Apartheid activist (d. 2009)
December[link]
- December 2 – Alexander M. Haig, Jr., American politician and former U.S. Secretary of State (d. 2010)
- December 3 – Francisco Sionil José, Filipino novelist, Philippine National Artist for Literature
- December 6 – Wally Cox, television and motion picture actor (d. 1973)
- December 7
- Bent Fabric, Danish pianist and composer.
- Mario Soares, former President of Portugal
- December 12
- Ed Koch, Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989
- Robert Coogan, American actor (d. 1978)
- December 13 – Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, 30th Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2011)
- December 17 – Margaret Wigiser, American female professional baseball player
- December 23 – Bob Kurland, American basketball player
- December 24 – Mohammed Rafi, Indian playback singer (d. 1980)
- December 25
- Rod Serling, American television screenwriter (d. 1975)
- Atal Behari Vajpayee, tenth Prime Minister of India
- Moktar Ould Daddah, first President of Mauritania (d. 2003)
- December 28 – Milton Obote, President of Uganda (d. 2005)
- December 31
- Taylor Mead, American actor
- Frank J. Kelley, the 50th Michigan Attorney General
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 2 – Sabine Baring-Gould, English composer and novelist (b. 1834)
- January 4 – John Peters, American 19th century baseball player (b. 1850)
- January 13 – Georg Hermann Quincke, German physicist (b. 1834)
- January 14 – Luther Emmett Holt, American pediatrician (b. 1855)
- January 16 – Licerio Gerónimo, Filipino military leader (b. 1855)
- January 21 – Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary and first Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1870)
- January 24 – Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1894)
- February 3 – Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1856)
- February 17 – Henry Bacon, American architect (b. 1866)
- March 9
- Panagiotis Danglis, Greek military leader and politician (b. 1853)
- Daniel Ridgway Knight, American artist (b. 1839)
- March 22 – Louis Delluc, French film director (b. 1890)
- March 24 – Prince Kwacho Hirotada of Japan (b. 1902)
- March 29 – Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, resident in England (b. 1852)
- April 14 – Louis Sullivan, American architect (b. 1856)
- April 21 – Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (b. 1858)
- May 4 – E. Nesbit, English author (b. 1858)
- May 15 – Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1852)
- May 26 – Victor Herbert, Irish dramatist (b. 1859)
- May 31 – Charles Stockton, American admiral (b. 1845)
- June 3 – Franz Kafka, Austrian author (The Trial) (b. 1883)
- June 9
- George Mallory, English mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. 1886)
- Andrew Irvine, English mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. 1902)
- June 11 – Théodore Dubois, French composer and teacher (b. 1837)
July–December[link]
- July 7 – Calvin Coolidge, Jr., son of U.S. President Calvin Coolidge (b. 1908)
- July 14
- Isabella Ford, English socialist, feminist, trade unionist and writer (b. 1855)
- Isabella Stewart Gardner, American art collector and philanthropist (b. 1840)
- July 23 – Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (b. 1860)
- July 27 – Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1866)
- August 3 – Joseph Conrad, Polish-born author (b. 1857)
- August 7 – Bruce Grit, ex-slave and African-American historian
- August 15 – Francis Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys, British Private Secretary to King Edward VII. (b. 1837)
- August 17 – Pavel Urysohn, Russian mathematician (b. 1898)
- August 23 – Heinrich Berté, Austrian operetta composer (. 1858)
- August 25 – Mariano Álvarez, Filipino general (b. 1818)
- August 31 – Todor Aleksandrov, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1881)
- September 6 – Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria (b. 1868)
- September 15 – Frank Chance, baseball player and manager (b. 1877)
- October 12 – Anatole France, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1844)
- October 29
- Frances Hodgson Burnett, Anglo-American writer (b. 1849)
- John Marden, Australian headmaster and pioneer of women's education (b. 1855)
- November 4 – Gabriel Fauré, French composer (b. 1845)
- November 9 – Henry Cabot Lodge, American politician (b. 1850)
- November 10 – Sir Archibald Geikie, Scottish geologist (b. 1835)
- November 19 – Thomas Ince, American film producer (b. 1882)
- November 21 – Florence Kling Harding, First Lady of the U.S. (b. 1860)
- November 29 – Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (b. 1858)
- December 2 – Kazimieras Būga, Lithuanian linguist (b. 1879)
- December 6 – Gene Stratton-Porter, American author, screenwriter and naturalist (b. 1863)
- December 13 – Samuel Gompers, American labor leader (b. 1850)
- December 29 – Carl Spitteler, Swiss writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
- December 31 – Sir Samuel William Knaggs, British civil servant (b. 1856)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Manne Siegbahn
- Chemistry – Not awarded
- Physiology or Medicine – Willem Einthoven
- Literature – Władysław Stanisław Reymont
- Peace – Not awarded
References[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the United States president. For the ship, see SS President Coolidge.
| Calvin Coolidge | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 30th President of the United States | |
| In office August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929 |
|
| Vice President | None (1923-1925) Charles G. Dawes (1925-1929) |
| Preceded by | Warren G. Harding |
| Succeeded by | Herbert Hoover |
| 29th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 |
|
| President | Warren G. Harding |
| Preceded by | Thomas R. Marshall |
| Succeeded by | Charles G. Dawes |
| 48th Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office January 2, 1919 – January 6, 1921 |
|
| Lieutenant | Channing Cox |
| Preceded by | Samuel W. McCall |
| Succeeded by | Channing H. Cox |
| 46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office January 6, 1916 – January 2, 1919 |
|
| Governor | Samuel W. McCall |
| Preceded by | Grafton D. Cushing |
| Succeeded by | Channing H. Cox |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (1872-07-04)July 4, 1872 Plymouth, Windsor County, Vermont, United States |
| Died | January 5, 1933(1933-01-05) (aged 60) Northampton, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Grace Goodhue |
| Children | John Calvin |
| Alma mater | Amherst College |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Congregationalism |
| Signature |  |
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His conduct during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little.
Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity.[1] As a Coolidge biographer put it, "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength."[2] Coolidge praised the achievement of widespread prosperity in 1928, saying: "The requirements of existence have passed beyond the standard of necessity into the region of luxury."[3] Some later criticized Coolidge as part of a general criticism of laissez-faire government.[4] His reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan Administration,[5] but the ultimate assessment of his presidency is still divided between those who approve of his reduction of the size of government programs and those who believe the federal government should be more involved in regulating and controlling the economy.[6]
Contents |
Birth and family history[link]
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr., was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4, 1872, the only U.S. President to be born on Independence Day. He was the elder of the two children of John Calvin Coolidge, Sr. (1845–1926) and Victoria Josephine Moor (1846–1885). Coolidge Senior engaged in many occupations, and ultimately enjoyed a statewide reputation as a prosperous farmer, storekeeper and public servant; he farmed, taught school, ran a local store, served in the Vermont House of Representatives and the Vermont Senate, and held various local offices including justice of the peace and tax collector.[7] Coolidge's mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer.[8] Coolidge's chronically ill mother died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when he was twelve years old. His sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge (1875–1890), died at the age of fifteen, when Coolidge was eighteen. Coolidge's father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty.
Coolidge's family had deep roots in New England. His earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown, Massachusetts.[9] Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638.[10] Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch.[11] Most of Coolidge's ancestors were farmers. Other well-known Coolidges, architect Charles Allerton Coolidge, General Charles Austin Coolidge, and diplomat Archibald Cary Coolidge among them, were descended from branches of the family that had remained in Massachusetts.[9] Coolidge's grandmother Sarah Almeda Brewer had two famous first cousins: Arthur Brown, a United States Senator, and Olympia Brown, a women's suffragist. It is through Sarah Brewer that Coolidge believed that he inherited American Indian blood, but this descent has never been established by modern genealogists.[12]
Early career and marriage[link]
Western Massachusetts lawyer[link]
Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.[13] At his father's urging, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts, after graduating to take up the practice of law. Avoiding the costly alternative of attending a law school, Coolidge followed the more common practice of the time, apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field, and reading law with them. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to the law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County. In 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer. With his savings and a small inheritance from his grandfather, Coolidge was able to open his own law office in Northampton in 1898. He practiced transactional law, believing that he served his clients best by staying out of court. As his reputation as a hard-working and diligent attorney grew, local banks and other businesses began to retain his services.[14]
Marriage and family[link]
In 1905, Coolidge met and married a fellow Vermonter, Grace Anna Goodhue, who was working as a teacher at the Clarke School for the Deaf. While Grace was watering flowers outside the school one day in 1903, she happened to look up at the open window of Robert N. Weir's boardinghouse and caught a glimpse of Calvin Coolidge shaving in front of a mirror with nothing on but long underwear and a hat.[15] After a more formal introduction sometime later, the two were quickly attracted to each other.[15] They were married on October 4, 1905, in the parlor of her parents' home in Burlington, Vermont.
They were opposites in personality: she was talkative and fun-loving, while he was quiet and serious.[16] Not long after their marriage, Coolidge handed her a bag with fifty-two pairs of socks in it, all of them full of holes. Grace's reply was "Did you marry me to darn your socks?" Without cracking a smile and with his usual seriousness, Calvin answered, "No, but I find it mighty handy."[17] They had two sons: John, born in 1906, and Calvin, Jr., born in 1908.[18] The marriage was, by most accounts, a happy one.[19] As Coolidge wrote in his Autobiography, "We thought we were made for each other. For almost a quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities, and I have rejoiced in her graces."[20]
Local political office[link]
City offices[link]
The Republican Party was dominant in New England in Coolidge's time, and he followed Hammond's and Field's example by becoming active in local politics.[21] Coolidge campaigned locally for Republican presidential candidate William McKinley in 1896, and the next year he was selected to be a member of the Republican City Committee.[22] In 1898, he won election to the City Council of Northampton, placing second in a ward where the top three candidates were elected.[22] The position offered no salary, but gave Coolidge experience in the political world.[23] In 1899, he declined renomination, running instead for City Solicitor, a position elected by the City Council. He was elected for a one-year term in 1900, and reelected in 1901.[24] This position gave Coolidge more experience as a lawyer, and paid a salary of $600.[24] In 1902, the city council selected a Democrat for city solicitor, and Coolidge returned to an exclusively private practice.[25] Soon thereafter, however, the clerk of courts for the county died, and Coolidge was chosen to replace him. The position paid well, but barred him from practicing law, so he only remained at the job for one year.[25] The next year, 1904, Coolidge met with his only defeat before the voters, losing an election to the Northampton school board. When told that some of his neighbors voted against him because he had no children in the schools he would govern, Coolidge replied "Might give me time!"[25]
State legislator and mayor[link]
In 1906 the local Republican committee nominated Coolidge for election to the state House of Representatives. He won a close victory over the incumbent Democrat, and reported to Boston for the 1907 session of the Massachusetts General Court.[26] In his freshman term, Coolidge served on minor committees and, although he usually voted with the party, was known as a Progressive Republican, voting in favor of such measures as women's suffrage and the direct election of Senators.[27] Throughout his time in Boston, Coolidge found himself allied primarily with the western Winthrop Murray Crane faction of the state Republican Party, as against the Henry Cabot Lodge-dominated eastern faction.[28] In 1907, he was elected to a second term. In the 1908 session, Coolidge was more outspoken, but was still not one of the leaders in the legislature.[29]
Instead of vying for another term in the State House, Coolidge returned home to his growing family and ran for mayor of Northampton when the incumbent Democrat retired. He was well liked in the town, and defeated his challenger by a vote of 1,597 to 1,409.[30] During his first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries and retired some of the city's debt while still managing to effect a slight tax decrease.[31] He was renominated in 1911, and defeated the same opponent by a slightly larger margin.[32]
In 1911, the State Senator for the Hampshire County area retired and encouraged Coolidge to run for his seat for the 1912 session. He defeated his Democratic opponent by a large margin.[33] At the start of that term, Coolidge was selected to be chairman of a committee to arbitrate the "Bread and Roses" strike by the workers of the American Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.[34] After two tense months, the company agreed to the workers' demands in a settlement the committee proposed.[35] The other major issue for Republicans that year was the party split between the progressive wing, which favored Theodore Roosevelt, and the conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party.[36] When the new Progressive Party declined to run a candidate in his state senate district, Coolidge won reelection against his Democratic opponent by an increased margin.[36]
The 1913 session was less eventful, and Coolidge's time was mostly spent on the railroad committee, of which he was the chairman.[37] Coolidge intended to retire after the 1913 session, as two terms were the norm, but when the President of the State Senate, Levi H. Greenwood, considered running for Lieutenant Governor, Coolidge decided to run again for the Senate in the hopes of being elected as its presiding officer.[38] Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated and Coolidge was elected, with Crane's help, as the President of a closely divided Senate.[39] After his election in January 1914, Coolidge delivered a speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts, which summarized his philosophy of government. It was later published in a book, and frequently quoted.[40]
| Do the day's work. If it be to protect the rights of the weak, whoever objects, do it. If it be to help a powerful corporation better to serve the people, whatever the opposition, do that. Expect to be called a stand-patter, but don't be a stand-patter. Expect to be called a demagogue, but don't be a demagogue. Don't hesitate to be as revolutionary as science. Don't hesitate to be as reactionary as the multiplication table. Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong. Don't hurry to legislate. Give administration a chance to catch up with legislation. |
| Have Faith in Massachusetts as delivered by Calvin Coolidge to the Massachusetts State Senate, 1914.[41] |
Coolidge's speech was well received, and he attracted some admirers on its account.[42] Towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate.[43] As the 1915 session ended, Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him again to run for lieutenant governor. This time, he accepted their advice.[44]
Lieutenant Governor[link]
Coolidge entered the primary election for lieutenant governor and was nominated to run alongside gubernatorial candidate Samuel W. McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support.[45] McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes.[46]
Coolidge's duties as lieutenant governor were few; in Massachusetts, the lieutenant governor does not preside over the state Senate, although Coolidge did become an ex officio member of the governor's cabinet.[47] As a full-time elected official, Coolidge no longer practiced law after 1916, though his family continued to live in Northampton.[48] McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 and again in 1917 (At the time, both offices were held for one-year terms). When McCall decided that he would not stand for a fourth term, Coolidge announced his intention to run for governor.[49]
Governor of Massachusetts[link]
1918 election[link]
Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1918. He and his running mate, Channing Cox, a Boston lawyer and Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, ran on the previous administration's record: fiscal conservatism, a vague opposition to Prohibition, support for women's suffrage, and support for American involvement in World War I.[50] The issue of the war proved divisive, especially among Irish- and German-Americans.[51] Coolidge was elected by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent, Richard H. Long, in the smallest margin of victory of any of his state-wide campaigns.[52]
Boston police strike[link]
Main article: Boston Police Strike
In 1919, in response to rumors that policemen of the Boston Police Department planned to form a union, Police Commissioner Edwin U. Curtis issued a statement saying that such a move would not be tolerated. In August of that year, the American Federation of Labor issued a charter to the Boston Police Union.[53] Curtis said the union's leaders were insubordinate and planned to relieve them of duty, but said that he would suspend the sentence if the union was dissolved by September 4.[54] The mayor of Boston, Andrew Peters, convinced Curtis to delay his action for a few days, but Curtis ultimately suspended the union leaders on September 8.[55]
| "Your assertion that the Commissioner was wrong cannot justify the wrong of leaving the city unguarded. That furnished the opportunity; the criminal element furnished the action. There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time. ... I am equally determined to defend the sovereignty of Massachusetts and to maintain the authority and jurisdiction over her public officers where it has been placed by the Constitution and laws of her people." (emphasis added) |
| Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge to Samuel Gompers September 14, 1919.[56] |
The following day, about three-quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike.[57] Coolidge had observed the situation throughout the conflict, but had not yet intervened. That night and the next, there was sporadic violence and rioting in the lawless city.[58] Peters, concerned about sympathy strikes, had called up some units of the Massachusetts National Guard stationed in the Boston area and relieved Curtis of duty.[59] Coolidge, furious that the mayor had called out state guard units, finally acted.[60] He called up more units of the National Guard, restored Curtis to office, and took personal control of the police force.[61] Curtis proclaimed that all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, and Coolidge called for a new police force to be recruited.[62]
That night Coolidge received a telegram from AFL leader Samuel Gompers. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order in which the right of the policemen has been denied …"[63] Coolidge publicly answered Gompers's telegram with the response that would launch him into the national consciousness (quoted, above left).[63] Newspapers across the nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became the newest hero to opponents of the strike. In the midst of the First Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the spread of communist revolution, like those that had taken place in Russia, Hungary, and Germany. While Coolidge had lost some friends among organized labor, conservatives across the nation had seen a rising star. Although he usually acted with deliberation, the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation as a man who would take decisive action.
1919 election[link]
Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919. By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had publicized his actions in the Police Strike around the state and the nation and some of Coolidge's speeches were published in book form.[40] He faced the same opponent as in 1918, Richard Long, but this time Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, more than seven times his margin of victory from a year earlier.[64] His actions in the police strike, combined with the massive electoral victory, led to suggestions that Coolidge run for President in 1920.[65]
Legislation and vetoes as governor[link]
By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, the First World War had ended, and Coolidge pushed the legislature to give a $100 bonus to Massachusetts veterans. He also signed a bill reducing the work week for women and children from fifty-four hours to forty-eight, saying, "We must humanize the industry, or the system will break down."[66] He signed into law a budget that kept the tax rates the same, while trimming four million dollars from expenditures, thus allowing the state to retire some of its debt.[67]
Coolidge also wielded the veto pen as governor. His most publicized veto was of a bill that would have increased legislators' pay by 50%.[68] Although Coolidge was personally opposed to Prohibition, he vetoed a bill in May 1920 that would have allowed the sale of beer or wine of 2.75% alcohol or less, in Massachusetts in violation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "Opinions and instructions do not outmatch the Constitution," he said in his veto message, "Against it, they are void."[69]
Vice Presidency[link]
1920 election[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1920
At the 1920 Republican National Convention most of the delegates were selected by state party conventions, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites.[70] Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses never considered him a serious candidate. After ten ballots, the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for President.[71] When the time came to select a Vice Presidential nominee, the party bosses had also made a decision on who they would nominate: Senator Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin.[72] A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for Vice President instead.[72] The suggestion caught on quickly, and Coolidge found himself unexpectedly nominated.[73]
The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, James M. Cox, for President and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, for Vice President. The question of the United States joining the League of Nations was a major issue in the campaign, as was the unfinished legacy of Progressivism.[74] Harding ran a "front-porch" campaign from his home in Marion, Ohio, but Coolidge took to the campaign trail in the Upper South, New York, and New England.[75] On November 2, 1920, Harding and Coolidge were victorious in a landslide, winning every state outside the South.[76] They also won in Tennessee, the first time a Republican ticket had won a Southern state since Reconstruction.[76]
"Silent Cal"[link]
The Vice-Presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first Vice President to do so.[77] He gave speeches around the country, but none were especially noteworthy.[78]
As Vice-President, Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of "Silent Cal" was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate. Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and was therefore commonly referred to as "Silent Cal." A possibly apocryphal story has it that Dorothy Parker, seated next to him at a dinner, said to him, "Mr. Coolidge, I've made a bet against a fellow who said it was impossible to get more than two words out of you." His famous reply: "You lose."[79] It was also Parker who, upon learning that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?"[80] Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Washington society; when asked why he continued to attend so many of their dinner parties, he replied, "Got to eat somewhere."[81] Alice Roosevelt Longworth, a leading Republican wit, underscored Coolidge's silence and his dour personality: "When he wished he were elsewhere, he pursed his lips, folded his arms, and said nothing. He looked then precisely as though he had been weaned on a pickle.[82]
As President, Coolidge's reputation as a quiet man continued. "The words of a President have an enormous weight," he would later write, "and ought not to be used indiscriminately."[83] Coolidge was aware of his stiff reputation; indeed, he cultivated it. "I think the American people want a solemn ass as a President," he once told Ethel Barrymore, "and I think I will go along with them."[84] However, he did hold a then-record number of presidential press conferences, 520 during his presidency.[85] Some historians would later suggest that Coolidge's image was created deliberately as a campaign tactic,[86] while others believe his withdrawn and quiet behavior to be natural, deepening after the death of his son in 1924.[87]
Presidency 1923–1929[link]
Succession to the Presidency[link]
On August 2, 1923, President Harding died while on a speaking tour in California.[88] Vice-President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death.[89] Coolidge dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled.[89] His father, a notary public, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 am on August 3, 1923; Coolidge then went back to bed. He returned to Washington the next day, and was re-sworn in by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, as there was some confusion over whether a state notary public had the authority to administer the presidential oath.[90][91]
Finishing Harding's term[link]
The nation did not know what to make of its new President; Coolidge had not stood out in the Harding administration and many had expected him to be replaced on the ballot in 1924.[92] He appointed C. Bascom Slemp, a Virginia Congressman and experienced federal politician[93] to work jointly with Edward T. Clark, a Massachusetts Republican organizer whom he retained from his vice presidential staff, as Secretaries to the President (a position equivalent to the modern White House Chief of Staff).[94] Although a few of Harding's cabinet appointees were scandal-tarred, Coolidge announced that he would not demand any of their resignations, believing that since the people had elected Harding, he should carry on Harding's presidency, at least until the next election.[94]
He addressed Congress when it reconvened on December 6, 1923, giving a speech that echoed many of Harding's themes, including immigration restriction and the need for the government to arbitrate the coal strikes then ongoing in Pennsylvania.[95] Coolidge's speech was the first Presidential speech to be broadcast to the nation over the radio.[96] The Washington Naval Treaty was proclaimed just one month into Coolidge's term, and was generally well received in the country.[94] In May 1924, the World War I veterans' World War Adjusted Compensation Act or "Bonus Bill" was passed over his veto.[97] Coolidge signed the Immigration Act later that year, which was aimed at restricting southern and eastern European immigration, though he appended a signing statement expressing his unhappiness with the bill's specific exclusion of Japanese immigrants.[98] Just before the Republican Convention began, Coolidge signed into law the Revenue Act of 1924, which decreased personal income tax rates while increasing the estate tax, and creating a gift tax to reinforce the transfer tax system.[99]
1924 election[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1924
The Republican Convention was held from June 10–12, 1924 in Cleveland, Ohio; President Coolidge was nominated on the first ballot.[100] The convention nominated Frank Lowden of Illinois for Vice President on the second ballot, but he declined by telegram.[101] Former Brigadier General Charles G. Dawes, who would win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925, was nominated on the third ballot; he accepted.[101]
The Democrats held their convention from June 24 to July 9 in New York City. The convention soon deadlocked, and after 103 ballots, the delegates finally agreed on a compromise candidate, John W. Davis, with Charles W. Bryan nominated for Vice President. The Democrats' hopes were buoyed when Robert M. La Follette, Sr., a Republican Senator from Wisconsin, split from his party to form a new Progressive Party. Many believed that the split in the Republican party, like the one in 1912, would allow a Democrat to win the Presidency.[102]
Shortly after the conventions Coolidge experienced a personal tragedy. Coolidge's younger son, Calvin, Jr., developed a blister from playing tennis on the White House courts. The blister became infected, and within days Calvin, Jr. developed sepsis and died. After that Coolidge became withdrawn. He later said that "when he died, the power and glory of the Presidency went with him."[103] In spite of his sadness, Coolidge ran his conventional campaign; he never maligned his opponents (or even mentioned them by name) and delivered speeches on his theory of government, including several that were broadcast over radio.[104] It was easily the most subdued campaign since 1896, partly because the President was grieving for his son, but partly because Coolidge's style was naturally non-confrontational.[105] The other candidates campaigned in a more modern fashion, but despite the split in the Republican party, the results were very similar to those of 1920. Coolidge and Dawes won every state outside the South except for Wisconsin, La Follette's home state. Coolidge had a popular vote majority of 2.5 million over his opponents' combined total.[106]
Industry and trade[link]
| ... it is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences. After all, the chief business of the American people is business. They are profoundly concerned with buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world. (emphasis added) |
| President Calvin Coolidge's address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington D.C., January 25, 1925.[107] |
During Coolidge's presidency the United States experienced the period of rapid economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties". He left the administration's industrial policy in the hands of his activist Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, who energetically used government auspices to promote business efficiency and develop airlines and radio.[108] With the exception of favoring increased tariffs, Coolidge disdained regulation, and carried about this belief by appointing commissioners to the Federal Trade Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction.[109] The regulatory state under Coolidge was, as one biographer described it, "thin to the point of invisibility."[110]
Coolidge's economic policy has often been misquoted as "generally speaking, the business of the American people is business" (full quotation at right). Some have criticized Coolidge as an adherent of the laissez-faire ideology, which they claim led to the Great Depression.[111] On the other hand, historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge's sense of federalism: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments."[112]
Taxation[link]
Coolidge's taxation policy was that of his Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew Mellon: taxes should be lower and fewer people should have to pay them.[113] Congress agreed, and the taxes were reduced in Coolidge's term.[113] In addition to these tax cuts, Coolidge proposed reductions in federal expenditures and retiring some of the federal debt.[113] Coolidge's ideas were shared by the Republicans in Congress, and in 1924 Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1924, which reduced income tax rates and eliminated all income taxation for some two million people.[113] They reduced taxes again by passing the Revenue Acts of 1926 and 1928, all the while continuing to keep spending down so as to reduce the overall federal debt.[114] By 1927, only the richest 2% of taxpayers paid any federal income tax.[114] Although federal spending remained flat during Coolidge's administration, allowing one-fourth of the federal debt to be retired, state and local governments saw considerable growth, surpassing the federal budget in 1927.[115]
Farm subsidies[link]
Perhaps the most contentious issue of Coolidge's presidency was that of relief for farmers. Some in Congress proposed a bill designed to fight falling agricultural prices by allowing the federal government to purchase crops to sell abroad at lowered prices.[116] Agriculture Secretary Henry C. Wallace and other administration officials favored the bill when it was introduced in 1924, but rising prices convinced many in Congress that the bill was unnecessary, and it was defeated just before the elections that year.[117] In 1926, with farm prices falling once more, Senator Charles L. McNary and Representative Gilbert N. Haugen—both Republicans—proposed the McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill. The bill proposed a federal farm board that would purchase surplus production in high-yield years and hold it (when feasible) for later sale, or sell it abroad.[118] Coolidge opposed McNary-Haugen, declaring that agriculture must stand "on an independent business basis," and said that "government control cannot be divorced from political control."[118] He favored instead Herbert Hoover's proposal to modernize agriculture to create profits, instead of manipulating prices. Secretary Mellon wrote a letter denouncing the McNary-Haugen measure as unsound and likely to cause inflation, and it was defeated.[119]
After McNary-Haugen's defeat, Coolidge supported a less radical measure, the Curtis-Crisp Act, which would have created a federal board to lend money to farm co-operatives in times of surplus; the bill did not pass.[119] In February 1927, Congress took up the McNary-Haugen bill again, this time narrowly passing it.[120] Coolidge vetoed it.[120] In his veto message, he expressed the belief that the bill would do nothing to help farmers, benefitting only exporters and expanding the federal bureaucracy.[121] Congress did not override the veto, but passed the bill again in May 1928 by an increased majority; again, Coolidge vetoed it.[120] "Farmers never have made much money," said Coolidge, the Vermont farmer's son, "I do not believe we can do much about it."[122]
Flood control[link]
Coolidge has often been criticized for his actions during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the worst natural disaster to hit the Gulf Coast until Hurricane Katrina in 2005.[123] Although he did eventually name Secretary Hoover to a commission in charge of flood relief, Coolidge's lack of interest in federal flood control has been criticized.[123] Coolidge did not believe that personally visiting the region after the floods would accomplish anything, but would be seen only as political grandstanding. He also did not want to incur the federal spending that flood control would require; he believed property owners should bear much of the cost.[124] On the other hand, Congress wanted a bill that would place the federal government completely in charge of flood mitigation.[125] When Congress passed a compromise measure in 1928, Coolidge declined to take credit for it and signed the bill in private on May 15.[126]
Civil rights[link]
Coolidge spoke out in favor of the civil rights of African Americans and Catholics.[127] He appointed no known members of the Ku Klux Klan to office; indeed the Klan lost most of its influence during his term.[128]
In 1924, Coolidge responded to a letter that claimed the United States was a "white man's country":
....I was amazed to receive such a letter. During the war 500,000 colored men and boys were called up under the draft, not one of whom sought to evade it. [As president, I am] one who feels a responsibility for living up to the traditions and maintaining the principles of the Republican Party. Our Constitution guarantees equal rights to all our citizens, without discrimination on account of race or color. I have taken my oath to support that Constitution....[129]
On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted full U.S. citizenship to all American Indians, while permitting them to retain tribal land and cultural rights. However, the act was unclear on whether the federal government or the tribal leaders retained tribal sovereignty.[130] Coolidge repeatedly called for anti-lynching laws to be enacted, but most Congressional attempts to pass this legislation were filibustered by Southern Democrats. Coolidge appointed some African Americans to federal office. He retained Harding's choice of Walter L. Cohen of New Orleans, Louisiana, as the comptroller of customs and offered Cohen the post of minister to Liberia, which the businessman declined.[131]
Foreign policy[link]
Although not an isolationist, Coolidge was reluctant to enter into foreign alliances.[132] Coolidge saw the landslide Republican victory of 1920 as a rejection of the Wilsonian idea that the United States should join the League of Nations.[133] While not completely opposed to the idea, Coolidge believed the League, as then constituted, did not serve American interests, and he did not advocate membership in it.[133] He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice, provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions.[134] The Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations) in 1926.[135] The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but suggested some modifications of their own.[136] The Senate failed to act; the United States never joined the World Court.[136]
Coolidge's best-known initiative was the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928, named for Coolidge's Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg, and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The treaty, ratified in 1929, committed signatories including the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan to "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another."[137] The treaty did not achieve its intended result – the outlawry of war – but did provide the founding principle for international law after World War II.[138]
Coolidge continued the previous administration's policy not to recognize the Soviet Union.[139] He also continued the United States' support for the elected government of Mexico against the rebels there, lifting the arms embargo on that country.[140] He sent his close friend Dwight Morrow to Mexico as the American ambassador.[141] Coolidge represented the U.S. at the Pan American Conference in Havana, Cuba, making him the only sitting U.S. President to visit the country. The United States' occupation of Nicaragua and Haiti continued under his administration, but Coolidge withdrew American troops from the Dominican Republic in 1924.[142]
1928 election[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1928
In the summer of 1927, Coolidge vacationed in the Black Hills of South Dakota, where he engaged in horseback riding and fly fishing and attended rodeos. He made Custer State Park his "summer White House". News coverage of Coolidge's time in the Black Hills soon increased tourism in the general region and promoted the popularity of Wind Cave National Park.[143] While on vacation, Coolidge surprisingly issued his terse statement that he would not seek a second full term as President in 1928: "I do not choose to run for President in 1928."[144] After allowing the reporters to take that in, Coolidge elaborated. "If I take another term, I will be in the White House till 1933 … Ten years in Washington is longer than any other man has had it—too long!"[145] In his memoirs, Coolidge explained his decision not to run: "The Presidential office takes a heavy toll of those who occupy it and those who are dear to them. While we should not refuse to spend and be spent in the service of our country, it is hazardous to attempt what we feel is beyond our strength to accomplish."[146] After leaving office, he and Grace returned to Northampton, where he wrote his memoirs. The Republicans retained the White House in 1928 in the person of Coolidge's Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover.
Coolidge had been reluctant to choose Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all of it bad."[147] Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the popular Commerce Secretary's nomination.[148] The delegates did consider nominating Vice President Charles Dawes to be Hoover's running mate. But Coolidge (who hated Dawes) remarked that this would be "a personal affront" to him, and the convention selected Senator Charles Curtis instead.[149]
Cabinet[link]
Front row, left to right: Harry Stewart New, John W. Weeks, Charles Evans Hughes, Coolidge, Andrew Mellon, Harlan F. Stone, Curtis D. Wilbur
Back row, left to right, James J. Davis, Henry C. Wallace, Herbert Hoover, Hubert Work
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | Calvin Coolidge | 1923–1929 |
| Vice President | None | 1923–1925 |
| Charles G. Dawes | 1925–1929 | |
| Secretary of State | Charles Evans Hughes | 1923–1925 |
| Frank B. Kellogg | 1925–1929 | |
| Secretary of the Treasury | Andrew Mellon | 1923–1929 |
| Secretary of War | John W. Weeks | 1923–1925 |
| Dwight F. Davis | 1925–1929 | |
| Attorney General | Harry M. Daugherty | 1923–1924 |
| Harlan F. Stone | 1924–1925 | |
| John G. Sargent | 1925–1929 | |
| Postmaster General | Harry S. New | 1923–1929 |
| Secretary of the Navy | Edwin Denby | 1923–1924 |
| Curtis D. Wilbur | 1924–1929 | |
| Secretary of the Interior | Hubert Work | 1923–1928 |
| Roy O. West | 1928–1929 | |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Henry C. Wallace | 1923–1924 |
| Howard M. Gore | 1924–1925 | |
| William M. Jardine | 1925–1929 | |
| Secretary of Commerce | Herbert Hoover | 1923–1928 |
| William F. Whiting | 1928–1929 | |
| Secretary of Labor | James J. Davis | 1923–1929 |
Judicial appointments[link]
Supreme Court[link]
Coolidge appointed one Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Stone was Coolidge's fellow Amherst alumnus, a Wall Street lawyer and conservative Republican. Stone was serving as dean of Columbia Law School when Coolidge appointed him to be Attorney General in 1924 to restore the reputation tarnished by Harding's Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty. Coolidge named Stone to the Supreme Court in 1925.[150] Stone was later appointed Chief Justice by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Other courts[link]
Main article: Calvin Coolidge judicial appointments
Along with his Supreme Court appointment, Coolidge successfully nominated 17 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 61 judges to the United States district courts. He appointed judges to various specialty courts as well, including Genevieve R. Cline, who became the first woman named to the Federal judiciary when Coolidge placed her on the United States Customs Court in 1928.[151] Coolidge also signed the Judiciary Act of 1925 into law, allowing the Supreme Court more discretion over its workload.
Retirement and death[link]
After his presidency, Coolidge retired to the modest rented house on residential Massasoit Street in Northampton before moving to a more spacious mansion, "The Beeches." He kept a Hacker runabout boat on the Connecticut River and was often observed on the water by local boating enthusiasts. During this period he also served as chairman of the non-partisan Railroad Commission, as honorary president of the American Foundation for the Blind, as a director of New York Life Insurance Company, as president of the American Antiquarian Society, and as a trustee of Amherst College.[152] Coolidge received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.
Coolidge published his autobiography in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Calvin Coolidge Says," from 1930 to 1931.[153] Faced with looming defeat in 1932, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Herbert Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run, but the former President made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him, should it come about.[154] Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him.[155]
He died suddenly of a heart attack at "The Beeches," at 12:45 pm, January 5, 1933.[156] Shortly before his death, Coolidge confided to an old friend: "I feel I no longer fit in with these times."[157]
Coolidge is buried beneath a simple headstone in Notch Cemetery, Plymouth Notch, Vermont, where the family home is maintained as one of the original buildings on the site, all of which comprise the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District. The State of Vermont dedicated a new visitors' center nearby to mark Coolidge's 100th birthday on July 4, 1972.[158] Calvin Coolidge's "Brave Little State of Vermont speech" is memorialized in the Hall of Inscriptions at the Vermont State House in Montpelier, Vermont.
Radio, film, and commemorations[link]
Despite his reputation as a quiet and even reclusive politician, Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while President. He made himself available to reporters, giving 529 press conferences, meeting with reporters more regularly than any President before or since.[159]
Coolidge's inauguration was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio. On December 6, 1923, he was the first President whose address to Congress was broadcast on radio.[160] On February 22, 1924, he became the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech on radio.[161] Coolidge signed the Radio Act of 1927, which assigned regulation of radio to the newly created Federal Radio Commission.
On August 11, 1924, Lee De Forest filmed Coolidge on the White House lawn with DeForest's Phonofilm sound-on-film process, becoming the first President to appear in a sound film. The title of the DeForest film was President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Grounds.[162] Coolidge was the only president to have his portrait on a coin during his lifetime, the Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar, minted in 1926. After his death he also appeared on a postage stamp, pictured below.
-
Coolidge and Washington on the Sesquicentennial of American Independence commemorative half dollar
-
Coolidge on a 1938 postage stamp
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ McCoy, 420–421; Greenberg, 49–53
- ^ Fuess, 500
- ^ Woodhead, Lindy, "War Paint: Madame Rubinstein and Miss Elizabeth Arden, Their Lives, Their Times, Their Rivalry," Wiley, 2004, p. 201
- ^ McCoy, 418; Greenberg, 146–150; Ferrell, 66–72
- ^ Sobel, 12–13; Greenberg, 2–3
- ^ Greenberg, 1–7
- ^ Death Of Colonel John Coolidge, Time Magazine
- ^ Fuess, 17; McCoy, 5; White, 11
- ^ a b Fuess, 12
- ^ Edmund Rice (1638) Association, 2007. Descendants of Edmund Rice: The First Nine Generations. (CD-ROM)
- ^ Fuess, 7
- ^ McCoy, 5
- ^ Greenberg, 16-20
- ^ Fuess, 74–81; McCoy 22–26
- ^ a b Sobel, 55
- ^ Greenberg, 58–59
- ^ Teleen, Maurice (Autumn, 2001). "75 Years Ago Today". The Draft Horse Journal. Archived from the original on May 18, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060518031030/http://www.drafthorsejournal.com/daysbeforeyesterday/autumn01/75yearsago/75yearsago.htm.
- ^ White, 65–66
- ^ Fuess, 89–92; Sobel, 57–58. Some biographers disagree with this rosy portrait, see Ferrell, 21–23
- ^ Coolidge, Calvin (1929). "Law and Politics". The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge. Cosmopolitan Book Corp. p. 93. http://www.archive.org/stream/autobiographycal011459mbp#page/n113/mode/2up.
- ^ Sobel, 49–51
- ^ a b Sobel, 51
- ^ Fuess, 83
- ^ a b Fuess, 84–85
- ^ a b c McCoy, 29
- ^ Sobel, 61
- ^ Sobel, 62; Fuess, 99
- ^ Sobel, 63–66
- ^ Sobel, 68–69
- ^ Sobel, 72
- ^ Fuess, 106–107; Sobel, 74
- ^ Fuess, 108
- ^ Sobel, 76
- ^ See also the main article, Lawrence textile strike, for a full description.
- ^ Fuess, 110–111; McCoy, 45–46
- ^ a b Sobel, 79–80; Fuess, 111
- ^ Fuess, 111–113
- ^ Fuess, 114–115
- ^ Sobel, 80–82
- ^ a b Coolidge, Calvin (1919). "To The State Senate On Being Elected Its President". Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches and Messages (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 2–9. http://www.archive.org/details/havefaithinmassa00cooluoft.
- ^ Coolidge, Calvin (1919). "To The State Senate On Being Elected Its President". Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches and Messages (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 7–8. http://www.archive.org/stream/havefaithinmassa00cooluoft#page/6/mode/2up.
- ^ Sobel, 90–92
- ^ Sobel, 90; Fuess, 124
- ^ Sobel, 92–98; Fuess, 133–136
- ^ Fuess, 139–142
- ^ Fuess, 145
- ^ Fuess, 150; Sobel, 104
- ^ Fuess, 151–152
- ^ Sobel, 107–110
- ^ Sobel, 111; McCall, 75–76
- ^ Sobel, 112
- ^ Sobel, 115; McCall, 76
- ^ Russell, 77–79; Sobel, 129
- ^ Russell, 86–87
- ^ Russell, 111–113; Sobel, 133–136
- ^ Coolidge, Calvin (1919). "A Telegram". Have Faith In Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches and Messages (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 222–224. http://www.archive.org/stream/havefaithinmassa00cooluoft#page/222/mode/2up.
- ^ The exact total was 1,117 out of 1,544. Russell, 113
- ^ Russell, 131–170
- ^ Russell, 120
- ^ Sobel, 141
- ^ Sobel, 142
- ^ Russell, 182–183
- ^ a b Sobel, 143
- ^ The tally was Coolidge 317,774, Long 192,673. Fuess, 238.
- ^ Fuess, 239–243; McCoy, 102–113
- ^ Sobel, 117; Fuess, 195
- ^ Fuess, 186
- ^ Fuess, 187; McCall, 81
- ^ Fuess, 187–188
- ^ Sobel, 152–153
- ^ Fuess, 259–260
- ^ a b Fuess, 261
- ^ Fuess, 262–264
- ^ Sobel, 204–212
- ^ Sobel, 204–207
- ^ a b Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (January 18, 2007).; Leip, David. 1920 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (January 18, 2007).
- ^ Sobel, 210–211
- ^ Sobel, 219; McCoy, 136
- ^ Hannaford, 169
- ^ Greenberg, 9
- ^ Sobel, 217
- ^ Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (2008) p. 302
- ^ Sobel, 243
- ^ Greenberg, 60
- ^ Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference - 93 years young!". American Chronicle. http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/6883.
- ^ Kerry W. Buckley, "'A President for the "Great Silent Majority': Bruce Barton's Construction of Calvin Coolidge." New England Quarterly 2003 76(4): 593-626.
- ^ Robert E. Gilbert, "Calvin Coolidge's Tragic Presidency: the Political Effects of Bereavement and Depression." Journal of American Studies 2005 39(1): 87-109
- ^ See the main article, Warren Harding Death in office for a full description
- ^ a b Fuess, 308–309
- ^ Fuess, 310–315
- ^ Arbelbide, C. L. (Winter 2000). "Abrupt transition". Prologue Magazine (The National Archives) 32 (4). http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2000/winter/abrupt-transition-1.html.
- ^ Sobel, 226–228; Fuess, 303–305; Ferrell, 43–51
- ^ An Appointment. Time. August 20, 1923. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716345,00.html?iid=digg_share.
- ^ a b c Fuess, 320–322
- ^ Fuess, 328–329; Sobel, 248–249
- ^ Smithsonian National Postal Museum
- ^ Fuess, 341
- ^ Fuess, 342; Sobel, 269
- ^ Sobel, 278–279
- ^ Fuess, 345
- ^ a b Fuess, 346
- ^ Sobel, 300
- ^ Coolidge, Calvin (1929). "The Presidency". The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge. Cosmopolitan Book Corp. p. 190. http://www.archive.org/stream/autobiographycal011459mbp#page/n213/mode/2up.
- ^ Sobel, 300–301
- ^ Sobel, 302–303
- ^ Leip, David. 1924 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (January 21, 2007)., Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (January 21, 2007).
- ^ Coolidge, Calvin (January 17, 1925). "The Press Under a Free Government". Address before the American Society of Newspaper Editors Washington, D.C. Calvin Coolidge Memorial Foundation. http://www.calvin-coolidge.org/html/the_press_under_a_free_governm.html. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
- ^ Ferrell, 64–65
- ^ Ferrell, 66–72; Sobel, 318
- ^ Ferrell, 72
- ^ See Ferrell, 207
- ^ Sobel, Robert. "Coolidge and American Business". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060308075125/http://www.jfklibrary.org/coolidge_sobel.html. Retrieved Retrieved from March 8, 2006 version in Internet Archive on May 18, 2007. See also Greenberg, 47; Ferrell, 62
- ^ a b c d Sobel, 310–311; Greenberg, 127–129
- ^ a b Ferrell, 170–
- ^ Ferrell, 174
- ^ Ferrell, 84; McCoy, 234–235
- ^ McCoy, 235
- ^ a b Fuess, 383–384
- ^ a b Sobel, 327
- ^ a b c Fuess, 388; Ferrell, 93
- ^ Sobel, 331
- ^ Ferrell, 86
- ^ a b Sobel, 315; Barry, 286–287; Greenberg, 132–135
- ^ McCoy, 330–331
- ^ Barry, 372–374
- ^ Greenberg, 135
- ^ Sobel, 250; McCoy, 328–329
- ^ Felzenberg, Alvin S. (1988). "Calvin Coolidge and Race: His Record in Dealing with the Racial Tensions of the 1920s". New England Journal of History 55 (1): 83–96.
- ^ Coolidge, Foundations of the Republic (1926) p. 72
- ^ Deloria, Vincent (1992). American Indian policy in the twentieth century. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8061-2424-7. http://books.google.com/?id=VzWIpZBZgA0C.
- ^ "Louisiana Historical Association, A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography (lahistory.org)". lahistory.org. http://www.lahistory.org/site20.php. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
- ^ Sobel, 342
- ^ a b McCoy, 184–185
- ^ McCoy, 360
- ^ McCoy, 363
- ^ a b Greenberg, 114–116
- ^ Fuess, 421–423
- ^ McCoy, 380–381; Greenberg, 123–124
- ^ McCoy, 181
- ^ McCoy, 178–179
- ^ Sobel, 349
- ^ Fuess, 414–417; Ferrell, 122–123
- ^ Chris B. Nelson, "Life along the Road: The Tourist Camp in South Dakota", South Dakota History, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Winter 2005), pp. 320-321
- ^ Sobel, 370
- ^ White, 361
- ^ Coolidge (1929), 239
- ^ Ferrell, 195
- ^ McCoy, 390–391; Wilson, 122–123
- ^ Mencken, Henry Louis; George Jean Nathan (1929). The American mercury. p. 404.
- ^ Fuess, 364
- ^ Freeman, Jo (2002). A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-8476-9805-9.
- ^ "Coolidge Family Papers, 1802–1932". Vermont Historical Society Library. 2007. http://www.vermonthistory.org/arccat/findaid/coolidge.htm.
- ^ Sobel, 403; Ferrell, 201–202
- ^ Fuess, 457–459; Greenberg, 153
- ^ Fuess, 460
- ^ Greenberg, 154–155
- ^ Sobel, 410
- ^ "President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site". http://www.historicvermont.org/coolidge/coolidge.html.
- ^ Greenberg, 7
- ^ Sobel, 252
- ^ "Calvin Coolidge, the first President to do a radio address 2-22-1924". Old Radio Shows.org. February 22, 2008. http://oldradioshows.org/02/22/calvin-coolidge-the-first-us-president-to-do-a-radio-address-2-22-08. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
- ^ "President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground (1924)". http://www.archive.org/details/coolidge_1924. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
References[link]
Primary sources[link]
- Coolidge, Calvin (1919). Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches and Messages (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. http://www.archive.org/details/havefaithinmassa00cooluoft.
- Coolidge, Calvin (1929). The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge. Cosmopolitan Book Corp. ISBN 0-944951-03-1. http://www.archive.org/details/autobiographycal011459mbp.
- Coolidge, Calvin (2001). Peter Hannaford. ed. The Quotable Calvin Coolidge: Sensible Words for a New Century. Images From The Past, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-884592-33-1.
- Coolidge, Calvin (1964). Howard H. Quint and Robert H. Ferrell. ed. The Talkative President: The Off-the Record Press Conferences of Calvin Coolidge. University of Massachusetts Press. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77365439.
Scholarly sources[link]
- Barry, John M. (1997). Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84002-4.
- Booraem, Hendrik V (1994). The Provincial: Calvin Coolidge and His World, 1885-1895. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 0-8387-5264-0.
- Brandes, Joseph (1962). Herbert Hoover and Economic Diplomacy. University of Pittsburgh Press. ASIN B0007DF2R6..
- Buckley, Kerry W. "'A President for the "Great Silent Majority': Bruce Barton's Construction of Calvin Coolidge." New England Quarterly 2003 76(4): 593-626. Issn: 0028-4866 Fulltext: in Jstor
- Felzenberg, Alvin S. "Calvin Coolidge and Race: His Record in Dealing with the Racial Tensions of the 1920s." New England Journal of History 1998 55(1): 83-96.
- Ferrell, Robert H. (1998). The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0892-8.
- Fuess, Claude M. (1940). Calvin Coolidge: The Man from Vermont'. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4067-5673-9.
- Gilbert, Robert E. "Calvin Coolidge's Tragic Presidency: the Political Effects of Bereavement and Depression." Journal of American Studies 2005 39(1): 87-109. Issn: 0021-8758 Fulltext: in Cambridge and Swetswise
- Gilbert, Robert E. The Tormented President: Calvin Coolidge, Death, and Clinical Depression. Praeger, 2003. 288pp
- Greenberg, David (2006). Calvin Coolidge. The American Presidents Series. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6957-0. excerpt and text search
- Haynes, John Earl, ed. Calvin Coolidge and the Coolidge Era: Essays on the History of the 1920s. Library of Congress, 1998. 329 pp. essays by scholars
- McCoy, Donald R. (1967). Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-945707-23-3.
- Russell, Francis (1975). A City in Terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-5033-0.
- Silver, Thomas B. (1986). Coolidge and the Historians. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-038-7.
- Sobel, Robert (1998). Coolidge: An American Enigma. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-410-7.
- White, William Allen (1938). A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge. Macmillan and Questia.com (with paid subscription). http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1105748.
- Wilson, Joan Hoff (1975). Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive. Little, Brown. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978031694416|978031694416]].
Other[link]
An academic conference on Coolidge was held July 30–31, 1998, at the John F. Kennedy Library to mark the 75th anniversary of his lantern-light homestead inaugural.
External links[link]
| Find more about Calvin Coolidge on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- "Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933)". Governors of Massachusetts 1900-1950. Commonwealth of Massachusetts Official Website. 2009. http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=mg2terminal&L=7&L0=Home&L1=State+Government&L2=About+Massachusetts&L3=Interactive+State+House&L4=History+Resources&L5=Governors+of+Massachusetts&L6=Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts+(1900-1950)&sid=massgov2&b=terminalcontent&f=interactive_statehouse_govs_coolidge&csid=massgov2.
- "Calvin Coolidge, 29th Vice President (1921-1923)". U.S. Senate, Art and History Home. Senate Historical Office. 2009. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Calvin_Coolidge.htm.
- "30 Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929". The Presidents, 20th Century. The White House. 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/cc30.html.
- "Calvin Coolidge: A Resource Guide". Web Guides: Presidents. Library of Congress. 2009. http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/coolidge/index.html.
- "Calvin Coolidge Memorial Foundation". Plymouth, Vermont. http://www.calvin-coolidge.org.
- "Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum". Northampton, Massachusetts: Forbes Library. 2009. http://www.forbeslibrary.org/coolidge/coolidge.shtml.
- Coolidge, Calvin (1923-19-28). "State of the Union Addressess". Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/sucoo11.txt.
- Calvin Coolidge at Find a Grave
- Calvin Coolidge at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
- Booknotes interview with Robert Sobel on Coolidge: An America Enigma, August 30, 1998.
Audio and video[link]
- "Collected Audio Recordings of Calvin Coolidge (6)". Michigan State University Libraries. 2009. http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=CoolidgeC.
- "Picturing Calvin Coolidge: The Creation of the President". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAosDT_CDk0&feature=related.
- A film clip of the first presidential film with sound recording is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Coolidge, Calvin |
| Alternative names | Coolidge, John Calvin Jr. |
| Short description | 30th U.S. President |
| Date of birth | (1872-07-04)July 4, 1872 |
| Place of birth | Plymouth, Vermont, United States of America |
| Date of death | January 5, 1933(1933-01-05) |
| Place of death | Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America |
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| Erik Satie | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Éric Alfred Leslie Satie (1866-05-17)17 May 1866 Honfleur, France |
| Died | 1 July 1925(1925-07-01) (aged 59) Paris, France |
| Occupation | Pianist, Composer |
| Partner | Suzanne Valadon |
Éric Alfred Leslie Satie (pronounced: [eʁik sati]) (17 May 1866 – Paris, 1 July 1925; signed his name Erik Satie after 1884) was a French composer and pianist. Satie was a colourful figure in the early 20th century Parisian avant-garde. His work was a precursor to later artistic movements such as minimalism, repetitive music, and the Theatre of the Absurd.[1]
An eccentric, Satie was introduced as a "gymnopedist" in 1887, shortly before writing his most famous compositions, the Gymnopédies. Later, he also referred to himself as a "phonometrician" (meaning "someone who measures sounds") preferring this designation to that of a "musician", after having been called "a clumsy but subtle technician" in a book on contemporary French composers published in 1911.[2]
In addition to his body of music, Satie also left a remarkable set of writings, having contributed work for a range of publications, from the dadaist 391 to the American culture chronicle Vanity Fair. Although in later life he prided himself on always publishing his work under his own name, in the late nineteenth century he appears to have used pseudonyms such as Virginie Lebeau and François de Paule in some of his published writings.
Contents |
Early life and training[link]
Satie was the son of Alfred Satie and his wife Jane Leslie (née Anton), who was born in London to Scottish parents. Erik was born at Honfleur in Normandy; his home there is open to the public. When Satie was four years old, his family moved to Paris, his father having been offered a translator's job in the capital. After his mother's death in 1872, he was sent, together with his younger brother, Conrad, back to Honfleur, to live with his paternal grandparents. There, he received his first music lessons from a local organist. When his grandmother died in 1878, the two brothers were reunited with their father in Paris, who remarried (a piano teacher) shortly afterwards. From the early 1880s onwards, Satie started publishing salon compositions by his step-mother and himself, among others.
In 1879, Satie entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he was soon labelled untalented by his teachers. Georges Mathias, his professor of piano at the Conservatoire, described his pupil's piano technique in flatly negative terms, "insignificant and laborious" and "worthless".[3] Émile Descombes called him "the laziest student in the Conservatoire".[4] Years later, Satie related that Mathias, with great insistence, told him that his real talent lay in composing. After being sent home for two-and-a-half years, he was readmitted to the Conservatoire at the end of 1885, but was unable to make a much more favourable impression on his teachers than he had before, and, as a result, resolved to take up military service a year later. However, Satie's military career did not last very long; within a few months he was discharged after deliberately infecting himself with bronchitis.[5]
Career[link]
Montmartre[link]
In 1887, Satie left home to take lodgings in Montmartre. By this time, he had started what was to be an enduring friendship with the romantic poet Patrice Contamine, and had had his first compositions published by his father. He soon integrated with the artistic clientele of the Le Chat Noir Café-cabaret, and started publishing his Gymnopédies. Publication of compositions in the same vein (Ogives, Gnossiennes, etc.) followed. In the same period he befriended Claude Debussy. He moved to a smaller room, still in Montmartre (rue Cortot N° 6), in 1890. By 1891 he was the official composer and chapel-master of the Rosicrucian Order "Ordre de la Rose-Croix Catholique, du Temple et du Graal", led by Sâr Joséphin Péladan, which led to compositions such as Salut drapeau!, Le fils des étoiles, and the Sonneries de la Rose+Croix. Satie gave performances at the Salon de la Rose + Croix, organized by Péladan.
By mid-1892, he had composed the first pieces in a compositional system of his own making (Fête donnée par des Chevaliers Normands en l'honneur d'une jeune demoiselle), had provided incidental music to a chivalric esoteric play (two Prélude du Nazaréen), had had his first hoax published (announcing the premiere of Le bâtard de Tristan, an anti-Wagnerian opera he probably never composed), and had broken with Péladan, starting that autumn with the Uspud project, a "Christian Ballet", in collaboration with Contamine de Latour. While the comrades from both the Chat Noir and Miguel Utrillo's Auberge du Clou sympathised, a promotional brochure was produced for the project, which reads as a pamphlet for a new esoteric sect.
In 1893, he met the young Maurice Ravel for the first time, Satie's style emerging in the first compositions of the youngster. One of Satie's own compositions of that period, the Vexations, was to remain undisclosed until after his death. By the end of the year he had founded the Eglise Métropolitaine d'Art de Jésus Conducteur (the Metropolitan Church of Art of the Leading Christ). As its only member, in the role of "Parcier et Maître de Chapelle" he started to compose a Grande messe (later to become known as the Messe des pauvres), and wrote a flood of letters, articles and pamphlets showing off his self-assuredness in religious and artistic matters. To give an example: he applied for membership of the Académie Française twice, leaving no doubt in the application letter that the board of that organisation (presided by Camille Saint-Saëns) as much as owed him such membership. Such proceedings without doubt rather helped to wreck his popularity in the cultural establishment. In 1895 he inherited some money, allowing him to have more of his writings printed, and to change from wearing a priest-like habit to being the "Velvet Gentleman".
Move to Arcueil[link]
By mid-1896 all of Satie's financial means had vanished, and he had to move to cheaper and much smaller lodgings, first at the Rue Cortot,[6] and two years later, after he'd composed the two first sets of Template:Pièces froides in 1897, to Arcueil, a suburb some five kilometres from the centre of Paris. During this period he re-established contact with his brother Conrad for numerous practical and financial matters, disclosing some of his inner feelings in the process. The letters to Conrad made it clear that he had set aside any religious ideas.
From 1899 on Satie started making money as a cabaret pianist, adapting over a hundred compositions of popular music for piano or piano and voice, adding some of his own. The most popular of these were Je te veux, text by Henry Pacory; Tendrement, text by Vincent Hyspa; Poudre d'or, a waltz; La diva de l'"Empire", text by Dominique Bonnaud/Numa Blès; Le Picadilly, a march; Légende californienne, text by Contamine de Latour lost, but the music later reappears in La belle excentrique; and many more, many of which have been lost. In his later years Satie would reject all his cabaret music as vile and against his nature,[7] but for the time being, it was an income.
Only a few compositions that Satie took seriously remain from this period: Jack in the Box, music to a pantomime by Jules Depaquit (called a "clownerie" by Satie), Geneviève de Brabant, a short comic opera on a serious theme, text by Lord Cheminot, The Dreamy Fish, piano music to accompany a lost tale by Lord Cheminot, and a few others that were mostly incomplete, hardly any of them staged, and none of them published at the time.
Both Geneviève de Brabant and The Dreamy Fish have been analysed by Ornella Volta as containing elements of competition with Claude Debussy, of which Debussy was probably not aware, Satie not making this music public. Meanwhile, Debussy was having one of his first major successes with Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902, leading a few years later to ‘who-was-precursor-to-whom’ debates between the two composers, in which Maurice Ravel would also get involved.
In October 1905 Satie enrolled in Vincent d'Indy's Schola Cantorum de Paris to study classical counterpoint while still continuing his cabaret work. Most of his friends were as dumbfounded as the professors at the Schola when they heard about his new plan to return to the classrooms, especially as d'Indy was an admiring pupil of Saint-Saëns, not particularly favoured by Satie. Satie would follow these courses at the Schola, as a respected pupil, for more than five years, receiving a first (intermediate) diploma in 1908. Some of his classroom counterpoint-exercises, such as the Désespoir agréable, were published after his death. Another summary, of the period prior to the Schola, also appeared in 1911: the Trois morceaux en forme de poire, which was a kind of compilation of the best of what he had written up to 1903.[citation needed]
Something that becomes clear through these published compilations is that Satie did not so much reject Romanticism and its exponents like Wagner, but that he rejected certain aspects of it. From his first composition to his last, he rejected the idea of musical development[citation needed], in the strict definition of this term: the intertwining of different themes in a development section of a sonata form. As a result, his contrapuntal and other works were very short; the "new, modern" Fugues do not extend further than the exposition of the theme(s). Generally, he would say that he did not think it permitted that a composer take more time from his public than strictly necessary.[citation needed] Also Melodrama, in its historical meaning of the then popular romantic genre of "spoken words to a background of music", was something Satie avoided. His 1913 Le piège de Méduse could be seen as an absurdistic spoof of that genre.
In the meantime, other changes had also taken place: Satie had become a member of a radical socialist party, and had socialised with the Arcueil community: Amongst other things, he'd been involved in the "Patronage laïque" work for children. He also changed his appearance to that of the 'bourgeois functionary' with bowler hat, umbrella, etc. He channelled his medieval interests into a peculiar secret hobby: In a filing cabinet he maintained a collection of imaginary buildings, most of them described as being made out of some kind of metal, which he drew on little cards. Occasionally, extending the game, he would publish anonymous small announcements in local journals, offering some of these buildings, e.g. a "castle in lead", for sale or rent.
Height of success and influence[link]
Starting in 1912, Satie's new humorous miniatures for piano became very successful, and he wrote and published many of these over the next few years (most of them premiered by the pianist Ricardo Viñes). His habit of accompanying the scores of his compositions with all kinds of written remarks was now well established so that a few years later he had to insist that these not be read out during performances.[citation needed] He had mostly stopped using barlines by this time. In some ways these compositions were very reminiscent[according to whom?] of Rossini's compositions from the final years of his life, grouped under the name Péchés de vieillesse.
However the acceleration in Satie's life did not come so much from the success of his new piano pieces; it was Ravel who inadvertently triggered the characteristics of Satie's remaining years and thus influenced the successive progressive artistic and cultural movements that rapidly manifested themselves in Paris over the following years. Paris was seen as the artistic capital of the world, and the beginning of the new century appeared to have set many minds on fire.[citation needed] In 1910 the "Jeunes Ravêlites", a group of young musicians around Ravel, proclaimed their preference for Satie's earlier work from before the Schola period, reinforcing the idea that Satie had been a precursor of Debussy.
At first Satie was pleased that at least some of his works were receiving public attention, but when he realised that this meant that his more recent work was overlooked or dismissed, he looked for other young artists who related better to his more recent ideas, so as to have better mutual support in creative activity. Thus young artists such as Roland-Manuel, and later Georges Auric, and Jean Cocteau, started to receive more of his attention than the "Jeunes".
As a result of his contact with Roland-Manuel, Satie again began publicising his thoughts, with far more irony than he had done before (amongst other things, the Mémoires d'un amnésique and Cahiers d'un mammifère).[8]
With Jean Cocteau, whom he had first met in 1915, Satie started work on incidental music for a production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (resulting in the Cinq grimaces). From 1916, he and Cocteau worked on the ballet Parade, which was premiered in 1917 by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, with sets and costumes by Pablo Picasso, and choreography by Léonide Massine. Through Picasso Satie also became acquainted with other cubists, such as Georges Braque, with whom he would work on other, aborted, projects.
With Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, and Germaine Tailleferre Satie formed the Nouveaux jeunes, shortly after writing Parade. Later the group was joined by Francis Poulenc and Darius Milhaud. In September 1918, Satie – giving little or no explanation – withdrew from the Nouveaux jeunes. Jean Cocteau gathered the six remaining members, forming the Groupe des six (to which Satie would later have access, but later again would fall out with most of its members).
From 1919 Satie was in contact with Tristan Tzara, the initiator of the Dada movement. He became acquainted with other artists involved in the movement, such as Francis Picabia (later to become a Surrealist), André Derain, Marcel Duchamp, Jean Hugo and Man Ray, among others. On the day of his first meeting with Man Ray, the two fabricated the artist's first readymade: The Gift (1921). Satie contributed writing to the Dadaist publication 391. In the first months of 1922 he was surprised to find himself entangled in the argument between Tzara and André Breton about the true nature of avant-garde art, epitomised by the failure of the Congrès de Paris. Satie originally sides with Tzara, but manages to maintain friendly relations with most players in both camps. Meanwhile, an "Ecole d'Arcueil" had formed around Satie, with young musicians like Henri Sauguet, Maxime Jacob, Roger Désormière and Henri Cliquet-Pleyel.
Finally he composed an "instantaneist" ballet (Relâche) in collaboration with Picabia, for the Ballets Suédois of Rolf de Maré. In a simultaneous project, Satie added music to the surrealist film Entr'acte by René Clair, which was given as an intermezzo for Relâche.
Personal life[link]
Satie and Suzanne Valadon, an artists' model and artist in her own right, and a long-time friend of Miguel Utrillo (and mother of Maurice Utrillo), began an affair early in 1893. After their first night together, he proposed marriage. The two did not marry, but Valadon moved to a room next to Satie's at the Rue Cortot. Satie became obsessed with her, calling her his Biqui, and writing impassioned notes about "her whole being, lovely eyes, gentle hands, and tiny feet". During their relationship, Satie composed the Danses gothiques as a kind of prayer to restore peace of mind, and Valadon painted a portrait of Satie, which she gave to him. After six months she moved away, leaving Satie broken-hearted. Afterwards, he said that he was left with "nothing but an icy loneliness that fills the head with emptiness and the heart with sadness".[9] It is believed this was the only intimate relationship Satie ever had.[10]
Death[link]
After years of heavy drinking, Satie died on 1 July 1925 from cirrhosis of the liver.[11] He is buried in the cemetery in Arcueil. There is a tiny stone monument designating a grassy area in front of an apartment building—'Parc Erik Satie'. Over the course of his 27 years in residence at Arcueil, no one had ever visited his room. After his death, Satie's friends discovered compositions that were totally unknown or thought to have been lost. The orchestral score to Parade was thought, by Satie, to have been left on a bus years before. These were found behind the piano, in the pockets of his velvet suits, and in other odd places, and included the Vexations; Geneviève de Brabant and other unpublished or unfinished stage works; The Dreamy Fish; many Schola Cantorum exercises; a previously unseen set of "canine" piano pieces; and several other works for piano, many untitled. Some of these would be published later as additional Gnossiennes, Pièces froides, Enfantines, and furniture music.
Media[link]
| Gymnopedies – La 1 Ere. Lent et Douloureux | |
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| Performed by Robin Alciatore. Courtesy of Musopen | |
| Gnossienne 1 | |
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| Composed c. 1890. | |
| Gnossienne 2 | |
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| Composed c. 1890. | |
| Gnossienne 3 | |
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| Composed c. 1890. | |
Recordings and arrangements[link]
Piano works[link]
Recordings of Satie's piano works have been released by Cristina Ariagno, Jean-Pierre Armengaud, Jean-Joël Barbier, Aldo Ciccolini, Claude Coppens (live recording), Reinbert de Leeuw, Eve Egoyan, Philippe Entremont, Frank Glazer, Olof Höjer, Michel Legrand, Jacques Loussier, Anne Queffélec, Bill Quist, Pascal Rogé, João Paulo Santos, Yūji Takahashi, Branka Parlić, Jean-Yves Thibaudet, John Lenehan and Daniel Varsano, among others.
Orchestral and vocal[link]
- A recording of historical importance is Template:Erik Satie, Les inspirations insolites, re-issued by EMI as a 2-CD set, containing among other pieces: Geneviève de Brabant (in a version before Contamine's text had been recovered), Le piège de Méduse, Messe des pauvres, etc.
- Many other recordings exist: Parade/Relâche (Michel Plasson / Orchestre du Capitole de Toulouse), Satie: Socrate [etc.] (Jean-Paul Fouchécourt / Ensemble), and recordings of songs, e.g., by Anne-Sophie Schmidt.
Arrangements in popular music[link]
- In 1968, Blood Sweat & Tears released their eponymous second album, which included an adaptation of Erik Satie's Gymnopédie #1 (arranged by Dick Halligan) which they titled as Variations on a Theme by Erik Satie (First and Second Movements). The first movement is a straightforward elaboration of the basic theme using flutes, an acoustic guitar and a triangle. The second is a far more abstract variation using only brass instruments. In 1969, Halligan received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Performance for the piece.
- In 1974, the jazz flutist Hubert Laws recorded an arrangement by Bob James of the "Gymnopedie #1" in his "In the Beginning" double album. The band featured keyboardist Bob James, guitarist Gene Bertoncini, bassist Ron Carter, drummer Steve Gadd, three strings, and Hubert's brother Ronnie Laws on tenor sax.
- In 1979 the band "Sky" (Tristan Fry, Francis Monkman, Kevin Peek, Herbie Flowers, and John Williams) included a version of Gymnopedie No1, which was arranged by John Williams, on the band's first album, which was entitled "Sky"
- In 1980, Gary Numan's 7-inch "We Are Glass" featured "Trois Gymnopedies (First Movement)" on the B-side.
- In 1987, the Serbian electronic music composer Mitar Subotić on his debut album Disillusioned! recorded a twenty-five minute long instrumental track "Thanx Mr. Rorschach - Ambijenti na muziku Erika Satija" ("Thanx Mr. Rorschach - Ambient to the music by Erik Satie"), as a kind of a musical Rorschach test to the music by Satie.
- In 1989, the Vienna Art Orchestra (directed by Mathias Rüegg) released The Minimalism of Eric Satie, a 2-LP set on the Swiss HatART label that included "reflections" on a number of Satie's works, notably three performances of Vexations in various instrumental/vocal combinations.
- In 1990, Movement 98's (Paul Oakenfold and Steve Osborne) single "Joy and Heartbreak" used the opening phrase of Trois Gymnopedies as the intro and instrumental.
- In 1994, Malcolm McLaren arranged Gnossienne 3&4 in his concept album Paris.
- In 1999, electronic music act Plaid's CD "Restproof Clockwork" included a track called "Tearisci" which is an uncredited version of Satie's "Pièces Froides, No. 2: Danses De Travers: III. Encore".
- In 2000, ex-Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett released the album, "Sketches of Satie", performing Satie's works on acoustic guitar, with contributions by his brother John on flute.
- The English electronic duo Isan recorded versions of the three Gymnopédies for a 2006 7-inch single, "Trois Gymnopedies" on the Morr Music record label.
- The 2006 video game Mother 3 features an arrangement of the 1st Gymnopedie as background music, titled "Leder's Gymnopedie".
- The 2006 movie The Painted Veil features Gnossienne No. 1 throughout the film.
- The 2nd movement of his Gymnopédies has been used in the original soundtrack of 2010 Japanese animated film The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya by Kyoto Animation studio. The full Gymnopédies as long as Gnossiennes are included in the 2nd CD of this OST.
- Ogive Number 2 (incorrectly labelled Ogive Number 1) was re-recorded electronically by William Orbit on his album Pieces in a Modern Style
- In 2011, singer-songwriter Tori Amos released an album entitled Night of Hunters, where her song "Battle of Trees" is a variation on Gnossienne no. 1.
- In 2011, Satie's "Gnossienne No.1" was used in the film Hugo.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/erik-satie-his-music-the-vision-his-legacy
- ^ "Je suis phonomètre avant d’être musicien" Aperçus phonométriques & autres sous-entendus[dead link]
- ^ Orledge, Robert. [www.oxfordmusiconline.com.library.unl.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/40105 "Satie, Erik"]. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. www.oxfordmusiconline.com.library.unl.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/40105. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ The Ensemble Sospeso New York
- ^ p.25 in: Mary E. Davis: Erik Satie. Reaktion Books – Critical Lives. ISBN 978-1-86189-321-5. Published June 2007.
- ^ Plaque #3265 on Open Plaques.
- ^ Erik Satie in a 17 January 1911 letter to his brother Conrad, quoted in Volta 1989 and in Gillmor 1992 (Chronology p. xxix)
- ^ English translations of these pieces were published in A Mammal's Notebook, see Sources section below.
- ^ Valadon and Erik Satie Retrieved 12 June 2010
- ^ Orledge, Robert. "Erik Satie". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40105. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ Eric Satie – Biography at Humanitiesweb.org
Sources[link]
In English, unless indicated:
Writings by Satie[link]
- A Mammal's Notebook: Collected Writings of Erik Satie (Serpent's Tail; Atlas Arkhive, No 5, 1997) ISBN 0-947757-92-9 (with introduction and notes by Ornella Volta, translations by Anthony Melville, contains several drawings by Satie)
- Correspondence presque complète: Réunie, établie et présentée par Ornella Volta (Paris: Fayard/Imes, 2000; 1265pp) ISBN 2-213-60674-9 (an almost complete edition of Satie's letters, in French)
Books and articles on Satie[link]
- Allan, Kenneth R. “Metamorphosis in 391: A Cryptographic Collaboration by Francis Picabia, Man Ray, and Erik Satie.” Art History 34, No. 1 (February, 2011): 102-125.
- Davis, Mary E., Erik Satie. Reaktion Books – Critical Lives. June 2007. ISBN 978-1-86189-321-5
- Gillmor, Alan M., Erik Satie (Twayne Pub., 1988, reissued 1992; 387pp) ISBN 0-393-30810-3
- Myers, Rollo H., Erik Satie. (Dover Publications, New York 1968.) ISBN 0-486-21903-8
- Orledge, Robert, Satie Remembered (London: Faber and Faber, London, 1995)
- Orledge, Robert, Satie the Composer Cambridge University Press: 1990; 437pp – in the series Music in the Twentieth Century [ed.] Arnold Whittall) ISBN 0-521-35037-9
- Templier, Pierre-Daniel (translated by Elena L. French and David S. French), Erik Satie (The MIT Press, 1969, reissued 1971) ISBN 0-262-70005-0 and (New York: Da Capo Press, 1980 reissue) ISBN 0-306-76039-8. Note: Templier extensively consulted Conrad, Erik Satie's brother, when writing this first biography that appeared in 1932. The English translation was, however, criticised by John Cage; in a letter to Ornella Volta (25 May 1983) he referred to the translation as disappointing compared to the formidable value of the original biography.
- Volta, Ornella and Simon Pleasance, Erik Satie (Hazan: The Pocket Archives Series, 1997; 200pp) ISBN 2-85025-565-3
- Volta, Ornella, transl. Michael Bullock, Satie Seen Through His Letters (Marion Boyars, 1989) ISBN 0-7145-2980-X
- Whiting, Steven, Satie the Bohemian: from Cabaret to Concert Hall (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999; 596pp). A fully researched account of Satie's musical career in what then was regarded as popular music.
Other[link]
- Satie Home page – Niclas Fogwall's website dedicated to Satie
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Erik Satie |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Erik Satie |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
Information and listening[link]
- Biography and photos
- UbuWeb's Erik Satie pages – including an Erik Satie Primer and downloadable recordings
- About Erik Satie – The eccentric Impressionist French composer and musician
- Erik Satie at Pytheas Center for Contemporary Music
- Three Gymnopedies by Eric Satie
- (French) erik-satie.com Website dedicated to the musician, with blog, timeline, gallery, biography
- Works by or about Erik Satie in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Scores[link]
- Public domain scores Satie's Scores + Audio
- Free scores by Erik Satie at the International Music Score Library Project
- Free scores by Erik Satie in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
- Free scores by Erik Satie in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- www.kreusch-sheet-music.net Free Scores by Satie
- Satie's Scores – by the Mutopia Project
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Satie, Erik |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 17 May 1866 |
| Place of birth | Honfleur, French Empire |
| Date of death | 1 July 1925 |
| Place of death | Paris, France |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Buster Keaton | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Born | Joseph Frank Keaton (1895-10-04)October 4, 1895 Piqua, Kansas, United States |
| Died | February 1, 1966(1966-02-01) (aged 70) Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Cause of death | Lung cancer |
| Occupation | Actor, director, producer and writer |
| Years active | 1898–1966 |
| Influenced | Jackie Chan, Peter Jackson, Mel Brooks, Donald O'Connor, Stanley Donen, Blake Edwards, Nick Park |
| Spouse | Natalie Talmadge (m. 1921–1932) Mae Scriven (m. 1933–1936) Eleanor Norris (m. 1940-1966; his death) |
Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American comic actor, filmmaker, producer and writer.[1] He was best known for his silent films, in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic, deadpan expression, earning him the nickname "The Great Stone Face".[2]
Buster Keaton (his lifelong stage name) was recognized as the seventh-greatest director of all time by Entertainment Weekly.[3] In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Keaton the 21st-greatest male star of all time. Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton's "extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, [when] he worked without interruption on a series of films that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies."[2]
Orson Welles stated that Keaton's The General is "the greatest comedy ever made, the greatest Civil War film ever made, and perhaps the greatest film ever made."[4]
A 2002 worldwide poll by Sight & Sound ranked Keaton's The General as the 15th best film of all time. Three other Keaton films received votes in the magazine's survey: Our Hospitality, Sherlock, Jr., and The Navigator.[5]
Contents |
Early life in vaudeville[link]
Keaton was born Joseph Frank Keaton[6] into a vaudeville family. He was named "Joseph" to continue a tradition on his father's side—he was sixth in a line bearing the name Joseph Keaton[6]—and "Frank" for his maternal grandfather, who disapproved of the parents' union. Later, Keaton changed his middle name to "Francis".[6] His father was Joseph Hallie "Joe" Keaton, a native of Vigo County, Indiana. Joe Keaton owned a traveling show with Harry Houdini called the "Mohawk Indian Medicine Company", which performed on stage and sold patent medicine on the side. Buster Keaton was born in Piqua, Kansas, the small town where his mother, Myra Keaton (née Myra Edith Cutler), happened to go into labor.[7]
According to a frequently-repeated story, which may be apocryphal,[8] Keaton acquired the nickname "Buster" at about eighteen months of age. Keaton told interviewer Fletcher Markle that Harry Houdini happened to be present one day when the young Keaton took a tumble down a long flight of stairs without injury. After the infant sat up and shook off his experience, Houdini remarked, "That was a real buster!" According to Keaton, in those days, the word "buster" was used to refer to a spill or a fall that had the potential to produce injury. After this, it was Keaton's father who began to use the nickname to refer to the youngster. Keaton retold the anecdote over the years, including during a 1964 interview with the CBC's Telescope.[9]
At the age of three, Keaton began performing with his parents in The Three Keatons. He first appeared on stage in 1899 in Wilmington, Delaware. The act was mainly a comedy sketch. Myra played the saxophone to one side, while Joe and Buster performed on center stage. The young Keaton would goad his father by disobeying him, and the elder Keaton would respond by throwing him against the scenery, into the orchestra pit, or even into the audience. A suitcase handle was sewn into Keaton's clothing to aid with the constant tossing. The act evolved as Keaton learned to take trick falls safely; he was rarely injured or bruised on stage. This knockabout style of comedy led to accusations of child abuse, and occasionally, arrest. However, Buster Keaton was always able to show the authorities that he had no bruises or broken bones. He was eventually billed as "The Little Boy Who Can't Be Damaged," with the overall act being advertised as "'The Roughest Act That Was Ever in the History of the Stage."[10] Decades later, Keaton said that he was never hurt by his father and that the falls and physical comedy were a matter of proper technical execution. In 1914, Keaton told the Detroit News:
The secret is in landing limp and breaking the fall with a foot or a hand. It's a knack. I started so young that landing right is second nature with me. Several times I'd have been killed if I hadn't been able to land like a cat. Imitators of our act don't last long, because they can't stand the treatment.[10]
Keaton claimed he was having so much fun that he would sometimes begin laughing as his father threw him across the stage. Noticing that this drew fewer laughs from the audience, he adopted his famous deadpan expression whenever he was working.[11]
The act ran up against laws banning child performers in vaudeville. It is said that, when one official saw Keaton in full costume and makeup and asked a stagehand how old he was, the stagehand then pointed to the boy's mother, saying, "I don't know, ask his wife!" According to one biographer, Keaton was made to go to school while performing in New York, but only attended for part of one day. Despite tangles with the law and a disastrous tour of music halls in the United Kingdom, Keaton was a rising star in the theater. Keaton stated that he learned to read and write late, and was taught by his mother. By the time he was 21, his father's alcoholism threatened the reputation of the family act,[10] so Keaton and his mother, Myra, left for New York, where Buster Keaton's career swiftly moved from vaudeville to film.[12]
Although he did not see active combat, he served in World War I, during which time he suffered an ear infection that permanently impaired his hearing.[13][14]
Silent film era[link]
In February 1917, Keaton met Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle at the Talmadge Studios in New York City, where Arbuckle was under contract to Joseph M. Schenck. Joe Keaton disapproved of films, and Buster also had reservations about the medium. During his first meeting with Arbuckle, he asked to borrow one of the cameras to get a feel for how it worked. He took the camera back to his hotel room, dismantled and reassembled it. With this rough understanding of the mechanics of the moving pictures, he returned the next day, camera in hand, asking for work. He was hired as a co-star and gag man, making his first appearance in The Butcher Boy. Keaton later claimed that he was soon Arbuckle's second director and his entire gag department. Keaton and Arbuckle became close friends.
In 1920, The Saphead was released, in which Keaton had his first starring role in a full-length feature. It was based on a successful play, The New Henrietta, which had already been filmed once, under the title "The Lamb" with Douglas Fairbanks playing the lead. Fairbanks recommended Keaton to take up the role for the remake five years later, since the film was to have a comic slant.
After Keaton's successful work with Arbuckle, Schenck gave him his own production unit, Buster Keaton Comedies. He made a series of two-reel comedies, including One Week (1920), The Playhouse (1921), Cops (1922), and The Electric House (1922). Keaton then moved to full-length features, his first starring role being in The Saphead (1920).
Keaton's writers included Clyde Bruckman and Jean Havez, but the most ingenious gags were generally conceived by Keaton himself. Comedy director Leo McCarey, recalling the freewheeling days of making slapstick comedies, said, "All of us tried to steal each other's gagmen. But we had no luck with Keaton, because he thought up his best gags himself and we couldn't steal him!"[15] The more adventurous ideas called for dangerous stunts, performed by Keaton at great physical risk. During the railroad water-tank scene in Sherlock Jr., Keaton broke his neck when a torrent of water fell on him from a water tower, but he did not realize it until years afterward. A scene from Steamboat Bill Jr. required Keaton to run into the shot and stand still on a particular spot. Then, the facade of a two-story building toppled forward on top of Keaton. Keaton's character emerged unscathed, thanks to a single open window which passed directly over him. The stunt required precision, because the prop house weighed two tons, and the window only offered a few inches of space around Keaton's body. The sequence became one of the iconic images of Keaton's career.[16]
The film critic David Thomson later described Keaton's style of comedy: "Buster plainly is a man inclined towards a belief in nothing but mathematics and absurdity ... like a number that has always been searching for the right equation. Look at his face — as beautiful but as inhuman as a butterfly — and you see that utter failure to identify sentiment."[17] Gilberto Perez describes "Keaton's genius as an actor to keep a face so nearly deadpan and yet render it, by subtle inflections, so vividly expressive of inner life. His large deep eyes are the most eloquent feature; with merely a stare he can convey a wide range of emotions, from longing to mistrust, from puzzlement to sorrow."[18] Keaton even inspired full academic study.[19]
Aside from Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928), Keaton's most enduring feature-length films include Our Hospitality (1923), The Navigator (1924), Sherlock Jr. (1924), Seven Chances (1925), The Cameraman (1928), and The General (1927). The General, set during the American Civil War, combined physical comedy with Keaton's love of trains, including an epic locomotive chase. Employing picturesque locations, the film's storyline reenacted an actual wartime incident. Though it would come to be regarded as Keaton's proudest achievement, the film received mixed reviews at the time. It was too dramatic for some filmgoers expecting a lightweight comedy, and reviewers questioned Keaton's judgment in making a comedic film about the Civil War, even while noting it had a "few laughs".[20] The fact that the heroes of the story were from the Confederate side may have also contributed to the film's unpopularity.
It was an expensive misfire, and Keaton was never entrusted with total control over his films again. His distributor, United Artists, insisted on a production manager who monitored expenses and interfered with certain story elements. Keaton endured this treatment for two more feature films, and then exchanged his independent setup for employment at Hollywood's biggest studio, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Keaton's loss of independence as a filmmaker coincided with the coming of sound films (although he was interested in making the transition) and mounting personal problems, and his career in the early sound era was hurt as a result.[21]
Sound era and television[link]
Keaton signed with MGM in 1928, a business decision that he would later call the worst of his life. He realized too late that the studio system MGM represented would severely limit his creative input. For instance, the studio refused his request to make his early project, Spite Marriage, as a sound film and after the studio converted, he was obliged to adhere to dialogue-laden scripts. However, MGM did allow Keaton to direct his last originally developed/written silent film The Cameraman, 1928, which was his first project under contract with MGM.
Keaton was forced to use a stunt double during some of the more dangerous scenes, as MGM wanted badly to protect its investment. He also stopped directing, but continued to perform and made some of his most financially successful films for the studio. MGM tried teaming the laconic Keaton with the rambunctious Jimmy Durante in a series of films, The Passionate Plumber, Speak Easily, and What! No Beer? The latter would be Keaton's last starring feature. The films proved popular. (Thirty years later, both Keaton and Durante had cameo roles in It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World.)
In the first Keaton pictures with sound, he and his fellow actors would shoot each scene three times: one in English, one in Spanish, and one in either French or German. The actors would phonetically memorize the foreign-language scripts a few lines at time and shoot immediately after. This is discussed in the TCM documentary Buster Keaton: So Funny it Hurt, with Keaton complaining about having to shoot lousy films not just once, but three times.
Keaton was so depleted during the production of 1933's What! No Beer? that MGM fired him after the filming was complete, despite the film being a resounding hit. In 1934, Keaton accepted an offer to make an independent film in Paris, Le Roi des Champs-Élysées. During this period, he made one other film in Europe, The Invader (released in America as An Old Spanish Custom in 1936).
Educational Pictures[link]
Upon Keaton's return to Hollywood, he made a screen comeback in a series of 16 two-reel comedies for Educational Pictures. Most of these are simple visual comedies, with many of the gags supplied by Keaton himself. The high point in the Educational series is Grand Slam Opera, featuring Buster in his own screenplay as an amateur-hour contestant. When the series lapsed in 1937, Keaton returned to MGM as a gag writer, including the Marx Brothers films At the Circus (1939) and Go West (1940), and providing material for Red Skelton. He also helped and advised Lucille Ball in her comedic work in films and television.[22]
Columbia Pictures[link]
In 1939, Columbia Pictures hired Keaton to star in ten two-reel comedies, running for two years. The director was usually Jules White, whose emphasis on slapstick made most of these films resemble White's Three Stooges comedies. Keaton's personal favorite was the series' debut entry, Pest from the West, a shorter, tighter remake of Keaton's little-viewed 1935 feature The Invader; it was directed not by White but by Del Lord, a veteran director for Mack Sennett. Moviegoers and exhibitors welcomed Keaton's Columbia comedies, proving that the comedian had not lost his appeal. However, taken as a whole, Keaton's Columbia shorts rank as the worst comedies he made, an assessment he concurred with in his autobiography.[23] The final entry was She's Oil Mine, and Keaton swore he would never again "make another crummy two-reeler."[23] These Columbia films are his final starring series for any film studio.
1940s and feature films[link]
Keaton's personal life had stabilized with his 1940 marriage, and now he was taking life a little easier, abandoning Columbia for the less strenuous field of feature films. Throughout the 1940s, Keaton played character roles in both "A" and "B" features. Critics rediscovered Keaton in 1949 and producers occasionally hired him for bigger "prestige" pictures. He had cameos in such films as In the Good Old Summertime (1949), Sunset Boulevard (1950), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1956).
Keaton also had a small bit part as Jimmy, appearing near the end of the film It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963). Jimmy assisted Spencer Tracy's character, Captain C. G. Culpepper, in storing his police car in a shoreline garage. Keaton was given more screen time in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966). The appearance is all the more touching since it was Keaton's last public appearance.
Keaton also appeared in a comedy routine about two inept stage musicians in Charlie Chaplin's Limelight (1952), recalling the vaudeville of The Playhouse. With the exception of Seeing Stars, a minor publicity film produced in 1922, Limelight was the only time in which the two would ever appear together on film.
In 1949, comedian Ed Wynn invited Keaton to appear on his CBS Television comedy-variety show, The Ed Wynn Show, which was televised live on the West Coast. Kinescopes were made for distribution of the programs to other parts of the country since there was no transcontinental coaxial cable until September 1951.
1950s and television[link]
In 1950, Keaton had a successful television series, The Buster Keaton Show, which was broadcast live on a local Los Angeles station. An attempt to recreate the first series on film as Life with Buster Keaton (1951), which allowed the program to be broadcast nationwide, was less well-received. He also appeared in the early television series Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town. A theatrical feature film, The Misadventures of Buster Keaton, was fashioned from the series. Keaton said he canceled the filmed series himself because he was unable to create enough fresh material to produce a new show each week. Keaton also appeared on Ed Wynn's variety show. At the age of 55, he successfully recreated one of the stunts of his youth, in which he propped one foot onto a table, then swung the second foot up next to it, and held the awkward position in midair for a moment before crashing to the stage floor. I've Got a Secret host Garry Moore recalled, "I asked (Keaton) how he did all those falls, and he said, 'I'll show you'. He opened his jacket and he was all bruised. So that's how he did it—it hurt—but you had to care enough not to care."
Unlike his contemporary Harold Lloyd, who kept his films from being televised (and therefore became lesser known to today's audiences), Keaton's periodic television appearances helped to revive interest in his silent films in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1954, Keaton played his first television dramatic role in "The Awakening", an episode of the syndicated anthology series Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Presents. About this time, he also appeared on NBC's The Martha Raye Show.
On April 3, 1957, Keaton was surprised by Ralph Edwards for the weekly NBC program This Is Your Life. The half hour program, which also promoted the release of the biographical film The Buster Keaton Story with Donald O'Connor, summarized Keaton's life and career up to that point.[24]
In December 1958, Keaton was a guest star as a hospital janitor who provides gifts to sick children in a special Christmas episode of The Donna Reed Show on ABC. The program was titled "A Very Merry Christmas". He returned to the program in 1965 in the episode "Now You See It, Now You Don't". The 1958 episode has been included in the DVD release of Donna Reed's television programs.[25] Actor Paul Peterson, a regular on "The Donna Reed Show," recalls in the book "The Fall of Buster Keaton" (2010, Scarecrow Press) that Keaton "put together an incredible physical skit. His skills were amazing. I never saw anything like it before or since."
In August 1960, Keaton accepted the role of mute King Sextimus the Silent in the national touring company of Once Upon A Mattress, a successful Broadway musical. Eleanor Keaton was cast in the chorus, and during rehearsals, she fielded questions directed at her husband, creating difficulties in communication. After a few days, Keaton warmed up to the rest of the cast with his "utterly delicious sense of humor", according to Fritzi Burr, who played opposite him as his wife Queen Aggravaine. When the tour landed in Los Angeles, Keaton invited the entire cast and crew to a spaghetti party at his Woodland Hills home, and entertained them by singing vaudeville songs.[26]
In 1960, Keaton returned to MGM for the final time, playing a lion tamer in a 1960 adaptation of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Much of the film was shot on location on the Sacramento River, which doubled for the Mississippi River setting of Twain's original book.[27]
In 1961, he starred in The Twilight Zone episode "Once Upon a Time", which included both silent and sound sequences. Keaton played time traveler Mulligan, who traveled from 1890 to 1960, then back, by means of a special helmet.
Keaton also found steady work as an actor in TV commercials, including a popular series of silent ads for Simon Pure Beer made in 1962 by Jim Mohr in Buffalo, NY in which he revisited some of the gags from his silent film days. In 1963, Keaton appeared in the episode "Think Mink" of ABC's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington sitcom, starring Fess Parker.
In 1964, Keaton appeared with Joan Blondell and Joe E. Brown in the final episode of ABC's circus drama, The Greatest Show on Earth, starring Jack Palance. That same year, he appeared on Lucille Ball's CBS television show, The Lucy Show, in an episode ("A Day in the Park") filmed in color but initially televised in black and white; this featured him sitting on a park bench, reading a newspaper, which he gradually unfolded into a huge, single sheet, a gag first seen in his 1921 short The High Sign. Harvey Korman played a policeman in the scene.[28]
At the age of 70, Keaton suggested that, for his appearance in the 1965 film Sergeant Deadhead, he run past the end of a firehose into a six-foot-high flip and crash. When director Norman Taurog balked, expressing concerns for Keaton's health, Keaton said, "I won't hurt myself, Norm, I've done it for years!" Keaton also starred in three other films for American International Pictures (Beach Blanket Bingo, Pajama Party, and How to Stuff a Wild Bikini).
In 1965, Keaton starred in a short film called The Railrodder for the National Film Board of Canada. Wearing his traditional porkpie hat, he travelled from one end of Canada to the other on a motorized handcar, performing gags similar to those in films he made 50 years before. The film is also notable for being Keaton's last silent screen performance. The Railrodder was made in tandem with a behind-the-scenes documentary about Keaton's life and times, called Buster Keaton Rides Again, also made for the National Film Board. He played the central role in Samuel Beckett's Film (1965), directed by Alan Schneider. Also in 1965, he traveled to Italy to play a role in Due Marines e un Generale, co-starring alongside with the famous Italian comedian duo of Franco Franchi and Ciccio Ingrassia.
Keaton's last film appearance was in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966) which was filmed in Spain in late 1965. He amazed the cast and crew by doing many of his own stunts, although Thames Television said his increasingly ill health did force the use of a stunt double for some scenes.[29]
Marriages[link]
In 1921, Keaton married Natalie Talmadge, sister-in-law of his boss, Joseph Schenck, and sister of actresses Norma Talmadge and Constance Talmadge. She co-starred with Keaton in Our Hospitality. The couple had two sons, James (1922–2007) and Robert (1924–2009), but after the birth of Robert, the relationship began to suffer.[30]
According to Keaton's autobiography, Natalie turned him out of their bedroom and hired detectives to follow him. Her extravagance was another factor in the breakdown of the marriage. During the 1920s, according to his autobiography, he dated actress Kathleen Key.[31]
After attempts at reconciliation, Natalie divorced Keaton in 1932, taking his entire fortune and refusing to allow any contact between Keaton and his sons, whose last name she had changed to Talmadge. Keaton was reunited with them about a decade later when his older son turned 18. The failure of his marriage, along with the loss of his independence as a filmmaker, led Keaton into a period of alcoholism.[21]
During the height of his popularity, Keaton spent $300,000 to build a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) home in Beverly Hills, which was later owned by James Mason and Cary Grant. Keaton's "Italian Villa" can be seen in Keaton's film Parlor, Bedroom and Bath. Keaton later said, "I took a lot of pratfalls to build that dump." Mason found numerous cans of previously "lost" Keaton films in the house in the 1950s; the films were quickly transferred by Raymond Rohauer to safety film before the original cellulose nitrate prints further deteriorated. Among the discovered films is Keaton's long-lost classic The Boat.[32]
Keaton was at one point briefly institutionalized; however, according to the TCM documentary So Funny it Hurt, Keaton escaped a straitjacket with tricks learned during his vaudeville days. In 1933, he married his nurse, Mae Scriven, during an alcoholic binge about which he afterwards claimed to remember nothing (Keaton himself later called that period an "alcoholic blackout"). Scriven herself would later claim that she didn't know Keaton's real first name until after the marriage. The singular event that triggered Mae filing for divorce in 1935 was her finding Keaton in flagrante dilecto with the infamous Leah Clampitt Sewell on the 4th of July of that same year in a hotel in Santa Barbara.[33] When they divorced in 1936, it was again at great financial cost to Keaton.[34]
In 1940, Keaton married Eleanor Norris (1918–1998), who was 23 years his junior. She has been credited with saving his life by stopping his heavy drinking, and helped to salvage his career. The marriage lasted until his death. Between 1947 and 1954, they appeared regularly in the Cirque Medrano in Paris as a double act. She came to know his routines so well that she often participated in them on TV revivals.
Death[link]
Keaton died of lung cancer on February 1, 1966, aged 70, in Woodland Hills, California.[35] Despite being diagnosed with cancer in January 1966, he was never told that he was terminally ill or that he had cancer; Keaton thought that he was recovering from bronchitis. Confined to a hospital during his final days, Keaton was restless and paced the room endlessly, desiring to return home. In a British television documentary about his career, his widow Eleanor told producers of Thames Television that Keaton was up out of bed and moving around, and even played cards with friends who came to visit at their house the day before he died.[36] Eleanor Keaton died in 1998, from emphysema and lung cancer, aged 80.
Influence and legacy[link]
Keaton has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: 6619 Hollywood Boulevard (for motion pictures); and 6321 Hollywood Boulevard (for television).
In 1955, Keaton was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.
Jacques Tati is described as "taking a page from Buster Keaton's playbook."[37]
A 1957 film biography, The Buster Keaton Story, starred Donald O'Connor as Keaton. The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon (who also directed the film), was vaguely based on his life, but contained many factual errors and merged his three wives into one character. Most of the story centered on his drinking problem. The 1987 documentary, Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, which won two Emmy Awards and was directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill, is considered a much more accurate telling of Keaton’s story.[38]
In 1994, caricaturist Al Hirschfeld penned a series of silent film stars for the United States Post Office, including Rudolph Valentino and Keaton.[39] Hirschfeld said that modern film stars were more difficult to depict, that silent film comedians such as Laurel and Hardy and Keaton "looked like their caricatures".[40]
Keaton's physical comedy is cited by Jackie Chan in his autobiography documentary Jackie Chan: My Story as being the primary source of inspiration for his own brand of self-deprecating physical comedy.
Comedian Richard Lewis stated that Keaton was his prime inspiration, and spoke of having a close friendship with Keaton's widow Eleanor. Lewis was particularly moved by the fact that Eleanor said Lewis' eyes looked like Keaton's.[41]
Pork pie hats[link]
Keaton designed and modified his own pork pie hats during his career. In 1964, he told an interviewer that in making "this particular pork pie", he "started with a good Stetson and cut it down", stiffening the brim with sugar water.[42] The hats were often destroyed during Keaton's wild film antics; some were given away as gifts and some were snatched by souvenir hunters. Keaton said he was lucky if he used only six hats in making a film. Keaton estimated that he and his wife Eleanor made thousands of the hats during his career. Keaton observed that during his silent period, such a hat cost him around two dollars; at the time of his interview, he said, they cost almost $13.[42]
Keaton in music[link]
In 1987 Italian singer-songwriters Claudio Lolli and Francesco Guccini wrote a song, Keaton, about his work in Italy on the film Due Marines e un Generale
Filmography[link]
Main article: Buster Keaton filmography
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Obituary Variety, February 2, 1966, page 63.
- ^ a b Roger Ebert: The Films of Buster Keaton.
- ^ Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films.
- ^ Orson Welles interview, from the Kino Nov 10, 2009 Blu-Ray edition of The General
- ^ "bfi:Sight & Sound: Top ten". http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/index.html. Retrieved November 18, 2005.
- ^ a b c Meade, Marion (1997). Buster Keaton: Cut to the Chase. Da Capo. p. 16. ISBN 0-306-80802-1.
- ^ Keith Stokes. "Buster Keaton Museum - Piqua, Kansas". Kansastravel.org. http://www.kansastravel.org/busterkeatonmuseum.htm. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Turner Classic Movies website.
- ^ Telescope: Deadpan an interview with Buster Keaton, 1964 interview of Buster and Eleanor Keaton by Fletcher Markle for the CBC.
- ^ a b c "PART I: A Vaudeville Childhood". Busterkeaton.com. http://www.busterkeaton.com/bio1.htm. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ "Buster Keaton". Archive.sensesofcinema.com. February 1, 1966. http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/keaton.html. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ "PART II:The Flickers". Busterkeaton.com. October 13, 1924. http://www.busterkeaton.com/partii.htm. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Martha R. Jett. "My Career at the Rear / Buster Keaton in World War I". worldwar1.com. http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/buster.htm.
- ^ Master Sergeant Jim Ober. "Buster Keaton: Comedian, Soldier". California State Military Museum. http://www.militarymuseum.org/Keaton.html.
- ^ Maltin, Leonard, The Great Movie Comedians, Bell Publishing, 1978
- ^ "Reviews : The General/Steamboat Bill Jr". The DVD Journal. http://www.dvdjournal.com/reviews/b/busterkeatondf.shtml. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Thomson, David, Have you Seen...?, Alfred A. Knopf Publishing, 2008, p. 767.
- ^ Perez Gilberto 'The Material Ghost—On Keaton and Chaplin' 1998
- ^ Trahair, Lisa. "The Narrative-Machine: Buster Keaton’s Cinematic Comedy, Deleuze’s Recursion Function and the Operational Aesthetic". 2004. http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2004/33/keaton_deleuze/
- ^ "Moving Pictures: Buster Keaton’s ‘General’ Pulls In To PFA. Category: Arts & Entertainment from The Berkeley Daily Planet - Friday November 10, 2006". Berkeleydaily.org. http://www.berkeleydaily.org/issue/2006-11-10/article/25592?headline=Moving-Pictures-Buster-Keaton-s-General-Pulls-In-To-PFA. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "Buster-Keaton.com". Buster-Keaton.com. http://www.buster-keaton.com/. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ http://kathleenbrady.net/lucille_the_life_of_lucille_ball_18269.htm
- ^ a b Okuda, Ted; Watz, Edward (1986). The Columbia Comedy Shorts. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 139. ISBN 0-89950-181-8.
- ^ "Series Details". Cinema.ucla.edu. http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/calendar/calendardetails.aspx?details_type=2&id=373. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ ""The Donna Reed Show" A Very Merry Christmas (1958)". Us.imdb.com. http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0564206/. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Meade, Marion (1997). Buster Keaton: Cut to the Chase. Da Capo. p. 284. ISBN 0-306-80802-1.
- ^ Bosley Crowther (August 4, 1960). "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960)". New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E04E6D7163CEF3ABC4C53DFBE66838B679EDE.
- ^ "Buster Keaton". A-1video.com. http://www.a-1video.com/buster.htm. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, Chap. 3, Thames Television, 1987
- ^ "Buster Keaton Profile". Tcm.com. http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article/?cid=161352. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ McPherson, Edward, Buster Keaton: Tempest in a Flat Hat, 2005
- ^ "The House Next Door: 5 for the Day: James Mason". Thehousenextdooronline.com. August 24, 2009. http://www.thehousenextdooronline.com/2009/08/5-for-day-james-mason.html. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ "Buster Keaton's Second Wife Sues Him for Divorce". Reading Eagle. July 18, 1935. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19350718&id=RwoxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=teEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2071,3248409. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Dardis, Tom, Buster Keaton: The Man Who Wouldn't Lie Down, 1996
- ^ "Buster Keaton, 70, Dies on Coast. Poker-Faced Comedian of Films.". New York Times. February 2, 1966. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1004.html. Retrieved July 4, 2008. "Buster Keaton, the poker-faced comic whose studies in exquisite frustration amused two generations of film audiences, died of lung cancer today at his home in suburban Woodland Hills. Keaton was 70."
- ^ Turner Classic Movies.
- ^ http://www.jacquestati.com/films.html
- ^ Severo, Richard. "The Buster Keaton Story - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". Movies.nytimes.com. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/86310/The-Buster-Keaton-Story/overview. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, Polly Anderson, January 20, 2003. "Famed Caricaturist Al Hirschfeld Dies".
- ^ Leopold, David. Hirschfeld's Hollywood, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, p. 20.
- ^ TCM voice-over, October 2011, "Buster Keaton Month".
- ^ a b "How To Make A Porkpie Hat. Buster Keaton, interviewed in 1964 at the Movieland Wax Museum by Henry Gris". Busterkeaton.com. http://www.busterkeaton.com/howto.htm. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Agee, James, "Comedy's Greatest Era" from Life (September 5, 1949), reprinted in Agee on Film (1958) McDowell, Obolensky, (2000) Modern Library
- Keaton, Buster (with Charles Samuels), My Wonderful World of Slapstick (1960) Doubleday, (1982) Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-80178-7
- Blesh, Rudi, Keaton (1966) The Macmillan Company ISBN 0-02-511570-7
- Lahue, Kalton C., World of Laughter: The Motion Picture Comedy Short, 1910-1930 (1966) University of Oklahoma Press
- Lebel, Jean-Patrick, Buster Keaton (1967) A.S. Barnes
- Brownlow, Kevin, "Buster Keaton" from The Parade’s Gone By (1968) Alfred A. Knopf, (1976) University of California Press
- McCaffrey, Donald W., 4 Great Comedians: Chaplin, Lloyd, Keaton, Langdon (1968) A.S. Barnes
- Robinson, David, Buster Keaton (1969) Indiana University Press, in association with British Film Institute
- Robinson, David, The Great Funnies: A History of Film Comedy (1969) E.P. Dutton
- Durgnat, Raymond, "Self-Help with a Smile" from The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image (1970) Dell
- Maltin, Leonard, Selected Short Subjects (first published as The Great Movie Shorts, 1972) Crown Books, (revised 1983) Da Capo Press
- Gilliatt, Penelope, "Buster Keaton" from Unholy Fools: Wits, Comics, Disturbers of the Peace (1973) Viking
- Mast, Gerald, The Comic Mind: Comedy and the Movies (1973, 2nd ed. 1979) University of Chicago Press
- Kerr, Walter, The Silent Clowns (1975) Alfred A. Knopf, (1990) Da Capo Press ISBN 0-394-46907-0
- Anobile, Richard J. (ed.), The Best of Buster: Classic Comedy Scenes Direct from the Films of Buster Keaton (1976) Crown Books
- Yallop, David, The Day the Laughter Stopped: The True Story of Fatty Arbuckle (1976) St. Martin's Press
- Byron, Stuart and Weis, Elizabeth (eds.), The National Society of Film Critics on Movie Comedy (1977) Grossman/Viking
- Moews, Daniel, Keaton: The Silent Features Close Up (1977) University of California Press
- Everson, William K., American Silent Film (1978) Oxford University Press
- Maltin, Leonard, The Great Movie Comedians (1978) Crown Books
- Dardis, Tom, Keaton: The Man Who Wouldn't Lie Down (1979) Scribners, (2004) Limelight Editions
- Benayoun, Robert, The Look of Buster Keaton (1983) St. Martin's Press
- Staveacre, Tony, Slapstick!: The Illustrated Story (1987) Angus & Robertson Publishers
- Edmonds, Andy, Frame-Up!: The Shocking Scandal That Destroyed Hollywood's Biggest Comedy Star Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle (1992) Avon Books
- Kline, Jim, The Complete Films of Buster Keaton (1993) Carol Pub. Group
- Meade, Marion, Buster Keaton: Cut to the Chase (1995) HarperCollins
- Rapf, Joanna E. and Green, Gary L., Buster Keaton: A Bio-Bibliography (1995) Greenwood Press
- Oldham, Gabriella, Keaton's Silent Shorts: Beyond the Laughter (1996) Southern Illinois University Press
- Horton, Andrew, Buster Keaton's Sherlock Jr. (1997) Cambridge University Press
- Bengtson, John, Silent Echoes: Discovering Early Hollywood Through the Films of Buster Keaton (1999) Santa Monica Press
- Knopf, Robert, The Theater and Cinema of Buster Keaton (1999) Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-00442-0
- Keaton, Eleanor, Buster Keaton Remembered (2001) Harry N. Abrams ISBN 0-8109-4227-5
- Mitchell, Glenn, A – Z of Silent Film Comedy (2003) B.T. Batsford Ltd.
- McPherson, Edward, Buster Keaton: Tempest in a Flat Hat (2005) Newmarket Press ISBN 1-55704-665-4
- Oderman, Stuart, Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle: A Biography of the Silent Film Comedian (2005) McFarland & Co.
- Neibaur, James L., Arbuckle and Keaton: Their 14 Film Collaborations (2006) McFarland & Co.
- Keaton, Buster, Buster Keaton: Interviews (Conversations with Filmmakers Series) (2007) University Press of Mississippi
- Brighton, Catherine, Keep Your Eye on the Kid: The Early Years of Buster Keaton (2008) Roaring Brook Press (An illustrated children's book about Keaton's career)
- Smith, Imogen Sara, Buster Keaton: The Persistence of Comedy (2008) Gambit Publishing ISBN 978-0-9675917-4-2
- Carroll, Noel, Comedy Incarnate: Buster Keaton, Physical Humor, and Bodily Coping (2009) Wiley-Blackwell
- Neibaur, James L., The Fall of Buster Keaton: His Films for MGM, Educational Pictures, and Columbia (2010) Scarecrow Press
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Buster Keaton |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Buster Keaton |
- Buster Keaton at the Internet Movie Database
- Buster Keaton at the TCM Movie Database
- The International Buster Keaton Society
- Buster Keaton Museum
- Buster Keaton and the Muskegon Connection
- Buster Keaton in Five Easy Clips
- Buster Keaton Photo Galleries (includes rare images of BK smiling and laughing)
- Buster Keaton as a child performer (Univ. of Washington/Sayre collection)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Keaton, Buster |
| Alternative names | Keaton, Joseph Frank |
| Short description | Actor and filmmaker |
| Date of birth | October 4, 1895 |
| Place of birth | Piqua, Kansas |
| Date of death | February 1, 1966 |
| Place of death | Woodland Hills, California |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton
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"Leno" redirects here. For other uses, see Leno (disambiguation).
| Jay Leno | |
|---|---|
 Leno in July 2008 |
|
| Birth name | James Douglas Muir Leno |
| Born | (1950-04-28) April 28, 1950 (age 62)[1] New Rochelle, New York, U.S.[1] |
| Medium | Television, Film, Stand up |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Genres | Observational comedy, Political satire |
| Subject(s) | American culture, Everyday life |
| Influences | Johnny Carson, Robert Klein, Alan King, George Carlin,[2] Don Rickles, Bob Newhart, Rodney Dangerfield |
| Influenced | Dennis Miller[3] |
| Spouse | Mavis Leno (1980–present) |
| Notable works and roles | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (host, 1992–2009, 2010–) The Jay Leno Show (host, 2009–2010) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |
| Emmy Awards | |
| Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series 1995 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |
|
James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno /ˈlɛnoʊ/ (born April 28, 1950)[1] is an American stand-up comedian and television host.
From 1992 to 2009, Leno was the host of NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Beginning in September 2009, Leno started a primetime talk show, titled The Jay Leno Show, which aired weeknights at 10:00 p.m. (Eastern Time, UTC-5), also on NBC. After The Jay Leno Show was canceled in January 2010 amid a host controversy, Leno returned to host The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 1, 2010.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
James "Jay" Leno was born in New Rochelle, New York, in 1950. His mother, Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993), a homemaker, was born in Greenock, Scotland, and came to the United States at age 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), who worked as an insurance salesman, was born in New York to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy.[5] Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts, and although his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973.[6] Leno's siblings include his late older brother, Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran[7] and a lawyer.[6]
Career[link]
During the 1970s, Leno appeared in minor roles in several television series and films, first in the 1976 episode "J.J. in Trouble" of Good Times and the same year in the pilot of Holmes & Yo-Yo. After an uncredited appearance in the 1977 film Fun with Dick and Jane, he played more prominent parts in 1978 in American Hot Wax and Silver Bears. Other films and television series from that period include Almost Heaven (1978), "Going Nowhere" (1979) from One Day at a Time, Americathon (1979), Polyester (1981), "The Wild One" (1981) from Alice, "Feminine Mistake" (1979) and "Do the Carmine" (1983) from Laverne & Shirley.
[edit] The Tonight Show
_by_Alan_Light.jpg)
Starting in 1987, Leno was a regular substitute host for Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show. In 1992, he replaced Carson as host[8] amid controversy with David Letterman, who had been hosting Late Night with David Letterman since 1982 (aired after The Tonight Show), who many had expected to be Carson's successor. The story of this turbulent transition was later turned into a book and a movie. Leno continued to perform as a stand-up comedian throughout his tenure on The Tonight Show.
In 2004, Leno signed a contract extension with NBC which would keep him as host of The Tonight Show until 2009.[9] Later in 2004, Conan O'Brien signed a contract with NBC under which O'Brien would become the host of The Tonight Show in 2009, replacing Leno at that time.[10]
During the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, Leno was accused of violating WGA guidelines by writing his own monologue for The Tonight Show. While NBC and Leno claim there were private meetings with the WGA where there was a secret agreement allowing this, the WGA denied such a meeting.[11] Leno answered questions in front of the Writers Guild of America, West trial committee in February 2009 and June 2009, and when the WGAW published its list of strike-breakers on 11 August 2009, Leno was not on the list.[12][13]
In 1998, Leno competed in a tag-team match at the WCW's "Road Wild" pay-per-view . In 2001, he voiced The Crimson Chin, a superhero in the Nickelodeon animated series The Fairly OddParents and continues to do so today.
Leno said in 2008 that he was saving all of his income from The Tonight Show and living solely off his income from stand-up comedy.[14]
On April 23, 2009, Leno checked himself into a hospital with an undisclosed illness.[15] He was released the following day and returned to work on Monday, April 27. The two subsequently cancelled Tonight Show episodes for April 23 and April 24 were Leno's first in 17 years as host.[16][17] Initially, the illness that caused the absence was not disclosed, but later Leno told People magazine that the ailment was exhaustion.[17][18]
Michael Jackson trial[link]
In the 2005 trial of Michael Jackson over allegations of child molestation, Leno appeared as a defense witness (many celebrity defense witnesses had been expected, but Leno was one of the few whose testimony was actually needed). In his testimony regarding a call by the accuser, Leno testified that he never called the police, that no money was asked for, and there was no coaching — but that the calls seemed unusual and scripted.[19]
As a result, Leno was initially not allowed to continue telling jokes about Jackson or the case, which had been a fixture of The Tonight Show's opening monologue in particular. But he and his show's writers used a legal loophole by having Leno briefly step aside while stand-in comedians took the stage and told jokes about the trial. Stand-ins included Roseanne Barr, Drew Carey, Brad Garrett, and Dennis Miller among others.[20]
[edit] Succession by Conan O'Brien and The Jay Leno Show
Main article: The Jay Leno Show
Because Leno's show continued to lead all late-night programming in the Nielsen ratings, the pending expiration of Leno's contract led to speculation about whether he would become a late-night host for another network after his commitment to NBC expired.[21] Leno left The Tonight Show on Friday May 29, 2009,[22][23] and Conan O'Brien took over on June 1, 2009.
On December 8, 2008, it was reported that Leno would remain on NBC and move to a new hour-long show at 10 p.m. Eastern Time (9 p.m. Central Time) five nights a week.[24] This show follows a similar format to The Tonight Show, tapes at the same lot, and retains many of Leno's most popular segments. Late Night host Conan O'Brien was his successor on The Tonight Show.[25]
Jay Leno's new show, titled The Jay Leno Show, debuted on September 14, 2009. It was announced at the Television Critics Association summer press tour that it would feature one or two celebrities, the occasional musical guest, and keep the popular "Headlines" segments, which would air near the end of the show. First guests included Jerry Seinfeld, Oprah Winfrey (via satellite), and a short sit-down with Kanye West discussing his controversy at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.[26]
[edit] Timeslot conflict and return to The Tonight Show
 |
Wikinews has related news: US TV host Conan O'Brien rejects NBC's offer to switch his show's time slot |
Main article: 2010 Tonight Show conflict
In their new roles, neither O'Brien nor Leno succeeded in delivering the viewing audiences the network anticipated. On January 7, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that beginning March 1, 2010, Jay Leno would move from his 10pm weeknight time slot to 11:35pm, due to a combination of pressure from local affiliates whose newscasts were suffering, and both Leno's and O'Brien's poor ratings.[27][28] Leno's show would be shortened from an hour to 30 minutes. All NBC late night programming would be preempted by the 2010 Winter Olympics between February 15 and February 26. This would move The Tonight Show to 12:05am, a post-midnight timeslot for the first time in its history. O'Brien's contract stipulated that NBC could move the show back to 12:05 a.m. without penalty (a clause put in primarily to accommodate sports preemptions).[29]
On January 10, NBC confirmed that they would move Jay Leno out of primetime as of February 12 and intended to move him to late night as soon as possible.[30][31] TMZ reported that O'Brien was given no advance notice of this change, and that NBC offered him two choices: an hour-long 12:05am time slot, or the option to leave the network.[32] On January 12, O'Brien issued a press release that stated he would not continue with Tonight if it moved to a 12:05am time slot,[33] saying, "I believe that delaying The Tonight Show into the next day to accommodate another comedy program will seriously damage what I consider to be the greatest franchise in the history of broadcasting. The Tonight Show at 12:05 simply isn’t The Tonight Show."
On January 21, it was announced that NBC had struck a deal with O'Brien. It was decided that O'Brien would leave The Tonight Show. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive a $33 million payout and that his staff of almost 200 would receive $12 million in the departure. O'Brien's final episode aired on Friday, January 22.[34][35][36] Leno returned as host of The Tonight Show following the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 1, 2010.
On July 1, 2010, Variety reported that total viewership for Jay Leno's Tonight Show had dropped from 5 million to 4 million for the second quarter of 2010, compared to the same period in 2009. Although this represented the lowest second-quarter ratings for the show since 1992, Tonight was still the most-watched late night program, ahead of ABC's Nightline (3.7 million) and David Letterman's Late Show (3.3 million).[37] Ratings over the following summer, when compared to the same period in 2009 with O'Brien hosting The Tonight Show (including O'Brien's highly rated debut), showed that while total viewership was 12% higher for Leno, viewership in the important "adults aged 18–49" demographic was 23% lower.[38] NBC ratings specialist Tom Bierbaum commented that due to the host being out of late night television for a period of time and the subsequent 2010 Tonight Show conflict, Leno's ratings fall was "not a surprise at all".[39]
Public image[link]
Criticism of Leno[link]
Leno has faced heated criticism and some negative publicity for his perceived role in the 2010 Tonight Show timeslot conflict.[40][41] Critics have pointed to a 2004 Tonight Show clip, wherein Leno claimed he would allow O'Brien to take over without incident.[41][42] At the time, Leno stated he didn't want O'Brien to leave for a competing network, adding, "I'll be 59 when [the switch occurs], that's five years from now. There's really only one person who could have done this into his 60s, and that was Johnny Carson; I think it's fair to say I'm no Johnny Carson."[42] Leno also described The Tonight Show as a dynasty, saying "you hold it and hand it off to the next person. And I don't want to see all the fighting..." At the end of the segment, he said, "Conan, it's yours! See you in five years, buddy!"[43]
Actor and comedian Patton Oswalt was among the first celebrities to openly voice disappointment with Leno, saying, "Comedians who don't like Jay Leno now, and I'm one of them, we're not like, 'Jay Leno sucks;' it's that we're so hurt and disappointed that one of the best comedians of our generation... willfully has shut the switch off."[44] Rosie O'Donnell has been among O'Brien's most vocal and vehement supporters,[45][46] calling Leno a "bully" and his recent actions "classless and kind of career-defining."[47]
Bill Zehme, the co-author of Leno's autobiography Leading with My Chin, told the Los Angeles Times: "The thing Leno should do is walk, period. He's got everything to lose in terms of public popularity by going back. People will look at him differently. He'll be viewed as the bad guy."[48]
Support for Leno[link]
NBC Sports head executive and former Saturday Night Live producer Dick Ebersol spoke out against all who had recently mocked Leno, calling them "chicken-hearted and gutless."[49]
Jeff Gaspin also defended Leno: "This has definitely crossed the line. Jay Leno is the consummate professional and one of the hardest-working people in television. It's a shame that he's being pulled into this."[48]
Paul Reiser and Jerry Seinfeld are two of the number of celebrities to have voiced support for Leno.[50][51]
Responding to the mounting criticism, Leno claimed that NBC had assured him that O'Brien was willing to accept the proposed arrangement and then would not let either host out of his contract.[52] Leno also said that the situation was "all business."[52] He appeared on the January 28 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show in an attempt to repair some of the damage done to his public image.[53][54]
Personal life[link]
Leno has been married since 1980 to Mavis Leno; they have no children.[55]
He is known for his prominent jaw, which has been described as mandibular prognathism.[56] In the book Leading with My Chin he stated that he is aware of surgery that could reset his mandible, but does not wish to endure a prolonged healing period with his jaws wired shut.
Leno is dyslexic.[6] He claims to sleep only four to five hours each night.[57] Leno does not drink or smoke, nor does he gamble.[58] He spends most of his free time visiting car collections or working in his private garage.[58]
Leno reportedly earns $32 million each year;[59] his total net worth is unknown, but has been estimated to be at least $150 million.[60]
Charity[link]
In 2001, along with his wife, he donated $100,000 to the Feminist Majority's campaign to stop gender apartheid in Afghanistan, to educate the public regarding the plight of women in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. Mavis Leno is on the board of the Feminist Majority.[61][62]
In 2009, he donated $100,000 to a scholarship fund at Salem State College in honor of Lennie Sogoloff. Mr. Sogoloff gave Leno his start at his jazz club, Lennie's-on-the-Turnpike.[63]
Love Ride[link]
Since 1985 Jay Leno has been the grand marshal for the Love Ride, a motorcycle charity event which since its founding in 1984 has raised nearly $14 million dollars for charities benefiting muscular dystrophy research and, in 2011, Autism Speaks.[citation needed]
Vehicle collection[link]
Leno owns approximately 100 vehicles, not including about 90 motorcycles.[65] He also has a website called "Jay Leno's Garage," which contains video clips and photos of his automobiles in detail.[66]
He has a regular column in Popular Mechanics which showcases his car collection and gives advice about various automotive topics, including restoration and unique models, such as his jet-powered motorcycle and solar-powered hybrid. Leno also writes occasional "Motormouth" articles for The Sunday Times,[67] reviewing high-end sports cars and giving his humorous take on automotive matters.
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Jay Leno Biography". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/1548610/Jay-Leno/biography. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ Breuer, Howard, and Stephen M, Silverman (2008-06-24). "Carlin Remembered: He Helped Other Comics with Drug Problems". People. Time Inc.. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,20208460,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ James Hirsen, Dennis Miller: Why I 'Ascended' to the Right, NewsMax.com, February 5, 2004.
- ^ Adalian, Josef (January 21, 2010). "Exclusive: Conan, NBC Officially Splitsville (Updated)". The Wrap. http://www.thewrap.com/ind-column/new-nbc-breaking-story-13241. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ "Jay Leno Biography (1950–)". Film Reference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/70/Jay-Leno.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ a b c Carter, Bill. "Pushed From Late Night, Leno Is Set for Prime Time" The New York Times, 12 September 2009.
- ^ Aivaz, Mike (October 18, 2007). "Obama on Leno: Hillary has declared 'mission accomplished' too soon". The Raw Story. http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Obama_takes_jab_at_Clinton_on_1018.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Carson cuts appearances". Rome News-Tribune. Associated Press (Rome, Ga.): p. 14. June 2, 1987. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NQMIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5008,192179&dq=tonight+jay-leno+shandling. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ "NBC signs Jay Leno to contract extension". USA Today. Associated Press. March 31, 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2004-03-30-leno-contract-extended_x.htm. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Carter, Bill (September 27, 2004). "Conan O'Brien to Succeed Jay Leno in 2009, NBC Announces". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/27/business/media/28CND-NBC.html?pagewanted=print&position=. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ "LENO/WGA: WHAT'S THE REAL STORY? NBC Claims Jay Asked For & Received WGA Permission To Write Monologue At Secret Monday Meeting With Verrone". Deadline Hollywood Daily. http://www.deadlinehollywooddaily.com/lenowga-whats-the-real-story-nbc-claims-jay-asked-for-received-wga-permission-to-write-monologue-at-monday-meeting-with-verrone-et-al/. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ Verrier, Richard (2009-08-11). "WGA: No chin music for Jay Leno". Company Town (Los Angeles Times). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/08/guild-clears-jay-leno-of-violating-strike-rules.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Littleton, Cynthia (2009-08-11). "Jay Leno cleared of strike violations; WGA West issues penalties in three cases". Variety (New York City: Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118007189.html?categoryId=2821&cs=1. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ della Cava, Marco (July 17, 2008). "Jay Leno Gears up for Life After 'Tonight'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-07-16-leno-cover_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ Hannah, Jack (2009-04-23). "Jay Leno hospitalized; 'Tonight Show' tapings canceled". CNN.com (Cable News Network). http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/TV/04/23/leno.hospitalized/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Dillon, Nancy (April 24, 2009). "Jay Leno released from the hospital". New York: NYDailyNews. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/04/24/2009-04-24_rep_jay_leno_hospital_trip_precautionary_late_night_host_to_be_released_friday.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ a b "Jay Leno misses first show in 17 years". Canada.com. Reuters (Winnipeg, Manitoba: Canwest Publishing Inc.). 2009-04-24. http://www.canada.com/News/Leno+misses+first+show+years/1530668/story.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Warrick, Pamela (2009-05-01). "Jay Leno Reveals Mystery Ailment: Exhaustion". People.com (Time Inc.). http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20276256,00.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Sweetingham, Lisa (May 24, 2005). "Comedians Jay Leno and Chris Tucker testify for Michael Jackson". Court TV. http://www.courttv.com/trials/jackson/052405_ctv.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ Bryant, Karyn (2005-03-08). "Showbiz Tonight". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0503/08/sbt.01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ Moore, Frazier (May 18, 2008). "NBC's Jay Leno-Conan O'Brien swap prompts rumors". Newsday. Associated Press. http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/ny-fftv5685783may18,0,4188633.story?track=rss. Retrieved October 26, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Carter, Bill (July 22, 2008). "Date Is Set for Leno's 'Tonight' Finale". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/arts/television/22late.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/T/Television. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Carter, Bill (2009-05-30). "Jay Leno Takes Final Bow on ‘Tonight Show’". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/30/arts/television/30leno.html?em. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
- ^ Carter, Bill (December 9, 2008). "Where Is Leno Going? To Prime Time, on NBC". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/business/media/09leno.html?em. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "Leno's last 'Tonight' announced". CNN.com. Associated Press. July 21, 2008. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724101827/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/21/tv.nbc.tonight.ap/index.html. Retrieved July 21, 2008. "Leno's last show was Friday, May 29, and O'Brien started the following Monday, June 1, NBC executives told a Television Critics Association meeting Monday."
- ^ Jay Leno Reveals What To Expect From His New Primetime Show
- ^ "Future For NBC's Tonight Show Up In The Air", Los Angeles Times, January 2010.
- ^ "Jay Leno Heading Back To Late Night, Conan O’Brien Weighing Options".
- ^ Finke, Nikki (2010-01-07). NBC ON THE HOT SEAT: Will It Be Jay AND Conan In Late Night? What's The Reason For Leno's Anti-NBC Monologue Tonight?. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ "NBC confirms move of "Leno Show"[dead link]"
- ^ "Update: NBC Plans Leno at 11:30, Conan at 12", The New York Times, 7 January 2010.
- ^ "NBC to Conan O'Brien – The Choice Is Yours", TMZ, 8 January 2010.
- ^ Conan Won't Do "The Tonight Show" Following Leno, MSNBC.com, 12 January 2010.
- ^ Robert Seidman , NBC Announces That Jay Leno Will Return To Host “The Tonight Show” Beginning March 1, tvbythenumbers.com, 21 January 2010.
- ^ NBC Universal Confirms Conan O’Brien Exit Deal Signed from Bloomberg via Business Week
- ^ Conan O'Brien, NBC reach deal[dead link] from CBC News
- ^ Levine, Stuart (2010-07-01). "'Kimmel,' 'Nightline' show demo increase". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118021316.html?categoryid=14&cs=1.
- ^ Pike, Julie (September 7, 2010). "Tonight Show Ratings Plummet – Jay Leno Sinks Beneath Conan O'Brien Numbers". The National Ledger (The National Ledger, LLC). http://www.nationalledger.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=53&num=34570. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Piccalo, Gina (October 24, 2010). "Comedians Laugh as Leno Sinks". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-10-24/jay-lenos-sinking-tonight-show-ratings-will-conan-obrien-get-the-last-laugh/. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ The Wall Street Journal article: "Why Some Comics Aren’t Laughing at Jay Leno".
- ^ a b Kansas City Star article: "Jay Leno is Mr. Nice Guy no more — but was he ever?[dead link]".
- ^ a b Digital Journal article: Jay Leno in 2004: "In '09, Conan, it's yours"
- ^ Funnyordie.com: 2004 Tonight Show Clip: "Conan, It's yours!"
- ^ The Huffington Post article: "Patton Oswalt: Jay Leno Is Like Nixon, I Don't Like Him".
- ^ Porter, Rick (2010-01-14). "Rosie O'Donnell is on Team Conan". Zap2it. http://blog.zap2it.com/thedishrag/2010/01/rosie-odonnell-is-on-team-conan.html. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ New York Daily News article: "Rosie O'Donnell, Jimmy Kimmel slam Jay Leno over Tonight Show battle."
- ^ New York Magazine article: "Rosie O’Donnell Has More to Say About Jay Leno."
- ^ a b Los Angeles Times article: "Taking on America's 'nice guy'", p. 2.
- ^ Los Angeles Times article: "Taking on America's 'nice guy'".
- ^ The Huffington Post article: "Paul Reiser: A Teachable Moment."
- ^ The Wrap article: "Seinfeld on Jay-Conan Debacle: 'I Can't Blame NBC'."
- ^ a b Entertainment Weekly article: "Jay Leno Tries to Make Nice, While Conan Rallies the Troops."
- ^ Perez Hilton article: "Oprah Shows Some Tonight Show Love".
- ^ TV.com article: "Confirmed, Jay Leno to Restore Reputation on 'Oprah'[dead link]".
- ^ "Jay Leno". Who's Who in America. Marquis. http://www.whoswhoinamerica.com/jay_leno/talk_show_host_comedian_writer/occ28/5463136.
- ^ Chudley, A.E. (October 1998). "Genetic landmarks through philately – The Habsburg jaw". Clinical Genetics 54 (4): 283–284. DOI:10.1034/j.1399-0004.1998.5440404.x. PMID 9831338.
- ^ Mike McLeod, Jay Leno – The Tonight Show's $1 Billion Man Collects Cars and Motorcycles, go-star.com
- ^ a b Nevada Magazine article: "Classic cars and comedy".
- ^ Forbes article: "Jay Leno – The Top 100 Celebrities".
- ^ CelebrityNetWorth.com: "Jay Leno's Net Worth."
- ^ "Hollywood's Latest Cause: Can A Pack Of Celebrities Save Afghanistan's Women?". Newsweek. December 6, 1999. http://www.newsweek.com/id/90455/output/print.
- ^ Greenberg, Susan H. (February 21, 2000). "So Many Causes, So Little Time Save The Rain Forest! Free Tibet! For Today's Stars, There's No Business Like Fund-Raising Business". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/82834.
- ^ "Leno says thanks with $100k check". The Boston Herald. April 12, 2009. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/04/12/leno_says_thanks_with_100k_check. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ Update: 1915 Hispano-Suiza Aero Engine Car (video), jaylenosgarage.com
- ^ The Cars, jaylenosgarage.com
- ^ "Jay Leno's Garage". Official Website. http://www.jaylenosgarage.com.
- ^ Moran, Michael (May 9, 2007). "Jay Leno's million dollar garage". London: The Times. http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/driving/article1746609.ece. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jay Leno |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jay Leno |
- Official Tonight Show with Jay Leno web site
- Jay Leno's Car Collection
- Jay Leno's Columns at Octane magazine
- The New York Times on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
- Live performance videos from the Tonight Show
- Jay Leno at the Internet Movie Database
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Conan O'Brien |
Host of The Tonight Show March 1, 2010–present |
Succeeded by incumbent |
| Preceded by Johnny Carson |
Host of The Tonight Show May 25, 1992 – May 29, 2009 |
Succeeded by Conan O'Brien |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Leno, Jay |
| Alternative names | Leno-Muir, James Douglas; Leno, James Douglas Muir; |
| Short description | TV personality |
| Date of birth | April 28, 1950 |
| Place of birth | New Rochelle, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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