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Aarhus University
http://wn.com/Aarhus_University -
Appleton Tower
Appleton Tower is a tower block in Edinburgh, Scotland, owned by the University of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Appleton_Tower -
Athens of the north
http://wn.com/Athens_of_the_north -
Bedlam Theatre
Bedlam Theatre is a student-run theatre owned by the University of Edinburgh and notable for being the oldest student-run theatre in Britain.
http://wn.com/Bedlam_Theatre -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Cranfield University
Cranfield University is a British postgraduate university based on two campuses, with a research-oriented focus. The main campus is at Cranfield, Bedfordshire and the second is the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom based at Shrivenham, Oxfordshire. The main campus is unique in the United Kingdom for having its own operational airport (Cranfield Airport) next to the main campus. The facilities at the airport are used by Cranfield University's own aircraft in the course of aerospace teaching and research. The university also has connections in India and Australia.
http://wn.com/Cranfield_University -
Dalhousie University
Dalhousie University is a university located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Founded in 1818, Dalhousie is one of Canada's oldest universities. As the largest post-secondary educational institution in the Maritime Provinces it offers a wide array of programs, including Dalhousie Medical School, the Schulich School of Law, Business Administration and the separate Sexton Campus for architecture, urban and regional planning, and engineering. The chancellor is Mr. Fred Fountain; Dr. Tom Traves serves as president and vice-chancellor.
http://wn.com/Dalhousie_University -
Durham University
The University of Durham, commonly known as Durham University, is a university in Durham, England. It was founded by Act of Parliament in 1832 and granted a Royal Charter in 1837. It was one of the first universities to open in England for more than 600 years and has a claim towards being the third oldest university in England, although there are other institutions that also claim this distinction.
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Edge Hill University
Edge Hill University is situated in Ormskirk in Lancashire, England. It has three faculties, Education, Health, and Arts and Sciences.
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Edinburgh
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Fudan University
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Informatics Forum
The Informatics Forum is a major new building on the Central Area campus of the University of Edinburgh. Completed in 2008, it houses the research institutes of the University's School of Informatics.
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Istanbul University
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John Witherspoon
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King's Buildings
The '''King's Buildings''' are a campus of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and contains most of the schools within the College of Science and Engineering, excepting only part of the School of Informatics and the institute of Geography, which are located at the central George Square campus. The campus lies between West Mains Road and Mayfield Road, about 2 miles south of George Square.
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Kingston University
Kingston University is a university in Kingston upon Thames in southwest London. Formerly a polytechnic, it was granted university status in 1992 under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.
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Kirkwall
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Korea University
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Lancaster University
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Leiden University
Leiden University (), located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. The royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau and Leiden University still have a close relationship. The Queens Juliana and Beatrix and crown-prince Willem-Alexander studied at Leiden University. In 2005 Queen Beatrix received a rare honorary degree from Leiden University.
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Little France
Little France is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is on the A7.
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Lund University
Lund University (), located in Lund in the province of Scania, Sweden, is one of northern Europe's most prestigious universities and one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research, frequently ranked among the world's top 100 universities. The university was founded in 1666 and is the second oldest Swedish university, but can arguably trace its roots back to 1438, when a studium generale was founded in Lund.
http://wn.com/Lund_University -
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
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McGill University
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Moray House
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Old Town, Edinburgh
The Old Town of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has preserved its medieval plan and many Reformation-era buildings.
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Orkney
Orkney () also known as the Orkney Islands (and sometimes incorrectly as "The Orkneys"), is an archipelago in northern Scotland, situated north of the coast of Caithness. Orkney comprises approximately 70 islands of which 20 are inhabited.
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Pleasance
Pleasance can refer to two possible entities. Originally a street in central Edinburgh, Scotland, it is now better known as the trading name of Pleasance Theatre Trust Ltd., an arts organisation that spawned in 1985 as part of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.. Pleasance Theatre Trust Ltd. is the parent organisation that runs Pleasance Theatre Edinburgh (for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe), and Pleasance Theatre Islington. Two of the 25 (in 2009) venues Pleasance Theatre Trust Ltd. runs for the Edinburgh Fringe Festival are also theatres for the rest of the year (known colloquially as 'The Pleasance'), and are part of the University of Edinburgh's student union. The buildings in the complex contain the offices of many student societies, such as Edinburgh Global Partnerships and Student (newspaper), a newspaper produced by students at the university.
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Royal College of Art
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Royal Mile
The Royal Mile is a succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of the Old Town of the city of Edinburgh in Scotland.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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St Magnus Cathedral
http://wn.com/St_Magnus_Cathedral -
Swansea University
Swansea University () is a university located in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom. Swansea University was chartered as University College of Swansea in 1920, as the fourth college of the University of Wales, following the report of the Haldane Commission into University Education in Wales. In 1996, it changed its name to the University of Wales Swansea following structural changes within the University of Wales. The new title of Swansea University was formally adopted on 1 September 2007 when the University of Wales became a non-membership confederal institution and the former members became universities in their own right.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Talbot Rice Gallery
http://wn.com/Talbot_Rice_Gallery -
Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania (; phonetical: tan-zann-ei-a; or sometimes tan-zanneia; ) is a country in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.
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Teesside University
Teesside University is a university in Middlesbrough, England. It has a student body of 27,954 students as of the 2008-09 academic year. Recording rises in applications of 25.1 per cent and 23.5 per cent for degree courses beginning in 2010, the highest such percentage increases of any university in the North East of England. The University has a campus in Darlington named Teesside University Darlington.
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Teviot Row House
Teviot Row House (colloquially known as just "Teviot" pronounced "Tee-vee-ot") is one of the Student Union buildings at Edinburgh University, Scotland. Run by Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA), it is the oldest purpose built Student Union Building in the world, having been opened on Saturday, October 19, 1889 (construction started in 1887).
http://wn.com/Teviot_Row_House -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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University of Bergen
http://wn.com/University_of_Bergen -
University of Delhi
http://wn.com/University_of_Delhi -
University of Dundee
The University of Dundee is a university in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee, Scotland.
http://wn.com/University_of_Dundee -
University of Essex
The University of Essex is a British campus university with the original and largest campus located near the town of Colchester, England. Established in 1963 and receiving its Royal Charter in 1965, the University has become a centre of excellence for humanities and social sciences, and is highly rated in the United Kingdom and the world for the fields of sociology, philosophy, politics, history, linguistics and economics. It also has strength in biological sciences, business studies, psychology and electronic engineering. It now consists of 18 main teaching departments and 36 centres and institutes in a wide range of subject areas, including the fields of human rights, law & government.
http://wn.com/University_of_Essex -
University of Graz
http://wn.com/University_of_Graz -
University of Jena
http://wn.com/University_of_Jena -
University of Kent
The University of Kent, previously the University of Kent at Canterbury, is a campus university in Kent, England established in 1965.
http://wn.com/University_of_Kent -
University of Leeds
The University of Leeds (informally Leeds University, or simply Leeds) is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Originally named The Yorkshire College, a successor to the Leeds School of Medicine, it became part of the Victoria University alongside Owens College (which eventually became the University of Manchester) and University College Liverpool (which became the University of Liverpool). In 1904, a royal charter was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII.
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University of Leiden
http://wn.com/University_of_Leiden -
University of London
Based primarily in London, England, the University of London is a federal mega university made up of 31 affiliates: 19 separate university institutions, and 12 research institutes. As such, the University of London is the largest university in the UK by number of full-time students, with 135,090 campus-based students and over 45,000 in the University of London International Programmes.
http://wn.com/University_of_London -
University of Milan
The University of Milan (, "Statale") is one of the largest universities in Italy, with about 62,801 students, a teaching and research staff of 2,455 and a non-teaching staff of 2,200.
http://wn.com/University_of_Milan -
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University, or simply Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the third oldest surviving university and the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Although the exact date of foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back as the 11th century. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.
http://wn.com/University_of_Oxford -
University of Pavia
The University of Pavia (, UNIPV) is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. It was founded in 1361 and is organized in 9 Faculties.
http://wn.com/University_of_Pavia -
University of Sussex
The University of Sussex is an English campus university situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, within the city of Brighton and Hove. It was founded in the 1960s, receiving its Royal Charter in August 1961.
http://wn.com/University_of_Sussex -
University of Tartu
The University of Tartu (, ) is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia. University of Tartu is the national university of Estonia; it is the biggest and highest-ranked university in Estonia. The University of Tartu is a member of the Coimbra Group and was established by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632, thus being one of the oldest universities in the region.
http://wn.com/University_of_Tartu -
University of Turku
http://wn.com/University_of_Turku -
University of York
The University of York (informally York University, or simply York, occasionally abbreviated as Ebor. for post-nominals), is an academic institution located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, the campus university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects. In 2003 it attracted the highest research income per capita of any UK university . The university has built a reputation in less than half a century that places it among the top 20 universities in Europe, and the top 90 universities in the world, according to the 2010 QS World University Rankings. In the last Research Assessment Exercise in 2008, York was also named as the 8th best research institution in the United Kingdom.
http://wn.com/University_of_York -
Uppsala University
Uppsala University () is a research university in Uppsala, Sweden. Founded in 1477, it is the oldest university in Scandinavia and has been one of Europe's most renowned seats of learning for centuries. Uppsala University consistently ranks among the best universities in Northern Europe in international rankings and is generally considered one of the most prestigious universities in Sweden.
http://wn.com/Uppsala_University
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Adam Smith
http://wn.com/Adam_Smith -
Alexander R. Todd
http://wn.com/Alexander_R_Todd -
Anne, Princess Royal
Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is the only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third, and later for a few years was second in the line of succession to the thrones of seven independent states; however, after additions to the Royal Family, and an evolution of the Commonwealth, Anne is currently tenth in line to the thrones of 16 countries. She is resident in and most directly involved with the United Kingdom, the oldest realm, while also carrying out duties in and on behalf of the other states of which her mother is sovereign. The seventh holder of the title Princess Royal, Anne is known for her charitable work, being the patron of over 200 organisations, and she carries out about 700 royal engagements and public appearances per year.
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Arthur Conan Doyle
http://wn.com/Arthur_Conan_Doyle -
Arthur St. Clair
http://wn.com/Arthur_St_Clair -
Basil Spence
Sir Basil Urwin Spence, OM, OBE, RA (13 August 1907 – 19 November 1976) was a Scottish architect, most notably associated with Coventry Cathedral in England and the Beehive in New Zealand, but also responsible for numerous other buildings in the Modernist/Brutalist style.
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Benjamin Rush
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Rush -
Charles Darwin
http://wn.com/Charles_Darwin -
Charles Tupper
http://wn.com/Charles_Tupper -
Chris Hoy
Cyclist
http://wn.com/Chris_Hoy -
Colin Maclaurin
http://wn.com/Colin_Maclaurin -
Daniel Rutherford
Professor Daniel Rutherford (3 November 1749 – 15 November 1819) was a Scottish chemist and physician who is most famous for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Rutherford -
David Hume
http://wn.com/David_Hume -
Edinburgh Seven
The Edinburgh Seven were the first group of women medical students at a university in the United Kingdom. They fought to study medicine at Edinburgh University, in Scotland, and to be allowed to graduate. In 1869 they were allowed to attend specially-arranged classes, but in 1873 they lost a legal challenge against the University after it had decided they could not be awarded degrees. The group may also be called Septem contra Edinam (Seven against Edinburgh).
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_Seven -
Gordon Brown
James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British Labour Party politician, who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1983, currently for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 until 2010. Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007, after the resignation of Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labour Party. Immediately before this, he had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Labour Government from 1997 to 2007. His tenure ended in May 2010, when he resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party.
http://wn.com/Gordon_Brown -
Hastings Banda
http://wn.com/Hastings_Banda -
Ian Charleson
Ian Charleson (11 August 1949 – 6 January 1990) was a Scottish stage and film actor. He is best known internationally for his starring role as Olympic athlete and missionary Eric Liddell, in the Oscar-winning 1981 film Chariots of Fire.
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Ian Wilmut
Sir Ian Wilmut, OBE (born 7 July 1944) is an English embryologist and is currently Director of the MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly. He was granted an OBE in 1999 for services to embryo development. In December 2007 it was announced that he would be knighted in the 2008 New Year Honours.
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J. M. Barrie
http://wn.com/J_M_Barrie -
J.M. Barrie
http://wn.com/JM_Barrie -
James Hutton
James Hutton MD (Edinburgh, 3 June 1726 OS (14 June 1726 NS) 26 March 1797) was a Scottish geologist, physician, naturalist, chemist and experimental farmer. He is considered the father of modern geology. His theories of geology and geologic time, also called deep time, came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism.
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James VI
http://wn.com/James_VI -
James Young Simpson
Sir James Young Simpson (7 June 1811 – 6 May 1870) was a Scottish doctor and an important figure in the history of medicine. Simpson discovered the anaesthetic properties of chloroform and successfully introduced it for general medical use.
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John Knox
http://wn.com/John_Knox -
John Witherspoon
http://wn.com/John_Witherspoon -
Joseph Black
Joseph Black FRSE FRCS (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was professor of Medicine at University of Glasgow (where he also served as lecturer in Chemistry). James Watt, who was appointed as philosophical instrument maker at the same university (1756), became involved in Black's works and conducted experiments on steam with Black. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black.
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Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (13 April 1922 - 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in 1961 until his retirement in 1985.
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Katherine Grainger
MedalCountry|
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Lord Palmerston
http://wn.com/Lord_Palmerston -
Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German born physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Walther Bothe).
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Michael Atiyah
http://wn.com/Michael_Atiyah -
Najah al-Attar
Najah Al-Attar (; born 1933) She is the current Vice President of Syria (since 2006).
http://wn.com/Najah_al-Attar -
Narayan Hosmane
http://wn.com/Narayan_Hosmane -
Peter Guthrie Tait
Peter Guthrie Tait FRSE (28 April 1831 - 4 July 1901) was a Scottish mathematical physicist, best known for the seminal energy physics textbook Treatise on Natural Philosophy, which he co-wrote with Kelvin, and his early investigations into knot theory, which contributed to the eventual formation of topology as a mathematical discipline.
http://wn.com/Peter_Guthrie_Tait -
Peter Higgs
Peter Ware Higgs, FRS, FRSE, FKC (born 29 May 1929), is an English theoretical physicist and an emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Peter_Higgs -
Piers Sellers
Piers John Sellers (born 11 April 1955) is a British-born American meteorologist and a NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of three space shuttle missions.
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Prince Philip
http://wn.com/Prince_Philip -
Robert Adam
Robert Adam (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after William's death.
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Sir David Brewster
http://wn.com/Sir_David_Brewster -
The Times
The Times is a daily national newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785, when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.
http://wn.com/The_Times -
Thomas Bayes
http://wn.com/Thomas_Bayes -
Timothy O'Shea
Sir '''Timothy Michael Martin O'Shea''', FRSE (born 1949, Hamburg, Germany) is the current Vice-Chancellor and Principal of The University of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Timothy_O'Shea -
Valentin Fuster
http://wn.com/Valentin_Fuster -
Walter Scott
http://wn.com/Walter_Scott -
William Burke
http://wn.com/William_Burke -
William Rankine
http://wn.com/William_Rankine -
Yun Po Sun
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Welcome to the University of Edinburgh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:01
- Published: 18 Nov 2008
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
The University of Edinburgh is internationally acclaimed and proud to mix tradition with innovation, heritage with trailblazing and outstanding academic credentials with an open, friendly culture. You will find all this in one of Europe's most inspiring and vibrant cities.
http://wn.com/Welcome_to_the_University_of_Edinburgh
The city of Edinburgh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Published: 12 Feb 2009
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Let Robin Harper, former Rector of the University of Edinburgh, take you on a guided tour of Edinburgh, and show you what an incredibly beautiful and lively city it is.
http://wn.com/The_city_of_Edinburgh
Prof David Cunningham Owens - Mindbending: the curious tale of psychotropic drugs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:00
- Published: 24 Sep 2012
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
David Cunningham Owens is Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the University of Edinburgh and honorary consultant psychiatrist, the Royal Edinburgh Hospital. This lecture is part of the Medical Detectives, a series of public lectures that show how keen detective work is still essential for 21st century doctors: www.ed.ac.uk Recorded on 20 September 2012 in the Anatomy Lecture Theatre at the University of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Prof_David_Cunningham_Owens_Mindbending_the_curious_tale_of_psychotropic_drugs
Sir Chris Hoy is Alumnus of the Year
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 10 Oct 2012
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Britain's most successful Olympian, Sir Chris Hoy, has been honoured by the University that kick-started his cycling career. The six-times gold medallist, who studied Applied Sport Science at Edinburgh, was made the University's Alumnus of the Year 2012 at a ceremony attended by 200 enthusiastic students, staff and invited guests. www.ed.ac.uk
http://wn.com/Sir_Chris_Hoy_is_Alumnus_of_the_Year
Studying Economics at the University of Edinburgh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:45
- Published: 27 Jun 2011
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
A short film about studying undergraduate Economics at the University of Edinburgh, made with the support of staff and students.
http://wn.com/Studying_Economics_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh
Prof Peter Higgs interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Published: 24 Feb 2012
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
Professor Higgs is Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Edinburgh. He has been named as the recipient of the Edinburgh Award 2011. His theory of the Higgs boson particle, a tiny yet crucial building block of physical matter, has dominated the world of particle physics for 40 years. It was while working at the University in the 1960s that he began to formulate the theory. In this interview, Professor Higgs talks of the honour he feels at receiving the Edinburgh Award 2011 and explains what it will mean to him if scientists at CERN confirm the existence of the Higgs boson.
http://wn.com/Prof_Peter_Higgs_interview
Edinburgh University Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Published: 21 Jun 2011
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor (www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_University_Tour
New Scotland Display at Newcastle Festival 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:22
- Published: 15 Feb 2009
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Edinburgh University New Scotland Country Dance Society display at the 2009 edition of Newcastle Festival. Medley "The wise highland maid" by James, introduced by Margo. The best performance of the evening... despite not having squash on glasses ;-) . Check out 6:38 for those brilliant interlocking reels! Well done :-)
http://wn.com/New_Scotland_Display_at_Newcastle_Festival_2009
Daniel Dennett lecture on "Free Will" (Edinburgh University)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 83:38
- Published: 24 Apr 2009
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE TO EdinburghUniversity IF YOU ENJOYED THIS VIDEO: www.youtube.com This video is reposted here for educational and commentary purposes. I believe this falls under "fair use". (@EdinburghUniversity: PM me if you want me to take this video down and I will be happy to oblige!)
http://wn.com/Daniel_Dennett_lecture_on_Free_Will_Edinburgh_University
A Walk Round Old College, Edinburgh University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Published: 23 Oct 2011
- Updated: 15 Jan 2012
A walk round the newly landscaped quadrangle of Old College taking in the Law Library.
http://wn.com/A_Walk_Round_Old_College,_Edinburgh_University
Michael Gazzaniga - The Social Brain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:22
- Published: 02 Nov 2009
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
The fith in a series of Gifford Lectures by Professor Michael Gazzaniga. Recorded 20 October, 2009 at the Playfair Library Hall, the University of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Michael_Gazzaniga_The_Social_Brain
Night life in Edinburgh - University of Edinburgh Business School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Published: 23 Apr 2009
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
A view on the night life in Edinburgh from a student of the University of Edinburgh Business School.
http://wn.com/Night_life_in_Edinburgh_University_of_Edinburgh_Business_School
Psychology at Edinburgh - Student Interview: Kolos Kantor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Published: 16 Feb 2012
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Thinking of studying Psychology at the University of Edinburgh? Listen to what one of our current undergraduate students, Kolos Kantor, thinks about his programme, the University and life in Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Psychology_at_Edinburgh_Student_Interview_Kolos_Kantor
Michael Gazzaniga - Free Yet Determined and Constrained
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 71:30
- Published: 21 Oct 2009
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
The fourth in a series of Gifford Lectures by Professor Michael Gazzaniga. Recorded 19 October, 2009 at the Playfair Library Hall, the University of Edinburgh. So what does free will mean? It has become a catch-all term and means several things. In many ways the concept is fundamental to human thought and societal institutions. For example, our system of justice is built on the idea that we are all practical reasoners, working in a normal brain environment to produce coherent and ethical behaviours. We are held to be personally responsible for those decisions. Questioning the core concept, free will, necessitates rethinking many cherished notions of human institutions.
http://wn.com/Michael_Gazzaniga_Free_Yet_Determined_and_Constrained
Is there a need for God? Edinburgh university- Adam Deen and Tim Maguire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 93:08
- Published: 16 Apr 2012
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
www.adamdeen.com Debate was held at Edinburgh University organized by the Islamic and atheist society. With Adam Deen and Tim Maguire (Humanist Society of Scotland)
http://wn.com/Is_there_a_need_for_God?_Edinburgh_university_Adam_Deen_and_Tim_Maguire
The School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Published: 15 Sep 2009
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Discover Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Edinburgh's School of Divinity. The School has been rated one of the top research units in Theology & Religious Studies in the UK in successive national research assessments
http://wn.com/The_School_of_Divinity_at_the_University_of_Edinburgh
K397 on Hass clavichord, University of Edinburgh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Published: 19 Mar 2011
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
A performance by John Irving of Mozart's D minor Fantasia, K.397 on the Hass 5-octave clavichord (1763) in the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments (March 2001).
http://wn.com/K397_on_Hass_clavichord,_University_of_Edinburgh
Lord Anthony Giddens' Speech at Edinburgh University 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Published: 14 Nov 2007
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Lord Anthony Gidden's intervention at the University of Edinburgh on Tuesday 6 November 2007. Talking on New Labour, Gordon Brown, the Conservatives...
http://wn.com/Lord_Anthony_Giddens'_Speech_at_Edinburgh_University_1_3
Accommodation in Edinburgh - The University of Edinburgh Business School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Published: 08 Sep 2009
- Updated: 04 May 2012
A current student gives some advice on his experience of finding accommodation in Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Accommodation_in_Edinburgh_The_University_of_Edinburgh_Business_School
Guy Kawasaki presents 'The Art of the Start' for Informatics Ventures
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 82:04
- Published: 20 Jul 2009
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Guy Kawasaki speaks on 'The Art of the Start' at the Informatics Forum, Edinburgh. Kawasaki speaks of his experiences as an evangelist, entrepreneur, and most recently, as a venture capitalist who found, fixed, and funded startups.
http://wn.com/Guy_Kawasaki_presents_'The_Art_of_the_Start'_for_Informatics_Ventures
Edinburgh University Rowing: 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Published: 27 May 2010
- Updated: 25 Apr 2012
A compilation of highlights from Training Camp, Scottish University Championships and British University Championships off the back of a very cold winter
http://wn.com/Edinburgh_University_Rowing_2010
Academic procession at Edinburgh University graduation ceremony winter 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 07 Dec 2010
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Accommodation in Edinburgh - University of Edinburgh Business School
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Published: 09 May 2009
- Updated: 26 Aug 2010
A current student gives some advice on his experience of finding accommodation in Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Accommodation_in_Edinburgh_University_of_Edinburgh_Business_School
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Kim Traynor
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Creative Commons / toufeeq![Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121011085021im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/0a/c6/80cd566b137bc74eb62ad1fc1de1_small.jpg "Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.")
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AP / Scott Heppell![Protesters wearing Guy Fawkes masks from the V for Vendetta film, at February 10, 2008 protest in London. Protesters in Boston,[69] Los Angeles,[70] Pittsburgh,[68] Toronto,[71][72] Edinburgh,[73] London,[74] and other cities worldwide, wore Guy Fawkes masks modeled after the 2005 film V for Vendetta](http://web.archive.org./web/20121011085021im_/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/92/21/2965bc303668237e7958fae0dd98_small.jpg "Protesters wearing Guy Fawkes masks from the V for Vendetta film, at February 10, 2008 protest in London. Protesters in Boston,[69] Los Angeles,[70] Pittsburgh,[68] Toronto,[71][72] Edinburgh,[73] London,[74] and other cities worldwide, wore Guy Fawkes masks modeled after the 2005 film V for Vendetta")
Creative Commons / Paul Williams
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Creative Commons / http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Edinburgh_central_mosque_edit.jpg
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![Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121011085021/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/0a/c6/80cd566b137bc74eb62ad1fc1de1_medium.jpg "Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.")
![Protesters wearing Guy Fawkes masks from the V for Vendetta film, at February 10, 2008 protest in London. Protesters in Boston,[69] Los Angeles,[70] Pittsburgh,[68] Toronto,[71][72] Edinburgh,[73] London,[74] and other cities worldwide, wore Guy Fawkes masks modeled after the 2005 film V for Vendetta](http://web.archive.org./web/20121011085021/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/92/21/2965bc303668237e7958fae0dd98_medium.jpg "Protesters wearing Guy Fawkes masks from the V for Vendetta film, at February 10, 2008 protest in London. Protesters in Boston,[69] Los Angeles,[70] Pittsburgh,[68] Toronto,[71][72] Edinburgh,[73] London,[74] and other cities worldwide, wore Guy Fawkes masks modeled after the 2005 film V for Vendetta")
Photo: USAF / Master Sgt. Jerry Morrison
09 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Facing Alexander the Great on the plains of Gaugamela, King Darius III was overly confident in his new and secretive weapon. Along with selecting and...
Photo: AP / Mexico's Attorney General's Office, file
09 Oct 2012
Heriberto Lazcano, the leader of the Zetas drug cartel, has apparently been killed in a firefight with marines in the northern border state of Coahuila, the Mexican navy has said. The navy said there...
Photo: US DoD / Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo
10 Oct 2012
Brussels -- NATO is ready to defend Turkey, the alliance's top official said Tuesday, in a direct warning to Syria after a week of cross-border artillery and mortar exchanges dramatically escalated...
Photo: AP / SANA
09 Oct 2012
DAMASCUS - Twin blasts at a military base near Damascus by suicide bombers, one driving a bomb-laden ambulance, killed dozens of people while the fate of prisoners held there is unknown, a watchdog...
Photo: AP / Firdia Lisnawati
10 Oct 2012
Indonesian police have warned of possible attacks targeting Friday's ceremony marking 10 years since the Bali bombings. A top Bali police official said security was being tightened after...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
01 Oct 2012
A genetically modified cow that produces milk less likely to cause allergic reactions has been engineered by New Zealand scientists. Up to 3% of infants are allergic to cows' milk in their first...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
30 Sep 2012
Much like the food and wine tours of Tuscany and Provence, the Indian tropical shores are fast becoming the favoured cooking holiday destinations for foreigners. Supriya Sharma reports. Indian telly...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
25 Sep 2012
Bacteria fed on whiskey "leftovers" can now be used to fuel vehicles. A Scottish company has signed a 'first of its kind deal' in the world to turn by-products from its distillery into fuel for cars....
Edinburgh aim for more Heineken Cup cheer
10 Oct 2012
BBC News
On 7 April a Murrayfield crowd of 37,881 watched Edinburgh beat Toulouse 19-14 in the quarter-final of the Heineken Cup. It was the first time one of Scotland's pro-teams had qualified for the semi-final stage of Europe's premier club competition. Continue reading the main story “If...(size: 7.7Kb)
Win tickets to Edinburgh v Saracens!
10 Oct 2012
Orange News
We're at it again! We're giving away four tickets to Saturday's Heineken Cup clash between Edinburgh and Saracens at Murrayfield! The Scottish capital is set for a...(size: 1.1Kb)
Sky Sports
Edinburgh have secured Matt Scott on a new deal that will keep him at the club until the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The 22-year-old centre put pen to paper on a two-year extension in January, at a time when he was still considered an academy prospect in his final year of university studying Law....(size: 2.0Kb)
Scott pens new Edinburgh deal
10 Oct 2012
Sporting Life
The 22-year-old centre put pen to paper on a two-year extension in January, at a time when he was still considered an academy prospect in his final year of university studying Law. With a career in professional rugby now in his grasp, Scott...(size: 1.6Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
EDINBURGH: In a corner of Edinburgh that is the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a small part of Malaysia, the culmination of a collaboration between the Ministry of Tourism, Tourism Malaysia and one of the oldest established gardens in the world, renowned for its scientific studies of...(size: 3.4Kb)
Matt Scott agrees Edinburgh contract extension
10 Oct 2012
BBC News
Scotland centre Matt Scott has signed a new deal that will keep him with Edinburgh until the 2015 World Cup. The 22-year-old earned his first cap as a replacement against Ireland in this year's Six Nations tournament. And Scott went on to start in the summer tour victories against Australia,...(size: 4.8Kb)
Scott extends Edinburgh deal
10 Oct 2012
Orange News
Edinburgh have secured the services of 22-year-old centre Matt Scott on a new deal that will keep him at the club until the 2015 Rugby...(size: 0.9Kb)
BBC News
Scotland centre Matt Scott has signed a new deal that will keep him with Edinburgh until the 2015 World Cup. The 22-year-old earned his first cap as a replacement against Ireland in this year's Six Nations tournament. And Scott went on to start in the summer tour victories against Australia,...(size: 4.8Kb)
BBC News
Greig Laidlaw has shrugged off a shock defeat by Treviso, saying Edinburgh can at least match last year's march to the semi-finals of the Heineken Cup. Losing 27-22 at home to the Italians in the Pro12 was far from ideal preparation before facing Saracens in their opening Heineken Cup group...(size: 4.1Kb)
Coordinates: 55°56′50.6″N 3°11′13.9″W / 55.947389°N 3.187194°W / 55.947389; -3.187194
| The University of Edinburgh | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200px | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Latin: Universitas Academica Edinensis | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Established | 1583 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | Public | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Endowment | £236.512 million[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chancellor | HRH The Princess Royal | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Rector | Peter McColl | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Principal | Professor Sir Timothy O'Shea | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Academic staff | 3,315[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Admin. staff | 4,605[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Students | 30,377 (2011-12)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Undergraduates | 20,316[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Postgraduates | 10,061[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Location | Edinburgh, Scotland, UK | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Campus | Urban | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Colours |
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| Affiliations | Russell Group Coimbra Group LERU Universitas 21 EUA |
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| Website | www.ed.ac.uk | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 240px | |||||||||||||||||||||
The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583,[3] is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4] The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university.[5] Edinburgh receives approximately 47,000 applications every year, making it the third most popular university in the UK by volume of applicants.[6] Entrance is intensely competitive, with 12 applications per place in the last admissions cycle.[7] It was the fourth university to be established in Scotland and the 6th in the United Kingdom, and is regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[8][9][10] The university is ranked the top rated in Scotland and the 6th and 7th in Europe according to the 2011 QS and Times Higher Education Ranking[11][12] Globally, the 2011 QS rankings placed the university 20th in the world.[11] It is the only Scottish university to be a member of both the elite Russell Group, and the League of European Research Universities, a consortium of 21 of Europe's most prominent and renowned research universities.[13] In addition, the University has both historical links and current partnerships with prestigious academic institutions in the United States and Canada, including members of the Ivy League and U15.[14][15][16]
The university played an important role in leading Edinburgh to its reputation as a chief intellectual centre during the Age of Enlightenment, and helped give the city the nickname of the Athens of the north. Graduates of the university include some of the major figures of modern history, including the naturalist Charles Darwin, physicist James Clerk Maxwell, philosopher David Hume, mathematician Thomas Bayes, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Gordon Brown, Deputy President of the British Supreme Court Lord Hope, surgeon and pioneer of sterilisation Joseph Lister, signatories of the American declaration of independence John Witherspoon and Benjamin Rush, inventor Alexander Graham Bell, first president of Tanzania Julius Nyerere, and a host of famous authors such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, J. M. Barrie, and Sir Walter Scott. The University is also associated with 9 Nobel Prize winners, 1 Abel Prize winner and a host of Olympic gold medallists.[17] It also continues to have links to the British Royal Family, with the Duke of Edinburgh being chancellor from 1953 to 2010, and Princess Anne from 2011.[18]
Contents |
History[link]
Founding[link]
The founding of the university is attributed to Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney, who left the funds on his death in 1558 that ultimately provided the University's endowment. The University was established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI in 1582. This was an unusual move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal bulls. What makes the University of Edinburgh even more unusual is the fact that its funding was granted the following year by the Town Council, making it in many ways the first civic university. Known as the "Tounis College", it was renamed King James's College in 1617. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the much more populous and richer England had only two. By the 18th century Edinburgh was a leading centre of the European Enlightenment (see Scottish Enlightenment) and was regarded as one of the continent's principal universities.
Development[link]
Before the building of Old College to plans by Robert Adam implemented after the Napoleonic Wars by the architect William Henry Playfair, the University of Edinburgh did not have a custom-built campus and existed in a hotchpotch of buildings from its establishment until the early 19th century. The university's first custom-built building was the Old College, now the School of Law, situated on South Bridge. Its first forte in teaching was anatomy and the developing science of surgery, from which it expanded into many other subjects. From the basement of a nearby house ran the anatomy tunnel corridor. It went under what was then North College Street (now Chambers Street), and under the university buildings until it reached the university's anatomy lecture theatre, delivering bodies for dissection. It was from this tunnel that the body of William Burke was taken after he had been hanged.
Towards the end of the 19th century, Old College was becoming overcrowded and Robert Rowand Anderson was commissioned to design new Medical School premises in 1875. The medical school was more or less built to his design and was completed by the addition of the McEwan Hall in the 1880s.
The building now known as New College was originally built as a Free Church college in the 1840s and has been the home of Divinity at the University since the 1920s.
The university is responsible for a number of historic and modern buildings across the City, including the oldest purpose-built concert hall in Scotland, and the second oldest in use in the British Isles, St Cecilia's Concert Hall; Teviot Row House, which is the oldest purpose built Student Union Building in the world; and the restored 17th-century Mylne's Court student residence which stands at the head of Edinburgh's Royal Mile.
Edinburgh University Library pre-dates the university by three years. Founded in 1580 through the donation of a large collection by Clement Littill, its collection has grown to become the largest university library in Scotland with over 2 million periodicals, manuscripts, theses, microforms and printed works. These are housed in the main University Library building in George Square – one of the largest academic library buildings in Europe, designed by Basil Spence – and an extensive series of Faculty and Departmental Libraries.
The two oldest Schools – Law and Divinity – are both well-esteemed in their respective subjects, with Law being based in Old College, and Divinity being based in New College, on the Mound. Students at the university are represented by Edinburgh University Students' Association (EUSA), which consists of the Students' Representative Council (SRC), founded in 1884 by Robert Fitzroy Bell, the Edinburgh University Union (EUU) which was founded in 1889. They are also represented by the Edinburgh University Sports Union (EUSU) which was founded in 1866.
In 2002 the University was re-organised from its 9 faculties into three 'Colleges'. While technically not a collegiate university, it now comprises the Colleges of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Science & Engineering (SCE) and Medicine & Vet Medicine (MVM). Within these Colleges are 'Schools' – roughly equivalent to the departments they succeeded; individual Schools have a good degree of autonomy regarding their finances and internal organisation. This has brought a certain degree of uniformity (in terms of administration at least) across the university.
On 1 August 2011, the Edinburgh College of Art (founded in 1907) merged with the University of Edinburgh. At a result of the merger, Edinburgh College of Art has combined with the University’s School of Arts, Culture and Environment to form a new (enlarged) Edinburgh College of Art within the university.[19]
Along similar lines, all teaching is now done over two semesters (rather than 3 terms) – bringing the timetables of different Schools into line with one another, and coming into line with many other large universities (in the US, and to an increasing degree in the UK as well).
Reputation[link]
| ARWU[20] (2011/12, national) |
6 | |
|---|---|---|
| ARWU[20] (2011/12, world) |
53 | |
| QS[21] (2011/12, national) |
5 | |
| QS[21] (2011/12, world) |
20 | |
| THE[22] (2011/12, national) |
5 | |
| THE[22] (2011/12, world) |
36 | |
| Complete/The Independent[23] (2013, national) |
13 | |
| The Guardian[24] (2013, national) |
16 | |
| The Sunday Times[25] (2012, national) |
27 | |
| The Times[26] (2012, national) |
15 | |
According to QS Academic Reputation 2011-2012, University of Edinburgh is placed first in Scotland, 5th in the UK, and 28th in the world in terms of academic reputation.[27] It is ranked 49 in the world, 6 in the UK in reputation by Times Higher Education 2012.[28]
The University of Edinburgh is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities and, along with Oxford and Cambridge, one of the only British universities to be a member both of the Coimbra Group and the LERU (League of European Research Universities): two leading associations of European universities. The University is also a member of Universitas 21, an international association of research-led universities.
The University’s position as one of the world’s leading research universities has been reaffirmed by the 2008 UK RAE results: the University of Edinburgh was ranked in the top five in the UK and first in Scotland by the volume of four star,‘world-leading’ research (63% of the University’s research activity was in the highest categories (4* and 3*), of which one third was recognised as “world-leading”).The results also indicate that the University is home to 37% of Scotland’s 4* research. It was rated at the highest level in veterinary medicine, informatics and linguistics. It also has an excellent performance in Art, Chemistry and Mathematics [29]
The QS World University Rankings 2011 ranked the University of Edinburgh 20th in the world,[30] while the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011/2012 ranked it as 36th overall, 7th in Europe and 5th in the UK.[31] In 2011, the Academic Ranking of World Universities placed University of Edinburgh as 53rd overall, 14th in Europe and 6th in the UK.[32]
In the 2012/2013 UK University Rankings, the university was ranked 15th in the UK overall by The Guardian,[33] 16th by The Independent/The Complete University Guide,[34] 27th by The Sunday Times[35] and 15th by The Times.[36]
| 2011 World/National | 2010 World/National | 2009 World/National | 2008 World/National | 2007 World/National | 2006 World/National | 2005 World/National | 2004 World/National | 2003 World/National | |
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Colleges and Schools[link]
Further information: http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/colleges-schools
College of Humanities and Social Science[link]
The College of Humanities and Social Science is the largest of the three Colleges in the University of Edinburgh. It has 11 Schools, 16,300 students and 1,460 staff. An advantage of its size is the very wide range of subjects and research specialisms. There are over 300 undergraduate and 200 taught postgraduate programmes. Its research strength, as affirmed in the 2008 RAE, has attracted over 1200 researchers.[58]
- Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
- Edinburgh College of Art
- Business School
- School of Divinity
- School of Economics
- School of Health in Social Science
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology
- School of Law
- School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures
- Moray House School of Education
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences
- School of Social and Political Sciences
- The Office of Lifelong Learning
College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine[link]
The College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine has a long history as one of the best medical institutions in the world.[59] In the last research assessment exercise, it was rated top in the UK for medical research submitted to the Hospital-based Clinical Subjects Panel. All of the work was rated at International level and 40% at the very highest “world-leading” level.[60]
The eight original faculties formed four Faculty Groups in August 1992. Medicine and Veterinary Medicine became one of these, and in September 2002, became the smallest of three Colleges in the University.
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health
- School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
College of Science and Engineering[link]
From Natural Philosophy to Science and Engineering
In the sixteenth century science was taught as 'natural philosophy'. The seventeenth century saw the institution of the University Chairs of Mathematics and Botany, followed the next century by Chairs of Natural History, Astronomy, Chemistry and Agriculture. During the eighteenth century, the University was a key contributor to the Scottish Enlightenment and it educated many of the leading scientists of the time. It was Edinburgh's professors who took a leading part in the formation of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783. In 1785, Joseph Black, Professor of Chemistry and discoverer of carbon dioxide, founded the world's first Chemical Society.[61] The nineteenth century was a time of huge advances in scientific thinking and technological development. The first named degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science were instituted in 1864, and a separate 'Faculty of Science' was created in 1893 after three centuries of scientific advances at Edinburgh.[61] Chairs in Engineering and Geology were also created. In 1991 the Faculty of Science was renamed the Faculty of Science and Engineering, and in 2002 it became the College of Science and Engineering.
- School of Biological Sciences
- School of Chemistry
- School of GeoSciences
- School of Engineering
- School of Informatics
- School of Mathematics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
Campus[link]
With the expansion in topics of study the university has expanded its campuses such that it now has six main sites [62]:
- The Central Area includes George Square, the Informatics Forum, The Dugald Stewart Building, Old College, New College, McEwan Hall, St Cecilia's Hall, Teviot Row House, the old Medical School buildings in Teviot Place, and surrounding streets in Edinburgh's Southside. It is the oldest region, occupied primarily by the College of Humanities and Social Science, and the Schools of Computing & Informatics and the School of Law, as well as the main university library. The Appleton Tower is also used for teaching first year undergraduates in science and engineering. Meanwhile, Teviot Place continues to house pre-clinical medical courses and biomedical sciences despite relocation of the Medical School to Little France. Nearby are the main EUSA buildings of Potterrow, Teviot Row House and the Pleasance Societies Centre. Old residents of George Square include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A number of these buildings are used to host events during the Edinburgh International Festival every summer. The main library (Edinburgh University Library) is also located at George Square. New College, overlooks Princes Street and only a short walk from Waverley Rail Station and other Edinburgh landmarks. The building is on the Mound, which houses the School of Divinity - parts of which are also used by the Church of Scotland.
- The King's Buildings is located further south of the city. Most of the Science and Engineering College's research and teaching activities take place at the King's Buildings, which occupy a 35 hectare site. It includes C H Waddington Building( the Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh ), James Clerk Maxwell Building( the administrative and teaching centre of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Mathematics), The Royal Observatory, William Rankine Building (School of Engineering’s Institute for Infrastructure and Environment) and other schools' buildings. There are three libraries at KB: Darwin Library, James Clerk Maxwell Library and Robertson Engineering and Science Library. A new library called The King's Buildings Library will open in time for the 2012/13 session. It also houses National e-Science Centre (NeSC), Scottish Microelectronics Centre (SMC), Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), Scottish Institute for Enterprise, etc.
- Pollock Halls, adjoining Holyrood Park to the east, provides accommodation (mainly half board) for a minority of students in their first year. Two of the older houses in Pollock Halls were demolished in 2002 and a new building (Chancellor's Court) has been built in their place, leaving a total of ten buildings. Self-catered flats elsewhere account for the majority of university-provided accommodation. The area also includes a £9 million redeveloped John McIntyre Conference Centre, which is the University's premier conference space.
- Little France , the Chancellor's Building was opened on 12 August 2002 by The Duke of Edinburgh and houses the £40 million Medical School at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. It was a joint project between private finance, the local authorities and the University to create a large modern hospital, veterinary clinic and research institute. It has two large lecture theatres and a medical library. It is connected to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh by a series of corridors. Queen's Medical Research Institute was opened in 2005, which provides facilities for research into the understanding of common diseases.
- The Easter Bush campus houses the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education and The Veterinary Oncology and Imaging Centre. The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, founded in 1823 by William Dick, is a world leader in veterinary education, research and practice. The new £42 million, two storey, 11,500 square metre building opened in 2011. The Roslin Institute is an animal sciences research institute which is sponsored by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.[63] The Institute won international fame in 1996, when Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and their colleagues created Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, at the institute.[64][65][66] A year later Polly and Molly were cloned, both sheep contained a human gene.
- Moray House School of Education just off the Royal Mile, used to be the Moray House Institute for Education until this merged with the University in August 1998. The University has since extended Moray House's Holyrood site to include a redeveloped and extended major building housing Sports Science, Physical Education and Leisure Management facilities adjacent to its own Sports Institute in the Pleasance.
| Modern architecture at the University of Edinburgh | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Student organisations[link]
Students' Association[link]
The Edinburgh University Students' Association consists of the unions and the Student Representative Council. The unions include Teviot Row House, Potterrow, Kings Buildings House, the Pleasance, and shops, cafés and refectories around the various campuses. Teviot Row House is claimed to be the oldest purpose-built student union building in the world.[67] The Student Representative Council represents students to the university and the outside world. It is also responsible for Edinburgh's 222 student societies. The association has four sabbatical office bearers – a president and three vice presidents. The association is affiliated to the National Union of Students.
Media[link]
Newspapers:
- Student is a weekly Scottish newspaper produced by students at the University of Edinburgh. Founded in 1887 by Robert Louis Stevenson, it is the oldest student newspaper in the United Kingdom. It has held the title of Best Student Newspaper in Scotland, awarded by the Herald Student Press Awards, for four years running, from 2006 to 2010.
- The Journal is a recent addition to the student media scene at the university. It is an independent publication, established in 2007 by three students at the University of Edinburgh, and also distributes to the four other higher education institutions in the city - Heriot-Watt University, Napier University, Queen Margaret University and the Edinburgh College of Art. It is the largest such publication in Scotland, with a print run of 14,000 copies and is produced by students from across the city.
Student sport[link]
Edinburgh University's student sport consists of 67 clubs from the traditional football and rugby to the more unconventional korfball or gliding. Run by the Edinburgh University Sports Union, these 67 clubs have seen Edinburgh rise to 4th place in the British Universities' Sports Association (BUSA) rankings in 2006-07 and have been in the British Top 5 sporting Universities since 2005.
During the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the University of Edinburgh alumni and students secured four medals - three gold and a silver.[68] The three gold medals were won by the cyclist Chris Hoy and the silver was won by Katherine Grainger in female rowing.
Student activism[link]
There are a number of campaigning societies at the university. The largest of these is environment and poverty campaigning group People & Planet, which is affiliated to the national People & Planet net. International development organisations include Edinburgh Global Partnerships, which was established as a student-led charity in 1990.
Alumni and faculty[link]
Main article: List of University of Edinburgh people
Alumni and faculty of the university have included economist Adam Smith, signatories to the US Declaration of Independence James Wilson and John Witherspoon, Prime Ministers Gordon Brown, Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell (the latter matriculated at Edinburgh, but did not graduate), engineers Alexander Graham Bell and William Rankine, naturalist Charles Darwin and biologist Ian Wilmut, physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Max Born, Sir David Brewster, Tom Kibble, Peter Guthrie Tait and Peter Higgs, writers Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Louis Stevenson, J.M. Barrie, Sir Walter Scott and Alistair Moffat, actor Ian Charleson, composers Kenneth Leighton, James MacMillan, and William Wordsworth, chemists Joseph Black, Daniel Rutherford, Alexander R. Todd and William Henry, botanist Robert Brown, medical pioneers Joseph Lister and James Simpson, mathematician Colin Maclaurin, philosopher David Hume, geologist James Hutton, former BP CEO Tony Hayward, chemist and two-time recipient of Alexander von Humboldt research prize for senior scientists Narayan Hosmane, Dr. Valentin Fuster, the only cardiologist to receive all four major research awards from the world's four major cardiovascular organizations,[69] and mathematician and president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Sir Michael Atiyah.
| Famous alumni of the University of Edinburgh | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
At graduation ceremonies, the Vice-Chancellor caps graduates with the Geneva Bonnet, a hat which legend says was originally made from cloth taken from the breeches of John Knox or George Buchanan. The hat was last restored in 2000, when a note from 1849 was discovered in the fabric.[70][71] In 2006, a University emblem taken into space by Piers Sellers was incorporated into the Geneva Bonnet.[72]
Heads of state and government[link]
| State/Government | Leader | Office |
|---|---|---|
 Canada |
Charles Tupper | Prime Minister of Canada (May 1, 1896 - July 8, 1896) |
 Malawi |
Hastings Banda | President of Malawi (1966 - 1994) |
 Syria |
Najah al-Attar | Vice President of Syria (2006 - present) |
 Nicaragua |
William Walker | President of Nicaragua (1856 - 1857) |
 South Korea |
Yun Po Sun | President of South Korea (1960 - 1962) |
| South Korea |
Jang Taek-sang | Prime Minister of South Korea (May 6, 1952 – October 6, 1952) |
 Tanzania |
Julius Nyerere | President of Tanzania (1964 - 1985) |
 UK |
Gordon Brown | Prime Minister (2007 – 2010) |
| UK |
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell | Prime Minister (1846 - 52 and 1865 – 66) |
| UK |
Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston | Prime Minister (1855 - 58 and 1859 – 65) |
 USA |
Arthur St. Clair | President of the Continental Congress (February 2, 1787 - November 4, 1787) |
Historical links[link]
- Dalhousie University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1818. In the early 19th century, George Ramsay, the ninth Earl of Dalhousie and Nova Scotia Lieutenant-Governor at the time, wanted to establish a Halifax college open to all, regardless of class or creed. The earl modeled the fledgling college after the University of Edinburgh, near his Scottish home.[73][74]
- McGill University, Canadian U15 university, founded in 1821, has strong Edinburgh roots and links to the University of Edinburgh as McGill's first (and, for several years, its only) faculty, Medicine, was founded by four physicians/surgeons who had trained in Edinburgh.[75][76]
- Queen's University, Canadian U15 university founded in 1841, was modelled after the University of Edinburgh, and continues to display strong Scottish roots and traditions today.
- University of Pennsylvania, an American Ivy League university, has long-standing historical links with the University of Edinburgh, including modelling Penn's School of Medicine after Edinburgh's.[14][15][77]
See also[link]
- Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh
- Rector of the University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh University RFC
- Edinburgh University A.F.C.
- Edinburgh University Press
- Gifford Lectures
- James Tait Black Memorial Prize
- List of early modern universities in Europe
References[link]
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- ^ a b "THE-QS World University Rankings 2009". http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2009/results.
- ^ a b "THE-QS World University Rankings 2008". http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2008/results.
- ^ a b "THE-QS World University Rankings 2007". http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2007/results.
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External links[link]
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For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation).
| City of Edinburgh Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann Scots: Edinburgh |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — Unitary authority & city — | |||||
| City of Edinburgh | |||||
 |
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|
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| Nickname(s): "Auld Reekie", "Athens of the North", "Edina", "Dunedin" | |||||
| Motto: "Nisi Dominus Frustra" "Except the Lord in vain" associated with Edinburgh since 1647, it is a normal heraldic contraction of a verse from the 127th Psalm, "Except the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it. Except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain" | |||||
 City of Edinburgh
|
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| Coordinates: 55°57′11″N 3°11′20″W / 55.95306°N 3.18889°W / 55.95306; -3.18889Coordinates: 55°57′11″N 3°11′20″W / 55.95306°N 3.18889°W / 55.95306; -3.18889 | |||||
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom | ||||
| Country | Scotland | ||||
| Council area | City of Edinburgh | ||||
| Lieutenancy area | Edinburgh | ||||
| Admin HQ | Edinburgh City Centre | ||||
| Founded | prior to the 7th century | ||||
| Burgh Charter | 1125 | ||||
| City status | 1889 | ||||
| Government | |||||
| • Type | Unitary Authority, City | ||||
| • Governing body | The City of Edinburgh Council | ||||
| • Lord Provost | George Grubb | ||||
| • MSPs |
|
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| • MPs: |
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||||
| Area | |||||
| • Unitary authority & city | 100.00 sq mi (259.0 km2) | ||||
| Population (2010) | |||||
| • Unitary authority & city | 486,120[1] | ||||
| • Urban | 420,893[2] | ||||
| • Urban density | 4,776/sq mi (1,844/km2) | ||||
| Time zone | Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) | ||||
| • Summer (DST) | British Summer Time (UTC+1) | ||||
| Postcode | EH | ||||
| Area code(s) | 0131 | ||||
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-EDH | ||||
| ONS code | 00QP | ||||
| OS grid reference | NT275735 | ||||
| NUTS 3 | UKM25 | ||||
| Website | www.edinburgh.gov.uk (Official Council site) www.edinburgh-inspiringcapital.com (Visitor-facing site) |
||||
Edinburgh (
i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North.[3] The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city.[4] In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK.[5] In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.[6]
The city hosts the annual Edinburgh Festival, a group of official and independent festivals held annually over about four weeks beginning in early August. The number of visitors attracted to Edinburgh for the Festival is roughly equal to the settled population of the city. The best-known of these events are the Edinburgh Fringe, the largest performing-arts festival in the world; the Edinburgh International Festival; the Edinburgh Military Tattoo; and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. Other annual events include the Hogmanay street party and the Beltane Fire Festival. Edinburgh attracts over 1 million overseas visitors a year, making it the second most visited tourist destination in the United Kingdom.[7]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Etymology of Edinburgh
The name "Edinburgh" appears to derive from the Celtic British place name Eidyn, mentioned in a number of medieval Welsh sources.[8][9][10]:297 Kenneth H. Jackson argued strongly that "Eidyn" referred exclusively to the location of modern Edinburgh,[11] but others, such as Ifor Williams and Nora K. Chadwick, suggest it applied to the wider area as well.[12][13] The name "Eidyn" may survive today in other toponyms, such as Dunedin and Carriden (from Caer Eidyn), fifteen miles to the west.[10]
Present-day Edinburgh was the location of Din Eidyn, a dun or hillfort associated with the kingdom of the Gododdin.[14] The modern Scottish Gaelic name "Dùn Eideann" derives directly from the British Din Eidyn; the English and Scots form are similar, adding the element -burgh, from the Old English burh, also meaning fort.[15] Some sources claim Edinburgh's name is derived from an Old English form such as Eadwinesburh, in reference to the 7th century king Edwin of Northumbria.[16] However, modern scholarship refutes this, as the form Eidyn predates Edwin.[15][17]
The first evidence of the existence of the town as a separate entity from the fort lies in an early 12th century royal charter, generally thought to date from 1124, by King David I granting land to the Church of the Holy Rood of Edinburgh. This suggests that the town came into official existence between 1018 (when King Malcolm II secured the Lothians from the Northumbrians) and 1124.[18] By the 1170s King William the Lion was using the name "Edenesburch" in a charter (in Latin) confirming the 1124 grant of David I.[19]
History[link]
Further information: Timeline of Edinburgh history
Humans have settled the Edinburgh area from at least the Bronze Age, leaving traces of primitive stone settlements at Holyrood, Craiglockhart Hill and the Pentland Hills for example.[20] Local culture was influenced through the Iron Age by Hallstatt and La Tene Celtic cultures from central Europe. By the time the Romans arrived in Lothian at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, they discovered a Celtic Brythonic tribe whose name they recorded as Votadini, likely to be a Latin version of the name they called themselves.
The Angles of Northumbria had a significant influence in what was to become South-East Scotland, notably from AD 638 when it appears the Gododdin stronghold was besieged. Though far from exclusive (cf Picts and Scots), this influence continued over three centuries. It was not until c. AD 950 when, during the reign of Indulf, son of Constantine II, the city, referred to at this time in the Pictish Chronicle as 'oppidum Eden',[21] fell to the Scots and finally remained under their jurisdiction.[22] During this period of Germanic influence in south east Scotland, when the city's name gained its Germanic suffix, 'burgh', the seeds for the language we know today as Scots were sown.
_by_Wenceslas_Hollar_(1670).jpg)
By the 12th century Edinburgh, founded upon the famous castle rock, the volcanic crag and tail geological feature shaped by 2 million years of glacial activity, was well established becoming one of the earliest Scottish Royal Burghs. Founded in the mid 12th century, a separate Burgh of regality, known as the Canongate and held by the Abbey of Holyrood, developed to the East. Through the late medieval period Edinburgh grew quickly and continued to flourish economically and culturally through the Renaissance period. It was at the centre of the 16th century Scottish Reformation and the Wars of the Covenant a hundred years later.
In 1603, King James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne, uniting the two kingdoms in a personal union known as the Union of the Crowns. Scotland remained a sovereign kingdom with the Parliament of Scotland in Edinburgh. King James VI progressed to London where he established his court, maintaining his rule in Scotland through his Privy Council which merely received his written instructions and executed his will.[23] Despite promising to return every three years, he returned to Edinburgh only once, in 1617.
Disputes between the Presbyterian Covenanters and the Anglican Church in 1639 led to the Bishops' Wars, the initial conflict of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the Third English Civil War Edinburgh was taken by the Commonwealth forces of Oliver Cromwell prior to Charles II's eventual defeat at the Battle of Worcester.
In 17th century Edinburgh a defensive wall, built in the 16th century largely as protection against English invasion following James IV's defeat at the Battle of Flodden and hence named the Flodden Wall, still defined the boundaries of the city. Due to the restricted land area available for development, houses increased in height instead. Buildings of 11 storeys were common and there are records of buildings as high as 14 or even 15 storeys,[24] an early version of the modern-day skyscraper. Many of the stone-built structures can still be seen today in the Old Town.
In 1706 and 1707 the Acts of Union were passed by the Parliaments of England and Scotland uniting the two Kingdoms into the Kingdom of Great Britain. As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London. The union was opposed by many Scots at the time and this led to riots within the city.[25]
From early times, and certainly from the 14th century, Edinburgh (like other royal burghs of Scotland) used armorial devices in many ways, including on seals. In 1732, the 'achievement' or 'coat of arms' was formally granted by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. These arms were used by Edinburgh Town Council until the reorganisation of local government in Scotland in May 1975, when it was succeeded by the City of Edinburgh District Council and a new coat of arms, based on the earlier one, was granted. In 1996, further local government reorganisation resulted in the formation of the City of Edinburgh Council, and again the coat of arms was updated.[26]
During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Edinburgh was briefly occupied by Jacobite forces before their march into England. Following their ultimate defeat at the Battle of Culloden, near Inverness, there was a period of reprisals and pacification, largely directed at the Catholic Highlanders. In Edinburgh the Hanoverian monarch attempted to gain favour by supporting new developments to the north of the castle, naming streets in honour of the King and his family; George Street, Frederick Street, Hanover Street and Princes Street, named in honour of George III's two sons.
The city was at the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment.[27] Celebrities from across the continent would be seen in the city streets, among them famous Scots such as David Hume, Walter Scott, Robert Adam, David Wilkie, Robert Burns, James Hutton and Adam Smith. Edinburgh became a major cultural centre, earning it the nickname Athens of the North because of the Greco-Roman style of the New Town's architecture, as well as the rise of the Scottish intellectual elite who were increasingly leading both Scottish and European intellectual thought.[28]
In the 19th century, Edinburgh, like many cities, industrialised, but did not grow as fast as Scotland's second city, Glasgow, which replaced it as the largest city in the country, benefiting greatly at the height of the British Empire.
The Scotland Act 1998 which came into force in 1999 established a devolved Scottish parliament and Scottish Executive, both based in Edinburgh responsible for governing Scotland, with reserved matters such as defence, taxation and foreign affairs remaining the responsibility of Westminster.
Geography[link]
Bounded by the Firth of Forth to the north and the Pentland Hills, which skirt the periphery of the city to the south, Edinburgh lies in the eastern portion of the Central Lowlands of Scotland.[29] The city sprawls over a landscape which is the product of early volcanic activity and later periods of intensive glaciation.[30] Igneous activity between 350 and 400 million years ago, coupled with faulting led to the dispersion of tough basalt volcanic plugs, which predominate over much of the area.[30] One such example is Castle Rock which forced the advancing icepack to divide, sheltering the softer rock and forming a mile-long tail of material to the east, creating a distinctive crag and tail formation.[30] Glacial erosion on the northern side of the crag gouged a large valley resulting in the now drained Nor Loch. This structure, along with a ravine to the south, formed an ideal natural fortress which Edinburgh Castle was built upon.[30] Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano system dating from the Carboniferous period, which was eroded by a glacier moving from west to east during the ice age.[30] Erosive action such as plucking and abrasion exposed the rocky crags to the west before leaving a tail of deposited glacial material swept to the east.[31] This process formed the distinctive Salisbury Crags, which formed a series of teschenite cliffs between Arthur's Seat and the city centre.[32] The residential areas of Marchmont and Bruntsfield are built along a series of drumlin ridges south of the city centre, which were deposited as the glacier receded.[30]
Other viewpoints in the city such as Calton Hill and Corstorphine Hill are similar products of glacial erosion.[30] The Braid Hills and Blackford Hill are a series of small summits to the south west of the city commanding expansive views over the urban area of Edinburgh and northwards to the Forth.[30]
Edinburgh is drained by the Water of Leith, which finds its source at the Colzium Springs in the Pentland Hills and runs for 29 kilometres (18 mi) through the south and west of the city, emptying into the Firth of Forth at Leith.[33] The nearest the river gets to the city centre is at Dean Village on the edge of the New Town, where a deep gorge is spanned by the Dean Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford and built in 1832 for the road to Queensferry.[33] The Water of Leith Walkway is a mixed use trail that follows the river for 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi) from Balerno to Leith.[34]
Designated in 1957, Edinburgh is ringed by a green belt stretching from Dalmeny in the west to Prestongrange in the east.[35] With an average width of 3.2 kilometres (2 mi) the principal objective of the green belt was to contain the outward expansion of Edinburgh and to prevent the agglomeration of urban areas.[35] Expansion within the green belt is strictly controlled but developments such as Edinburgh Airport and the Royal Highland Showground at Ingliston lie within the zone.[35] Similarly, urban villages such as Juniper Green and Balerno sit on green belt land.[35] One feature of the green belt in Edinburgh is the inclusion of parcels of land within the city which are designated as green belt even though they do not adjoin the main peripheral ring. Examples of these independent wedges of green belt include Holyrood Park and Corstorphine Hill.[35]
Areas[link]
| Old and New Towns of Edinburgh * | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Country | Scotland |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iv |
| Reference | 728 |
| Region ** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1995 (19th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
|
Main article: Areas of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is divided into areas that generally encompass a park (sometimes known as "links"), a main local street (i.e. street of local retail shops), a high street (the historic main street, not always the same as the main local street, such as in Corstorphine) and residential buildings. In Edinburgh many residences are tenements, although the more southern and western parts of the city have traditionally been more affluent and have a greater number of detached and semi-detached villas.
The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided into two by the broad green swath of Princes Street Gardens. To the south the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, perched atop the extinct volcanic crag, and the long sweep of the Old Town trailing after it along the ridge. To the north lies Princes Street and the New Town. The gardens were begun in 1816 on bogland which had once been the Nor Loch.
To the immediate west of the castle lies the financial district, housing insurance and banking buildings. Probably the most noticeable building here is the circular sandstone building that is the Edinburgh International Conference Centre.
Old Town[link]
Main article: Old Town, Edinburgh
The Old Town has preserved its medieval plan and many Reformation-era buildings. One end is closed by the castle and the main artery, the Royal Mile, leads away from it; minor streets (called closes or wynds) lead downhill on either side of the main spine in a herringbone pattern. Large squares mark the location of markets or surround public buildings such as St. Giles' Cathedral and the Law Courts. Other notable places nearby include the Royal Museum of Scotland, Surgeons' Hall and McEwan Hall. The street layout is typical of the old quarters of many northern European cities, and where the castle perches on top of a rocky crag (the remnants of an extinct volcano) the Royal Mile runs down the crest of a ridge from it.
Due to space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of the "tail", the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings known as lands were the norm from the 16th century onwards with ten and eleven storeys being typical and one even reaching fourteen or fifteen storeys.[36] Additionally, numerous vaults below street level were inhabited to accommodate the influx of immigrants during the Industrial Revolution.
New Town[link]
Main article: New Town, Edinburgh
The New Town was an 18th century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded Old Town. The city had remained incredibly compact, confined to the ridge running down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design the New Town was won by James Craig, a 22-year-old architect. The plan that was built created a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted well with enlightenment ideas of rationality. The principal street was to be George Street, which follows the natural ridge to the north of the Old Town. Either side of it are the other main streets of Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has since become the main shopping street in Edinburgh, and few Georgian buildings survive on it. Linking these streets were a series of perpendicular streets. At the east and west ends are St. Andrew Square and Charlotte Square respectively. The latter, designed by Robert Adam, influenced Edinburgh street architecture into the early 19th century.[37] Bute House, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is on the north side of Charlotte Square. Sitting in the hollow between the Old and New Towns was the Nor Loch, which had been both the city's water supply and place for dumping sewage. By the 1820s it was drained. Craig's original plans included Princes Street Gardens and an ornamental canal[38] in place of the Nor Loch. Excess soil from the construction of the buildings was dumped into the loch, creating what is now The Mound and the canal idea was abandoned. In the mid-19th century the National Gallery of Scotland and Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels to Waverley Station driven through it. The New Town was so successful that it was extended greatly. The grid pattern was not maintained, but rather a more picturesque layout was created.
Southside[link]
A popular residential part of the city is its south side, comprising a number of areas including St Leonards, Marchmont, Newington, Sciennes, The Grange and Blackford. The Edinburgh "Southside" is broadly analogous to the area covered by the Burgh Muir, and grew in popularity as a residential area following the opening of the South Bridge. These areas are particularly popular now with families (many state and private schools are here), students (the central University of Edinburgh campus is based around George Square just north of Marchmont and the Meadows, and Napier University (with major campuses around Merchiston & Morningside), as well as with visiting festival-goers. These areas are also the subject of several works of fiction: Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus lives in Marchmont and worked in St Leonards; and Churchhill, in Morningside, was the home of Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie.
Leith[link]
Main article: Leith
Leith is the port of Edinburgh. It still retains a separate identity from Edinburgh, and it was a matter of great resentment when, in 1920, the burgh of Leith was merged[39] into the county of Edinburgh. Even today the parliamentary seat is known as 'Edinburgh North and Leith'. With the redevelopment of Leith, Edinburgh has gained the business of a number of cruise liner companies which now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Leith also has the Royal Yacht Britannia, berthed behind the Ocean Terminal and Easter Road, the home ground of Hibernian F.C.
Urban area[link]
The urban area of Edinburgh is almost entirely contained within the City of Edinburgh Council boundary, merging with Musselburgh in East Lothian. Nearby towns close to the city borders include Dunfermline, Bonnyrigg, Dalkeith, Loanhead, Newtongrange, Penicuik, Livingston and Broxburn. The EU classifies this area as a Larger Urban Zone with a population of nearly 800,000 people.
Climate[link]
Like much of the rest of Scotland, Edinburgh has a temperate, maritime climate which is relatively mild despite its northerly latitude.[40] Winters are generally mild, with daytime temperatures rarely falling below freezing, and compare favourably with places such as Moscow, Labrador and Newfoundland which lie at similar latitudes.[40] Summer temperatures are normally moderate, with daily upper maxima rarely exceeding 22 °C.[40] The highest temperature ever recorded in the city was 31.4 °C (88.5 °F) on 4 August 1975[40] at Turnhouse Airport. The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was −14.6 °C (5.7 °F) during December 2010 at Gogarbank.[41]
The proximity of the city to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. Given Edinburgh's position between the coast and hills, it is renowned as a windy city, with the prevailing wind direction coming from the south-west which is associated with warm, unstable air from the North Atlantic Current that can give rise to rainfall – although considerably less than cities to the west, such as Glasgow.[40] Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year.[40] Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but colder, and are usually accompanied by Haar (fog), a persistent coastal fog. Vigorous Atlantic depressions, known as European windstorms, can affect the city between October and May.[40]
| Climate data for Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Gardens, 26m asl, 1971–2000, Extremes 1951– | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.8 (73.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.59 (54.67) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.83 (42.49) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 66 (2.6) |
49 (1.93) |
53 (2.09) |
40 (1.57) |
49 (1.93) |
59 (2.32) |
62 (2.44) |
62 (2.44) |
63 (2.48) |
79 (3.11) |
64 (2.52) |
63 (2.48) |
709 (27.91) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 53 | 74 | 112 | 144 | 187 | 168 | 169 | 160 | 126 | 100 | 72 | 46 | 1,411 |
| Source no. 1: Royal Botanic Gardens[42] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: ScotClim[43] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Edinburgh, Turnhouse Airport, 37m asl, 1971–2000 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
0.6 (33.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.7 (47.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 64 (2.52) |
45 (1.77) |
55 (2.17) |
40 (1.57) |
50 (1.97) |
55 (2.17) |
56 (2.2) |
55 (2.17) |
64 (2.52) |
70 (2.76) |
61 (2.4) |
68 (2.68) |
682.4 (26.866) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 48 | 67 | 99 | 133 | 179 | 170 | 170 | 152 | 119 | 91 | 65 | 41 | 1,334 |
| Source: MeteoFrance[44] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Edinburgh, Gogarbank, 61m asl, 1971–2000 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.4 (43.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.7 (33.3) |
0.9 (33.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.7 (36.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 64.2 (2.528) |
44.7 (1.76) |
52.2 (2.055) |
42.5 (1.673) |
49.1 (1.933) |
52.5 (2.067) |
57.6 (2.268) |
53.3 (2.098) |
62.4 (2.457) |
69.5 (2.736) |
61.4 (2.417) |
66.8 (2.63) |
676.2 (26.622) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 49.0 | 72.9 | 106.3 | 140.7 | 186.9 | 179.1 | 179.2 | 160.6 | 124.8 | 97.7 | 68.1 | 40.6 | 1,405.8 |
| Source: MetOffice[45] | |||||||||||||
Demography[link]
| Edinburgh compared[46][47] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| UK Census 2001 | Edinburgh | Lothian | Scotland |
| Total population | 448,624 | 778,367 | 5,062,011 |
| Population growth 1991–2001 | 7.1% | 7.2% | 1.3% |
| White | 95.9% | 97.2% | 98.8% |
| Asian | 2.6% | 1.6% | 1.3% |
| Under 16 years old | 16.3% | 18.6% | 19.2% |
| Over 65 years old | 15.4% | 14.8% | 16.0% |
| Christian | 54.8% | 58.1% | 65.1% |
| Muslim | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.8% |
At the United Kingdom Census 2001, Edinburgh had a population of 448,624, a rise of 7.1% on 1991.[46] Estimates in 2010 placed the total resident population at 486,120 split between 235,249 males and 250,871 females.[6] This makes Edinburgh the second largest city in Scotland after Glasgow and the seventh largest in Britain.[46] According to the European Statistical agency, Eurostat, Edinburgh sits at the heart of a Larger Urban Zone covering 665 square miles (1,720 km2) with a population of 778,000.[48]
Edinburgh has a higher proportion of those aged between 16 and 24 than the Scottish average, but has a lower proportion of those classified as elderly or pre-school.[6] Over 95% of Edinburgh respondents classed their ethnicity as White in 2001, with those identifying as being Indian and Chinese at 1.6% and 0.8% of the population respectively.[49] In 2001, 22% of the population were born outside Scotland with the largest group of people within this category being born in England at 12.1%.[49] Since the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, a large number of migrants from the accession states such as Poland, Lithuania and Latvia have settled in the city, with many working in the service industry.[50]
There is evidence of human habitation on Castle Rock from as early as 3,000 years ago.[51] A census conducted by the Edinburgh presbytery in 1592 estimated a population of 8,000 scattered equally north and south of the High Street which runs down the spine of the ridge leading from the Castle.[52] In the 18th and 19th Centuries, the population began to expand rapidly, rising from 49,000 in 1751 to 136,000 in 1831 primarily due to rural out-migration.[53] As the population swelled, overcrowding problems in the Old Town, particularly in the cramped tenements that lined the present day Royal Mile and Cowgate, were exacerbated.[53] Sanitary problems and disease were rife.[53] The construction of James Craig's masterplanned New Town from 1766 onwards witnessed the migration of the professional classes from the Old Town to the lower density, higher quality surroundings taking shape on land to the north.[54] Expansion southwards from the Royal Mile/Cowgate axis of the Old Town saw more tenements being built in the 19th century, giving rise to present day areas such as Marchmont, Newington and Bruntsfield.[55]
Early 20th century population growth coincided with lower density suburban development in areas such as Gilmerton, Liberton and South Gyle. As the city expanded to the south and west, detached and semi detached villas with large gardens replaced tenements as the predominant building style. Nonetheless, the 2001 census revealed that over 55% of Edinburgh's population live in tenements or blocks of flats compared to the Scottish average of 33.5%.[56]
Throughout the early to mid 20th century many new estates were built in areas such as Craigmillar, Niddrie, Pilton, Muirhouse, Piershill and Sighthill, linked to slum clearances in the Old Town.
There were estates built in North Edinburgh in the 1950s to cope with overcrowding in the inner city, Clermiston is one such estate.
Religion[link]
Christianity[link]
.jpg)
The Church of Scotland claims the largest membership of any religious denomination in Edinburgh. As of 2010, there are 83 congregations in the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Edinburgh.[57] Its most notable church is St Giles' Cathedral, while St Cuthbert's, situated at the west end of Princes Street Gardens and in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle, lays claim to being the oldest Christian site in city, although its magnificent and unique building designed by Hippolyte Blanc dates mainly from the late 19th century. Other Church of Scotland churches include Greyfriars Kirk, Barclay Church, Canongate Kirk and St Andrew's and St George's Church. In the south east of the city is the 12th century Duddingston Kirk. The Church of Scotland Offices are in Edinburgh, as is the Assembly Hall and New College on The Mound.
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh has a large number of churches across the city, the number of parishes totalling 28, under the aegis of St Giles' City of Edinburgh Deanery.There are also a further 6 churches and chapels belonging to religious orders where Sunday Mass is offered. Its notable structures include St Mary's Cathedral (the mother church of Scots Catholicism), the Sacred Heart of Jesus, St Patrick's, St. Columba's, St. Peter's and Star of the Sea. The Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter fulfil their ministry in St. Andrew’s Church (Ravelston) and in St Cuthbert’s House Chapel. St. Margaret's and St. Leonard's Church (Newington) is an apostolate of the traditionalist Society of St. Pius X. The leader of Scotland's Catholics, Keith Patrick Cardinal O'Brien, has his official residence in the area of the city known locally as Holy Corner, and the diocesan offices are in Marchmont.[58]
The Scottish Episcopal Church, part of the Anglican Communion, has a number of churches across the city. Its centre is the late 19th century Gothic style St Mary's Cathedral in the West End's Palmerston Place. The historic former pro-cathedral of the city is Old Saint Paul's, off the Royal Mile, which was established in 1689 when St Giles' Cathedral and the wider Church of Scotland converted from Episcopal to Presbyterian governance.
In addition, there are a number of independent churches situated throughout the city; these churches tend to have a high percentage of student congregants and include Destiny Church, The Rock Elim Church, Kings Church Edinburgh, Charlotte Chapel, Carrubbers Christian Centre, Morningside Baptist Church, Bellevue Chapel and Deeper Life Bible Church, Stockbridge.
Biblical unitarians are represented by a Christadelphian church, established in Edinburgh since 1853.[59] The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) hold Meetings for Worship in several locations, especially the main Quaker Meeting House in Victoria Terrace.
Saint Giles is the patron saint of Edinburgh.[60]
Other faiths[link]
Edinburgh Central Mosque – Edinburgh's main mosque and Islamic Centre – is on Potterrow, in the city's south side, near Bristo Square. It was opened in the late 1990s and the construction was largely financed by a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.[61] There are other mosques in Annandale Street Lane, off Leith Walk, and in Queensferry Road, Blackhall as well as a number of other Islamic centres across the city.[62] The first recorded presence of a Jewish community in Edinburgh dates back to the late 17th century.[citation needed] Edinburgh's Orthodox synagogue, which was opened in 1932, is in Salisbury Road and can accommodate a congregation of 2000. A Liberal Jewish congregation also meets in the city. There are a Sikh gurdwara and a Hindu mandir, both in Leith, and a Brahma Kumaris centre[63] in the Polwarth area. Edinburgh Buddhist Centre, run by the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order, is situated in Melville Terrace. A number of other Buddhist traditions are represented by groups which meet in the capital: the Community of Interbeing (followers of Thich Nhat Hanh), Rigpa, Samye Dzong, Theravadin, Pure Land and Shambala. There is a Soto Zen Priory in Portobello[64] and a Theravadin Thai Buddhist Monastery in Slateford Road.[65] Edinburgh is home to an active Baha'i Community,[66] a Theosophical Society, in Great King Street,[67] and the city has a number of practising Pagans. Edinburgh has an active Inter-Faith Association.
Governance[link]
Main article: Politics of Edinburgh
Following local government reorganisation in 1996, Edinburgh constitutes one of the 32 Unitary Authorities of Scotland.[68] Today, the City of Edinburgh Council is the administrative body for the local authority and has its powers stipulated by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994.[69] Like all other unitary and island authorities in Scotland, the council has powers over most matters of local administration such as housing, planning, local transport, parks, economic development and regeneration.[69] The council is composed of 58 elected councillors, returned from 17 multi-member electoral wards in the city.[70] Each ward elects three or four councillors by the single transferable vote system, to produce a form of proportional representation. Following the 2007 Scottish Local Elections the incumbent Labour Party lost majority control of the council, after 23 years, to a Liberal Democrat/SNP coalition.[71]
Since 2007, the council has operated a committee structure, headed by the Lord Provost, who chairs the full council and acts as a figurehead for the city.[72] The Provost, currently Donald Wilson, also serves as ex officio the Lord Lieutenant of the city.[73] A Leader and Policy & Strategy Committee, appointed by the full council, are responsible for the day-to-day running of the city administration. Jenny Dawe was the Council Leader since May 2007, however she lost her seat in the elections in May 2012, with Andrew Burns now the Council leader, after Labour and SNP formed a coalition administration. Councillors are also appointed to sit on the boards of public bodies such as Lothian and Borders Police and the Forth Estuary Transport Authority.[72]
In terms of national governance, Edinburgh is represented in the Scottish Parliament. For electoral purposes, the city area is divided between six of the nine constituencies in the Lothians electoral region.[74] Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation.[74]
Edinburgh is also represented in the British House of Commons by five Members of Parliament elected from single member constituencies by the first past the post system.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the most competitive large city in the UK according to the Centre for International Competitiveness.[75] Edinburgh also has the highest Gross value added per employee of any city in the UK outside London, measuring £50,256 in 2007.[76] A combination of these factors saw Edinburgh named the Best Small City of the future by fDi Magazine for 2010/11.[77] Education and health, finance and business services, retailing and tourism are the largest employers.[78] The economy of Edinburgh is largely based on the services sector – centred around banking, financial services, higher education, and tourism. As of March 2010 unemployment in Edinburgh is comparatively low at 3.6%, and remains consistently below the Scottish average of 4.5%.[79] Banking has been a part of the economic life of Edinburgh for over 300 years, with the establishment of the Bank of Scotland – now part of the Lloyds Banking Group – by an act of the original Parliament of Scotland in 1695. Today, together with the financial services industry, with particular strengths in insurance and investment underpinned by the presence of Edinburgh based firms such as Scottish Widows and Standard Life, Edinburgh is the UK's second financial centre after London and Europe's fourth by equity assets.[80] In world terms, it ranks ahead of Dubai, Amsterdam and Washington D.C. in the Global Financial Centres Index.[80] The Royal Bank of Scotland opened its new global headquarters at Gogarburn in the west of the city in October 2005. Edinburgh has recently become home to the headquarters of Tesco Bank[81] and Virgin Money.[82]
Tourism is an important economic mainstay in the city. As a World Heritage Site, tourists come to visit such historical sites as Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Georgian New Town. This is augmented in August of each year with the presence of the Edinburgh Festivals, which bring in over 4.4 million visitors,[79] and generate in excess of £100m for the Edinburgh economy.[83]
As the centre of Scotland's government, as well as its legal system, the public sector plays a central role in the economy of Edinburgh, with many departments of the Scottish Government located in the city. Other major employers include NHS Scotland and local government administration.
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Edinburgh
Edinburgh Airport is Scotland's busiest airport and principal international gateway to the capital, handling just over 9 million passengers in 2009.[84] In anticipation of rising passenger numbers, the airport operator BAA outlined a draft masterplan in 2006 to provide for the expansion of the airfield and terminal building.[85] The possibility of building a second runway to cope with an increased number of aircraft movements has also been mooted.[85]
As an important hub on the East Coast Main Line, Edinburgh Waverley is the primary railway station serving the city. With more than 14 million passengers per year, the station is the second busiest in Scotland behind Glasgow Central.[86] Waverley serves as the terminus for trains arriving from London King's Cross and is the departure point for many rail services within Scotland operated by First ScotRail.
To the west of the city centre lies Haymarket railway station which is an important commuter stop. Opened in 2003, Edinburgh Park station serves the adjacent business park in the west of the city and the nearby Gogarburn headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland. The Edinburgh Crossrail connects Edinburgh Park with Haymarket, Waverley and the suburban stations of Brunstane and Newcraighall in the east of the city.[87] There are also commuter lines to South Gyle and Dalmeny, which serves South Queensferry by the Forth Bridges, and to the south west of the city out to Wester Hailes and Curriehill
Lothian Buses operate the majority of city bus services within the City and to surrounding suburbs, with the majority of routes running via Princes Street. Services further afield operate from the Edinburgh Bus Station off St. Andrew Square. Lothian, as the successor company to the City's Corporation Trams, also operates all of the City's branded public tour bus services, the night bus network and airport buses.[88] Lothian's Mac Tours subsidiary has one of the largest remaining fleets of ex-London Routemaster buses in Britain, many converted to open top tour buses.[89] In 2007, the average daily ridership of Lothian Buses was over 312,000 – a 6% rise on the previous year.[88]
In order to tackle traffic congestion, Edinburgh is now served by six park and ride sites on the periphery of the city at Sheriffhall, Ingliston, Riccarton, Inverkeithing (in Fife) and Newcraighall. A new facility at Straiton opened in October 2008. A referendum of Edinburgh residents in February 2005 rejected a proposal to introduce congestion charging in the city.
Edinburgh has been without a tram system since 16 November 1956.[90] Following parliamentary approval in 2007, construction began on a new Edinburgh tram line in early 2008. The first stage of the project was originally expected to be operational by July 2011[91] but, following delays, controversies and cost increases, is unlikely to be working before 2014.[92] The first phase will see trams running from Edinburgh Airport in the west of the city to York Place in the city centre. Plans exist to extend the line down Leith Walk to Ocean Terminal and Newhaven, but have been postponed due to cost.[93] If fully realised, the project will see trams run from Haymarket through Ravelston and Craigleith to Granton on the waterfront.[93] Future proposals include a line going west from the airport to Ratho and Newbridge, and a line running along the length of the waterfront.[94]
Education[link]
Main article: List of schools in Edinburgh
There are four universities in Edinburgh with over 100,000 students studying in the city.[95] Established by Royal Charter in 1583, the University of Edinburgh is one of Scotland's ancient universities and is the fourth oldest in the country after St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen.[96] Originally centred around Old College the university expanded to premises on The Mound, the Royal Mile and George Square.[96] Today, the King's Buildings in the south of the city contain most of the schools within the College of Science and Engineering. In 2002, the medical school moved to purpose built accommodation adjacent to the new Edinburgh Royal Infirmary at Little France. The University was placed 20th in the world in the 2011 QS World University Rankings.[97]
In the 1960s Heriot-Watt University and Napier Technical College were established.[96] Heriot-Watt traces its origins to 1821 as the world's first mechanics' institute, when a school for technical education for the working classes was opened.[98] Based in Riccarton to the west of the city, Heriot-Watt specialises in the disciplines of engineering, business and mathematics.[99] Napier College was renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986 and gained university status in 1992.[100] Edinburgh Napier University has campuses in the south and west of the city, including the former Craiglockhart Hydropathic and Merchiston Tower.[100] It is home to the Screen Academy Scotland.
Queen Margaret University was founded in 1875, as The Edinburgh School of Cookery and Domestic Economy, by Christian Guthrie Wright and Louisa Stevenson.[101]
Further education colleges in the city include Jewel and Esk College (incorporating Leith Nautical College founded in 1903), Telford College, opened in 1968, and Stevenson College, opened in 1970. The Scottish Agricultural College also has a campus in south Edinburgh. Other notable institutions include the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh which were established by Royal Charter, in 1506 and 1681 respectively. The Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh was founded in 1760 – an institution that became the Edinburgh College of Art in 1907.[102]
There are 18 nursery, 94 primary and 23 secondary schools in Edinburgh administered by the city council.[103] In addition, the city is home to a large number of independent, fee-paying schools including Edinburgh Academy, Fettes College, George Heriot's School, George Watson's College, Merchiston Castle School, Stewart's Melville College and The Mary Erskine School. In 2009, the proportion of pupils in education at independent schools was 24.2%, far above the national average of just over 4% and higher than in any other region of Scotland.[104]
Healthcare[link]
See also: List of hospitals in Edinburgh
Hospitals in Edinburgh include the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, which includes Edinburgh University Medical School, and the Western General Hospital, which includes a large cancer treatment centre and the nurse-led Minor Injuries Clinic. The Royal Infirmary is the main Accident & Emergency hospital not just for Edinburgh but also Midlothian and East Lothian, and is the headquarters of NHS Lothian, making it a centric focus for Edinburgh and its hinterland. The Royal Edinburgh Hospital specialises in mental health; it is situated in Morningside. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children is in Sciennes Road; it is popularly known as 'the Sick Kids'. There are two private hospitals, Murrayfield Hospital in the west of the city and Shawfield Hospital in the south; both are owned by Spire Healthcare.
Culture[link]
Further information: Nicknames of Edinburgh and Edinburgh Zoo
Festivals and celebrations[link]
File:Edinburgh castle tattoo.jpg
Pipers emerging from Edinburgh Castle during the Edinburgh Military Tattoo
Culturally, Edinburgh is best known for the Edinburgh Festival, which is a series of separate events running from the end of July until early September each year. The longest established festival is the Edinburgh International Festival, which first ran in 1947.[105] The International Festival centres on a programme of high-profile theatre productions and classical music performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theatre companies and orchestras.[106]
The International Festival has since been overtaken in both size and popularity by the Edinburgh Fringe. What began as a programme of marginal acts has become the largest arts festival in the world, with 1867 different shows being staged in 2006, in 261 venues.[107] Comedy is now one of the mainstays of the Fringe, with numerous notable comedians getting their 'break' here, often through receipt of the Edinburgh Comedy Award.[108][109] In 2008 the largest comedy venues on the Edinburgh Fringe launched as a festival within a festival, labelled the Edinburgh Comedy Festival. Already at its inception it was the largest comedy festival in the world.[110] Alongside these major festivals, there is also the Edinburgh Art Festival, Edinburgh International Film Festival (moved to June from 2008), the Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival, and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. The Edge Festival (formerly known as T on the Fringe), a popular music offshoot of the Fringe, began in 2000, replacing the smaller Flux and Planet Pop series of shows.[108]
Running concurrently with the summer festivals, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo occupies the Castle Esplanade every night, with massed pipers and fireworks. As well as the various summer festivals there is also the Edinburgh International Science Festival. Held annually in April it is one of the largest of its kind in Europe.[111]
Equally famous is the annual Hogmanay celebration. Originally a street party held on Princes Street and the Royal Mile, the Hogmanay event has been officially organised since 1993. In 1996, over 300,000 people attended, leading to ticketing of the main street party in later years, with a limit of 100,000 tickets.[112] Hogmanay now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the street party commencing on Hogmanay. During the street party Princes Street is accessible by ticket only, with live bands playing, food and drink stalls, and a clear view of the castle and fireworks.[113] Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and Céilidh, where well-known artists perform and ticket holders are invited to participate in traditional Scottish céilidh dancing. The event attracts thousands of people from all over the world.[112]
On the night of 30 April, the Beltane Fire Festival takes place on Edinburgh's Calton Hill. The festival involves a procession followed by the re-enactment of scenes inspired by pagan spring fertility celebrations.[114] At the beginning of October each year, the Dussehra Hindu Festival is also held on Calton Hill.[115]
Music, theatre and film[link]
Outside festival season, Edinburgh continues to support a number of theatres and production companies. The Royal Lyceum Theatre has its own company, while the King's Theatre, Edinburgh Festival Theatre, and Edinburgh Playhouse stage large touring shows. The Traverse Theatre presents a more contemporary programme of plays. Amateur theatre companies productions are staged at the Bedlam Theatre, Church Hill Theatre, and the King's Theatre amongst others. Youth Music Theatre: UK has a regional office in the city.
The Usher Hall is Edinburgh's premier venue for classical music, as well as the occasional prestige popular music gig.[116] Other halls staging music and theatre include The Hub, the Assembly Rooms and the Queen's Hall. The Scottish Chamber Orchestra is based in Edinburgh.
Edinburgh has two repertory cinemas, the Edinburgh Filmhouse, and the Cameo, and the independent Dominion Cinema, as well as the usual range of multiplexes.[117]
Edinburgh has a healthy popular music scene. Occasional large gigs are staged at Murrayfield and Meadowbank, with mid-sized events at venues such as the Corn Exchange, HMV Picture House, the Liquid Rooms, and the Bongo Club. Smaller more intimate shows can be found at venues like Cabaret Voltaire, Sneaky Pete's, The Store, The Voodoo Rooms, Bannerman's, Henry's Cellar Bar and Forrest Cafe.
In 2010, PRS for Music listed Edinburgh amongst the UK's top ten 'most musical' cities.[118]
Edinburgh is also home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, Hafliði Hallgrímsson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and John McLeod[119] whose music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK.
Rockstar North, most famously known for creating the Grand Theft Auto series, are based in Edinburgh.
Media[link]
The Edinburgh Evening News is based in Edinburgh and published every day apart from Sunday. The newspaper's owners also hold The Scotsman, a national paper which is published in the city. The Herald also covers Edinburgh, which is published in Glasgow.
The city has two commercial radio stations: Forth One, a station aimed at young listeners with a mainstream chart music output, and Forth 2 on medium wave which plays classic hits. Capital Radio Scotland and Real Radio Scotland also have transmitters in Edinburgh. Along with the UK national radio stations, Radio Scotland and the Gaelic language service BBC Nan Gaidheal is also broadcast, despite few speakers residing in the city. DAB digital radio is broadcast over two local multiplexes.
Edinburgh, along with the rest of Scotland, had completed the digital switchover for television. Television, along with most radio services, are broadcast to the city from the Craigkelly transmitting station situated on the opposite side of the Firth of Forth.
Museums, libraries and galleries[link]
Edinburgh has a large number of museums and libraries, many of which are national institutions. These include the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland, National War Museum of Scotland, the Museum of Edinburgh and the Museum of Childhood.
Edinburgh contains Scotland's five National Galleries as well as numerous smaller galleries.[120] The national collection is housed in the National Gallery of Scotland, located on the Mound, and now linked to the Royal Scottish Academy, which holds regular major exhibitions of painting. Contemporary collections are shown in the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, and the nearby Dean Gallery. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery focuses on portraits and photography.
The council-owned City Art Centre shows regular art exhibitions. Across the road, The Fruitmarket Gallery offers world class exhibitions of contemporary art, featuring work by British and international artists with both emerging and established international reputations.[121]
There are private galleries, including Doggerfisher and Ingleby Gallery, the latter providing a varied programme including shows by Callum Innes, Peter Liversidge, Ellsworth Kelly, Richard Forster, and Sean Scully.[122]
The city hosts several of Scotland's galleries and organisations dedicated to contemporary visual art. Significant strands of this infrastructure include: The Scottish Arts Council, Edinburgh College of Art, Talbot Rice Gallery (University of Edinburgh) and the Edinburgh Annuale.
Literature and philosophy[link]
Edinburgh has a long literary tradition, going back to the Scottish Enlightenment and in more recent years being declared the first UNESCO City of Literature in 2004.[123] Edinburgh's Enlightenment produced philosopher David Hume and the pioneer of political economy, Adam Smith.[123] Writers such as James Boswell, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Kenneth Grahame, Muriel Spark and Sir Walter Scott all lived and worked in Edinburgh. Today, the city is the home of many publishing companies. J K Rowling, author of the Harry Potter novels, is a resident of Edinburgh. Edinburgh has also become associated with the crime novels of Ian Rankin, and the work of Irvine Welsh, whose novels are mostly set in the city and are often written in colloquial Scots. Edinburgh is also home to the international best-selling author Alexander McCall Smith.[124]
Nightlife and shopping[link]
Edinburgh has a large number of pubs, clubs and restaurants. The traditional areas were the Grassmarket, Lothian Road and surrounding streets, Rose Street and its surrounds and the Bridges. In recent years George Street in the New Town has grown in prominence, with a large number of new, upmarket public houses and nightclubs opening, along with a number on the parallel Queen Street. Stockbridge and the waterfront at Leith are also increasingly fashionable areas, with a number of pubs, clubs and restaurants. On a side note on the nightlife, Edinburgh is the Top UK city for male single travelers, according to a recent Excite EU study.
Princes Street is the main shopping area in the city centre, with a wide range of stores from souvenir shops, from chains such as Boots and H&M and institutions like Jenners. George Street, north of Princes Street, is home to a number of upmarket chains and independent stores. The St. James Centre, at the eastern end of George Street and Princes Street, hosts a substantial number of national chains including a large John Lewis. Multrees Walk, adjacent to the St. James Centre, is a recent addition to the city centre, hosting brands such as Louis Vuitton, Emporio Armani, Mulberry and Calvin Klein, with Harvey Nichols anchoring the development.
Edinburgh also has substantial retail developments outside the city centre. These include The Gyle and Hermiston Gait in the west of the city, Cameron Toll, Straiton Retail Park and Fort Kinnaird in the south and east, and Ocean Terminal to the north, on the Leith waterfront. The Royal Yacht Britannia lies in dock here next to the centre.
Sport[link]
Football[link]
Edinburgh has two professional football clubs – Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian. They are known locally as Hearts and Hibs and both teams currently play in the Scottish Premier League. Hearts play at Tynecastle Stadium in Gorgie, while Hibs play at Easter Road Stadium, which straddles the former boundary between Edinburgh and Leith.
Edinburgh was also home to senior sides St Bernard's, and Leith Athletic. Most recently, Meadowbank Thistle played at Meadowbank Stadium until 1995, when the club moved to Livingston, becoming Livingston F.C.. Previously, Meadowbank Thistle had been named Ferranti Thistle. The Scottish national team has occasionally played at Easter Road and Tynecastle.
Non-league sides include Spartans and Edinburgh City, who play in the East of Scotland League along with Civil Service Strollers F.C., Lothian Thistle F.C., Edinburgh University A.F.C., Leith Athletic F.C., Tynecastle F.C., Craigroyston F.C. and Heriot-Watt University F.C.. Edinburgh United F.C. plays in the Scottish Junior Football Association, East Region.
Rugby union[link]
The Scotland national rugby union team plays at Murrayfield Stadium, which is owned by the Scottish Rugby Union and is also used as a venue for other events, including music concerts. Edinburgh's professional rugby team, Edinburgh Rugby, play in the Magners League at Murrayfield. It is the largest capacity stadium in Scotland, with around 67,000 seats. Edinburgh is also home to RBS Premier One rugby teams Heriot's Rugby Club, Boroughmuir RFC, the Edinburgh Academicals and Currie RFC.
Ice hockey[link]
The Edinburgh Capitals are the latest of a succession of ice hockey clubs to represent the Scottish capital. Previously Edinburgh was represented by the Murrayfield Racers and the Edinburgh Racers. The club play their home games at the Murrayfield Ice Rink and compete in the ten team professional Elite Ice Hockey League along with three other Scottish teams which are the Fife Flyers, Braehead Clan and the Dundee Stars.
Other sports[link]
The Scottish cricket team, who represent Scotland at cricket internationally and in the Friends Provident Trophy, play their home matches at The Grange.
The Edinburgh Diamond Devils is a baseball club claiming its first Scottish Championship in 1991 as the "Reivers." 1992 saw the team repeat as national champions, becoming the first team to do so in league history and saw the start of the club's first youth team, the Blue Jays. The name of the club was changed in 1999.
The Edinburgh Capitals is an ice hockey team playing in the Elite Ice Hockey League since the 2005/2006 season.[125]
Edinburgh has also hosted various national and international sports events including the World Student Games, the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, the 1986 Commonwealth Games and the inaugural 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games. For the Games in 1970 the city built major Olympic standard venues and facilities including the Royal Commonwealth Pool and the Meadowbank Stadium. The Royal Commonwealth Pool, currently undergoing refurbishment and due to re-open for spring 2012, will host the Diving competition of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, held by Glasgow.
In American football, the Scottish Claymores played WLAF/NFL Europe games at Murrayfield, including their World Bowl 96 victory. From 1995 to 1997 they played all their games there, from 1998 to 2000 they split their home matches between Murrayfield and Glasgow's Hampden Park, then moved to Glasgow full-time, with one final Murrayfield appearance in 2002. The city's most successful non-professional team are the Edinburgh Wolves who currently play at Meadowbank Stadium.
The Edinburgh Marathon has been held in the city since 2003 with more than 13,000 taking part annually. The city also has a half-marathon, as well as a number of 10 km and 5 km races, including a 5 km race on the first of January each year.
Edinburgh has a speedway team, the Edinburgh Monarchs, which is currently based at the Lothian Arena in Armadale, West Lothian. Speedway was staged at four venues in the City. Marine Gardens operated 1928–1931 and 1938–1939. Old Meadowbank operated 1948–1954 and 1960–1967. Powderhall operated 1977–1995. A training track at the Gyle operated 1968. The Monarchs have won the Premier League 3 times 2003, 2008 and 2010.
Edinburgh Eagles are a rugby league team who play in the Rugby League Conference Scotland Division. Murrayfield Stadium has also hosted the Magic Weekend where all Super League matches are played (at Murrayfield) all on the one weekend.
Punting took place on the Union Canal between Hermiston and Ratho. This stretch was the course of the annual Scottish Boat Race between the Honourable Society of Edinburgh Boaters and the University of Cambridge Dampers Club.
Notable residents[link]
Main article: List of Edinburgh people
Scotland has a rich history in science and engineering, with Edinburgh contributing its fair share of famous names. James Clerk Maxwell, the founder of the modern theory of electromagnetism, was born here and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and University of Edinburgh, as was the engineer and telephone pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.[126] Other names connected to the city include Max Born, physicist and Nobel laureate; Charles Darwin, the biologist who discovered natural selection; David Hume, a philosopher, economist and historian; James Hutton, regarded as the "Father of Geology"; John Napier inventor of logarithms;[127] chemist and one of the founders of thermodynamics Joseph Black; pioneering medical researchers Joseph Lister and James Young Simpson; chemist and discoverer of the element nitrogen, Daniel Rutherford; mathematician and developer of the maclaurin series, Colin Maclaurin and Ian Wilmut, the geneticist involved in the cloning of Dolly the sheep just outside Edinburgh. The stuffed carcass of Dolly the sheep is now on display in the National Museum of Scotland.
Famous authors of the city include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, Muriel Spark, author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, James Hogg, author of The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Ian Rankin, author of the Inspector Rebus series of crime thrillers, J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, who began her first book in an Edinburgh coffee shop, Adam Smith, economist, born in Kirkcaldy, and author of The Wealth of Nations, Sir Walter Scott, the author of famous titles such as Rob Roy, Ivanhoe and Heart of Midlothian, Robert Louis Stevenson, creator of Treasure Island, Kidnapped and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Irvine Welsh, author of Trainspotting.[128]
Edinburgh has been home to the actor Sir Sean Connery, famed as the first cinematic James Bond;[129] Ronnie Corbett, a comedian and actor, best known as one of The Two Ronnies;[130], actor Brian Cox and Dylan Moran, the Irish comedian. Famous city artists include the portrait painters Sir Henry Raeburn, Sir David Wilkie and Allan Ramsay. Historians such as Douglas Johnson (historian) and Arthur Marwick had roots here.
The city has produced or been home to musicians that have been extremely successful in modern times, particularly Ian Anderson, frontman of the band Jethro Tull; Wattie Buchan, lead singer and founding member of punk band The Exploited; Shirley Manson, lead singer for the band Garbage; The Proclaimers; the Bay City Rollers; Boards of Canada and Idlewild.
Edinburgh is the home town of the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, who was born in the city and attended Fettes College;[131] Robin Harper the co-convener of the Scottish Green Party; and John Witherspoon, the only clergyman to sign the United States Declaration of Independence, and later president of Princeton University.[132]
On the more sinister side, famous criminals from Edinburgh's history include Deacon Brodie, pillar of society by day and burglar by night, who is said to have influenced Robert Louis Stevenson's story, the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,[133] the murderers Burke and Hare[134] who provided fresh corpses for anatomical dissection by the famous surgeon Robert Knox[135] and Major Weir a notorious warlock.
Another Edinburgh resident in the past, and arguably its most famous, known throughout the world, was Greyfriars Bobby. The small Skye terrier reputedly kept vigil over his deceased master's grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard for 14 years in the 1870s and 80s, giving rise to a heart-warming story of canine devotion which plays its part in attracting visitors to the city.
Twinning arrangements[link]
The City of Edinburgh has entered into 11 international twinning arrangements since 1954.[136] Most of the arrangements are styled as 'Twin Cities', but the agreement with Kraków is designated as a 'Partner City'.[136] The agreement with the Kyoto Prefecture, concluded in 1994, is officially styled as a 'Friendship Link', reflecting its status as the only region to be twinned with Edinburgh.[136]
- Munich, Germany (1954)
- Nice, France (1958)
- Florence, Italy (1964)
- Dunedin, New Zealand (1974)
- Vancouver, Canada (1977)
- San Diego, United States (1977)
- Xi'an, China (1985)
- Kiev, Ukraine (1989)
- Aalborg, Denmark (1991)
- Kyoto Prefecture, Japan (1994)
- Kraków, Poland (1995)[137]
- Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (1996)
See also[link]
Sources[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Edinburgh Population - Vital Statistics - Edinburgh Inspiring Capital". http://www.edinburgh-inspiringcapital.com/invest/economic_data/population_of_edinburgh/population_vital_statistics.aspx. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ KS01 Usual resident population, Key Statistics for Settlements and Localities Scotland General Register Office for Scotland
- ^ "Edinburgh, the 'Athens of the North'". Learning and Teaching Scotland. http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishenlightenment/scotland/edinburgh.asp. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- ^ "Conservation in Edinburgh". The City of Edinburgh Council. Archived from the original on 22 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070522050108/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/Environment/Planning_buildings_i_i_/Built_heritage/CEC_conservation_in_edinburgh_. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
- ^ City of Edinburgh statistics, May 2010.
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References[link]
- Campbell, Donald (2003). Edinburgh: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. ISBN 1-902669-73-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=cfaW7pkoPioC&pg=PA5&dq=edinburgh+northumbria.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Edinburgh |
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Edinburgh. |
- Edinburgh travel guide from Wikitravel
- Edinburgh at the Open Directory Project
- Edinburgh – Inspiring Capital, the official introduction to Edinburgh City Region
- The City of Edinburgh Council
- Edinburgh – The official Tourist Board
- City wiki of Edinburgh
- National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE (selection of archive films about Edinburgh)
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Hoy at the parade in London to celebrate the achievements of British competitors at the 2008 Summer Olympics |
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| Full name | Sir Christopher Andrew Hoy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nickname | The Real McHoy[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | (1976-03-23) 23 March 1976 (age 36) Edinburgh, Scotland |
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| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weight | 92 kg (200 lb; 14.5 st)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Current team | Sky Track Cycling | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discipline | Track | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rider type | Sprinter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1984–1986 1986–1991 1992–1993 1994–2001 2001–2003 2004 2005–2007 |
Scotia BMX GT Factory BMX Team Dunedin CC City of Edinburgh RC Team Athena Team Persil Team Wolfson Microelectronics / Miller |
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| 2008– | Team Sky+ HD | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Medal record
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Sir Christopher Andrew "Chris" Hoy, MBE (born 23 March 1976 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a Scottish track cyclist representing Great Britain and Scotland. He is a multiple world champion and Olympic Games gold medal winner. With his three gold medals in Beijing 2008, Hoy became Scotland's most successful Olympian,[3] the first Briton to win three gold medals in a single Olympic games since Henry Taylor, in 1908, and the most successful Olympic male cyclist of all time.
Contents |
Life[link]
Hoy went to school at Stockbridge Primary School, a state school in Edinburgh. He subsequently attended George Watson's College, a prestigious Edinburgh private school before continuing his studies at the University of St Andrews in 1996, before transferring to Moray House at the University of Edinburgh from where he graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Applied Sports Science in 1999. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh in July 2005 and another from Heriot-Watt University in November 2005.[4] Hoy returned to St Andrews University in June 2009 to be awarded an honorary Doctor of Science. Hoy was inspired to cycle at age six by the 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[5] Before track cycling, Hoy raced BMX between the ages of 7 and 14 and was ranked second in Britain, fifth in Europe and ninth in the world. He received sponsorship from Slazenger and Kwik-Fit and was competing in Europe and the US. Hoy also rowed for the Scottish junior team, coming second in the 1993 British championship with Grant Florence in the coxless pairs. He played rugby as part of his school's team.[4]
Hoy joined his first cycling club, Dunedin CC, in 1992 and began concentrating on track cycling in 1994, when he joined the City of Edinburgh Racing Club.[4]
Achievements[link]
1999–2007 career[link]
The Kilo and the Team Sprint[link]
Hoy's main events were the 1 km Time Trial, known as the Kilo, and the Team Sprint. It was in the Team Sprint that he collected his first World Championship medal, a Silver in 1999. This event involved the three riders, a simultaneous standing start, completing three laps of the 250 m track, with one rider taking the front for each lap and then dropping out. Hoy usually rides as the third man in this event, completing the closing lap. Regular team mates in the Team Sprint over the years have included Craig Maclean, Ross Edgar, Jamie Staff, Jason Queally, Matthew Crampton and Jason Kenny. The team's first World Title came in 2002, in the Ballerup Velodrome, Copenhagen. Hoy also won the Kilo title the same year beating Arnaud Tournant by 1/1000 of a second. A medal has been achieved in the Team Sprint each year since at the World Championships, including a further Gold in 2005. The team's regular opponents in recent years have been the French team.
Hoy was also the world's best 1 km Time Trial rider for a number of years, before ceasing to ride the event when it was removed from the Olympic programme after the 2004 games. This is a raw power sprinting event, which involves the rider covering one kilometre (four laps) as fast as possible from a standing start. His first World Title came in this event in 2002, followed by further titles in 2004, 2006 and 2007. He won the event at the 2004 Olympics, his first Olympic title.
Post-2004 Olympics[link]
Following the decision to remove the Kilo from the Olympic programme after the 2004 games, Hoy sought to develop in other events.[6] The first of these was the Keirin. This event involves between six and eight riders following a small motorbike (the Derny) around the 250m track for 5.5 laps, as the bike slowly builds up the speed. The bike pulls off with 2.5 laps to go and it is an all out fight for the line. Hoy had previously competed at the Keirin in various events but one of his first major successes was at the Manchester round of the World Cup Classics Series in 2007, shortly before the World Championships. His victory in this event carried forward into the World Championships and he came home first to take the title, ahead of team mate Ross Edgar.
This was a milestone for Hoy as it showed he was developing from just a pure power sprinter, in events like the Kilo and Team Sprint, into also being one of the best in the world at more tactical sprinting events like the Keirin[7] and the Sprint.
2007 world record attempt[link]
On May 12th 2007, Hoy attempted the world record for the kilometre. He fell 0.005 seconds short, clocking 58.880. He set a record for the 500m flying start at 24.758 seconds, a second less than the 25.850 set by Arnaud Duble. Hoy set the sea-level kilometre record of 1 minute 0.711 seconds by winning the Olympics in Athens in 2004. The outright record of 58.875 seconds is held by Arnaud Tournant (France), set during 2001 at altitude in La Paz, Bolivia, where Hoy also attempted to break the record. Only 3 sub-60sec kilos have ever been ridden, Hoy recorded two of these over two days in La Paz.[8]
Hoy's main achievement is his development in the individual sprint event considered to be the blue riband event of track cycling.[9] Kilo riders like Hoy have historically not fared as well at this event, as they were less experienced in the tactical elements required for the sprint. Previously, Hoy had competed in the sprint at various World Cup events and Revolution meetings in Manchester, but it was not one of his main events and he did not compete in it at the World Championships or the Olympics. In the semi finals Hoy defeated Italian veteran Roberto Chiappa 2–0, to set up a meeting in the final against France's Kevin Sireau. Sireau was the World Cup Classics points winner for the season and had defeated Hoy 2–0 in their previous meeting only a few weeks earlier. However with the vocal Manchester crowd behind him Hoy was not to be denied victory and he completed the win 2–0, the first British man to win the sprint title in 52 years since Reg Harris.
2008 Olympics[link]
Hoy started the year by winning the sprint and the Keirin and collecting team sprint silver in the World Championships held on home soil in Manchester.
Hoy became the first British Olympian for 100 years to claim three golds at one games at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. This came when he won the men's keirin, the men's team sprint and also the men's individual sprint.[10]
The first gold came as a member of the three man team sprint squad which included Jason Kenny and Jamie Staff. Jason Kenny replaced Ross Edgar just before the games. They defeated the French by a clear margin, despite the French team's previous dominance of the event.
The keirin became Hoy 's second gold medal of the 2008 games, when he came home clear winner ahead of team mate Ross Edgar.
Hoy reached the final round of the individual sprint without a glitch, where his opponent turned out to be his young team mate, Jason Kenny. Kenny was a junior world champion who had achieved a number of high placings. Hoy used his greater experience to defeat Kenny, completing his hat trick of Olympic titles.
2008/09 track season[link]
Hoy did not race at the first major event of the 2008/09 season, the World Cup Classics Event in Manchester on 31 October – 2 November. He instead made an appearance to sign autographs and commentate with the BBC. He made his return to racing in the UK at the sold out Revolution 22 event in Manchester in December. He received a standing ovation from the Manchester faithful at the start of the event when he was introduced to the crowd.[11] At this event Hoy won both the Sprint and Keirin competitions, defeating likes of Jason Kenny, Jamie Staff, Ross Edgar, Matthew Crampton and Teun Mulder along the way. Hoy competed in the World Cup Classics series' final event in Copenhagen, Denmark in February, helping his team to a gold medal in the team sprint event. However, he crashed out during the men's Keirin final and was forced to miss the final day of competition, including the men's sprint. Although at first, his injury seemed minor, he returned to Manchester where, following a scan, he was diagnosed with a serious de-gloving injury which finished his season and kept him off his bike for almost 3 months.[12] He was unable to compete as planned at the Revolution 24 event in Manchester the following weekend, he did however make an appearance at the event. He has had to pull out of the World Championships in Poland at the end of March, where he would have attempted to win 2 World titles, because of the hip injury.[13]
2009/10 track season[link]
Hoy started the 09/10 track season at the National Cycling Centre, Manchester at the British National Championships where he took only his second (and third) ever individual national titles. He took gold medals in the Keirin, Sprint and was part of the Team Sprint Team representing team SKY along with Jamie Staff and Jason Kenny. Two weeks later, he raced in round one of the UCI World Cup at the same venue and took gold in the Mens Keirin. He then went into day 2 of the competition and took gold in the sprint event, beating fellow Brit Matthew Crampton in the final 2–0. A third World Cup gold came in the Team Sprint on the Sunday. Having ridden and won 12 events over the weekend, he withdrew from the International Japanese Keirin which was consequently won by team mate Matt Crampton. At the 2010 UCI World Championships, Hoy was beaten in the quarter final of the men's sprint event by his German opponent, Robert Forstermann, who won after making an attack from the start line. He was part of the GB men's team sprint that took the bronze. In the Keirin event, Hoy won the gold medal, despite crashing in the heats, to take his tenth world title[14]
2010/11 track season[link]
Hoy lost in the first round of the men's sprint at the European Championships to Ireland's Felix English. At the Manchester World Cup event in February 2011, Hoy lost in the semi-finals to Jason Kenny [15]. Hoy took the match sprint title at the British National Championships in October 2011 [16]
2011/12 track season[link]
At the 2012 World Cup event held in the new London Velodrome, Hoy won three medals. He won gold in the keirin and bronze in the team sprint, before winning gold in the Men's Sprint, losing just one race in four rounds. [17]
Honours[link]
Hoy was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to cycling in the 2005 New Year Honours.[18]
On 26 November 2008, Hoy was named as Sportsman of the Year by the Sports Journalists' Association of Great Britain, winning a ballot of its membership ahead of Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton and Olympic sailor Ben Ainslie.
On 14 December 2008, Hoy was also named as BBC Sports Personality of the Year. He finished ahead of Formula One world champion Lewis Hamilton and Olympic swimmer Rebecca Adlington. Hoy became the second cyclist ever to win the award after Tommy Simpson in 1965.[19]
Hoy was created a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II in the New Year Honours List 2009.[20]
In June 2009, Hoy was inducted to the University of Edinburgh's Sports Hall of Fame.[21]
Train operating company SouthEastern named a high-speed Class 395 train after him.
The Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, built for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, is named in his honour.
Honorary degrees[link]
- 2005 — Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Edinburgh
- 2009 — Honorary Doctor of Science, University of St Andrews[22]
2012 Olympics[link]
Hoy is an ambassador for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London and the Scottish National Velodrome being built for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow is to be named in his honour.[10]
Personal life[link]
Hoy moved out of his childhood home in 2000 into a flat close to his parents. Hoy is married to Sarra Kemp, a lawyer from Edinburgh,[23] they got engaged on 11 April 2009. They were married on 17 April 2010 at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. Hoy wore a grey kilt with a sporran, while his wife wore a white dress and veil. Swimmer Rebecca Adlington, double Olympic gold medallist was one of the guests.[24] They now live in Salford, Greater Manchester, close to the National Cycling Centre's velodrome.[25] He supports his hometown football team Heart of Midlothian.
Bibliography[link]
Hoy is the subject of a book by Richard Moore, Heroes, Villains and Velodromes: Chris Hoy and Britain's Track Cycling Revolution, published in June 2008 by Harper Collins. (ISBN 9780007265312)
Hoy's autobiography, Chris Hoy: the Autobiography, was published by Harper Collins in October 2009. (ISBN 9780007311316)
Medal history[link]
- 1999 –
Team sprint - 2000 – Team sprint
- 2001 –
Team sprint - 2002 –
1 km time trial; Team sprint - 2003 – Team sprint
- 2004 – 1 km time trial; Team sprint
- 2005 – Team sprint; 1 km time trial
- 2006 – 1 km time trial; Team sprint
- 2007 – Keirin; 1 km time trial; Team sprint
- 2008 – Sprint; Keirin; Team sprint
- 2010 – Keirin; Team sprint
- 2011 – Keirin; Team sprint;[26] Sprint[26]
- 2012 – Keirin; Sprint
- Olympic Games
- 2000 –
Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Jason Queally) - 2004 –
1 km track time trial - 2008 – Team sprint (with Jason Kenny and Jamie Staff); Keirin; Sprint
- Commonwealth Games
- 2002 – 1 km time trial; Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Ross Edgar)
- 2006 – Team sprint (with Craig MacLean and Ross Edgar); 1 km time trial
- Special awards
- 2003, 2008 – BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year
- 2008 – BBC Sports Personality of the Year
See also[link]
- Scotland at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
- Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics
- List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
References[link]
- ^ Neil Wilson (28 March 2008). "Real McHoy sprints to his golden grand slam". London: Mail Online. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-548789/Real-McHoy-sprints-golden-grand-slam.html.
- ^ a b "Chris Hoy Champion Cyclist". Chris Hoy official website. http://www.chrishoy.com/wp/chris-hoy-biography.
- ^ "Chris Hoy is on course to become Scotland's greatest Olympian". The Scotsman. 15 August 2008. http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Hoy-on-track-for-golden.4397560.jp.
- ^ a b c "Biography". chrishoy.com. http://www.chrishoy.com/wp/chris-hoy-biography.
- ^ Deborah Charles (2008-08-19). "E.T. fan Hoy is out of this world". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/olympicsNews/idUKPEK29827920080819?sp=true. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ "Inspiration – Heroes: Chris Hoy, cyclist". BBC Wales. http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/raiseyourgame/pages/chris_hoy.shtml. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
- ^ "Confident Hoy Right On Track". Eurosport. 2008-03-25. http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/25032008/4/confident-hoy-right-track.html.
- ^ Jill Douglas (13 May 2007). "Hoy sets new world best over 500m". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/6650273.stm. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ William Fotheringham (2008-08-20). "Olympics: Impenetrable Hoy joins greats after sprinting to third gold". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/aug/20/olympics2008.cycling.
- ^ a b "Velodrome honour for golden Hoy". BBC Sport. 2008-08-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7570483.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Hoy resolute after strong return". BBC Sport. 2008-12-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/7765492.stm. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ "Crash ends keirin hopes for Hoy". BBC Sport. 2009-02-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7890768.stm. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ "Hoy to miss World Championships". BBC News. 3 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7922042.stm. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
- ^ Bevan, Chris (25 March 2010). "Hoy claims 10th world track title". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/8588251.stm.
- ^ Fotheringham, William (18 February 2011). "Great Britain women strike gold as Chris Hoy loses out to Jason Kenny". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2011/feb/18/world-cup-manchester-women-pursuit.
- ^ Sir Chris Hoy makes statement of intent in single match sprint victory | Sport | guardian.co.uk
- ^ BBC Sport - Track World Cup: Sir Chris Hoy storms to sprint gold in London
- ^ London Gazette: no. 57509. pp. 13–18. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
- ^ "Sports Personality 2008: Hoy wins Sports Personality of the Year". BBC. 2008-12-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tv_and_radio/sports_personality_of_the_year/7782818.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 58929. p. 1. 31 December 2008.
- ^ "Hoy Inducted into University's Sports Hall of Fame". http://alumni.eusu.ed.ac.uk/index.php?s=content&p=News#HoF2009. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees June 2009". 2009-06-17. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/Title,34332,en.html. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
- ^ Gallagher, Ian (24 August 2008). "Mail Online news". London: Mail Online. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1048633/Ive-got-perfect-man---hes-gone-got-gold-medals.html.
- ^ "Olympic cyclist Sir Chris marries". BBC. 17 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8627252.stm. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ Norwood, Graham (5 January 2009). "Golden opportunity: Join Chris Hoy as he makes a dash for the Brazilian coast". London: The Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/property/article-1094127/Golden-opportunity-Join-Chris-Hoy-makes-dash-Brazilian-coast-says-Graham-Norwood.html. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ a b Stokes, Shane (6 January 2012). "UCI confirms Jason Kenny, Germany are upgraded to 2011 world track champions". VeloNation (VeloNation LLC). http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/10810/UCI-confirms-Jason-Kenny-Germany-are-upgraded-to-2011-world-track-champions.aspx. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chris Hoy |
- Official website
- Chris Hoy Rider Profile – Cycling Weekly
- "Chris Hoy – Olympic Record". British Olympic Association. http://www.olympics.org.uk/athleterecord.aspx?at=1708.
- Template:Http://www.gwc.org.uk/cms/our-school/our-former-pupils/
- Larry Hickmott (22 March 2007). "Pre-World Championship Interview: Chris Hoy". British Cycling. http://www.britishcycling.org.uk/web/site/BC/gbr/News2007/20070322_Chris_Hoy.asp.
- Larry Hickmott (7 February 2007). "Chris Hoy Fighting to Hang onto Olympic Gold". British Cycling. http://www.britishcycling.org.uk/web/site/BC/gbr/News2008/20080207_Chris_Hoy.asp.
- Donald McRae (25 March 2008). "'I just rode round in disbelief for a few seconds'". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/mar/25/cycling.comment.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hoy, Chris |
| Alternative names | Sir Christopher Andrew Hoy |
| Short description | A British and Scottish track cyclist |
| Date of birth | 23 March 1976 |
| Place of birth | Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Chris_Hoy
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hoy
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Peter Higgs | |
|---|---|
3.jpg) Peter Higgs at 80th birthday celebrations for Michael Atiyah, April 2009 |
|
| Born | (1929-05-29) 29 May 1929 (age 83) Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | University of Edinburgh Imperial College London University College London |
| Alma mater | King's College London |
| Doctoral advisor | Charles Coulson |
| Doctoral students | Christopher Bishop Lewis Ryder David Wallace |
| Known for | Broken symmetry in electroweak theory |
| Notable awards | Wolf Prize in Physics (2004) Sakurai Prize (2010) Dirac Medal (1997) |
Peter Ware Higgs, FRS, FRSE, FKC (born 29 May 1929), is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh.[1]
He is best known for his 1960s proposal of broken symmetry in electroweak theory, explaining the origin of mass of elementary particles in general and of the W and Z bosons in particular. This so-called Higgs mechanism, which had several inventors besides Higgs at about the same time, predicts the existence of a new particle, the Higgs boson (often described as "the most sought-after particle in modern physics"[2][3]). Although this particle has not turned up in accelerator experiments so far, the Higgs mechanism is generally accepted as an important ingredient in the Standard Model of particle physics, without which particles would have no mass.[4]
Prof. Higgs has been honoured with a number of awards in recognition of his work, including the 1997 Dirac Medal and Prize for outstanding contributions to theoretical physics from the Institute of Physics, the 1997 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize by the European Physical Society, the 2004 Wolf Prize in Physics, and the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics.
Contents |
Early life, education and career[link]
Higgs was born in Wallsend, North Tyneside, England.[5] His father worked as a sound engineer for the BBC, and as a result of childhood asthma, together with the family moving around because of his father's job, and later the Second World War, Higgs missed some early schooling and was taught at home. When his father relocated to Bedford, Higgs stayed behind with his mother in Bristol, and was largely raised there. He attended that city's Cotham Grammar School,[6] where he was inspired by the work of one of the school's alumni, Paul Dirac, a founder of the field of quantum mechanics.[5]
At the age of 17 Higgs moved to City of London School, where he specialized in mathematics, then to King's College London where he graduated with a first class honours degree in Physics, and later achieved a masters degree, and Ph.D.[1] He became a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, then held various posts at University College London and Imperial College London before becoming a temporary lecturer in Mathematics at University College London. He returned to the University of Edinburgh in 1960 to take up the post of Lecturer at the Tait Institute of Mathematical Physics, allowing him to settle in the city he had fallen in love with after hitch-hiking to the Edinburgh Fringe festival as a student.[1]
Dr. Higgs was promoted to a personal chair of Theoretical Physics at Edinburgh in 1980. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1983, was awarded the Rutherford Medal and Prize in 1984, and became a fellow of the Institute of Physics in 1991. He retired in 1996 and became Emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh.[1] In 2008 he received an Honorary Fellowship from Swansea University for his work in particle physics.[7]
Work in theoretical physics[link]
At Edinburgh Higgs first became interested in mass, developing the idea that particles were massless when the universe began, acquiring mass a fraction of a second later as a result of interacting with a theoretical field (which became known as the Higgs field). Higgs postulated that this field permeates space, giving all elementary subatomic particles that interact with it their mass.[5][8] While the Higgs field is postulated to confer mass on quarks and leptons, it causes only a tiny portion of the masses of other subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons. In these, gluons that bind quarks together confer most of the particle mass.
The original basis of Higgs' work came from the Japanese-born theorist and Nobel Prize winner Yoichiro Nambu from the University of Chicago. Professor Nambu had proposed a theory known as spontaneous symmetry breaking based on what was known to happen in superconductivity in condensed matter. However, the theory predicted massless particles (the Goldstone's theorem), a clearly incorrect prediction.[1]
Higgs wrote a short paper exploiting a loophole in Goldstone's theorem and published it in Physics Letters, a European physics journal edited at CERN, in Switzerland, in 1964.[9]
Higgs wrote a second paper describing a theoretical model (now called the Higgs mechanism) but the paper was rejected (the editors of Physics Letters judged it "of no obvious relevance to physics"[5]). Higgs wrote an extra paragraph and sent his paper to Physical Review Letters, another leading physics-journal, which published it later that year.[10] Other physicists, Robert Brout and Francois Englert[11] and Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and Tom Kibble[12] had reached the same conclusion independently about the same time. The three papers written on this boson discovery by Higgs, Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Brout, and Englert were each recognized as milestone papers by Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration.[13] While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers are noteworthy. Nobelist Philip Anderson also claims to have "invented" the "Higgs" boson as far back as 1962.
As an atheist, Higgs is reported[by whom?] to be displeased that the particle is nicknamed the "God particle". Higgs is afraid the term "might offend people who are religious".[14][15] This nickname for the Higgs boson is usually attributed to Leon Lederman, but it is actually the result of Lederman's publisher's censoring. Originally Lederman intended to call it "the goddamn particle", because of its elusiveness.[16]
In December 2011 CERN reported that two independent experiments at the Large Hadron Collider had seen "tantalising hints" of the existence of the Higgs boson.[17] If the Higgs boson is found at CERN, Higgs and the others who contributed to the Brout-Englert-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble mechanism may receive a Nobel Prize.[1]
Political views[link]
Higgs was a CND activist while in London and later in Edinburgh, but resigned his membership when the group extended its remit from campaigning against nuclear weapons to campaigning against nuclear power too.[5] [18] He was a Greenpeace member until the group opposed genetically modified organisms.[18]
Higgs was awarded the 2004 Wolf Prize in Physics (sharing it with Brout and Englert), but he refused to fly to Jerusalem to receive the award because it was a state occasion attended by the then President of Israel, Moshe Katsav, and Higgs is opposed to Israel's actions in Palestine.[19]
Family[link]
Higgs has two sons: Chris, a computer scientist, and Jonny, a jazz musician.[14]
Cultural references[link]
A portrait of Peter Higgs was painted by Ken Currie in 2008.[20] Commissioned by the University of Edinburgh,[21](Subscription required) it was unveiled on 3 April 2009[22] and hangs in the entrance of the James Clerk Maxwell Building of the School of Physics and Astronomy.[20]
Notes and references[link]
- ^ a b c d e f Griggs, Jessica. "The Missing Piece" from Edit the University of Edinburgh Alumni Magazine Summer 2008, Page 17
- ^ Griffiths, Martin (20070501) physicsworld.com The Tale of the Blog's Boson Retrieved on 2008-05-27
- ^ Fermilab Today (20050616) Fermilab Results of the Week. Top Quarks are Higgs' best Friend Retrieved on 2008-05-27
- ^ Rincon, Paul (20040310) Fermilab 'God Particle' may have been seen Retrieved on 2008-05-27
- ^ a b c d e Sample, Ian. "The god of small things", The Guardian, November 17, 2007, weekend section.
- ^ The Cotham Grammar School building now houses Cotham School, a specialist performing arts school.
- ^ "Swansea University Honorary Fellowship". Swansea University. http://www.swan.ac.uk/news_centre/releases/080908cernlhc/. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ "Higgs particle", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
- ^ P. W. Higgs Physics Letters 12 132 (1964).
- ^ P. W. Higgs Phys.Rev.Lett. 13 508 (1964).
- ^ Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons
- ^ Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles
- ^ Physical Review Letters - 50th Anniversary Milestone Papers
- ^ a b "Interview: the man behind the 'God particle'", New Scientist 13 Sept., 2008, pp. 44–5
- ^ Key scientist sure "God particle" will be found soon Reuters news story. 7 April 2008.
- ^ Randerson, James (June 30, 2008). "Father of the 'God Particle'". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/jun/30/higgs.boson.cern.
- ^ CERN Press Office, 13 December 2011 "ATLAS and CMS experiments present Higgs search status" Retrieved 14 December 2011
- ^ a b Highfield, Roger (7 April 2008). "Prof Peter Higgs profile". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3338770/Prof-Peter-Higgs-profile.html. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ Rodgers, Peter. "The heart of the matter". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-heart-of-the-matter-558435.html. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- ^ a b "Portrait of Peter Higgs by Ken Currie, 2010". The Tait Institute. http://www.tait.ac.uk/Peter_Higgs_by_Ken_Currie.html. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
- ^ Wade, Mike. "Portrait of a man at beginning of time". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article5835305.ece. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
- ^ "Great minds meet at portrait unveiling". The University of Edinburgh. http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/higgs-portait-030309. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
External links[link]
- Peter Higgs at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Google Scholar List of Papers by PW Higgs
- BBC profile of Peter Higgs
- A photograph of Peter Higgs, Photographs of Peter Higgs, June 2008
- The god of small things - An interview with Peter Higgs in The Guardian
- Peter Higgs: the man behind the boson - An article in the PhysicsWeb about Peter Higgs
- Higgs v Hawking: a battle of the heavyweights that has shaken the world of theoretical physics - An article on the debate between Peter Higgs and Stephen Hawking about the existence of the Higgs boson
- My Life as a Boson - A Lecture by Peter Higgs available in various formats
- blog of an interview
- Physical Review Letters - 50th Anniversary Milestone Papers
- In CERN Courier, Steven Weinberg reflects on spontaneous symmetry breaking
- Physics World, Introducing the little Higgs
- Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble Mechanism on Scholarpedia
- History of Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble Mechanism on Scholarpedia
- Sakurai Prize Videos
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Higgs, Peter |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1929-05-29 |
| Place of birth | Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Born | (1942-03-28) March 28, 1942 (age 70) Boston, Massachusetts |
|---|---|
| Era | 20th / 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Analytic philosophy |
| Main interests | Philosophy of mind Philosophy of biology Philosophy of science Cognitive science |
| Notable ideas | Heterophenomenology Intentional stance Intuition pump Multiple Drafts Model Greedy reductionism Deepity |
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Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942)[1][2] is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.[3] He is currently the Co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a firm atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board,[4] as well as an outspoken supporter of the Brights movement. Dennett is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism," along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.[5]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Dennett spent part of his childhood in Lebanon, where, during World War II, his father was a covert counter-intelligence agent with the Office of Strategic Services posing as a cultural attaché to the American Embassy in Beirut.[6] When he was five, his mother took him back to Massachusetts after his father died in an unexplained plane crash.[7] His sister is the investigative journalist Charlotte Dennett.[6]
He attended Phillips Exeter Academy and spent one year at Wesleyan University before receiving his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Harvard University in 1963, where he was a student of W. V. Quine. In 1965, he received his Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy from the University of Oxford, where he studied under Gilbert Ryle and was a member of Hertford College.
Academic career[link]
As of January 2012, Dennett is the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, University Professor, and Co-Director of the Center for Cognitive Studies (with Ray Jackendoff) at Tufts University.[8]
Dennett describes himself as "an autodidact — or, more properly, the beneficiary of hundreds of hours of informal tutorials on all the fields that interest me, from some of the world's leading scientists."[9]
He is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, two Guggenheim Fellowships, and a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Science.[10] He is a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.[11] He was named 2004 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association.[12]
In February 2010 he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[13]
In 2012 he was awarded the Erasmus Prize, an annual award for a person who has made an exceptional contribution to European culture, society or social science, "for his ability to translate the cultural significance of science and technology to a broad audience."[14]
Free will[link]
While he is a confirmed compatibilist on free will, in "On Giving Libertarians What They Say They Want" — Chapter 15 of his 1978 book Brainstorms,[15] Dennett articulated the case for a two-stage model of decision making in contrast to libertarian views.
The model of decision making I am proposing has the following feature: when we are faced with an important decision, a consideration-generator whose output is to some degree undetermined produces a series of considerations, some of which may of course be immediately rejected as irrelevant by the agent (consciously or unconsciously). Those considerations that are selected by the agent as having a more than negligible bearing on the decision then figure in a reasoning process, and if the agent is in the main reasonable, those considerations ultimately serve as predictors and explicators of the agent's final decision.[16]
While other philosophers have developed two-stage models, including William James, Henri Poincaré, Arthur Holly Compton, and Henry Margenau, Dennett defends this model for the following reasons:
- First...The intelligent selection, rejection, and weighing of the considerations that do occur to the subject is a matter of intelligence making the difference.
- Second, I think it installs indeterminism in the right place for the libertarian, if there is a right place at all.
- Third...from the point of view of biological engineering, it is just more efficient and in the end more rational that decision making should occur in this way.
- A fourth observation in favor of the model is that it permits moral education to make a difference, without making all of the difference.
- Fifth — and I think this is perhaps the most important thing to be said in favor of this model — it provides some account of our important intuition that we are the authors of our moral decisions.
- Finally, the model I propose points to the multiplicity of decisions that encircle our moral decisions and suggests that in many cases our ultimate decision as to which way to act is less important phenomenologically as a contributor to our sense of free will than the prior decisions affecting our deliberation process itself: the decision, for instance, not to consider any further, to terminate deliberation; or the decision to ignore certain lines of inquiry.
These prior and subsidiary decisions contribute, I think, to our sense of ourselves as responsible free agents, roughly in the following way: I am faced with an important decision to make, and after a certain amount of deliberation, I say to myself: "That's enough. I've considered this matter enough and now I'm going to act," in the full knowledge that I could have considered further, in the full knowledge that the eventualities may prove that I decided in error, but with the acceptance of responsibility in any case.[17]
Leading libertarian philosophers such as Robert Kane have rejected Dennett's model, specifically that random chance is directly involved in a decision, on the basis that they believe this eliminates the agent's motives and reasons, character and values, and feelings and desires. They claim that, if chance is the primary cause of decisions, then agents cannot be liable for resultant actions. Kane says:
[As Dennett admits,] a causal indeterminist view of this deliberative kind does not give us everything libertarians have wanted from free will. For [the agent] does not have complete control over what chance images and other thoughts enter his mind or influence his deliberation. They simply come as they please. [The agent] does have some control after the chance considerations have occurred.
But then there is no more chance involved. What happens from then on, how he reacts, is determined by desires and beliefs he already has. So it appears that he does not have control in the libertarian sense of what happens after the chance considerations occur as well. Libertarians require more than this for full responsibility and free will.[18]
Other philosophical views[link]
Dennett has remarked in several places (such as "Self-portrait", in Brainchildren) that his overall philosophical project has remained largely the same since his time at Oxford. He is primarily concerned with providing a philosophy of mind that is grounded in empirical research. In his original dissertation, Content and Consciousness, he broke up the problem of explaining the mind into the need for a theory of content and for a theory of consciousness. His approach to this project has also stayed true to this distinction. Just as Content and Consciousness has a bipartite structure, he similarly divided Brainstorms into two sections. He would later collect several essays on content in The Intentional stance and synthesize his views on consciousness into a unified theory in Consciousness Explained. These volumes respectively form the most extensive development of his views.[19]
In Consciousness Explained, Dennett's interest in the ability of evolution to explain some of the content-producing features of consciousness is already apparent, and this has since become an integral part of his program. He defends a theory known by some as Neural Darwinism. He also presents an argument against qualia; he argues that the concept is so confused that it cannot be put to any use or understood in any non-contradictory way, and therefore does not constitute a valid refutation of physicalism. His strategy mirrors his teacher Ryle's approach of redefining first person phenomena in third person terms, and denying the coherence of the concepts which this approach struggles with. Much of Dennett's work since the 1990s has been concerned with fleshing out his previous ideas by addressing the same topics from an evolutionary standpoint, from what distinguishes human minds from animal minds (Kinds of Minds), to how free will is compatible with a naturalist view of the world (Freedom Evolves). In his 2006 book, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, Dennett attempts to subject religious belief to the same treatment, explaining possible evolutionary reasons for the phenomenon of religious adherence.
Dennett self-identifies with a few terms:
[Others] note that my 'avoidance of the standard philosophical terminology for discussing such matters' often creates problems for me; philosophers have a hard time figuring out what I am saying and what I am denying. My refusal to play ball with my colleagues is deliberate, of course, since I view the standard philosophical terminology as worse than useless — a major obstacle to progress since it consists of so many errors.
— Daniel Dennett, The Message is: There is no Medium
Yet, in Consciousness Explained, he admits "I am a sort of 'teleofunctionalist', of course, perhaps the original teleofunctionalist'". He goes on to say, "I am ready to come out of the closet as some sort of verificationist". In Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon he admits to being "a bright", and defends the term.
In Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett writes that evolution can account for the origin of morality. He rejects the idea of the naturalistic fallacy as the idea that ethics is in some free-floating realm, writing that the fallacy is to rush from facts to values.
Role in evolutionary debate[link]
Dennett sees evolution by natural selection as an algorithmic process (though he spells out that algorithms as simple as long division often incorporate a significant degree of randomness).[20] This idea is in conflict with the evolutionary philosophy of paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, who preferred to stress the "pluralism" of evolution (i.e. its dependence on many crucial factors, of which natural selection is only one).
Dennett's views on evolution are identified as being strongly adaptationist, in line with his theory of the intentional stance, and the evolutionary views of biologist Richard Dawkins. In Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett showed himself even more willing than Dawkins to defend adaptationism in print, devoting an entire chapter to a criticism of the ideas of Gould. This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.[21] Strong disagreements have been launched against Dennett from Gould and his supporters, who allege that Dennett overstated his claims and misrepresented Gould's to reinforce what Gould describes as Dennett's "Darwinian fundamentalism".[22]
Dennett's theories have had a significant influence on the work of evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller. He has also written about and advocated the notion of memetics as a philosophically useful tool, most recently in his "Brains, Computers, and Minds," a three part presentation through Harvard's MBB 2009 Distinguished Lecture Series.
He has recently been doing research into clerics who are secretly atheists and how they rationalize their works. He found what he called a "Don't ask, don't tell" conspiracy because believers did not want to hear of loss of faith. That made unbelieving preachers feel isolated but they did not want to lose their jobs and sometimes their church-supplied lodgings and generally consoled themselves that they were doing good in their pastoral roles by providing comfort and required ritual.[23] The research, with Linda LaScola, was further extended to include other denominations and non-Christian clerics.[24]
Personal life[link]
Dennett lives with his wife in North Andover, Massachusetts, and has a daughter, a son, and three grandchildren.[25] He is also an avid sailor.
In October 2006, Dennett was hospitalized due to an aortic dissection. After a nine-hour surgery, he was given a new aorta. In an essay posted on the Edge website, Dennett gives his firsthand account of his health problems, his consequent feelings of gratitude towards the scientists, cardiologist, surgeons, EMT's, phlebotomists, orderlies, housekeepers, physician assistants, X-ray technicians, meal-bringers, launderers, physical therapists, perfusionist, neurologist, and nurses whose hard work made his recovery possible, and his complete lack of a "deathbed conversion".
To whom, then, do I owe a debt of gratitude? To the cardiologist who has kept me alive and ticking for years, and who swiftly and confidently rejected the original diagnosis of nothing worse than pneumonia. To the surgeons, neurologists, anesthesiologists, and the perfusionist, who kept my systems going for many hours under daunting circumstances. To the dozen or so physician assistants, and to nurses and physical therapists and x-ray technicians and a small army of phlebotomists so deft that you hardly know they are drawing your blood, and the people who brought the meals, kept my room clean, did the mountains of laundry generated by such a messy case, wheel-chaired me to x-ray, and so forth. These people came from Uganda, Kenya, Liberia, Haiti, the Philippines, Croatia, Russia, China, Korea, India—and the United States, of course—and I have never seen more impressive mutual respect, as they helped each other out and checked each other's work. But for all their teamwork, this local gang could not have done their jobs without the huge background of contributions from others. I remember with gratitude my late friend and Tufts colleague, physicist Allan Cormack, who shared the Nobel Prize for his invention of the c-t scanner. Allan—you have posthumously saved yet another life, but who's counting? The world is better for the work you did. Thank goodness. Then there is the whole system of medicine, both the science and the technology, without which the best-intentioned efforts of individuals would be roughly useless. So I am grateful to the editorial boards and referees, past and present, of Science, Nature, Journal of the American Medical Association, Lancet, and all the other institutions of science and medicine that keep churning out improvements, detecting and correcting flaws.
— Daniel C. Dennett, Thank Goodness!
By his account, upon having been told by friends and relatives that they had prayed for him, he resisted the urge to ask them, "Did you also sacrifice a goat?"[26][27]
Selected books[link]
- Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology (MIT Press 1981) (ISBN 0-262-54037-1)
- Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting (MIT Press 1984) — on free will and determinism (ISBN 0-262-04077-8)
- The Mind's I (Bantam, Reissue edition 1985, with Douglas Hofstadter) (ISBN 0-553-34584-2)
- Content and Consciousness (Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd; 2nd ed. January 1986) (ISBN 0-7102-0846-4)
- The Intentional Stance (6th printing), Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1996, ISBN 0-262-54053-3 (First published 1987)
- Consciousness Explained (Back Bay Books 1992) (ISBN 0-316-18066-1)
- Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (Simon & Schuster; reprint edition 1996) (ISBN 0-684-82471-X)
- Kinds of Minds: Towards an Understanding of Consciousness (Basic Books 1997) (ISBN 0-465-07351-4)
- Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds (Representation and Mind) (MIT Press 1998) (ISBN 0-262-04166-9) — A Collection of Essays 1984–1996
- Freedom Evolves (Viking Press 2003) (ISBN 0-670-03186-0)
- Sweet Dreams: Philosophical Obstacles to a Science of Consciousness (MIT Press 2005) (ISBN 0-262-04225-8)
- Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (Penguin Group 2006) (ISBN 0-670-03472-X).
- Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind, and Language (Columbia University Press 2007) (ISBN 978-0-231-14044-7), co-authored with Maxwell Bennett, Peter Hacker, and John Searle
- Science and Religion (Oxford University Press 2010) (ISBN 0-199-73842-4), co-authored with Alvin Plantinga
See also[link]
- The Atheism Tapes
- Cartesian materialism
- Conscious Robots
- Evolutionary psychology of religion
- Greedy reductionism
- Geoffrey Miller
- Heterophenomenology
- Intentional stance
- List of Jean Nicod Prize laureates
- Memetics
- Multiple drafts theory of consciousness
- Philosophy of Religion
- American philosophy
- List of American philosophers
Further reading[link]
- John Brockman (1995). The Third Culture. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80359-3 (Discusses Dennett and others).
- Daniel C. Dennett (1997), "Chapter 3. True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works", in John Haugeland, Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ISBN 0-262-08259-4 (reprint of 1981 publication).[a]
- Andrew Brook and Don Ross (editors) (2000). Daniel Dennett. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00864-6
- Don Ross, Andrew Brook and David Thompson (editors) (2000) Dennett's Philosophy: A Comprehensive Assessment Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-18200-9
- John Symons (2000) On Dennett. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 0-534-57632-X
- Matthew Elton (2003). Dennett: Reconciling Science and Our Self-Conception. Cambridge, U.K: Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-2117-1
- P.M.S. Hacker and M.R. Bennett (2003) Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Oxford, and Malden, Mass: Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-0855-X (Has an appendix devoted to a strong critique of Dennett's philosophy of mind)
Notes[link]
a. ^ "True Believers: The Intentional Strategy and Why it Works" is a reprint of a paper first published in 1981 in Scientific Explanation, edited by A.F. Heath (Oxford: Oxford University Press). The paper was originally presented as a Herbert Spencer lecture at Oxford in November 1979. It was also published as chapter 2 in Dennett's book The Intentional Stance (see further reading above).
References[link]
- ^ Autobiography
- ^ About the Author
- ^ Beardsley, T. (1996) Profile: Daniel C. Dennett – Dennett's Dangerous Idea, Scientific American 274(2), 34-35.
- ^ Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Feuer, Alan (2007-10-23), "A Dead Spy, a Daughter’s Questions and the C.I.A.", New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/23/nyregion/23spydad.html, retrieved 2008-09-16
- ^ Brown, Andrew (2004-04-17). "The semantic engineer". The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,1193371,00.html. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
- ^ Center for Cognitive Studies
- ^ Dennett, Daniel C. (2005-09-13) [2004], "What I Want to Be When I Grow Up", in John Brockman, Curious Minds: How a Child Becomes a Scientist, New York: Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-7686-2, http://www.edge.org/books/curious_index.html
- ^ American Scientist
- ^ Secular Humanism Laureate
- ^ Humanist of the Year
- ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ "Erasmus Prize 2012 Awarded to Daniel C. Dennett". http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=346065. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
- ^ Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology, MIT Press (1978), pp.286-299
- ^ Brainstorms, p.295
- ^ Brainstorms, pp.295-97
- ^ Robert Kane, A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will, Oxford (2005) p.64-5
- ^ Guttenplan, Samuel (1994), A companion to the philosophy of mind, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 642, ISBN 0-631-19996-9
- ^ p. 52-60, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life (Simon & Schuster; reprint edition 1996) (ISBN 0-684-82471-X)
- ^ Although Dennett has expressed criticism of human sociobiology, calling it a form of "greedy reductionism", he is generally sympathetic towards the explanations proposed by evolutionary psychology. Gould also is not one sided, and writes: "Sociobiologists have broadened their range of selective stories by invoking concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection to solve (successfully I think) the vexatious problem of altruism—previously the greatest stumbling block to a Darwinian theory of social behavior. . . . Here sociobiology has had and will continue to have success. And here I wish it well. For it represents an extension of basic Darwinism to a realm where it should apply." Gould, 1980. "Sociobiology and the Theory of Natural Selection" In G. W. Barlow and J. Silverberg, eds., Sociobiology: Beyond Nature/Nurture? Boulder CO: Westview Press, pp. 257-269.
- ^ 'Evolution: The pleasures of Pluralism' — Stephen Jay Gould's review of Darwin's Dangerous Idea, June 26, 1997
- ^ Preachers who are not Believers (PDF), Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 8, Issue 1, March, 2010, pp. 122-50, (ISSN 1474-7049).
- ^ Podcast: interview with Daniel Dennett. Further developments of the research: pastors, priests, and an Imam who are closet atheists.
- ^ Daniel C. Dennett's Home Page
- ^ Richard Dawkins: 'The Genius of Charles Darwin' (2008.).
- ^ 'Thank Goodness!', edge 195, Nov. 3, 2006
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2011) |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Daniel Dennett |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Daniel Dennett |
- Inside Jokes Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind Matthew M. Hurley, Daniel C. Dennett and Reginald B. Adams, Jr at The MIT Press
- Faculty webpage
- Daniel C. Dennett at Internet Movie Database
- Scientific American Frontiers Profile: Daniel Dennett 2000-12-19
- Searchable bibliography of Dennett's works
- Daniel Dennett on Information Philosopher
- Media
- Edge/Third Culture: Daniel C. Dennett
- Daniel Dennett multimedia files
- Profile at TED several videos on dangerous memes, consciousness, others
- Radio interview on Philosophy Talk 2009-12-06
- The Nature of Knowledge Lecture at the University of Edinburgh 2006-03-14
- On Preaching and Teaching The Science Network interview with Daniel Dennett 2007-11-02
- The Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies video interview with Daniel Dennett 2010-03-05 (with transcript)
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Dennett, Daniel |
| Alternative names | Dennett, Dan |
| Short description | American philosopher |
| Date of birth | (1942-03-28) March 28, 1942 (age 70) |
| Place of birth | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Daniel_Dennett
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
http://id.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
http://es.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
http://ru.wn.com/Деннет, Дэниел
http://nl.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
http://pt.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
http://pl.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
http://fr.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
http://de.wn.com/Daniel Dennett
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
