Dhaulagiri
Elevation	8,167 m (26,795 ft) Ranked 7th
Prominence	3,357 m (11,014 ft)[1] Ranked 55th
Parent peak	K2
Listing	Eight-thousander Ultra
Location
Dhaulagiri  Nepal
Range	Dhaulagiri Himal
Coordinates	28°41′54″N 83°29′15″E / 28.69833°N 83.4875°E / 28.69833; 83.4875Coordinates: 28°41′54″N 83°29′15″E / 28.69833°N 83.4875°E / 28.69833; 83.4875
Climbing
First ascent	May 13, 1960 by a Swiss/Austrian team
Easiest route	Northeast ridge

Dhaulagiri is the seventh highest mountain in the world at 8,167 metres (26,795 ft) and is one of fourteen over eight thousand metres. Dhaulagiri, which is in Nepal, was first climbed on May 13, 1960 by a Swiss/Austrian expedition.

The mountain's name is धौलागिरी (dhaulāgirī) or धवलागिरी (dhawalāgirī) in Hindi and Nepali. This comes from Sanskrit where धवल (dhawala) means dazzling, white, beautiful^[2] and गिरि (giri) means mountain.^[3] It is often called Dhaulagiri I, denoting the highest summit in its massif called Dhaulagiri Range (Nepali: श्रृंखला, shrinkhalā), Dhaulagiri Himāl (Nepali: हिमाल) or The Dhaulagiris. This massif extends 120 km from the Kaligandaki River west to the Bheri. Dhaulagiri I is the easternmost high peak. Dhaulagiri I is also the highest point of the Gandaki river basin.

Annapurna I (8,091m/26,545 ft) is only 34 km. east of Dhaulagiri I. The Kaligandaki River flows between through its notable gorge, said to be the world's deepest. The town Pokhara is south of the Annapurnas, an important regional center and the gateway for climbers and trekkers visiting both ranges as well as a tourist destination in its own right.

Dhaulagiri range looking west from Poon Hill

Geography[link]

Looking north from the plains of India, most 8,000-metre peaks are obscured by nearer mountains, but in clear weather Dhaulagiri is conspicuous from northern Bihar^[4] and as far south as Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh. In 1808 A.D. survey computations showed it to be the highest mountain yet surveyed.^[5] This lasted until 1838 when Kangchenjunga took its place, followed by Mount Everest in 1858.

Dhaulagiri's sudden rise from lower terrain is almost unequaled. It rises 7,000 metres from the Kali Gandaki River 30 km to the southeast. The south and west faces rise precipitously over 4000 metres. The south face of Gurja Himal in the same massif is also notably immense.

Dhaulagiri I climbing history[link]

Dhaulagiri I in October 2002. The northeast ridge is the left skyline.

Most ascents have followed the northeast ridge route of the first ascent, but climbs have been made from most directions. As of 2007 there had been 358 successful ascents and 58 fatalities.^[6] Between 1950 and 2006, 2.88% of 2,016 expedition members and staff going above base camp on Dhaulagiri I died. On all 8,000 metre peaks in Nepal the death rate was 1.63%, ranging from 0.65% on Cho Oyu to 4.04% on Annapurna I and 3.05% on Manaslu.^[7]

Partial timeline[link]

• 1950 – Dhaulagiri I reconnoitered by a French expedition led by Maurice Herzog. They do not see a feasible route and switch to Annapurna, where they make the first ascent of an 8000 m peak.
• 1953–1958 – Five expeditions attempt the north face, or "Pear Buttress", route.
• 1959 – Austrian expedition led by Fritz Moravec makes the first attempt on the northeast ridge.
• 1960 – Swiss-Austrian expedition led by Max Eiselin, successful ascent by K. Diemberger, P. Diener, E. Forrer, A. Schelbert, Nyima Dorje, Nawang Dorje on May 13.^[8] First Himalayan climb supported by a fixed-wing aircraft, which eventually crashed in Hidden Valley north of the mountain during takeoff and was abandoned.^[9]
• 1969 – American team led by Boyd Everett attempt southeast ridge; seven team members, including Everett, are killed in an avalanche.
• 1970 – second ascent, via the northeast ridge by a Japanese expedition led by Tokufu Ohta and Shoji Imanari. Tetsuji Kawada and Sherpa Lhakpa Tenzing reach the summit.^[10]
• 1973 – American team led by James Morrissey makes third ascent via the northeast ridge. Summit team: John Roskelley, Louis Reichardt, Sherpa Nawang Samden.
• 1975 – Japanese team led by Takashi Amemiya attempts southwest ridge (also known as the south pillar). Six are killed in an avalanche.
• 1976 Italian expedition makes the fourth ascent.
• 1977 International team led by Reinhold Messner attempts the south face.
• 1978, spring: Amemiya returns with an expedition that puts five members on the summit via the southwest ridge—the first ascent not using the northeast ridge. One team member dies during the ascent.
• 1978, autumn – Seiko Tanaka of Japan leads successful climb of the very difficult southeast ridge. Four are killed during the ascent. French team attempts the southwest buttress (also called the "south buttress"), only reaches 7,200 m.
• 1980 – A four-man team consisting of Polish climbers Voytek Kurtyka, Ludwik Wiczyczynski, Frenchman René Ghilini and Scotsman Alex MacIntyre climb the east face, topping out at 7,500 m on the northeast ridge. After a bivouac they descend in a storm. One week later they climb the mountain via the northeast ridge.^[11]
• 1981 – Yugoslav team reaches 7,950 m after putting up the first route on the true south face of the mountain, on the right side, connecting with the southeast ridge. They climb in alpine style but suffer four days of open bivouacs and six days without food before returning. Hironobu Kamuro of Japan reaches the summit alone, via the normal route.
• 1984 – Three members of the Czechoslovakian expedition (J. Simon, K. Jakes, J. Stejskal) climb the west face to the summit. J. Simon died during the descent.
• 1985 – Polish expedition including Jerzy Kukuczka climbs the normal route in winter, reaching the summit on January 21.
• 1986 – A mostly Polish expedition puts up a second south face route, on the left side of the face connecting with the southwest ridge route. They go above 7,500 m but do not reach the summit.
• 1988 – Y. Moiseev and K. Valiev, in cooperation with a Slovak, Z. Demjan, succeed in climbing the southwest buttress. This 3,000-metre ascent, with difficult technical climbing at 6,800–7,300 m, was acknowledged as the year's best achievement at the UIAA Expedition Commission Conference.^{[citation needed]}
• 1990 – Dhaulagiri becomes the first mountain higher than 8,000 m to be climbed by a Lithuanian. Dainius Makauskas disappears on the descent.
• 1993 – Russian-British team puts up the direct north face route.
• 1998 – French climber Chantal Mauduit dies in an avalanche. On May 1 the Greek climber Nikolaos Papandreou is killed falling in a gorge. On October 2, the Greek Babis Tsoupras reaches the summit but does not return. The bodies of the Greek climbers were not found.^[12][13]
• 1999 – On October 24, British climber Ginette Harrison dies in an avalanche on Dhaulagiri. Days later, Slovenian Tomaz Humar climbs the south face solo but does not reach the summit. His ascent ended at 7,300 m due to a 300 m band of rotten rock. Humar traverses to the dangerous southeast ridge, re-enters the face briefly and exits c. 8000 m for a descent on the northeast ridge. Dhaulagiri's south face remains unclimbed, remaining one of the greatest remaining challenges in alpinism.
• 2007 – Eva Martínez becomes the first Mexican woman to reach the summit, with a Spanish team, two of whom die.

Other peaks in the Dhaulagiri Himalaya[link]

† Only peaks above 7,200 m with more than 500 m (1,640 ft) of topographic prominence are ranked.
‡ The status of Churen Himal's three peaks is unclear and sources differ on their heights.^[14][15][16] The coordinates, heights and prominence values above are derived from the Finnmap.^[16] The first ascent data is from Neate,^[14] but it is unclear if the first ascent of Churen Himal East was actually an ascent of the highest of the three peaks, as Neate lists Churen Himal Central as a 7,320 m subpeak of Churen Himal East.

Most of the named 7,000 metre peaks are on a ridge extending WNW, separated from Dhaulagiri I by 5,355m French Pass at 28°46'55"N, 83°31'54"E.^[17] In order they are Dhaulagiri II, III, V, IV, Junction Peak, Churens East, Central and West, then Putha Hiunchuli. False Junction Peak, Dhaulagiri VI and Gurja are on a ridge extending south from Junction Peak.^[18] The British Alpine Club's^[19] Himalayan Index lists 37 more peaks over 6,000 m.^[20]

Climbing history[link]

• 1954 – J. O. M. Roberts and Sherpa Ang Nyima climb Putha Hiunchuli, first major summit ascent in the range.^[21]
• 1955 – Dh.II attempted by J. O. M Roberts and others^[22]
• 1959

1. Pre-monsoon^[23] and post-monsoon^[24] reconnaissances of Dh.II by Japanese expeditions.
2. Hangde 6556m in Mukut section attempted.^[25]

• 1962

1. Churen attempt from north by Japanese Nihon University expedition. Climbed Hangde (~6600m), Tongu (~6250m), P6265 during approach/acclimation through Hidden Valley; also Kantokal (~6500m) north of Putha Hiunchili.^[26]
2. Churen and Dh.VI attempt from south by J. O. M. Roberts, thinking he was on Dh.IV due to inaccurate maps. Climbed a lower peak (6,529m) near Gurja, naming it Ghustang after the stream draining the cirque they climbed in.^[27]

• 1963

1. Dh.II attempt by Austrian expedition, reaching 7,000m^[28]
2. Dh.III attempt^[29]

• 1965

1. Japanese expedition to Dh.II delayed two months by heavy snow in approach passes. Lost two porters to avalanche, then another porter was injured in a fall and needed evacuation. This left too little food to continue.^[30]
2. J. O. M. Roberts leads British R.A.F. expedition to Dh.VI, still believing it was Dh.IV. Defeated by late monsoon, then early winter storms creating excessive avalanche risk.^[31]

• 1969

1. Dh.IV attempt by Austrian Alpine Club. Five Austrians and one Sherpa disappear, may have summited.^[32]
2. Gurja climbed by Japanese expedition.^[33]
3. First authorized ascents of Tukuche 6920m and Tukuche West 6800m.^[34]

• 1970

1. Japan's Kansai Mountaineering Club unsuccessful on Dh.IV in April but climbed Dh.VI^[35] and False Junction Peak.^[36]
2. Korean expedition claims they summited Churen East on April 29. Questioned by same year Japanese expedition, see next.
3. Japanese expedition climbs Churen Central and Churen West on October 24.^[37]

• 1971

1. First ascent of Dh.II on May 18 by German expedition.^[38]
2. Dh.IV attempt^[39]
3. Dh.V attempted by pre- and post-monsoon Japanese expeditions. Both ended by fatal accidents.^[40]

• 1972 – Dh.IV attempted twice by Japanese expeditions. First attempt abandoned when a climber fell ill and died at 6200m. Second expedition climbed via crest from west, found route too long at high elevation (7,000m+). Climbed Dh.VI and Junction Peak.^[41]
• 1973

1. first ascent of Dh.III on October 20 by German expedition.^[42]
2. Dh.IV attempted by Austrians who reached 7250m on N face, then by British who quit after two deaths.^[43]

• 1974

1. Dh.IV attempt by British R.A.F. expedition abandoned after three Sherpas killed by falling ice.^[44]
2. In Mukut section: ascents of Parbat Rinchen 6200m, Parbat Talpari 6248m, West Himparkhal 6248m, East Himparkhal 6227m, Tashi Kang III 6157m^[45]

• 1975

1. Dh.IV climbed May 9 by S. Kawazu and E. Yusuda, who died on descent, bringing death toll on Dh.IV to 14. (Compared with 13 deaths on Mount Everest before it was successfully climbed in 1953.) Another Japanese expedition in October puts ten on summit without loss of life.^[46]
2. Dh.V climbed by M. Morioka and sherpa Pembu Tsering on Japanese expedition.^[47]

• 1979 – Japanese traverse Dh.II, III and V along 7,150m+ crest. Expedition led by a woman.^[48]

See also[link]

• Dhawalagiri (disambiguation)

References[link]

Sources[link]

• American Alpine Journal, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1986, 1987, 1994, 1999, 2000.
• Eiselin, Max, The Ascent of Dhaulagiri, OUP, 1961
• Ohmori, Koichiro, Over the Himalaya. Cloudcap/The Mountaineers, 1994.
• Himalayan Index

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dhaulagiri

• Dhaulagiri on Peakware
• Dhaulagiri on summitpost.org (Detailed description of trekking and of first ascent)
• Himalayan Index

Mahabir Pun is a Nepalese teacher known for his extensive work in applying wireless technologies to develop remote areas of the Himalayas, also known as the Nepal Wireless Networking Project.^{[1] [2]} He is a widely known figure in Nepal, and his work has been recognized by the Ashoka Foundation, the Raymod Magsaysay Foundation, University of Nebraska, and Global Ideas Bank ^[3][4][5][6].

Early Life and Education[link]

Born and raised in Nangi, a remote village in the mountainous Myagdi District of western Nepal, Pun spent his childhood grazing cattle and sheep, and attending a village school without paper, pencils, textbooks or qualified teachers. Traditionally, the local people had no education, and most men joined the British Gurkha army. Pun's life changed dramatically when his father, a retired Gurkha, took the remarkable step of moving the family to the southern plain of Nepal and investing their entire savings in his son's education. After finishing high school, Pun worked as a teacher for about 12 years in four schools, while supporting his brothers' and sisters' education. In 1989, after numerous applications to UK and US universities, he succeeded in gaining a partial scholarship to the University of Nebraska at Kearney, from which he graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor's Degree in Science Education. After graduation, he returned to his native village, twenty-four years after having left there as a child. It was in Nangi that he recognised the critical need for sustainable education, and began to formulate his goal of creating a high school to serve as a model for local educational and economic development. Pun founded the Himanchal High School with a special focus on computer education and other programmes with income-generating capacity. He then returned to the University of Nebraska for a Master's Degree in Educational Administration, which he completed in 2001.^[3][7]

Educational and Economic Development[link]

While in the United States, Pun had recognised that information technology had the potential to transform the education system and the economy of his village, and he had taken courses to acquire the skills needed to assemble, refurbish and use computers. On his return to Nepal, he successfully campaigned for the donation of used computers from Japan, Malaysia, Australia, Singapore, and the USA, and powered them with two small hydrogenerators (donated by Singaporean climbers on their way to Mount Everest) installed in a nearby stream. Pun began teaching computer classes to students and fellow teachers, but it proved impossible to establish a telephone connection to the nearest city, Pokhara, and the Internet. Pun e-mailed the BBC, asking for ideas. The BBC publicised his dilemma, and soon volunteers from Europe and the USA responded. In 2001, donors and volunteers helped him to rig a wireless connection between Nangi and the neighbouring village of Ramche, using small handmade TV dish antennae mounted in trees. Small grants soon led to the construction of improvised mountaintop relay stations and a link to Pokhara. By 2003, Nangi had a wireless connection to the Internet. Later, Pun brought in more used computers donated from abroad, distributed them to other schools in other villages, and began work to develop a wireless distance-learning project supported by income-generating ventures.

Pun's work on distance learning and online educational services constitutes the first attempt in Nepal to address the scarcity of qualified teachers through technology. He took steps to ensure the success and growth of his projects, by arranging for other teachers to attend a computer training course in Pokhara, starting economic projects to fund students' expenses and teachers' salaries, and by attracting hundreds of international volunteers with wide-ranging skills. He has since built a new cultural centre, and has developed communication links for yak farmers, as well as new ventures to attract international trekking and tour groups. He has therefore succeeded not just in creating a self-sustaining educational system, but also a range of new economic and social enterprises to support remote communities.^[3][7][8]

International Recognition[link]

In 2002, Pun was elected Ashoka Fellow by the Ashoka Foundation, the global association of leading social entrepreneurs. The Foundation noted Pun's contribution to overcoming the geographical isolation of many of the communities in which he works, with a new idea which could be replicated in other geographically isolated areas with few educational or economic opportunities.^[3]

In 2004, Pun received the Overall Social Innovations Award from the Global Ideas Bank, aka the Institute for Social Inventions. They said, "Using an inspired mix of solar power, tree-based relay systems and wireless technology, the project is helping yak farmers stay in touch, families communicate and, with an expansion into distance learning, children to gain education." ^[6]

In 2007, Pun was awarded the Magsaysay Award, considered by some to be the Nobel Prize of Asia, in recognition of "his innovative application of wireless computer technology in Nepal, bringing progress to remote mountain areas by connecting his village to the global village".^[5] Pun is one of four Nepalis to receive the Magsaysay Award, and the only one to receive the Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership. ^[9]

Later in 2007, the University of Nebraska awarded Pun an honorary degree as Doctor of Humane Letters for his outstanding work for his country, Nepal.^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Nepal Wireless Networking Project
• List of articles and published materials about his work
• Mahabir Pun, who brought Wireless Internet in Nepal's remote villages