Qahtan

Wednesday, 02 January 2013

Gulf Air TVC - Qahtan Al Qahtani, Actor (July 2011)

Qahtan Chthair Goal Vs Thailand (Asian Cup 2000)

فالننادي وا حسيناه - باسم الكربلائي و قحطان البديري

qahtan driving over and through the clouds

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Aden
Aden (/ˈɑːdɛn/ AH-den; Arabic: عدن ʻAdan‎) is a seaport city in South Yemen, located by the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some 170 kilometres east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately a million people. Aden's ancient, natural harbour lies in the crater of a dormant volcano which now forms a peninsula, joined to the mainland by a low isthmus. This harbour, Front Bay, was first used by the ancient Kingdom of Awsan between the 5th and 7th centuries BCE. The modern harbour is on the other side of the peninsula.
Aden consists of a number of distinct sub-centers: Crater, the original port city; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, known as "Steamer Point" in the colonial period; and the resorts of Gold Mohur. Khormaksar, located on the isthmus that connects Aden proper with the mainland, includes the city's diplomatic missions, the main offices of Aden University, and Aden International Airport (the former British Royal Air Force station RAF Khormaksar), Yemen's second biggest airport. On the mainland are the sub-centres of Sheikh Othman, a former oasis area; Al-Mansura, a town planned by the British; and Madinat ash-Sha'b (formerly Madinat al-Itihad), the site designated as the capital of the South Arabian Federation and now home to a large power/desalinization facility and additional faculties of Aden University.

wn.com/Aden
Akkadian Empire
Coordinates: 33°6′N 44°6′E / 33.1°N 44.1°E / 33.1; 44.1
The Akkadian Empire (Akkadian ^URUAkkad KI, Hittite KUR A.GA.DÈ.KI "land of Akkad"; Biblical Hebrew אַכַּד Akkad) was an empire centered in the city of Akkad (Sumerian: Agade) and its surrounding region in Mesopotamia.
During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate).
The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests of its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC). Under Sargon and his successors, Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though there are earlier Sumerian claimants.^{[citation needed]}
The precise archaeological site of the city of Akkad has not yet been found.^{[citation needed]} The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû ("of or belonging to Akkad") was likely derived from this. The etymology and meaning of Akkad (written a.ga.dè^KI or URI^KI) are unknown. Centuries later, the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus mentioned in his archaeological records that Ishtar's worship in Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit, whose shrine was at Sippar—suggesting proximity of Sippar and Agade. Despite numerous searches, the city has never been found. One theory holds that Agade was situated opposite Sippar on the left bank of the Euphrates, and was perhaps the oldest part of the city of Sippar. Another theory is that the ruins of Akkad are to be found beneath modern Baghdad. Reputedly it was destroyed by invading Gutians with the fall of the Akkadian Empire.

wn.com/Akkadian_Empire
Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeria ⁱ/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر‎, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.

wn.com/Algeria
Arab League
The Arab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية‎ al-Jāmiʻa al-ʻArabiyya), officially called the League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية‎ Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabiyya), is a regional organisation of Arab states in North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia (Middle East). It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. The Arab League currently has 22 members (including Syria, whose participation was suspended in November 2011). The main goal of the league is to "draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries."
Through institutions such as the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League's Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the Arab League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific and social programs designed to promote the interests of the Arab world. It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions, to deliberate on matters of common concern, to settle some Arab disputes, and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter which sets out the principles for economic activities in the region.

wn.com/Arab_League
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīrat al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب Ǧazīrat al 'Arab‎) is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km² (1,250,000 mi²). The area is an important part of the Asian continent and plays a critical geopolitical role of the Middle East and Arab World due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56-23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
The Arabian Peninsula is located in the Asia continent and bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest, and the Red Sea on the southwest and west. The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line, although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

wn.com/Arabian_Peninsula
Bahrain
Bahrain ( pronunciation) (Arabic: ‏البحرين‎, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: ‏بحرين‎, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين‎, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.

wn.com/Bahrain
Carthage
Carthage (Latin: Carthago or Karthago, Ancient Greek: Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Arabic: قرطاج Qarṭāj‎, Berber: ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⴻⵏ Kartajen, Etruscan: *Carθaza, Modern Hebrew: קרתגו‎ Qartágo, from the Phoenician Qart-ḥadašt meaning New City (Aramaic: קרתא חדאתא, Qarta Ḥdatha), implying it was a 'new Tyre', is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC. It is currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia, with a population of 20,715 (2004 Census).
The first civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic (a form of the word "Phoenician") or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Greek historians it was founded by Canaanite-speaking Phoenician colonists from Tyre (in modern Lebanon) under the leadership of Elissa who was renamed (Queen Dido) in Virgil's Aeneid. It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean. The resulting rivalry with Syracuse, Numidia, and Rome was accompanied by several wars with respective invasions of each other's homeland.

wn.com/Carthage
China
China (ⁱ/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.

wn.com/China
Comoros
The Comoros ⁱ/ˈkɒməroʊz/ (Arabic: جزر القمر‎, Ǧuzur al-Qumur/Qamar), officially the Union of the Comoros (Comorian: Udzima wa Komori, French: Union des Comores, Arabic: الاتحاد القمري‎ al-Ittiḥād al-Qumurī/Qamarī) is a sovereign, archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean, located off the eastern coast of Africa, on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar. Other countries near to the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast. The capital is Moroni on Grande Comore.
At 1,862 km² (719 sq mi) (excluding Mayotte), the Comoros is the third-smallest African nation by area. The population (excluding Mayotte) is estimated at 798,000. Its name derives from the Arabic word قمر qamar ("moon"). The archipelago is notable for its diverse culture and history, as a nation formed at the crossroads of many civilizations. It is the southernmost member state of the Arab League. Though in the contested island of Mayotte the sole official language is French, the "Union of the Comoros" has three official languages: Comorian, Arabic, and French.

wn.com/Comoros
Djibouti
Djibouti (Arabic: جيبوتي‎ Jībūtī, French: Djibouti, Somali: Jabuuti, Afar: Gabuuti), officially the Republic of Djibouti (Arabic: جمهورية جيبوتي‎ Jumhūriyyat Jībūtī, French: République de Djibouti, Afar: Gabuutih Ummuuno, Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti), is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti, which had a population of 818,159 at the 2009 census, is one of the least populous countries in Africa.Islam is the largest religion in the country, practiced by 94% of the population. The land was known as Obock and French Somaliland (Côte française des Somalis) in the 19th century; in 1967, it changed its name to Afars and Issas after new treaties with France. The territory was declared an independent nation in 1977 and changed its name to the "Republic of Djibouti" after its principal city. Djibouti joined the United Nations on September 20, 1977. While Djibouti is an independent sovereign state, it maintains deep French relations, and through various military and economic agreements with France, it receives continued security and economic assistance.

wn.com/Djibouti
Egypt
Egypt ⁱ/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

wn.com/Egypt
Eritrea
Eritrea ( /ˌɛrɨˈtreɪ.ə/ or /ˌɛrɨˈtriːə/;Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritrīyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. Eritrea is the Italian form of the Greek name Ἐρυθραίᾱ (Erythraíā), meaning "red [land]". The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeast and east of the country has an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Eritrea's size is approximately 117,600 km² (45,406 sq mi) with an estimated population of 6 million.
Together with northern Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan, Eritrea is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt (or "Ta Netjeru", meaning "God's Land"), whose first mention dates to the 25th century BC. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut.

wn.com/Eritrea
Ethiopia
Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/) (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km². Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With its capital at Addis Ababa, it is also the most populous landlocked nation in the world.
Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. It may be the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India, the Ethiopian Aksum Empire was considered one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African country beside Liberia that retained its sovereignty as a recognized independent country, and was one of only four African members of the League of Nations. After a brief period of Italian occupation, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. When other African nations received their independence following World War II, many of them adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag, and Addis Ababa became the location of several international organizations focused on Africa.

wn.com/Ethiopia
France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

wn.com/France
Greece
Greece ⁱ/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).

wn.com/Greece
Hadhramaut
Hadhramaut, Hadhramout, Hadramawt or Ḥaḍramūt (Arabic: حضرموت‎ Ḥaḍramawt) is the formerly independent Qu'aiti state and sultanate encompassing a historical region of the south Arabian Peninsula along the Gulf of Aden in the Arabian Sea, extending eastwards from Yemen to the borders of the Dhofar region of Oman. The name of the region is currently retained in the smaller Hadhramaut Governorate of the Republic of Yemen. The people of Hadhramaut are called Hadhramis and speak Hadhrami Arabic.
The origin of the name is not exactly known. There are various theories. One theory is that the region is named after a nickname of Amar bin Qahtan (عمرو بن قحطان), meaning "death has come", from /ḥaḍara/ (Arabic for "has come") and /maut/ ("death"), the reason being that whenever he entered a battle, there were always many people who died.^{[citation needed]} Another theory is that after the destruction of Thamud, the Islamic prophet Saleh relocated himself and about 4,000 of his followers to the area known as Hadhramaut and it was here where he died and thus, the region was called "death has come".

wn.com/Hadhramaut
Herodian kingdom
The Herodian kingdom or Herodian Judea was a client kingdom of the Roman Empire from 37 BCE, when Herod the Great was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate. When Herod died in 4 BCE, the kingdom was divided among his four sons as a tetrarchy.
The first intervention of Rome in the region dates from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic War, when Rome created the province of Syria. After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus, Pompey (Pompey the Great) remained there to secure the area.
The region at the time was not a peaceful place. The Hasmonean Queen of Judea, Salome Alexandra, had recently died and her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, turned against each other in a civil war. In 63 BCE, Aristobulus was besieged in Jerusalem by his brother's armies. He sent an envoy to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, Pompey's representative in the area. Aristobulus offered a massive bribe to be rescued, which Pompey promptly accepted. Afterwards, Aristobulus accused Scaurus of extortion. Since Scaurus was Pompey's brother in law and protégée, the general retaliated by putting Hyrcanus in charge of the kingdom as Prince and High Priest.

wn.com/Herodian_kingdom
Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (ⁱ/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران‎ [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎ Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km² (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.

wn.com/Iran
Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or ⁱ/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق‎ al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.

wn.com/Iraq
Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل‎, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.^{[neutrality is disputed]} Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.

wn.com/Israel
Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.

wn.com/Jordan
Lebanon
Lebanon (ⁱ/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان‎ Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.

wn.com/Lebanon
Libya
Libya (Arabic: ‏ليبيا‎ Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.

wn.com/Libya
Malta
Malta ⁱ/ˈmɒltə/, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km² (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.

wn.com/Malta
Mauritania
Mauritania ⁱ/mɔrɪˈteɪniə/ (Arabic: موريتانيا‎ Mūrītānyā; Berber: Muritanya / Agawej; Wolof: Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; French: Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in West Africa and in the Maghreb. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara (controlled by Morocco) in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the ancient Berber Kingdom of Mauretania, which later became a province of the Roman Empire, even though the modern Mauritania covers a territory far to the south of the old Berber kingdom that had no relation with it. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
The government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.

wn.com/Mauritania
Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.

wn.com/Medes
Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/; Moabite: 𐤌𐤀𐤁 Mʾb; Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Modern Mo'av Tiberian Môʼāḇ ; "seed of father"; Greek Μωάβ Mōav; Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in Jordan. The land lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. The Moabite capital was Dibon. In Biblical times, the nation was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet (1,300 m) above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south.
It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.

wn.com/Moab
Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب‎ al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.

wn.com/Morocco
Near East
The Near East (French: Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that covers different countries for geographers, archeologists, and historians, on the one hand, and for political scientists, economists, and journalists, on the other. The term originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire, which had been settled to the north by the Great Turkish War of the late 17th century, ending with the Treaty of Karlowitz, June 26, 1699. This war determined that Austria, Hungary and the Ukraine would not be in the Ottoman Empire and therefore ultimately would not be Near Eastern.
The term Near East was in use exclusively during the 2nd half of the 19th century. In the 1st half of the 20th century it began to share the geographical stage with the term, Middle East. Since then Near East and Middle East have been approximately synonymous. Near East is used in some historic contexts and Middle East in others with no major semantic difference.
At the beginning of the 19th century the Ottoman empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian plain, but by 1914 had lost all of it except Constantinople to the expansion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the independence of Greece and various smaller wars of independence resulting in the creation of "the Balkan States". Some of these states were independent and some were still nominally under the Ottomans although occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops. Up until 1912 the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace, which were lost in the two Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913.

wn.com/Near_East
Palmyrene Empire
The Palmyrene Empire (260–273) was a splinter empire, that broke away from the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. It encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor.
The Palmyrene Empire was ruled by Queen Zenobia for her infant son Vaballathus. The capital of the short-lived empire was the city of Palmyra.
Despite a number of crises, the Roman Empire had stood firm since its inception under Augustus. But after Emperor Alexander Severus was murdered by soldiers in 235, Roman legions were defeated in a campaign against Sassanid Persia, and the Empire fell apart. General after general squabbled over control of the Empire, the frontiers were neglected and subjected to frequent raids by Carpians, Goths, Vandals and Alamanni, and outright attacks from aggressive Sassanids in the east.
Finally, by 258, the attacks were coming from within, when the Empire broke up in to three separate competing states. The Roman provinces of Gaul, Britain and Hispania broke off to form the Gallic Empire.

wn.com/Palmyrene_Empire
Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.

wn.com/Phoenicia
Qatar
Qatar (ⁱ/ˈkɑːtɑr/ or ⁱ/kəˈtɑr/;Arabic: قطر‎ [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ɡɪtˤɑr]), also known as the country or State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain.
Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by Al Thani family since the mid-19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has become one of the region's wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'état. The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the Al Thani family, or close confidants of the al-Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate military ties with the United States, and is now the location of U.S. Central Command’s Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center.

wn.com/Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (ⁱ/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or ⁱ/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية‎ as-Su‘ūdīyah^{[citation needed]} or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية‎ al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km² (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.

wn.com/Saudi_Arabia
Semitic Museum
The Semitic Museum at Harvard University was founded in 1889, and moved into its present location at 6 Divinity Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1903.
From the beginning, it was the home of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, a departmental library, a repository for research collections, a public educational institute, and a center for archaeological exploration. Among the Museum's early achievements were the first scientific excavations in the Holy Land (at Samaria in 1907-1912) and excavations at Nuzi and Tell el-Khaleifeh in the Sinai, where the earliest alphabet was found.
The Museum's artifacts include pottery, cylinder seals, sculpture, coins, cuneiform tablets, and Egyptian mummy sarcophagi. Many are from museum-sponsored excavations in Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Cyprus, and Tunisia. The museum holds a replica of the Merneptah stele, as well as a full-scale model of an Iron Age Israelite house. The Museum is dedicated to the use of these collections for the teaching, research, and publication of Near Eastern archaeology, history, and culture.

wn.com/Semitic_Museum
Somalia
Somalia ( /soʊˈmɑːliə/ soh-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال‎ aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال‎ Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world.
Somalia lies in the easternmost part of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has the longest coastline on the continent, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.

wn.com/Somalia
Spain
Spain (ⁱ/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.

wn.com/Spain
Sudan
Sudan (ⁱ/suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/;Arabic: السودان‎, as-Sūdān), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان‎, Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), sometimes called North Sudan, is an Arab state in North Africa (sometimes also considered to be part of the Middle East). It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. The population of Sudan is a combination of indigenous inhabitants of Nile Valley, and descendants of migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the process of Arabisation common throughout the rest of the Arab World, today Arab culture predominates in Sudan. The majority of the population of Sudan adheres to Islam. The Nile divides the country between east and west sides.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity which is intertwined with the history of Egypt. Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) followed by ethnic, religious and economic conflicts between the Muslim Arab northern Sudanese and the mostly animist and Christian Nilotes of Southern Sudan. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan. The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement which granted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan's President al-Bashir.

wn.com/Sudan
Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية‎ Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية‎ al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).

wn.com/Syria
Tunisia
Tunisia (US ⁱ/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس‎ Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية‎ al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.

wn.com/Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates ⁱ/juːˌnaɪtɨd ˌærəb ˈɛmɪrɨts/ (Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة‎, Al Imārāt al ‘Arabīyah al Muttaḥidah), sometimes simply called the Emirates or the UAE, is a country situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing sea borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates (equivalent to principalities), each governed by a hereditary emir, with a single national president. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain. The capital is Abu Dhabi, which is also the state's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
Prior to independence in 1971, the UAE was known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference to a 19th-century truce between the local sheikhs, hereditary rulers of the territories, and the United Kingdom. The term Pirate Coast was also used by some to refer to the emirates from the 18th to the early 20th century, owing to the preponderance of pirates operating from Emirati ports.

wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates
Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemen ⁱ/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن‎ al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.

wn.com/Yemen

Adnan
Adnan (Arabic: عدنان‎) is the traditional ancestor of the Adnanite Arabs of northern, central and western Arabia, as opposed to the Qahtani of southern and south eastern Arabia who descend from Qahtan.
Adnan is the father of the Adnanite Arabs who are the northern Adahoe tribes that occupied Hijaz, Yamama regions as well as most parts of northern Arabia.
According to Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was descended from Adnan. Tradition records the genealogy from Adnan to Muhammad comprises 21 generations. "The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the Hejaz and to have been the patrilineal ancestors of Muhammad."

wn.com/Adnan
Amhara people
The Amhara (Amharic: አማራ^?, Ge'ez: አምሐራ) are an ethnic group (but see below) inhabiting the central highlands of Ethiopia. Numbering about 19.8 million people, they comprise 26% of the country's population according to the 2007 national census. They speak Amharic, an Afro-Asiatic tongue, which is the working language of the federal authorities of Ethiopia.
The derivation of the name "Amhara" is debated; according to some it comes from the word amari, meaning "pleasing, agreeable, beautiful and gracious" (also mehare, "gracious", containing the same m-h-r root as the verb to learn), while some Ethiopian historians such as Getachew Mekonnen Hasen say it is an ethnic name connected with Himyarites. Still others say that it derives from Ge'ez, meaning "free people" (i.e. from Ge'ez ዓም "ʿam" meaning "people," and ሓራ "h.ara", meaning "free" or "soldier"), though others, such as Donald Levine, have dismissed this as a folk etymology. Ultimately, however, the name for the language and ethnic group came from the medieval province of Amhara, located in central Ethiopia in modern Amhara Region and the pre-1995 province of Wollo.

wn.com/Amhara_people
Amorite
Amorite (Sumerian 𒈥𒌅 MAR.TU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew אמורי ʼĔmōrī) refers to an ancient Semitic people from ancient Syria who also occupied large parts of Mesopotamia from the 21st Century BC. The term Amurru in Akkadian and Sumerian texts refers to them, as well as to their principal deity.
In the earliest Sumerian sources, beginning about 2400 BC, the land of the Amorites ("the Mar.tu land") is associated not with Mesopotamia but with lands immediately to the West, including what is now modern Syria and Canaan. They appear as nomadic people in the Mesopotamian sources, and they are especially connected with the mountainous region of Jebel Bishri in Syria called the "mountain of the Amorites". The ethnic terms Amurru and Amar were used for them in the Akkadian Empire, Assyria and Egypt respectively. From the 21st century BC and likely triggered by the 22nd century BC drought, a large-scale migration of Amorite tribes infiltrated Mesopotamia. They were one of the instruments of the downfall of the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, and acquiring a series of powerful kingdoms,including the founding of Babylon as a state, culminating in the triumph under Hammurabi of one of them, that of Babylon.

wn.com/Amorite
Arab American
An Arab American (Arabic: عرب أمريكا‎) is a United States citizen or resident of Arab ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage or identity, who identifies themselves as Arab. Arab Americans trace ancestry to any of the various waves of immigrants of the countries comprising the Arab World. Americans descended from immigrants of the Arab world via other countries are also included.
Countries of origin for Arab Americans include Lebanon, Syria, Palestine (mostly pre-1948 Palestine Christians as well as what since corresponds to the Gaza Strip and West Bank, plus Arab citizens of Israel), Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait in West Asia and Libya, Sudan, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Mauritania and Morocco (plus also Sahrawis from the disputed Western Sahara) in North Africa.
According to the 2008 ACS, there are 1,573,530 Arab Americans, accounting for 0.5% of the American population. The largest subgroup is by far the Lebanese Americans, with 501,907, nearly a third of the Arab American population. Over 1/4 of all Arab Americans claimed two ancestries, having not only Arab ancestry but also non-Arab. Some groups from the Arab World are non Arabs; Assyrians were listed in the US census under Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac. Arab Americans, and Arabs in general, comprise a highly diverse amalgam of groups with differing ancestral origins, religious backgrounds and historic identities. Instead, the ties that bind are a shared heritage by virtue of common linguistic, cultural, and political traditions.

wn.com/Arab_American
Arab Argentine
An Arab Argentine is an Argentine citizen or resident alien whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants, largely of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity, originating mainly from what is now Lebanon and Syria but also there are some individuals from the twenty-two countries which comprise the Arab world.
Although a highly diverse group of Argentines — in ancestral origins, religion and historic identities — Arab Argentines hold a heritage that shares common linguistic, cultural, and political traditions.
The majority of the Arab Argentines are from either Lebanese or Syrian background. Among Arab Argentines, 784,000 are Muslims. The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Argentina shows marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language.

wn.com/Arab_Argentine
Arab Australian
An Arab Australian is an Australian citizen or resident of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants originating from one or more of the twenty-three countries comprised by the Arab World (from the northernmost Syria and westernmost Morocco in North Africa to the southernmost Sudan and easternmost Iraq in Southwest Asia).
Although Arab Australians comprise a highly diverse group of people, differing in ancestral origins, religious backgrounds and historic identities, Arab Australians hold a heritage that shares common linguistic, cultural, and political traditions, and it is these factors which are the ties that bind.
Arab Australians are people in Australia who have ancestry from the Arab World and are citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia, totaling approximately 308,104. The majority of Arab Australian originate from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq and Morocco and other Arab nations, which are small in numbers but present nonetheless. The largest group of whom are the Lebanese numbering 199,640 or (0.92%), Palestinians who number 45,001 or (0.03%) , Syrian who number 20,213 or (0.08%), Iraqis who number 11,190 or (0.05%), Egyptians who number 50,001 or (0.12%), Sudanese who number 3,788 or (0.01%), Jordanians who number 2,687 or (0.01%), and Algerians who number 696 or (0.003%).

wn.com/Arab_Australian
Arab Brazilian
An Arab Brazilian is a Brazilian citizen born in an Arabic country, or a Brazilian-born person of Arab descent, who is aware of such ancestry and remains connected, in some degree, to Arabic culture.
Immigration of Arabs to Brazil started in the late 19th century, most of them coming from Lebanon, later from elsewhere in Ottoman Syria - Palestine and Iraq. When they were first processed in the ports of Brazil, they were classified as Turks because what is modern day Lebanon and Syria was a territory of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The causes for Arabs to leave their homeland were an accelerated increase in population in Lebanon and the persecution by the Ottoman Turks. Arab immigration to Brazil grew in the 20th century, and was concentrated in the state of São Paulo, but also extended to Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Rio de Janeiro and other parts of Brazil.
Most Arab immigrants in Brazil were Christians, the Muslims being a small minority in comparison to them. Intermarriage between Brazilians of Arab descent and other Brazilians, regardless of ethnic ancestry or religious affiliation, is very high; most Brazilians of Arab descent only have one parent of Arab origin. As a result of this, the new generations of Brazilians of Arab descent show marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Portuguese as a first language.

wn.com/Arab_Brazilian
Arab Canadians
According to the latest 2006 census the Arab Canadian population is 470,580. The large majority of the Canadians of Arab origin population live in either Ontario or Quebec.
Arab Canadians come from all of the countries of the Arab World including Lebanese, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Iraq, Sudan and Yemen.
The distribution of the Arab population of Canada according to the 2001 census was as follows

wn.com/Arab_Canadians
Arab Chileans
Arab Chileans, are immigrants to Chile from the Arab world. Most are Christian and are the descendants of immigrants from the Ottoman Empire, from the lands that are now Occupied Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, who arrived in Chile in the mid-19th to early-20th centuries to escape from poverty. Ethnically Arab Chileans are often called "Turks", (Spanish: Turcos) a term believed to derive from the fact that they arrived from the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Most arrived as members of the Eastern Orthodox church, but a minority became Roman Catholic. A minority are Muslim.
It is estimated that 800,000 Chileans or nearly 5% of the population is of Arab origin, chiefly descendants of immigrants from the Middle East (i.e. Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Middle East Armenians).Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the Levant. Roughly 500,000 Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile. And the effects of their migration are widely visible. The earliest such migrants came in the 1850s, with others arriving during World War I and later the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The Club Palestino is one of the most prestigious social clubs in Santiago. They are believed to form the largest Palestinian community outside of the Arab world. Aside from these migrants of previous decades, Chile has also taken in some Palestinian refugees in later years, as in April 2008 when they received 117 from the Al-Waleed refugee camp on the Syria–Iraq border near the Al-Tanf crossing. The situation in Gaza has caused tensions even thousands of miles away between the Israeli and Palestinian communities in Chile.

wn.com/Arab_Chileans
Arab Indonesians
Arab Indonesians are citizens of Indonesia of Arab, mainly Hadrami, descent. Restricted under Dutch East Indies' law until 1919, the community elites later gained economic power through real estate investment and trading. Currently found mainly in Java and South Sumatra, they are almost all (generally orthodox) Muslims.
Indonesia has had contact with the Arab world for hundreds of years, prior to the emergence of Islam in Indonesia. Most contact was with spice traders, but the first Arab settlements in the archipelago may date from the fifth century. Some later founded dynasties, including the Sultanate of Pontianak, while others intermingled with existing kingdoms. These early communities adopted much of the local culture, and some disappeared entirely while others formed ethnically distinct communities.
Modern Arab Indonesians are generally descended from Hadramis who came to Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period and married native women. They were classified as "foreign orientals" along with Chinese Indonesians, which led to them being unable to attend certain schools and restricted from travelling, and having to settle in special Arab districts, or kampung Arab. These laws were repealed in 1919.

wn.com/Arab_Indonesians
Arab Mexican
An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of Arabic-speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, or Palestinian background.
The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic surnames in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Salazar, Abed, Mansoor, Harb and Elias.
Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq and settled in significant numbers in Nayarit, Puebla, Mexico City and the Northern part of the country (mainly in the states of Baja California, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango, as well as the city of Tampico and Guadalajara . The term "Arab Mexican" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab.

wn.com/Arab_Mexican
Arab people
Arab people, also known as Arabs (Arabic: عرب‎, ʿarab), are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing an important part of Arab identity.
The word "Arab" has had several different, but overlapping, meanings over the centuries (and sometimes even today). In addition to including all Arabized people of the world (with language tending to be the acid test), it has also at times been used exclusively for bedouin (Arab nomads [although a related word, "`a-RAB," with the Arabic letter "alif" in the second syllable, once was sometimes used when this specific meaning was intended] and their now almost entirely settled descendants). It is sometimes used that way colloquially even today in some places. Townspeople once were sometimes called "sons of the Arabs." As in the case of other ethnicities or nations, people identify themselves (or are identified by others) as "Arabs" to varying degrees. This may not be one's primary identity (it tends to compete with country, religion, sect, etc.), and whether it is emphasized may depend upon one's audience.

wn.com/Arab_people
Arab Singaporean
The majority of the Arabs in Singapore are Hadhramis tracing their ancestry from the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula called Hadhramaut, which is now part of the Republic of Yemen. The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen PDRY was formed on 30 November 1967 when it achieved independence after 129 years of British rule. Some of the people living there are known as “Hadhramis”. The land there is mostly desert region. The fertile areas, suitable for cultivation, are small and concentrated in the wadi region. This harsh natural environment drove the Hadhramis to travel out of the area to trade and acquire the necessary items they needed. They had travelled to and engaged in trade in several areas: Hyderabad, India (before 1947), Dar-es-Salaam and East Africa as well as Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies.
Ingram (1936) gave a description of the type of social classes of the Hadhramis. Among them were migrants from Iraq, the Seyyids (Syeds), who were descendants of the grandsons of Prophet Muhammad, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. The Syeds were well known for their education and influence over religious matters. Another social class, Sheikhs, was also influential in matters concerning religion. Both the Syeds and the Sheikhs formed the top of the social class in Hadhramaut. The Arabs in Singapore are descended from the Syeds and Sheikhs. As such, they carry the title of “Syed” and “Sharifah” (for men and women respectively) and "Sheikh" (also spelled “Shaikh”) and "Shaykhah" (also spelled "Shaikha") (for men and women respectively).

wn.com/Arab_Singaporean
Arab Venezuelan
An Arab Venezuelan is a Venezuelan citizen of Arab origin or descent. There are around 600,000 Venezuelans of Arab origin, mainly from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Venezuela has one of the largest Arab populations in the Americas.^{[citation needed]}
Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, and are present in significant numbers in Caracas.
Immigration of Arabs in Venezuela has influenced Venezuelan culture, in particular Arabic food and music. Most Arab Venezuelans are of Lebanese descent with their number around 340,000 and additional 400,000 are descendants of people from mainly Syria but also Palestine.
In religion, the majority of Arab-Venezuelans are Christians who belong to the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. There are few Muslims.

wn.com/Arab_Venezuelan
Arabs in Bulgaria
Arabs in Bulgaria are the people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, and Iraq, who emigrated from their native nations and currently reside in Bulgaria. Most Arab Bulgarians are of Lebanese or Syrian origin. In the forty year history of this community, 10,000 Arabs have migrated to Bulgaria. According to other data from two teams of anthropologists and sociologists, the number of Arabs in Bulgaria who are legal residents and officially have work permits was 17,000 people in 2004. Approximately the same number of Arabs reside in Bulgaria without official status.

wn.com/Arabs_in_Bulgaria
Arabs in Europe
Arabs in Europe are people of Arab descent living in Europe.
Arabs in Europe have a long history beginning with the Arab Empire when the Arabs conquered the Iberian peninsula, including what is now Spain and Portugal, and the island of Sicily in Italy. However, most of the Arabs of that time were expelled after the Reconquista. Nevertheless, many of the people in the Iberian peninsula, Malta, and Sicily today retain some genetic ties to the Arabs that controlled these territories in the past. There were also brief periods of independent Arab-Islamic colonization and occupation, in modern-day France, Switzerland, and Italy, using Fraxinet in the Gulf of St. Tropez as a base for raids and colonization.
The post-World War II migration of Arabs to Europe began as many Arabs from former French colonies like Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon and Syria migrated permanently to France. Also another source of migration began with guest workers, particularly from Morocco, who arrived under the terms of a Labour Export Agreements between several European countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and France. Also other events in the Arab world sent new immigration waives to Europe like the Palestinian exodus, the Lebanese Civil War, and the first and second Iraq war. Many other Arabs immigrated to Europe because of political issues in their native countries. Another source of migration are Arabs who studied in European universities and decided to stay.

wn.com/Arabs_in_Europe
Arabs in Greece
Greece has a significant Arab population of about 200,000 people. There about 60,000 Egyptians, 40,000 Iraqis and around 30,000 Lebanese. There also many Arabs from Syria, Palestine and Jordan. The majority tend to live in Athens, however they can be found in all the parts of the country. The majority of Egyptians and Iraqis are Muslims,there also some Christians(Copts and Assyrians). Lebanese, Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians are primarily Christians (mostly Greek Orthodox) with an important number of Muslims.

wn.com/Arabs_in_Greece
Arabs in Pakistan
Arabs in Pakistan (Urdu: عربي) consist of migrants from different countries of the Arab world, especially Egypt, Oman, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Palestine and Yemen and have a long history. The first form of contact between the Arab people and modern-day Pakistan originally came in 711, when Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab military general, was on a quest to free Muslims and their families who had apparently been arrested by Raja Dahir's soldiers while they were returning in a merchant ship to their homes in Iraq's city of Basra from Sri Lanka.
However, another version tells us about the migration of a number of the descendants of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, to Sindh, after the atrocities by the Omayya and Abassi caliphs against them. They have settled in the province of Sindh, Panjab and as far north as Murree.
The ship was hauled up by Dahir's men while it was passing a port located in the Sindh province of Pakistan and the people were taken as captives. At that time, Hajjaj bin Yusuf was the governor of present-day Iraq. Upon hearing the news, he wrote to Raja Dahir and demanded him to release the prisoners. Raja Dahir, who was the governor of Sindh at that time, refused to accept the request which tempted Yusuf to order Muhammad bin Qasim to proceed to Sindh along with an army unit of 6,000 troops in order to get the prisoners released. Qasim was hardly seventeen years of age at that time, however he was a ruthless and capable military commander, the main reason for which Yusuf may have recruited him.

wn.com/Arabs_in_Pakistan
Arabs in Turkey
Arabs comprise the third largest ethnic group in Turkey. (Arabic: العرب في تركيا, Turkish: Türkiye Arapları) are a Semitic people.
Arabs in Turkey are mostly Muslims living along the southeastern border with Syria and Iraq in the provinces such as Batman, Bitlis, Gaziantep, Hatay, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Şırnak and Şanlıurfa. The Arabs in eastern part of the border consist of many Bedouin tribes in addition to other Arabs who settled there before Turkic tribes came to Anatolia from Central Asia in the 11^th century. Many of these Arabs have blood ties to Arabs of living in Syria, especially in the city of Ar Raqqah. The Arab society in Turkey is well integrated into the Turkish population. The majority of Arabic people who live in Turkey don't have knowledge of Arabic, especially the new generation.
The Treaty of Lausanne ceded to Turkey large areas that belonged to Ottoman Syria, especially within Aleppo Vilayet. Those areas were mostly inhabited by Arabs, who felt isolated within the new border.

wn.com/Arabs_in_Turkey
Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans^{[pronunciation?]} (Aramaic: ארמיא‎; ʼaramáyé) were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram) during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population.
The Arameans never had a unified nation; they were divided into small independent kingdoms across parts of the Near East, particularly in what is now modern Syria. After the Bronze Age collapse, their political influence was confined to a number of Syro-Hittite states, which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC.
By contrast, the Aramaic language came to be the lingua franca of the entire Fertile Crescent, by Late Antiquity developing into the literary languages such as Syriac and Mandaic. Scholars even have used the term "Aramaization" for the process by which the Akkadian/Assyro-Babylonian peoples became Aramaic-speaking during the later Iron Age.

wn.com/Arameans
Argobba people
The Argobba are a Muslim people group that is spread out through isolated village networks and towns in the northeast and east of Ethiopia. The Argobba have typically been astute traders and merchants, and have adjusted to the economic trends in their area. These factors have led to the decline of the Argobba language.
Argobba communities can be found in the Afar, Amhara, and Oromia Regions, in and along the Great Rift Valley. They include Yimlawo, Gusa, Shonke, Berehet, Khayr Amba, Melkajillo, Metehara, Shewa Robit, and the surrounding rural villages.
In some places the Argobba language has homogenized with Amharic. In other places the people have shifted to neighboring languages for economic reasons. At this time there are only a few areas left where the Argobba are not at least bilingual in Amharic, Oromiffa or Afar. All of these languages have a literature that can be used to serve the Argobba, even though their current literacy rate in any language is low; the Argobba reportedly do not like to send their children to school because they will be influenced by the non-Moslem world. This is the same reason that the Argobba do not go to court.

wn.com/Argobba_people
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים‎‎, pronounced [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; also יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנָז, Y'hudey Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.^{[citation needed]}
The name Ashkenazi derives from the bibilical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). In the Rabbinic literature, Ashkenaz's kingdom was first associated with the Scythian region, then later on with the Slavic territories, and from the 11th century onwards with Northern Europe and Germany. The Jews living in the northern regions, associated with Ashkenaz's kingdom, thus came to call themselves the Ashkenazi Jews. Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe also came to be called "Ashkenazi" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany.
Many Ashkenazi Jews later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in non German-speaking areas, including Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, and elsewhere between the 11th and 19th centuries. With them, they took and diversified Yiddish, a High German language written using the Hebrew alphabet. It had developed in medieval times as the lingua franca among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish communities of three cities along the Rhine: Speyer, Worms and Mainz, created the SHUM league (SHUM after the first Hebrew letters of Shpira, Vermayza, and Magentza). The ShUM-cities are considered the cradle of the distinct Ashkenazi culture and liturgy.

wn.com/Ashkenazi_Jews
Assyrian flag
The Assyrian flag is the flag chosen by the Assyrian people to represent the Assyrian nation in the homeland and in the diaspora.
George Bit Atanus first designed the flag in 1968. The Assyrian Universal Alliance, Assyrian National Federation and Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party all adopted it in 1971. The flag has a white background with a golden circle at the center, surrounded by a four-pointed star in blue. Four triple-coloured (red-white-blue), widening, wavy stripes connect the center to the four corners of the flag. The Bet-Nahrain party added^{[citation needed]} the figure of pre-Christian Assyrian god, Assur known from Iron Age iconography in red above the center.
The golden circle at the center that represents the sun, which, by its exploding and leaping flames, generates heat and light to sustain the earth and all its living things. The four pointed star surrounding the sun symbolizes the land, its light blue color symbolizing tranquility.
The wavy stripes extending from the center to the four corners of the flag represent the three major rivers of the Assyrian homeland: the Tigris, the Euphrates, and the Great Zab. The lines are small at the center and become wider as they spread out from the circle. The dark blue represents the Euphrates. The red stripes, whose blood red hue stands for courage, glory and pride, represent the Tigris. The white lines in between the two great rivers symbolizes the Great Zab; its white color stands for tranquility and peace. Some interpret the red, white and blue stripes as the highways that will take the scattered Assyrians back to their ancestral homeland. It is also said that when the stripes are reversed with the red stripes on top and the blue stripes on bottom, it symbolizes that the nation is at war.^{[dubious – discuss]}

wn.com/Assyrian_flag
Assyrian nationalism
Assyrian nationalism or Assyrianism increased in popularity in the late 19th century in a climate of increasing ethnic and religious persecution of the indigenous Assyrians of the Middle East.
Assyrian nationalism is the ideology of a united Assyrian people. Assyrianism is to a great degree geographically as well as ethnically and linguistically based. It is espoused by almost all Mesopotamian Aramaic speaking Assyrians (Also known as Chaldo-Assyrians) from Iraq, Iran, south eastern Turkey, north eastern Syria (in effect a region corresponding with ancient Assyria and Mesopotamia), diaspora communities that left these areas for Armenia, Georgia, southern Russia, Lebanon, Jordan and Azerbaijan and migrant Assyrians from all these lands now residing in Europe, North America and Australia.
The ideology of Assyrian nationalism advocates Assyrian independence, and is based on the political and national unification of ethnic Assyrian followers of a number of Syriac Christian Churches (mainly those originating in, or based in and around Mesopotamia) with classical Syriac as its cultural language. Its main proponents in the beginning of the 20th century were Naum Faiq, Freydun Atturaya and Farid Nazha.

wn.com/Assyrian_nationalism
Assyrian people
The Assyrian people, most commonly known as Assyrians and other later names, such as: Chaldeans, Syrians, Syriacs (see names of Syriac Christians), are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia. They are Eastern Aramaic speaking Semites who trace their ancestry back to the Sumero-Akkadian civilisation that emerged in Mesopotamia circa 4000- 3500 BC, and in particular to the northern region of the Akkadian lands, which would become known as Assyria by the 24th Century BC. The Assyrian nation existed as an independent state, and often a powerful empire, from the 24th century BC until the end of the 7th century BC.
Today that ancient territory is part of several nations; Assyria remained a Geo-political entity after its fall, and was ruled as an occupied province under the rule of various empires from the late 7th century BC until the mid 7th century AD when it was dissolved, and the Assyrian people have gradually become a minority in their homelands since that time. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, north east Syria, north west Iran, and Southeastern Turkey. They are predominantly Christian.

wn.com/Assyrian_people
Bahrani people
> The Baharna (singular Bahrani, Arabic: بحراني ، بحارنة‎) are the indigenous inhabitants of the archipelago of Bahrain and the oasis of Qatif on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia (see historical region of Bahrain). The term is sometimes also extended to the Shi'a inhabitants of the al-Hasa oasis. They are all Arabic speaking, and claim descent from Arab tribes. Their dialect of Arabic is known as "Bahrani" or "Bahrani Arabic," and they are overwhelmingly adherents of Shia Islam.
The term Bahrani serves to distinguish the Bahrani people from other Shi'i in the region, such as the relatively recent immigrants from Iran who fall under the term Ajam, as well as from the Sunni immigrants in Bahrain who prefer the term Bahrayni or Ahl el-Bahrayn ("people of Bahrain"). In previous centuries, the term "Bahrani" often referred to any Arab inhabitant of the larger historical region of Bahrain.
In Arabic, bahrayn is the dual form of bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn means "the Two Seas". However, which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the Qur'an, but does not refer to the modern island — originally known to the Arabs as "Awal" — but rather to the oases of al-Katif and Hadjar (modern al-Hasa). It is unclear when the term began to refer exclusively to the Awal islands, but it was probably after the 15th century.

wn.com/Bahrani_people
Beur
Beur is a colloquial term to designate French-born people whose parents are immigrants from North Africa. The word was coined by reversing the syllables of the word arabe, which means Arabic or Arab in French. For example, "arabe" becomes "a-ra-beu" then "beu-ra-a" and "beur" by contraction. The term is slightly familiar and not advised in formal speech with respect to etiquette. Beurs have their origin in the countries of the Maghreb (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria). In addition, the term Beur is also used to refer to all the Arabs from either Maghreb or Mashreq areas of the Arab world born in France.
Since the late 1990s, a lot of young people have used the twice-verlanised term rebeu as a synonym. A female beur can be called a beurette. The word beurgeois is derived from a combination of the words beur and bourgeois.
Since 2005, the BEUR.FM radio station has been broadcasting nationwide (106.7 FM in Paris). It specializes in Arab, particularly North African Arab music, discussion, and news.

wn.com/Beur
British Arabs
British Arabs are Arab people living or born in the United Kingdom. Unlike Black British or Asian British, the term is not one of those employed in government ethnicity categorisations used in the census and for national statistics. It is, however, the term used by the National Association of British Arabs and has also been employed by academics and in the media. It has been announced that the category 'Arab' will added to the 2011 UK Census for the first time ever.
Most Arabs live in the Greater London area, and many are either businesspeople, recent immigrants or students. Author Anthony McRoy suggests that there might be 500,000 British Arabs. The majority originate from Iraq, Yemen, Sudan, Somalia, Morocco, Palestine and Lebanon.

wn.com/British_Arabs
Chaldea
Chaldea or Chaldaea ( /kælˈdiːə/), from Greek Χαλδαία, Chaldaia; Akkadian māt Kaldu; Hebrew כשדים, Kaśdim;Aramaic: ܟܐܠܕܘ, Kaldo) was a marshy land located in modern-day southern Iraq which came to rule Babylon briefly. Tribes of settlers who arrived in the region from the 8th Century BC became known as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. The Hebrew Bible uses the term כשדים (Kaśdim) and this is translated as Chaldaeans in the Septuagint.
The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon (6th century BC) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although only the first four rulers of this dynasty were known to be Chaldeans, and the last ruler was known not to be. Their kingdom in the southern portion of Babylonia lay chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates. Though the name came to be commonly used to refer to the whole of southern Mesopotamia, Chaldea proper was in fact the vast plain in the far south east formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending to about four hundred miles along the course of these rivers, and about a hundred miles in average width.

wn.com/Chaldea
Chaush
The Chaush are a Sunni Muslim community of Hadhrami Arab descent found in the Deccan region of India. An extension of these Arab descendants are also found in Bosnia & Herzegovina and Montenegro. It is a Turkish word used particularly during the Ottoman era of the Balkans, 'Chaush' or Čauši were military officers generally deputed as palace officers. They have a common origin with the Chavuse community of Gujarat.
Chaush is a Turkish word meaning military personnel, as many of them served in the armies of the Deccan rulers. They migrated to India in the 18th century, primarily from the Hadhrami people of the Hadhramaut region in Yemen. They have a big community mainly in the Deccan region of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. They have relatives living/working in the Persian Gulf region and many of them still holding Yemeni nationality. They came here in search of work especially from Yemen. They worked here with the Nizam of Hyderabad, serving in the armed forces or police. they have settled well over here and hold the Indian citizenship. They still have maintained the Arab culture in them. Most of them cannot speak Arabic but they still are Arabs. People who have migrated from Jizan(Saudi Arabia), They are the tribe known as Bin Munief Al Nahdi, and many more.

wn.com/Chaush
Eber
Eber (עֵבֶר, ISO 259-3 ʕebr, Standard Hebrew Éver, Tiberian Hebrew ʻĒḇer) is an ancestor of the Israelites, according to the "Table of Nations" in Genesis 10-11 and 1 Chronicles 1. He was a great-grandson of Noah's son Shem and the father of Peleg born when Eber was 34 years old, and of Joktan. He was the son of Shelah a distant ancestor of Abraham. According to the Hebrew Bible, Eber died at the age of 464 (Genesis 11:14-17) when Jacob was 20. The Hebrew Calendar synchronises this date with 1817 BCE.
In the Septuagint and other Christian Bibles derived from it, Eber is called Heber and his father is called Sala. His son is called Phaleg, born when Heber was 134 years old, and he had other sons and daughters. Heber lived to an age of 404 years. (Septuagint Genesis 11:14-17)
In Jewish tradition, Eber, the great-grandson of Shem, refused to help with the building of the Tower of Babel, so his language was not confused when it was abandoned. He and his family alone retained the original human language, Hebrew, a language named after Eber (Heber), also called lingua humana in Latin. (There are different religious positions on this issue; see also Adamic language.)

wn.com/Eber
Edom
Edom ( /ˈiː.dʌm/; Hebrew: אֱדוֹם, Modern Edom Tiberian ʼĔḏôm ; "red"; Assyrian: Udumi; Syriac: ܐܕܘܡ) or Idumea (Greek: Ἰδουμαία, Idoumaía; Latin: Idūmaea) was a Semitic inhabited historical region of the Southern Levant located south of Judea and the Dead Sea. It is mentioned in biblical records as a 1st millennium BC Iron Age kingdom of Edom, and in classical antiquity the cognate name Idumea was used to refer to a smaller area in the same region. The name Edom means "red" in Hebrew, and was given to Esau once he ate the "red pottage". (Genesis 25:30 KJV)
The Bible and The Torah describe the Edomites as descendants of Esau the eldest son of the Jewish patriarch Isaac, although no written records of the time have been discovered that support this claim.
The Edomites may have been connected with the Shasu and Shutu, nomadic raiders mentioned in Egyptian sources. Indeed, a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the Wadi Tumilat during the reign of Merneptah reports movement of nomadic "shasu-tribes of Edom" to watering holes in Egyptian territory. The earliest Iron Age settlements—possibly copper mining camps—date to the 9th century BCE. Settlement intensified by the late 8th century BC and the main sites so far excavated have been dated between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. The last unambiguous reference to Edom is an Assyrian inscription of 667 BC; it has thus been unclear when, how and why Edom ceased to exist as a state, although many scholars point to scriptural references in the Bible, specifically the historical book of Obadiah, to explain this phenomenon.

wn.com/Edom
Gurage people
Gurage is an ethnic group in Ethiopia. According to the 2007 national census, its population is 1,867,377 people (or 2.53% of the total population of Ethiopia), of whom 792,659 are urban dwellers. This is 2.53% of the total population of Ethiopia, or 7.52% of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). The Gurage people inhabit a fertile, semi-mountainous region in southwest Ethiopia, about 150 miles southwest of Addis Ababa, bordering the Awash River in the north, the Gibe River (a tributary of the Omo) to the southwest, and Lake Zway in the east. The Gurage nation consists of three dialectically varied subgroups, Northern, Eastern and Western. However, the largest group within the Eastern subgroup, known as the Silt'e, identify foremost as Muslims. In 2000, the Silt'e, refusing to identify as Gurage, voted overwhelmingly for the establishment of a separate special administrative unit within SNNPR by the EPRDF government.
According to the historian Paul B. Henze, their origins are explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the Aksumite Empire, which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other.

wn.com/Gurage_people
Habesha people
The term Habesha (Ge'ez: ሐበሻ Ḥabaśā, Amharic (H)ābešā, Tigrinya: ^? Ḥābešā; Arabic: الحبشة ‎ al-Ḥabašah) refers to the South Semitic-speaking group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to those people who ruled the Axumite Empire and the kingdom known as DʿMT (usually vocalized Diʿamat).
Peoples referred to as "Habesha" today include the Amhara, Tigray-Tigrinya and Tigre ethnic groups of Ethiopia and Eritrea, who are predominantly Oriental Christians and have been since AD 332, with exception to Tigre who are predominantly Muslim. The Amhara and Tigray ethnicities combined make up about 33% of Ethiopia's population (ca. 24.6 million Amhara, 5.5 million Tigray), while the Tigrinya & Tigre combined make up 85% (55% plus 30% respectively) of Eritrea's population (ca. 5 of 5.9 million).
The term also includes the Semitic-speaking Gurage and Harari people in Ethiopia, due to their common descent from the Ge'ez speaking Axumite civilization, and strong historical links to the Amhara and Tigray. While the term Habesha has come to be associated with adherents of the Orthodox Christian faith, the term actually predates the conversion of Axum to Christianity, and refers generally to speakers of Ethiopic (Ethiosemitic) regardless of religion. Thus the Harari who are almost exclusively Muslim are still considered Habesha.

wn.com/Habesha_people
Hadhrami people
The Hadhrami (Arabic: حضرمي‎) or Hadharem (Arabic: الحضارم‎) are people from the Hadhramaut and their descendants in diaspora communities around the world. They speak Hadhrami Arabic.
Though most of the Muslim peoples of the Arabian peninsula speak Arabic and have similar ancestry and dress, they are not all one people. Among the two million inhabitants of Democratic Yemen, there are 1,300 distinct Arab tribes. Even unity among the 151,000 Hadrami people is not very strong. Antagonism between townsfolk and wandering tribesmen has been so bitter that the towns are surrounded by stone walls to protect them from attack by their tribal countrymen.
Many Hadramis still practice the nomadic lifestyle of their ancient ancestors. But today approximately half of the Hadramis live in the towns and villages scattered through the deep valleys of their region. Even among these settled peoples, there are sharp distinctions, the highest social prestige belonging to the wealthy, educated Sadahs, who claim to be direct descendants of Muhammed. Hadramis rarely marry outside their own social level, and often live in segregated groups in separate parts of town.

wn.com/Hadhrami_people
Harari people
The Harari people, also called Geyusu ("People of the City"), are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group in the Horn of Africa. They traditionally inhabit Harar in the Harari Region of eastern Ethiopia.
Studies have shown Hararis are said to be connected with the ancient Harla tribe. Revelations of this was made by observing the similarities of the architecture and technology used in Harar city and ancient Harla sites. Although proof of language is currently unavailable, data suggests that Hararis were spread outside the city walls, occupying large regions from Karkaar mountains, and Middle Awash as well as the eastern region of Jijiga. To this day the region between Harar and Dire Dawa is still called Harla. The oromo migration is said to have assimilated the Harla-Harari population evidence of this was that blocks of semetic speakers were spread from Gurageland, islands of Lake Zway and the city of Harar. Before the major Adal-Ethiopian conflict it can be assumed that a Harari-Harla semetic group existed in vast regions across present day Ethiopia and Somalia.

wn.com/Harari_people
Himyarite Kingdom
The Himyarite Kingdom or Himyar (in Arabic مملكة حِمْيَر mamlakat ħimyâr) (r. 110 BC–520s), historically referred to as the Homerite Kingdom by the Greeks and the Romans, was a kingdom in ancient Yemen. Established in 110 BC, it took as its capital the modern day city of Sana'a after the ancient city of Zafar. The Kingdom conquered neighbouring Saba (Sheba) in c.25 BC, Qataban in c.200 CE, and Hadramaut c.300 CE. Its political fortunes relative to Saba changed frequently until it finally conquered the Sabaean Kingdom around 280 CE.
The Himyarite Kingdom was the dominant polity in Arabia until 525 AD. Its economy was based on agriculture, and foreign trade centered on the export of frankincense and myrrh. For many years, the kingdom was also the major intermediary linking East Africa and the Mediterranean world. This trade largely consisted of exporting ivory from Africa to be sold in the Roman Empire. Ships from Himyar regularly traveled the East African coast, and the state also exerted a large amount of Influence both cultural religious and political to the trading cities of East Africa whilst the cities of East Africa remained independent. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and its ruler Charibael (Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome:

wn.com/Himyarite_Kingdom
Hyksos

The Hyksos (^{[pronunciation?]}Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς, Arabic: الملوك الرعاة, shepherd kings) were an Asiatic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta and ending the the thirteenth dynasty, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt.
The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the eleventh dynasty, began their climb to power in the thirteenth dynasty, and came out of the second intermediate period in control of Avaris and the Delta. By the fifteenth dynasty, they ruled Lower Egypt, and at the end of the seventeenth dynasty, they were expelled.
The historian Josephus maintains that the Hyksos where in fact the children of Jacob who joined his son Joseph to escape the famine in the land of Canaan.
There are various hypotheses as to the Hyksos ethnic identity. Most archeologists^[who?] describe the Hyksos as multi-ethnic, to include all of the peoples who occupied the emporia of the delta. Some were warlords seeking employment by the Egyptians as mercenaries. Some were unemployed agricultural workers looking for work helping produce food and resorting to banditry, theft and other crimes when they did not get it. Some were skilled tradesmen, professionals, doctors, lawyers, scribes, priests, diplomats, accountants. Some were merchants importing raw materials: timber from Byblos, semi-precious stones from as far away as Afghanistan, tin, copper, bronze, medicines for the doctors, perfumes for the wigmakers, bitumen, natron, linen, frankincense and myrrh for the mummification industry at Karnak or exporting grain and beer to as far away as Greece.

wn.com/Hyksos
Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name, Arabic: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي ‎, Abū Zayd ‘Abdu r-Raḥmān bin Muḥammad bin Khaldūn Al-Ḥaḍrami, May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH – March 19, 1406 AD/808 AH) was a Muslim historiographer and historian who is often viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography,sociology and economics.
He is best known for his Muqaddimah (known as Prolegomenon in English), which was discovered, evaluated and fully appreciated first by 19th century European scholarship, although it has also had considerable influence on 17th-century Ottoman historians like Ḥajjī Khalīfa and Mustafa Naima who relied on his theories to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman empire. Later in the 19th century, Western scholars recognized him as one of the greatest philosophers to come out of the Muslim world.
Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an autobiography (التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا; Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Gharbān wa Sharqān) in which numerous documents regarding his life are quoted word-for-word. However, the autobiography has little to say about his private life, so little is known about his family background. Generally known as "Ibn Khaldūn" after a remote ancestor, he was born in Tunis in AD 1332 (732 A.H.) into an upper-class Andalusian family, the Banū Khaldūn. His family, which held many high offices in Andalusia, had emigrated to Tunisia after the fall of Seville to Reconquista forces around the middle of the 13th century. Under the Tunisian Hafsid dynasty some of his family held political office; Ibn Khaldūn's father and grandfather however withdrew from political life and joined a mystical order. His brother, Yahya Ibn Khaldun, was also a historian who wrote a book on the Abdalwadid dynasty, and who was assassinated by a rival for being the official historiographer of the court.

wn.com/Ibn_Khaldun
Iraqi people
The Iraqi people (Arabic: العراقيون ʿIrāqīyūn, Kurdish: گه‌لی عیراق Îraqîyan, Aramaic: ܥܡܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ‎ ʿIrāqāyā) or Mesopotamian people (Arabic: شعب بلاد ما بين النهرين) are the native inhabitants of the country of Iraq, (also known as Mesopotamia), and their related diaspora. From late Assyrian and Babylonian times until the early Islamic era, the Iraqi people spoke Aramaic but also witnessed a minority Arab presence.
Arabic had been a minority language in Iraq since the 8th century BC, it was spoken in Hatra in the 1st and 2nd centuries, and by Iraqi Christians in Al-Hirah from the 3rd century, and from the 8th century following the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia it became the common language of Iraqi Muslims, due to Arabic being the language of the Qur'an and the Caliphate. This change was facilitated by the fact that Arabic being a Semitic language, shared a close resemblance to Iraq's traditional languages of Akkadian and Aramaic. Some of Iraq's Christians and Mandaeans retained dialects of Aramaic, since it remained the liturgical language of their faiths. Kurdish-speaking Iraqis live in the mountainous Zagros region of northeast Iraq to the east of the upper Tigris. The Kurds and Arabs of Mesopotamia have interacted and intermarried for well over a millennium. Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Kurds are very closely related. Arabic and Kurdish are Iraq's national languages.

wn.com/Iraqi_people
Israelites
The Israelites (בני ישראל, Standard: Bnai Yisraʾel; Tiberian: Bnai Yiśrāʾēl; ISO 259-3: Bnai Yiśraˀel) were a Hebrew-speaking people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited the Land of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods (15th to 6th centuries BCE), later evolving into Jews and Samaritans of the classic period, inhabiting Judea and Samaria respectively. In Modern Hebrew usage, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious community, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites.
The word "Israelite" derives from the Biblical Hebrew word "Israel". Although most literary references to Israelites are located in the Hebrew Bible, there is also abundant non-biblical archaeological and historical evidence of ancient Israel and Judah. The ethnonym is attested as early as the 13th century BCE in an Egyptian inscription. The Hebrew Bible etymologizes the name as from yisra "to prevail over" or "to struggle/wrestle with", and el, "God, the divine". The eponymous biblical patriarch of the Israelites is Jacob, who wrestled with God who gave him a blessing and renamed him "Israel" because he had "striven with God and with men, and have prevailed." (Genesis 32:24-32) According to the Hebrew Bible, Israelites were the "chosen people" of God. The name Hebrews is sometimes used synonymously with "Israelites". The Qurʾānic term is for Israelites is Banī Israʾīl (children of Israel).

wn.com/Israelites
Joktan
Joktan or Yoktan (Hebrew: יָקְטָן, Modern Yoqtan Tiberian Yoqṭān Arabic: قحطان‎ ; literally, "little") was the second of the two sons of Eber (Gen. 10:25; 1 Chr. 1:19) mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. His name means "small" or "smallness".
In the Book of Genesis 10:25 it reads: "And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan."
Joktan's sons in the order provided in Gen. 10:26-29, were: Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, Obal, Abimael, Sheba, Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab.
In Pseudo-Philo's account (ca. 70), Joktan was first made prince over the children of Shem, just as Nimrod and Phenech were princes over the children of Ham and Japheth, respectively. In his version, the three princes command all persons to bake bricks for the Tower of Babel, however twelve, including several of Joktan's own sons, as well as Abraham and Lot, refuse the orders. Joktan smuggles them out of Shinar and into the mountains, to the annoyance of the other two princes. The traditional history of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church also maintains that Joktan's sons would take no part in the tower building, and that they were thus allowed to preserve the original Ge'ez language — which their descendants, the Agazyan, carried across the Red Sea into Ethiopia as they mixed with the Cushitic and Agaw people to form the hybrid Habesha race.

wn.com/Joktan
Lebanese people
The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني‎ el shaab el libnene, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃaʕb ellɪbˈneːne]) are a nation and ethnic group of Levantine people originating in what is today the country of Lebanon, including those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state.
The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a rich blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years.
Lebanon does not collect official census data on ethnic background and therefore is difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society, with the last census conducted by the French Mandate government in 1932. The largest concentration or people of Lebanese ancestry is in Brazil having an estimated population of 6 to 7 million. As with their predecessors, the Lebanese have always travelled the world, many of them settling permanently, most notably in the last two centuries.

wn.com/Lebanese_people
Maltese people
The Maltese (Maltese: Maltin) are an ethnic group indigenous to the Southern European nation of Malta, and identified with the Maltese language. Malta is an island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Included within the ethnic group defined by the Maltese people are the Gozitans (Maltese: Għawdxin) who inhabit Malta's sister island, Gozo.
Malta has been inhabited from around 5200 BC, since the arrival of settlers from the island of Sicily. A significant prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures, which date back to c. 3600 BC, existed on the islands, as evidenced by the temples of Mnajdra, Ggantija and others. The Phoenicians colonized Malta from about 1000 BC, bringing their Semitic language and culture. They used the islands as an outpost from which they expanded sea explorations and trade in the Mediterranean until their successors, the Carthaginians, were ousted by the Romans in 216 BC with the help of the Maltese inhabitants, under whom Malta became a municipium.

wn.com/Maltese_people
Marsh Arabs
The Marsh Arabs (Arabic: عرب الأهوار‎ ʻArab al-Ahwār "Arabs of the Marshlands"), also known as the Maʻdān (Arabic: معدان‎), are inhabitants of the Tigris-Euphrates marshlands in the south and east of Iraq and along the Iranian border.
Comprising members of many different tribes and tribal confederations, such as the Āl Bū Muḥammad, Ferayghāt, Shaghanbah and Banī Lām, the Maʻdān had developed a unique culture centred around the marshes' natural resources. Many of the marshes' inhabitants were displaced when the wetlands were drained during and after the 1991 uprisings in Iraq.
Madan means "dweller in the plains (ʻadan)" and was used disparagingly by desert tribes to refer to those inhabiting the Iraqi river basins, and by those who farmed in the river basins to refer to the population of the marshes. There was a considerable historic prejudice against the Maʻdān, partly as they were considered to have Persian or other "mixed" origin and partly due to their practice of temporary marriage.
Some historians and archaeologists provide circumstantial evidence to posit that Iraq's Marsh Arabs share the strongest link to the ancient Sumerians.^{[citation needed]} Although this is to do with their lifestyle and culture, more than any proven ethnic link, the Sumerians disappeared as a race circa 1800 BC, long before Arabs entered the region.

wn.com/Marsh_Arabs
Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.

wn.com/Medes
Mhallami
The Mhallami, or Mhalmites, (Arabic: محلّمى‎, Mḥallamī; Syriac: ܡܚܠܡܝ̈ܐ, Mḥallmāye/Mḥallmoye; Turkish: Mıhellemi) are a Semitic people originating from the Assyrian/Syriac people. They originally spoke Aramaic and were Eastern Rite Christians, but are now primarily speakers of North Mesopotamian Arabic (qiltu variant) and Sunni Muslims of Shafi`i madh'hab.
"A small minority of the Syriacs, around 1%, has converted to Islam, but remain Syriac in culture and language... The flag of the Muslim Syriac minority is a vertical tricolor of violet, yellow and green, bearing a white crescent moon and five-pointed star on the upper hoist."Sir Mark Sykes, in his book 'The Caliph’s Last Heritage', p. 578 says that 'the Mahallemi' became Muslim to be able to eat meat during a Lenten famine. He writes, 'They speak a bastard Arabic, and their women wear red clothes and do not veil. Ibrahim Pasha says they are now a mixed race of Arabs and Kurds. Some families are supposed to be Christians.
Lebanon had a population of 70,000 to 100,000 Mhallami prior to Lebanese Civil War. Their origin and legal status became a particular concern when they started to seek asylum in Western European countries en masse in early 1980s.

wn.com/Mhallami
Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim (Hebrew: מזרחים‎), also referred to as Adot HaMizrach (עֲדוֹת-הַמִּזְרָח) (Communities of the East; Mizrahi Hebrew: ʿAdot(h) Ha(m)Mizraḥ) are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus. The term Mizrahi is used in Israel in the language of politics, media and some social scientists for Jews from mostly Arab-ruled geographies and adjacent, primarily Muslim-majority countries. This includes Jews from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Azerbaijan, Iran/Persia, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kurdish areas, Northern and Eastern Sudan, as well as Ethiopia, and within and nearby Israel. Sometimes, Sephardi Jews such as Jews from Morocco, Algeria, or Turkey are erroneously grouped into the Mizrahi category for some historical reasons.
Despite their heterogeneous origins, Mizrahi Jews generally practice rites identical or similar to traditional Sephardic Judaism, although with some differences among the minhagim of the particular communities. This has resulted in a conflation of terms, particularly in Israel, and in religious usage, where "Sephardi" is used in a broad sense to include Mizrahi Jews as well as Sephardim proper. Indeed, from the point of view of the official Israeli rabbinate, the Mizrahi rabbis in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel who, in most cases, is a Mizrahi Jew. Today they make up more than half of Israel's Jewish population, but before the mass immigration of 1,000,000 mostly Ashkenazi immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s they made up over 70% of Israel's Jewish population.

wn.com/Mizrahi_Jews
Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/; Moabite: 𐤌𐤀𐤁 Mʾb; Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Modern Mo'av Tiberian Môʼāḇ ; "seed of father"; Greek Μωάβ Mōav; Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in Jordan. The land lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. The Moabite capital was Dibon. In Biblical times, the nation was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet (1,300 m) above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south.
It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.

wn.com/Moab
Moors
The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Berber, Black African and Arab descent from Northern Africa, who came to conquer, occupy and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years.^{[citation needed]} At that time they were Muslim, although earlier the people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal.
" Moors" are not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name primarily to Berbers, but also at various times to Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty. Mainstream scholars observed in 1911 that "The term 'Moors' has no real ethnological value."
The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania.^{[citation needed]} The Moors' rule stretched at times as far as modern-day Mauritania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with (and later conquered) parts of Mauretania, a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri.

wn.com/Moors
Nabataeans
The Nabataeans, also Nabateans (Arabic: الأنباط‎ al-ʾAnbāṭ), were ancient peoples of Jordan, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus (AD 37 – c. 100), gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. Their loosely-controlled trading network, which centered on strings of oases that they controlled, where agriculture was intensively practiced in limited areas, and on the routes that linked them, had no securely defined boundaries in the surrounding desert. Trajan conquered the Nabataean kingdom, annexing it to the Roman Empire, where their individual culture, easily identified by their characteristic finely-potted painted ceramics, became dispersed in the general Greco-Roman culture and was eventually lost.

wn.com/Nabataeans
Nizar
Abū Manṣūr Nizār al-Muṣṭafá liDīnillāh (1045-1097, Arabic: أبومنصور نزار المصطفى لدين الله‎) was a Fatimid Caliph and a Nizāri Ismā‘ilī Imām. He was deposed by his brother, Aḥmad al-Musta‘lī but his son, al-Hādī ibn Nizār, escaped to Alamūt and took refuge with believers there, thereby continuing the Imāmate.
The followers of Nizār's descendants constitute the majority of the Ismā‘ilī today, with the smaller Musta‘lī branch accepting his younger brother who overthrew him and the Druze ending the Imāmate before either of them.

wn.com/Nizar
Palestinian people
The Palestinian people, (Arabic: الشعب الفلسطيني‎, ash-sha‘b al-Filasṭīnī) also referred to as Palestinians (Arabic: الفلسطينيون‎, al-Filasṭīniyyūn), are descendants of the peoples who have lived in Palestine over the centuries. Today, Palestinians are largely culturally and linguistically Arab. Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one half of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the area encompassing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Israel. In this combined area, as of 2004, Palestinians constituted 49% of all inhabitants, encompassing the entire population of the Gaza Strip (1.6 million), the majority of the population of the West Bank (approximately 2.3 million versus close to 500,000 Jewish Israeli citizens which includes about 200,000 in East Jerusalem), and 16.5% of the population of Israel proper as Arab citizens of Israel.
Throughout the aforementioned combined area, many are Palestinian refugees or internally displaced Palestinians, including more than a million in the Gaza Strip, three-quarters of a million in the West Bank,, and about a quarter of a million in Israel proper. Of the Palestinian population who live abroad, making up what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, more than half of these are stateless refugees lacking citizenship in any country. About 2.6 million of the diaspora population live in neighboring Jordan where they make up approximately half the population, 1.5 million live between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter of a million in Saudi Arabia, with Chile's half a million representing the largest concentration outside the Arab world.

wn.com/Palestinian_people
Palestinian Peruvian
A Palestinian Peruvian is a Peruvian citizen of Palestinian descent. The phrase may refer to someone born in Peru of Palestinian descent or to someone who has immigrated to Peru from Palestine. An estimated 10,000 Palestinians live in Peru^{[citation needed]} alone, many of these families who arrived after the first Israel wars in 1948-49 had reestablished and bettered themselves in Peru when it comes to socioeconomic status.

wn.com/Palestinian_Peruvian
Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.

wn.com/Phoenicia
Qahtanite
The terms Qahtanite and Qahtani (Arabic: قحطان‎; transliterated: Qahtan or Qaḥṭān or Kahtan) refer to Semitic peoples either originating in, or claiming genealogical descent from the southern extent of the Arabian Peninsula, especially from Yemen.
The rival group to the Qahtan are variously known as Adnan, Ma'add or Nizar.
The Qahtani people are divided into the two sub-groups of Himyar and Kahlan, with the Himyar branch as Himyarites and the Kahlan branch as Kahlanis.
Arab tradition maintains that a semi-legendary ancestral figure named Qahtan and his 24 sons are the progenitors of the southern inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula known as Qahtani.
Early Islamic historians identified Qahtan with the Yoqtan (Joktan) son of Eber of the Hebrew Bible (Gen. 10:25-29).
Among the sons of Qahtan are noteworthy figures like A'zaal (believed by Arabs to have been the original name of Sana'a, although its current name has been attested since the Iron Age) and Hadhramaut. Another son is Ya'rub, and his son Yashjub is the father of 'Abd Shams, who is also called Saba. All Yemeni tribes trace their ancestry back to this "Saba", either through Himyar or Kahlan, his two sons.

wn.com/Qahtanite
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الراشدية‎ al-khilāfat ar-Rāshidīyah), (c. 632-661) comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (Year 10 A.H. in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia in the east. At its greatest extent it was one of the largest empires in history. It is also known as the Patriarchal Caliphate.
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar debated which of them should succeed him in running the affairs of the Muslims while Muhammad's household was busy with his burial. Umar (a Quraish) and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraish soon following suit. Abu Bakr thus became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and embarked on campaigns to propagate Islam. First, though, he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had gone back on their oaths of allegiance to Islam and the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title nor did his three successors do so.

wn.com/Rashidun_Caliphate
Sabaeans
The Sabaeans or Sabeans (Arabic: السبأيون‎ as-Saba’iyūn) were an ancient people speaking an Old South Arabian language who lived in what is today Yemen, in the south west of the Arabian Peninsula.
Some scholars suggest a link between the Sabaeans and the Biblical land of Sheba, and would dismiss any link or confusion with the Sabians.
The ancient Sabaean Kingdom established power in the early 1st millennium BC. In the 1st century BC it was conquered by the Himyarites, but after the disintegration of the first Himyarite empire of the Kings of Saba' and Dhu-Raydan, the Middle Sabaean Kingdom reappeared in the early 2nd century. It was finally conquered by the Himyarites in the late 3rd century. Its capital was Ma'rib. The kingdom was located along the strip of desert called Sayhad by medieval Arab geographers, which is now named Ramlat al-Sab`atayn.
The Sabaean people were South Arabian people. Each of these had regional kingdoms in ancient Yemen, with the Minaeans in the north in Wadi al-Jawf, the Sabeans on the south western tip, stretching from the highlands to the sea, the Qatabanians to the east of them and the Hadramites east of them.

wn.com/Sabaeans
Saracen
Saracen is an historical term for a certain group of people but the meaning changed during its history. In the early centuries AD in Greek and Latin it referred to a people who lived in desert areas in and near the Roman province of Arabia, and who were specifically distinguished from Arabs. In Europe during the Early Middle Ages, the term began to be used to describe Arab tribes. By the 12th century, "Saracen" had become synonymous with "Muslim" in Medieval Latin literature. This expansion of the meaning had begun centuries earlier among the Byzantine Greeks, as evidenced in Byzantine Greek documents from the era of the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate.
Ptolemy's Geography from the second century CE describes Sarakene as a region in the northern Sinai peninsula. Ptolemy also mentions a people called the Sarakenoi living in north-western Arabia (near neighbor to the Sinai).Eusebius of Caesarea references Saracens in his Ecclesiastical history, in which he narrates an account wherein Dionysus, Bishop of Alexandria mentions Saracens in a letter while describing the Roman emperor Decius' persecution: "Many were, in the Arabian mountain, enslaved by the barbarous sarkenoi." The Historia Augusta also refers to an attack by Saraceni on Pescennius Niger's army in Egypt in 193 CE but provides little information on who they might have been.

wn.com/Saracen
Semitic
In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical "Shem", Hebrew: שם‎, translated as "name", Arabic: ساميّ‎) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. This family includes the ancient and modern forms of; Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, Ge'ez, Maltese, Canaanite/Phoenician, Amorite, Eblaite, Ugaritic, Sutean, Chaldean, Mandaic, Old Persian, Ahlamu, Amharic, Tigre and Tigrinya among others.
As language studies are interwoven with cultural studies, the term also came to describe the extended cultures and ethnicities, as well as the history of these varied peoples as associated by close geographic and linguistic distribution.
The term Semite means a member of any of various ancient and modern Semitic-speaking peoples originating in southwestern Asia, including; Akkadians (Assyrians and Babylonians), Eblaites, Ugarites, Canaanites, Phoenicians (including Carthaginians), Hebrews (Israelites, Judeans and Samaritans), Ahlamu, Arameans, Chaldeans, Amorites, Moabites, Edomites, Hyksos, Arabs, Nabateans, Maganites, Shebans, Sutu, Ubarites, Dilmunites, Maltese, Mandaeans, Sabians, Syriacs, Mhallami, Amalekites and Ethiopian Semites. It was proposed at first to refer to the languages related to Hebrew by Ludwig Schlözer, in Eichhorn's "Repertorium", vol. VIII (Leipzig, 1781), p. 161. Through Eichhorn the name then came into general usage (cf. his "Einleitung in das Alte Testament" (Leipzig, 1787), I, p. 45). In his "Geschichte der neuen Sprachenkunde", pt. I (Göttingen, 1807) it had already become a fixed technical term.

wn.com/Semitic
Semitic studies
Semitic studies or Semitology is the academic field dedicated to the studies of Semitic languages and literatures and the history of the Semitic peoples.
It includes Assyriology, Hebraist and Syriacist studies as well as comparative studies of Semitic languages aiming at the reconstruction of Proto-Semitic.

wn.com/Semitic_studies
Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Sfaraddi Tiberian Səp̄āraddî) is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, the term Sephardic Jew refers to the Jews following the Sephardic Halakha.
The term essentially means "Spanish". It comes from Sepharad (Hebrew: סְפָרַד, Modern Sfarád Tiberian Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location. This location is disputed, but "Sepharad" was identified by later Jews as the Iberian Peninsula, and still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.^{[citation needed]}
In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" translates as plural Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Sfaraddim Tiberian Səp̄āraddîm; Spanish: Sefardíes; Portuguese: Sefarditas; Catalan: Sefardites; Basque: Sefardiak; Galician: Sefardís; Italian: Sefarditi; Greek: Σεφαρδίτες Sefardites; Bulgarian: Сефаради Sefaradi; Bosnian: Sefardi; Serbian: Сефарди Sefardi; Turkish: Sefarad, Judaeo-Spanish: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and Arabic: سفارديون‎ Safārdīyyūn‎.

wn.com/Sephardi_Jews
Shem
Shem (Hebrew: שם, Modern Shem Tiberian Šēm ; Greek: Σημ Sēm; Arabic: سام Sām; Ge'ez: ሴም, Sēm; "renown; prosperity; name") was one of the sons of Noah in the Hebrew Bible as well as in Islamic literature. He is most popularly regarded as the eldest son, though some traditions regard him as the second son. Genesis 10:21 refers to relative ages of Shem and his brother Japheth, but with sufficient ambiguity to have yielded different translations. The verse is translated in the KJV as "Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born.". However, the New American Standard Bible gives, "Also to Shem, the father of all the children of Eber, and the older brother of Japheth, children were born."
Genesis 11:10 records that Shem was still 100 years old at the birth of Arpachshad, (but nearly 101 - see Chronology note,) two years after the flood, making him barely 99 at the time the flood began; and that he lived for another 500 years after this, making his age at death 600 years.

wn.com/Shem
Sons of Noah
The Sons of Noah, or Table of nations, is an extensive list of descendants of Noah appearing in Genesis 10 of the Hebrew Bible, representing a traditional ethnology. The significance of Noah in this context is that, according to Genesis, the population of the Earth was completely destroyed during the Flood because of the wickedness of the inhabitants, and Noah and his family were the sole eight survivors to continue the human race. The view of history presented by the Bible is thus that all humans on Earth are descended from Noah's family.
A literal interpretation of Genesis 10 suggests that the present population of the world was descended from Noah's three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their wives. Until the mid-19th century, this was taken by many as historical fact, and still is by many Orthodox Jews, and Christians.^{[citation needed]}
There are disputes about how many of the peoples of the Earth this story was intended to cover, and as to its accuracy. Many Jews and Christians retain the belief that the table applies to the entire population of the earth, while others read it as a guide only to local ethnic groups.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Sons_of_Noah
Syrian people
The Syrian people (Arabic: الشعب السوري‎ / ALA-LC: al-sha‘ab al-Sūrī) are the inhabitants and citizens of Syria and are, overall an indigenous Eastern Mediterranean people. While modern-day Syrians are commonly described as Arabs by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to Arab culture and history, they are, in fact, largely a blend of the various Aramaic speaking groups indigenous to the region who were Arabized when Muslim Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula arrived and settled following the Arab expansion. Syrians are tied together by geography, linguistic heritage, religion, and similar Eastern Mediterranean ethnicities. Most Syrians reside primarily in Syria; however 17 million Syrians live outside of Syria and they stay connected to their cultural roots by watching Syrian satellite television, listening to Syrian music and preparing Syrian cuisine.
Damascus, the capital of Syria, is one of the most continuously inhabited cities in the world (for 8000 years straight, Syrians inhabited Damascus), and a large percentage of Damascenes are the descendents of the early inhabitants of Damascus.

wn.com/Syrian_people
Thamud
The Thamūd (Arabic: ثمود) were a people of ancient Arabia who were known from the 1st millennium BC to near the time of Muhammad. Although they are thought to have originated in southern Arabia, Arabic tradition has them moving north to settle on the slopes of Mount Athlab near Mada'in Saleh. According to the Qur'an, the Thamud were punished and destroyed by a soundwave (rajfa).
Numerous Thamudic rock writings and pictures have been found on Mount Athlab and throughout central Arabia.
The oldest known reference to Thamud is a 715 BC inscription of the Assyrian king Sargon II which mentions them as being among the people of eastern and central Arabia subjugated by the Assyrians.
They are referred to as "Tamudaei" in the writings of Aristo of Chios, Ptolemy, and Pliny.
The Qur'an mentions Thamud in Sura Al-A'raf in the context of several prophets who warned their people of coming judgement. Verse 74 says of Thamud, "Ye build for yourselves palaces and castles in (open) plains, and carve out homes in the mountains". This could refer to the rock-cut tombs of Mada'in Saleh (the Cities of Saleh)

wn.com/Thamud
Tigre people
The Tigre are an ethnic group residing in Eritrea and Sudan. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the Tigray-Tigrinya people of Eritrea and Ethiopia and to the Beja people of Sudan.
The Tigre are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea (Gash-Barka, Anseba and Northern Red Sea regions of Eritrea), as well as areas in eastern Sudan. 99.5% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religion Sunni Islam, but there are a considerable amount of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the Mensaï in Eritrea).
The first Tigre converts to Islam were those who lived on islands in the Red Sea and were converted in the seventh century. Mainland Tigre were not converted to Islam until the nineteenth century.
They suffered persecution from both the Imperial and the Marxist governments of Ethiopia in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, since they were both nomadic and Muslim. The Ethiopian government's efforts to settle the Tigre, combined with the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, resulted in the resettling of tens of thousands of Tigre in Sudan.

wn.com/Tigre_people
Yahir
Yahir Othón Parra, commonly known as Yahir, is a Mexican singer and actor from Hermosillo, Sonora. He began his career as one of the participants in the music reality show La Academia in 2002 and in addition to Yuridia, also from Hermosillo, is one of the most popular stars to come from the show.
His first hit single was a cover of Italian singer Tiziano Ferro's biggest hit in Mexico, "Alucinado", taken from his first album "Yahir" in 2003. His next album, "Otra Historia De Amor" in 2004 produced the hit single "La Locura". In 2005, Yahir decided to make a tribute album to Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos with the entire album being covers of Carlos' hits. This album was titled "No Te Apartes De Mi" (2005) and had a hit single in the title track. In 2006, Yahir recorded his fourth album "Con El Alma Entre Las Manos..." which produced two hit singles: "Maldito Amor" and "El Amor". This was followed by a greatest hits album "Recuerdos" in 2007, and a new studio album "Elemental" in 2009.
Yahir is also a television actor for TV Azteca, having appeared in two telenovelas. Yahir's debut in the telenovela world was through "Enamórate"(2003) opposite Martha Higareda in which he played "Yahir Jimenez" a son of a prominent business man. After "Enamórate" he started in "Soñarás" (You Will Dream) playing "Rey" a charismatic young musician who is a waiter at the bar he plays at after his shift. His co star was Vanessa Acosta. He is also the protagonist of "Bellezas Indomables"

wn.com/Yahir
ʿĀd
ʿĀd (Arabic عاد) was an ancient Arab tribe and a district in South Arabia that was led by 'Ad ibn Kin'ad.
The ʿĀd are thought^{[by whom?]} to have lived in what is now eastern Yemen and western Oman, running from the Arabian Sea up into the Dhofar Mountains and to the edge of the Rub' al Khali. Some speculate that this was the first site of camel domestication.Ubar, located in ʿĀd, was a major transshipment point for ancient frankincense trade.
The ʿĀd tribe settled in an area to the East of the Qahtan tribe and established the Kingdom of ʿĀd in South Arabia sometime between 10th century BC and 3rd century AD. The rulers of ʿĀd included Ad ibn Kin'ad, the first leader of 'Ad, who lived some time between the 23rd and 10th century BC; Aldahn Khuljan, who lived some time in the 4th to 3rd centuries BC; and, according to legend, Shaddad, known to the Himyarites as the last leader of 'Ad, who lived in the 6th to 4th centuries AD.
Claudius Ptolemy's Geographos includes mention of the inhabitants of 'Ad's capital, Ubar.

wn.com/ʿĀd

Arab "Qahtan" dancing style , mixed with michael jackson song

Arab "Qahtan" dancing style , mixed with michael jackson song...

published: 21 Jan 2010

author: joktan77

Gulf Air TVC - Qahtan Al Qahtani, Actor (July 2011)

July 2011 Production House : Talking Pictures Productions, Bahrain...

published: 22 Jul 2011

author: talkingpicturesbh

Qahtan Chthair Goal Vs Thailand (Asian Cup 2000)

Qahtan scores Iraq's first goal in the opening match of the Asian Cup 2000 in Lebanon. Gam...

published: 20 Mar 2007

author: AliAlfarjawi

alllllllll about qahtan

video and photos around...

published: 01 Aug 2011

author: Alkandol Salahi

فالننادي وا حسيناه - باسم الكربلائي و قحطان البديري

Mulla Bassim Al Karbalaei and Mulla Qahtan Al Bdairi recite a eulogy on the tragedies and ...

published: 04 May 2010

author: khadimalhussain

Mulla Qahtan Al Badri

...

published: 07 Jan 2012

author: Mulla Mehdi

qahtan driving over and through the clouds

maountains...

published: 20 Apr 2011

author: Alkandol Salahi

qahtans video album

video clips and photos of my vacation...

published: 23 Apr 2011

author: Alkandol Salahi

Mulla Qahtan Al Badri

...

published: 07 Jan 2012

author: Mulla Mehdi

qahtans trip to bena al askeriah#2

listening to a song about the mother under bena bridge...

published: 10 Apr 2011

author: Alkandol Salahi

qahtan and talal singing

qahtan al-yafeai (front) and (talal) al-shaeebi singing...

published: 16 Aug 2011

author: Alkandol Salahi

Qahtan Albderi 2011 Iraq

Qahtan Albderi ..2011 Iraq...

published: 08 May 2011

author: IraqiaGermany

نعي - قحطان البديري - Mulla Qahtan

Mulla Qahtan Al Budairi recites a eulogy on 3 Jamadi Al Awal 1432 on the anniversary of th...

published: 11 Jun 2011

author: khadimalhussain

Mulla Qahtan

...

published: 26 Feb 2011

author: Mehdi Taheri

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20130103024810/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/qahtan&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

photo: AP / Ng Han Guan

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un attends a ceremony to reopen the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Monday, Dec. 17, 2012.

North Korea's leader calls for peace with South in New Year's speech

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

02 Jan 2013

SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)

photo: AP / Emanuel Ekra

An Ivory Coast troop stands next to the belongings of people involved in a deadly stampede in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, Tuesday, Jan. 1 2013.

Stampede after fireworks kills 61 in Ivory Coast

The Guardian

01 Jan 2013

INZA BAKAYOKO. Associated Press= ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — A crowd stampeded after leaving a New Year's fireworks show early Tuesday in Ivory Coast's commercial center, killing 61 people — many of them youths — and injuring more than 200, rescue workers said. The death toll was expected to rise, the officials said ... Issa Sako of the fire department rescue team.....(size: 8.1Kb)

photo: AP / John MacDougall

German Chancellor Angela Merkel gestures while posing for photographs after recording her annual New Year's speech at the chancellery in Berlin Sunday, Dec. 30, 2012.

Merkel warns Germans of tough economic times ahead

BBC News

31 Dec 2012

Chancellor Angela Merkel has warned that the German economic climate in 2013 will be "even more difficult". In her new year message, she also cautioned that the eurozone debt crisis was far from over. However, she did say that reforms designed to address the roots of the problem were beginning to bear fruit ... In a taped interview to be broadcast later on Monday, Mrs Merkel urged Germans to be more patient ... Voters 'wary' ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)

photo: AP / Felicia Fonseca

File - Ram Herder, 89, is shown on May 22, 2008 in his Sanders, Ariz. home that was provided by the federal government as part of a massive relocation project to move Navajos from land Congress said belonged to the Hopi Tribe.

A New Year's Resolution: An Apology Day?

WorldNews.com

01 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. For good reason Mark Charles, a member of the Navajo Nation, is deeply offended that buried on page 45 of the 2010 Defense Appropriation Act (after pages on the maintenance and operation of the United States Military) is an "official" apology to Native American People ... political leaders and officials find it extremely difficult in expressing remorse for past mistakes ... Escorted by the U.S....(size: 5.6Kb)

photo: AP / Mohammad Sajjad

Pakistani men carry the body of a teacher, who was killed by gunmen, from a hospital for burial in Swabi, Pakistan, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2013.

7 teachers, health workers gunned down in Pakistan

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

02 Jan 2013

ISLAMABAD -- Continuing a militant campaign of violence against aid workers in Pakistan, gunmen Tuesday shot dead seven Pakistani teachers and health workers, six of them women, police officials said. There was no immediate claim of responsibility ... The victims worked for the private Pakistani aid group Support With Working Solution, which works in the health and education sectors ... "One child, aged 7 to 8 years, miraculously survived." ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

THE STORY OF SABA AS NARRATED IN QUR'AN - (IBN KATHIR)

The Siasat Daily

31 Dec 2012

December 31 .. The story of Saba’ is mentioned in the Sura Saba’ (34.15-19). This story illustrates how people can lose all the blessings given to them by Allah when they turn away from Him and take others (the Creator’s creations), for worship. According to scholars of genealogy, among them being Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, the name of Saba’ is `Abd Shams Ibn Yashjub Ibn Ya`rub Ibn Qahtan ... As-Suhaili said ... Imam Ahmed said ... Those in Yemen were....(size: 11.8Kb)

Filipino nurse kidnapped in Yemen released

Sun Star

24 Dec 2012

There was no immediate reaction from the nearest Philippine embassy ... "Security services are carrying out a large-scale search to locate the whereabouts of the kidnapped foreigners," Saba quoted Interior Minister Abdelqader Qahtan as saying as he met a Finnish diplomat Sunday who was dispatched to liaise with the Yemeni authorities for the release of the abducted Finnish nationals ... (PNA/Xinhua) ....(size: 1.9Kb)

Yemen says search on for abducted Finns, Austrian

Khaleej Times

23 Dec 2012

Security services are “carrying out vast search and investigation operations to locate the kidnapped” foreigners, abducted on Friday in Sanaa, official news agency Saba quoted Interior Minister Abdelqader Qahtan as saying as he received an envoy from Finland ... The two men were learning Arabic in Sanaa, while the woman had arrived recently in Yemen ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

Saudi Arabia, Yemen discuss security

The Siasat Daily

18 Dec 2012

Riyadh, December 18 .. The UAE and Yemen have discussed ways to curb organised crimes and enhance security. Saudi Interior Mohammed bin Naif bin Abdulaziz and his Yemeni counterpart Abdul-Qadir Qahtan led the discussions Sunday. --IANS/WAM. Recommend Twitter....(size: 1.6Kb)

Iraq's Sunni VP receives new death sentence

Jakarta Post

04 Nov 2012

It was the third case in which Tariq al-Hashemi was sentenced to death since last spring, when judicial authorities started to try him on terrorism charges ... The court also sentenced his son-in-law, Ahmed Qahtan, to death on similar charges ... All the five bodyguards who testified said they got their orders from Qahtan, who allegedly told them that he was passing al-Hashemi's orders ... All sentences are to be carried out by hanging ...   ....(size: 2.7Kb)

>Iraq's Sunni VP receives new death sentence

Seattle Post

04 Nov 2012

Iraq court hands fugitive Sunni vice-president new death sentence on terror charges

Star Tribune

04 Nov 2012

Iraq court issues fourth death sentence against Hashemi

Middle East Online

04 Nov 2012

Hashemi's son-in-law, Ahmed Qahtan, is also his secretary and is last known to be in Turkey ... In the earlier trial that resulted in his first death sentence, the court heard testimony that silenced pistols were found in raids on his house and that of Qahtan, while bodyguards and other officials said they were offered money or coerced to carry out attacks on his orders ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)

New death sentence for Iraqi VP

The Himalayan

04 Nov 2012

  Resentment among Sunni muslims. Added At. 2012-11-04 9.25 PM. Last Updated At. 2012-11-04 9.25 PM. The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s) ... Close. BAGHDAD ... The court also sentenced his son-in-law, Ahmed Qahtan, to death on similar charges ... All the five bodyguards who testified said they got their orders from Qahtan, who allegedly told them that he was passing al-Hashemi’s orders ... by hanging ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)

Iraqi VP al-Hashemi receives 3rd death sentence

The Washington Times

04 Nov 2012

Follow Us On. Facebook. Follow @washtimes. Question of the Day. Some critics are accusing President Obama and other government officials of praising storm relief efforts too soon. Do you agree?. View results ... The court also sentenced his son-in-law, Ahmed Qahtan, to death on similar charges ... All the five bodyguards who testified said they got their orders from Qahtan, who allegedly told them that he was passing al-Hashemi’s orders....(size: 6.9Kb)

Court hands over Iraq VP fourth death sentence

Khaleej Times

04 Nov 2012

Hashemiâ€™s son-in-law, Ahmed Qahtan, is also his secretary and is last known to be in Turkey . ....(size: 0.9Kb)

Death penalty for ex-Iraqi vice president

Zeenews

01 Nov 2012

... also issued the death penalty in absentia against Hashimi's son-in-law Ahmed Qahtan, Xinhua reported ... Hashimi and Qahtan are believed to be in hiding in Turkey....(size: 0.9Kb)

Iraq court hands fugitive VP second death term in absentia

Middle East Online

01 Nov 2012

"The central criminal court of Iraq issued a death sentence against Tareq al-Hashemi and Ahmed Qahtan, because he (Hashemi) urged his guards to put a bomb on a car belonging to an interior ministry officer," said judicial spokesman Abdelsattar Bayraqdar. He did not give further details. Qahtan, who is last known to have been in Turkey, is Hashemi's secretary and son-in-law ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

The terms Qahtanite and Qahtani (Arabic: قحطان‎; transliterated: Qahtan or Qaḥṭān or Kahtan) refer to Semitic peoples either originating in, or claiming genealogical descent from the southern extent of the Arabian Peninsula, especially from Yemen.^[1]^[2]

The rival group to the Qahtan are variously known as Adnan, Ma'add or Nizar.^[2]

The Qahtani people are divided into the two sub-groups of Himyar and Kahlan, with the Himyar branch as Himyarites and the Kahlan branch as Kahlanis.^[2]

1 Qahtani origins
- 1.1 Early linguistic connection
- 1.2 Ancient Semitic villages
2 Pre-Islamic Qahtani migration out of Arabia
- 2.1 The Ghassanids
3 After Islam
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References

Qahtani origins [link]

Arab tradition maintains that a semi-legendary ancestral figure named Qahtan^[1]^[2] and his 24 sons are the progenitors of the southern inhabitants of the Arabian peninsula known as Qahtani.

Early Islamic historians identified Qahtan with the Yoqtan (Joktan) son of Eber of the Hebrew Bible (Gen. 10:25-29).

Among the sons of Qahtan are noteworthy figures like A'zaal (believed by Arabs to have been the original name of Sana'a, although its current name has been attested since the Iron Age) and Hadhramaut. Another son is Ya'rub, and his son Yashjub is the father of 'Abd Shams, who is also called Saba. All Yemeni tribes trace their ancestry back to this "Saba", either through Himyar or Kahlan, his two sons.

The Qahtani people are divided into the two sub-groups of Himyar and Kahlan, who represent the settled Arabs of the south and their nomadic kinsmen (nomads).^[2] The Kahlan division of Qahtan consists of 4 subgroups: the Ta' or Tayy, the Azd group which invaded Oman, the 'Amila-Judham group of Palestine, and the Hamdan-Madhhij group who mostly remain in Yemen.^[2]

The Kahlan branch includes the following tribes: Aus and Khazraj, Ghassan, Azd, Hamdan, Khath'am, Bajflah, Madhhij, Murad, Zubaid and Nakh', Ash'ar, Lakhm and Kindah.^[3]

Early linguistic connection [link]

The first groups of Semites that moved northward already developed the early Semitic names derived from triliteral and sometimes a quadriliteral verb root that first appeared in early (now extinct) East Semitic languages, especially Akkadian, Assyrian, and Old Babylonian. A closer examination reveals connections with the Central Semitic language family including: Aramiac, Phoenician, Hebrew, and Nabatean, which is closely related to the Southern Semitic languages Minaean, Sabaean, Qatabanian, Awsanian, Hadhramaut, and Himyarite.

Ancient Semitic villages [link]

Biblical and historiographical place names that correspond with modern place names in Yemen and Asir include:

Adeem, Yadoom, Damt (from the verb D/a/m meaning "to last")
Aram, Arm, Yareem, Maryama (from the verb A/r/m meaning "to stand above")
Yafe'e, Mayfa'a, Ayfo'o (from the verb Y/f/a "to grow")
Aden "settled", Yahosn "lost"
Thobhan, Mathbah "slaughtered"
Yomin "south", Yamant "blessed"
Yahir "to destroy"
Yaghshom, Ghashm "to rain"
Yaslih "to fix"
Marbad, Arbad (from the verb R/b/d meaning "to spread")

Pre-Islamic Qahtani migration out of Arabia [link]

Early Semites who developed civilizations throughout the Ancient Near East gradually relinquished their geopolitical superiority to surrounding cultures and neighboring imperial powers, usually due to either internal turmoil or outside conflict. This climaxed with the arrival of the Chaldeans, and subsequently the rivaling Medes and Persians, during the 7th and 6th centuries BCE respectively. Though the Semites lost geopolitical influence, the Aramaic language emerged as the lingua franca of much of the Near East. However, Aramaic usage declined after the defeat of the Persians and the arrival of the Hellenic armies around 330 BCE.

The Ghassanids [link]

The Ghassanids (ca. 250 CE) were the last major non-Islamic Semitic migration northward out of Yemen. They revived the Semitic presence in the then Roman-controlled Syria. They initially settled in the Hauran region, eventually spreading to modern Lebanon, Israel & the Palestinian Territories and Jordan, briefly securing governorship of Syria away from the Nabataeans.

After Islam [link]

Between the 7th and the 14th centuries, the Arabs had forged an empire that extended their rule from Spain and southern France in the west, to western China in the east. During this period of expansionism, the Arabs, including Qahtanite tribes, overspread these lands, intermingling with local native populations while yet maintaining their cultural identity. It is not unlikely to find Arabs of Qahtanite descent as far away as Morocco or Iran, and many can trace their heritage with profound accuracy. Among the most famous examples of Qahtanite Arabs is the social scholar Ibn Khaldun who was born in Tunisia to a family that immigrated from Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus).

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b Qahtan, Britannica Online Encyclopedia, 2009, webpage: .
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h De Lacy O'Leary, Arabia Before Muhammad: Trubner's Oriental Series, 2001, page 18, ISBN, notes "Qahtan are divided into the two sub-groups of Himyar and Kahlan".
^ Jirjī Zaydān, David Samuel Margoliouth, Umayyads and ʻAbbásids: Being the Fourth Part of Jurjí Zaydán, (about Islamic Empire), 1907, p.45.

References [link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009)

John Simpson, Treasures from Ancient Yemen
Qahtan in the Arab History

Semitic topics

Peoples

Politics

Origins

History

Countries

National flags
and coats of arms

Studies

Religions

Organizations

¹ Is a states with limited international recognition

http://wn.com/Qahtanite

http://fr.wn.com/Qahtan

http://pt.wn.com/Catanitas

http://it.wn.com/Qahtan

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahtanite

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For other people named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).

Michael Jackson
Jackson at the White House in 1984
Background information
Birth name	Michael Joseph Jackson^[1]
Also known as	King of Pop, MJ
Born	(1958-08-29)August 29, 1958 Gary, Indiana, U.S.
Died	June 25, 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 50) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genres	R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1964–2009
Labels	Motown, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions
Associated acts	The Jackson 5 Michael Jackson's Signature
Website	www.michaeljackson.com

Michael Joseph Jackson^[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,^[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.^[3] He was also one of the world's most prominent humanitarians and philanthropists; personally, and through his Heal the World Foundation, he donated more than $300 million in charity, and held the Guinness World Record for having supported the most charities out of any pop star.^[4]^[5]

Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.^[6]

1 Life and career
2 Death and memorial
- 2.1 Death aftermath
3 Artistry
4 Legacy and influence
5 Honors and awards
6 Lifetime earnings
7 Discography
8 Filmography
9 Tours
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links

Life and career [link]

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)[link]

A house surrounded by yellow colored grass, flowers, trees, and a light blue colored sky can be seen. The house has white walls, two windows, a white door with a black door frame, and a black roof. In front of the house there is a walk way, yellow grass and multiple colored flowers and memorabilia. In the background, there are two tall trees and a light blue colored sky that has multiple clouds.

Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, showing floral tributes after his death

Jackson (center) as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1972

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,^[7] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.^[8] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.^[9]

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.^[10]^[11]^[12] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.^[12] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.^[10] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.^[13] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.^[14]

In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".^[15]^[16]

In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.^[8] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.^[17]

The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.^[8] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."^[18] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.^[8] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".

The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists... five working-class black boys with afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars."^[19]

The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.^[20]

[edit] Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records^[20] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.^[21] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel", and "Can You Feel It".^[17] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.^[22] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.^[23]

Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".^[24]^[25] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.^[26] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".^[27]^[28] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".^[24] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.^[29] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.^[30] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.^[31]

[edit] Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.^[32]^[33] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide^[34]^[35] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,^[36] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.^[37] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".^[38] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.^[39] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.^[40] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."^[41] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.^[32] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.^[42]^[43]^[44]

Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".^[40] The New York Times wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".^[45]

On March 25th 1983, Michael Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.^[46] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."^[47]

Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)[link]

A black and white image shows a man standing next to a person dressed in a full dog costume. The man on the left has his left arm around the waist of the other person and is smiling.

Jackson with a Knott's Berry Farm Snoopy mascot in April 1984

On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,^[48] from ad agency BBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.^[23] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.^[49] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.

On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.^[50] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.^[51] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]

In the center of the photo four people can be seen. To the farthest left a medium skin colored man wearing a black suit with a white shirt can be seen. Second to the left a Caucasian man wearing a black suit with a white shirt and brown tie has his head turned to the right. To the right of the Caucasian male there is an African American man wearing a white shirt with a blue jacket that has a yellow strap across his chest. He is raising his right hand, which is covered with a white glove. To the farthest right, a Caucasian female with short blonde hair, who is wearing a white outfit, can be seen. In the background a cream colored building with an opened green door can be seen.

Jackson at the White House South Portico with President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan, 1984

In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by Robert Holmes à Court.^[56] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.^[57] In 1981,^[58] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).^[57]^[59] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.^[57]^[59] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.^[58]^[59]

According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."^[60] Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey".^[57]^[58] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.^[56] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.^[56] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.^[56]

In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.^[56] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.^[56] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.^[56]^[60] Jackson's purchase of ATV Music was finalized August 10, 1985.^[56]

[edit] Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)

File:Michael Jackson King of Pop 1988.jpg

Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the disease

Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might be bleaching his skin.^[61] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.^[62] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.^[63] By the mid 1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.^[64] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.^[65] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".^[65] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.^[66]

During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.^[67]

Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.^[68]^[69] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.^[70] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.^[68]^[69] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.^[69]^[71]^[72] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.^[73] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:

Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."^[74]

A black jacket with five round golden medals on its left and right shoulders and a gold band on its left arm sleeve. The jacket has two belt straps on the right bottom sleeve. Underneath the jacket is a golden belt, with a round ornament in its center. There is a red light reflecting on the jacket and belt as well as a gold colored plate on the left side of the jacket and belt.

Jackson wore a gold-plated military style jacket with belt in the Bad era

Jackson collaborated with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.^[75] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.^[76]

In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.^[77] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.^[78] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its own right.

The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.^[79] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story. As of 2012, the album sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.^[32]^[39] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.^[91]

Front view: Jackson wearing the costume on a June 2, 1988 performance in Vienna, Austria

The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.^[92] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.^[93] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.

In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.^[94] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.^[95] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.^[65] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.^[65] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.^[96] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.^[97]

In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km²) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.^[18]^[98] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.^[99] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.^[97]

His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".^[100]^[101]^[102]^[103] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."^[104] President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".^[105] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.^[106]^[107] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.^[97]

[edit] Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)

In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,^[108] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.^[109] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.^[110]^[111]^[112] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.^[113] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.^[114] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.^[115] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.^[116] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.^[114]

Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.^[114]^[117] He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.^[118]

Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.^[119]^[120] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.^[121] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."^[121] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.^[121] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.^[121]

In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.^[61] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.^[114] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.^[32]^[39]^[122]

First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)[link]

Main article: 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson

Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.^[16]^[61]^[114]

In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.^[123]^[124]^[125] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.^[126] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.^[125] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.^[125]

Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.^[127] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,^[128] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.^[129] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.^[130]^[131] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.^[123]^[127]^[132] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.^[133] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.^[134]^[135]^[136] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.^[137] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".^[138] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.^[135]

In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.^[139] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."^[140] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.^[141] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."^[142] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.^[141]

Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"^[141] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.^[143] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".^[144] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.^[143] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.^[145] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.^[146]

[edit] HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)

In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.^[147]^[148] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.^[149] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.^[113]^[150] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.^[151]

A close-up image of a pale skinned man with black hair. He is wearing a black jacket with white designs on it.

Michael Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival

The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".^[151] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.^[99] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".^[151] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.^[152] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.^[151] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.^[153] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.^[32]^[154]

The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.^[92] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.^[155] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.^[145]^[156] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.^[157]^[158]

Jackson at Perth Airport in 1996

In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.^[159] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.^[159]^[160] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.^[110]^[151] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.^[98] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.^[161] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.^[162]

[edit] Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)

At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.^[163] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.^[160] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.^[164] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.^[160] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.^[160] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.

In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.^[165] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.^[166] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.^[164] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which debuted in November 2001.

In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.^[110]^[113]^[167] However, the sales for Invincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.^[164] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.^[168] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.^[164] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".^[169] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.^[168]

In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.^[170] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.^[171] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm.^[157] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".^[172] Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.^[110]^[173]

Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)[link]

Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson

Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.

In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.^[174] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.^[174] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.^[175]^[176]^[177] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.^[178] Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011.^[179]

[edit] Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)

A group of adults and a child are shown in the photo. An African American female with short brown hair who is wearing a jean jacket and a light wash pair of jeans with a red shirt is seen holding a video camera, which is pointing forward. To the right of the female there is an opened black umbrella that is held above a light-skinned male with long black hair who is wearing all black clothes. In front of the male there is a child with black hair that is wearing a black cap with a blue shirt, a pair of white pants and black shoes. To the farthest right there are two Caucasian males with dark brown hair. In the background, trees, bushes and people can be seen.

Jackson with his children in Disneyland Paris, 2006

In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.^[180] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.^[181] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).^[148] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.^[182] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.

In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.^[183]^[184] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.^[158] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.^[184]^[185]

In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.^[113] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.^[113]^[186] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."^[187] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.^[188] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon and RedOne.^[189]^[190] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."^[191]

In September 2007, Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.^[192] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.^[193] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.^[193]^[194]^[195]^[196] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.^[197] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)^[198]^[199]

In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.^[200]^[201]^[202] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.^[203] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.^[204]

In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O₂ Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.^[205] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.^[206] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.^[207] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.^[208] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.^[209]^[210]

Jackson's first posthumous single was a song titled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.^[211] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.^[212] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.^[213] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled "Planet Earth".^[214] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.^[215]^[216]

Death and memorial [link]

Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service

File:MJ's tomb.jpg

Michael Jackson's Tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale

On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.^[217] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.^[218]^[219] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.^[220] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).^[221]^[222] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.^[217]

The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.^[223] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under DDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (22:15 UTC).^[224] The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.^[225] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."^[226]

Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,^[227]^[228] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.^[228] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.^[227]^[229] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.^[230] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.^[231] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.^[232] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.^[233] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.^[234] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.^[235]

Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,^[236]^[237] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.^[238]

Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.^[239] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."^[240] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."^[166] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.^[241] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.^[242]^[243] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.^[244] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.^[245] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.^[246] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.^[247]

Portrait tribute, other tribute items, mural and messages from 650 Spanish fans, letters, pictures, teddy bears, etc.), sunflowers and other kind of flowers were dropped off by fans from all over the world at Forest Lawn Memorial Park on the first anniversary of Michael Jackson.

Tribute of fans from all over the world in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park on his first anniversary of death

On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.^[248]^[249] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".^[250]^[251] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.^[252]^[253] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".^[254]^[255]^[256]

Death aftermath [link]

After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. In the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of 35 million albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.^[257]^[258] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.^[259] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, titled "Breaking News".^[260] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.^[259]^[261] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game titled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.^[262]

On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.^[263] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.^[264] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King^[265] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."^[266] On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.^[267]

In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.^[268] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.^[269] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.^[270]

Artistry [link]

Influences [link]

A silver colored statue of a male. The statue is placed standing up with its arms bent inward and both legs spaced apart. The statue's clothes have wrinkles and it is wearing heeled shoes. In the background, a tree and a light blue sky with multiple clouds can be seen.

One of many identical statues, positioned throughout Europe to promote HIStory

Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.^[271] According to David Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.^[272]^[273]^[274] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,^[275]^[276] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."^[277]

The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."^[278] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.^[279]

Musical themes and genres [link]

Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.^[280] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.^[281] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.^[18]^[282]^[283]

According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.^[281] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the post-disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".^[281]^[282]^[283]^[284]^[285] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.^[285] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".^[283] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.^[281] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.^[285] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.^[18]^[281] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.^[281] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.^[281]

"Thriller"

noicon

One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.^[22]

"Smooth Criminal"

noicon

A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.^[286]

"Black or White"

noicon

The lead single from Dangerous, the danceable hard rock song "Black or White" was one of Jackson's most successful recordings.^[287]^[288]^[289] It contains many features of Jackson's vocal style, including the vocal hiccup he is known for.

Problems listening to these files? See media help.

In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".^[290] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.^[78] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.^[78] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.^[291] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".^[291] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".^[292] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.^[292] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".^[292] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.^[292] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.^[292] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.^[293]

HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.^[294] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.^[295] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.^[294]^[295] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".^[296] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.^[281] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".^[297]^[298]

Vocal style [link]

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.^[299] His vocal range as an adult was F2-E♭6. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album.^[300] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.^[20] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".^[301]^[302] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".^[285]

A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.^[303] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".^[292] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.^[292] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".^[304] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".^[286]

Music videos and choreography [link]

Jackson has also been referred to as the King of Music Videos,^[305] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.^[281] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.^[306] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.^[307] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.^[308] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.^[309]^[307] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.^[310] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.^[311] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.^[312] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.^[99]

File:Mjthriller.jpg

Michael Jackson's revolutionary music video Thriller gained worldwide attention from TV networks such as MTV and VH1

In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.^[71]^[313] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.^[314] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards;^[315] the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.^[97]

He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.^[114] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.^[113] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.^[316] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.^[317]

"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.^[318] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.^[114]

The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".^[319] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.^[320] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.^[151]^[321]

"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.^[151]^[322] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.^[151]^[160]^[323]^[324]

Legacy and influence [link]

A pink star with a gold colored rim and the writing "Michael Jackson" in its center. The star is indented into the ground and is surrounded by a marble colored floor.

Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, set in 1984

Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".^[239] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.^[153] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,^[325] Jennifer Lopez,^[326] Beyoncé,^[327] Mariah Carey,^[328] Mýa,^[329] Usher,^[330] Adam Lambert,^[331] Green Day,^[332] Justin Timberlake,^[333] Britney Spears,^[334] Madonna,^[335] Alien Ant Farm^[164] and Ludacris, among others.^[336]

Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".^[281] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".^[40] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.^[97] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."^[337]

Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.^[338] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.^[339] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".^[340]^[341]^[342]

In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.^[343]^[344] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".^[345] The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.^[346] One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".^[343]

Honors and awards [link]

Thriller platinum record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe, Hollywood in Universal City, California

Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.^[165]^[347] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.^[165]^[348] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.^[349] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),^[350] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era^[351]—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo pop artist.^[32]^[99]^[113]^[163]^[215]^[216]^[352]^[353]^[354]^[355]^[356] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It."^[357] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund^[358] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.^[359]

Lifetime earnings [link]

His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at US$500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.^[98]^[360] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.^[361] Billboard has estimated that Jackson has generated at least $1 billion in revenue in the year following his death.^[362]

Discography [link]

Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles discography, and Michael Jackson videography

Filmography [link]

Main article: Michael Jackson videography

Year	Film	Role	Director
1978	The Wiz^[363]	Scarecrow	Lumet, SidneySidney Lumet
1986	Captain EO^[364]	Captain EO	Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola
1988	Moonwalker^[365]	Himself	Kramer, JerryJerry Kramer
1997	Michael Jackson's Ghosts^[366]	Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton	Winston, StanStan Winston
2002	Men in Black II^[367]	Agent M (cameo)	Sonnenfeld, BarryBarry Sonnenfeld
2004	Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls^[368]	Agent MJ (cameo)	Stoller, Bryan MichaelBryan Michael Stoller
2009	Michael Jackson's This Is It^[369]	Himself	Ortega, KennyKenny Ortega

Tours [link]

Main article: List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5

Bad World Tour (1987–89)
Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)

References [link]

^ ^a ^b County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. (2009). Michael Jackson death certificate.
^ "Biography for Michael Jackson". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001391/bio. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
^ Lewis, Monica (June 14, 2007). "20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/AP/story/139458.html?storylink=mirelated&referer=www.clickfind.com.au. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
^ "Humanitarian: Guinness Book Of Records Names Michael "Most Support Charities"". CNN. June 30, 2009. http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-288836. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
^ "Michael Jackson’s Charity Work". The Gholston Post. July 9, 2009. http://simmerdown3.wordpress.com/2009/07/09/michael-jacksons-charity-work/. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
^ By Daniel Kreps (March 16, 2010). "Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Strike Massive 250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop's Music | Music News". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-estate-sony-strike-massive-250-million-deal-to-release-king-of-pops-music-20100316. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
^ Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. p. 26. ISBN 0-307-71698-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d George, p. 20
^ Taraborrelli, p. 14
^ ^a ^b Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood, VH1, June 20, 2008.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 20–22
^ ^a ^b Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?, BBC, June 27, 2009.
^ Jackson interview seen by 14m, BBC News, (February 4, 2003)
^ Daniel Schechter, Erica Willheim (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In Charles H. Zeanah (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health—3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197–214.
^ Taraborrelli, p. 602
^ ^a ^b Lewis, pp. 165–168
^ ^a ^b The Jackson Five, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, accessed May 29, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Michael Jackson: Biography, Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
^ Alban, Debra (June 28, 2009). "Michael Jackson Broke Down Racial Barriers". Black in America 2 (CNN). http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/28/michael.jackson.black.community/. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c George, p. 22
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 138–144
^ ^a ^b George, p. 23
^ ^a ^b Taraborrelli, pp. 205–210
^ ^a ^b George, pp. 37–38
^ "Michael Jackson is born — History.com This Day in History — 8/29/1958". The History Channel. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/michael-jackson-is-born. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
^ Michael Jackson: Off the Wall, Virgin Media. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
^ "Donna Summer and Michael Jackson sweep Annual American Music Awards". Lakeland Ledger. (January 20, 1980). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=wYEsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776,1201107&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ "Donna No. 1, Pop and Soul; Michael Jackson King of Soul". The Afro American. (February 2, 1980). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=EaMkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Zf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3100,419518&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ "Few Surprises In Music Awards". Sarasota Herald. (February 1, 1981). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=sPIcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3GcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6226,95260&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ Taraborrelli, p. 188
^ Taraborrelli, p. 191
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grammy Awards Past Winners Search, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
^ "Michael Jackson sweeps American Music Awards". Daily News. (January 17, 1984). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=eQUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E0gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5127,2841948&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ "MICHAEL HE'S NOT JUST THE ROCK STAR OF THE YEAR, HE'S THE ROCK STAR OF THE '80S". Philadelphia Inquirer. (December 20, 1983). http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB296D5B072064E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ "Cash register's ring sweet music to record industry". Gasden Times. (March 26, 1984). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d9EfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cdYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1419,4981079&dq=best+selling+album+1983+worldwide&hl=en. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ RIAA Diamond Awards, Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
^ "Michael Jackson Photo Gallery 迈克•杰克逊影集". BBC China. http://www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish/specials/1430_jackson_photo/page7.shtml. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
^ Lewis, p. 47
^ ^a ^b ^c Grammy Awards Past Winners Search, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cocks, Jay (March 19, 1984). "Why He's a Thriller". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950053-1,00.html. Retrieved April, 25 2010.
^ Taraborrelli, p. 226
^ "Michael Jackson". CNN. December 30, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/30/national.film.registry/index.html. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ Alex Dobuzinskis (December 30, 2009). "Jackson "Thriller" film picked for U.S. registry". Reuters (Thomas Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/12/30/us-thriller-idUSTRE5BT43W20091230?type=musicNews. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ Dave Itzkoff (December 30, 2009). "'Thriller' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/arts/music/31arts-THRILLERVIDE_BRF.html. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
^ Pareles, John. Michael Jackson at 25: A Musical Phenomenon, The New York Times, January 14, 1984.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 238–41
^ Kisselgoff, Anna. Dancing feet of Michael Jackson, The New York Times, March 6, 1988.
^ Story, Louise (December 31, 2007). "Philip B. Dusenberry, 71, Adman, Dies". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/media/31dusenberry.html. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 279–287
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 304–307
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 315–320
^ Grammy Awards Past Winners Search, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
^ "Bruce shows who's Boss". The Montreal Gazette. (January 28, 1986). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=MRgiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7aUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1658,3425033&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ Lisa D. Campbell (1993). Michael Jackson: the King of Pop. Branden Books. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7. http://books.google.com/?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=Michael+Jackson+won+American+Music+Awards+Appreciation&q=Michael%20Jackson%20won%20American%20Music%20Awards%20Appreciation. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 340–344
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hilburn, Robert (September 22, 1985). "The long and winding road". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-hilburn-michael-jackson-sep22,0,540678,full.story.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Doyle, Jack (July 7, 2009). "Michael & McCartney, 1990s–2009". The Pop History Dig. http://www.pophistorydig.com/?p=2517.
^ ^a ^b ^c Taraborrelli, pp. 333–338
^ ^a ^b ^c "Paul McCartney refused an offer to buy the ATV Catalog for £20 million". Audio & transcript of McCartney at a 1990 press conference. November 13, 2010. http://mjjinfo.blogspot.com/2010/11/paul-mccartney-refused-to-buy-atv.html.
^ ^a ^b "Michael Jackson 1958–2009". Today Tonight. 2009-06-25. Coverage of the sale of ATV Music at 2:36 minutes in. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3htpIVyUtec. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436
^ "Michael Jackson case report". TMZ.com. http://tmz.vo.llnwd.net/o28/newsdesk/tmz_documents/0208_mj_case_report_wm.pdf. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ Surgeon: Michael Jackson A 'Nasal Cripple', ABC News, February 8, 2003.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Jackson, pp. 229–230
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313
^ "Michael Jackson Secret Boyfriend Claims Draw Fury". National Ledger. May 8, 2010. http://www.nationalledger.com/pop-culture-news/michael-jackson-secret-boyfrie-227202.shtml. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Taraborrelli, pp. 355–361
^ ^a ^b ^c "Music's misunderstood superstar". BBC. June 13, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4584367.stm. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
^ Goldberg, 1Michael; Handelman, David (September 24, 1987). "Is Michael Jackson for Real?". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC).
^ ^a ^b Taraborrelli, pp. 370–373
^ "Newswatch Magazine – The Man, His Weird Ways". Newswatchngr.com. July 5, 2009. http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1080&Itemid=1. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
^ Jackson, Michael (September 12, 1997). Interview with Barbara Walters. 20/20. ABC.
^ Taraborrelli, p. vii
^ George, p. 41
^ "Captain EO is Back to Change the World – Movies News at IGN". Movies.ign.com. February 23, 2010. http://movies.ign.com/articles/107/1071393p1.html?RSSwhen2010-02-23_111800&RSSid=1071393. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
^ Ebony, Vol. 42, No. 11, September 1987, and Vol. 45, No. 12, October 1990.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cocks, Jay. The Badder They Come, Time, September 14, 1987.
^ Leopold, Todd (June 6, 2005). "Michael Jackson: A life in the spotlight". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/30/jackson.life/. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
^ "Michael Jackson Bad album set for re-release". Telegraphy. 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/8879265/Michael-Jackson-Bad-album-set-for-re-release.html. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ "50 fastest selling albums ever". NME.com. 2011. http://www.nme.com/photos/50-fastest-selling-albums-ever/213617/40/1. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ Gil Kaufman (2010). "Michael Jackson's New Album Cover Decoded Painting is packed with iconic MJ images". mtv.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1651633/michael-jacksons-new-album-cover-decoded.jhtml. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ Piya Sinha-Roy (2012). "Michael Jackson is still "Bad," 25 years after". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/21/entertainment-us-michaeljackson-bad-idUSBRE84K0Z120120521. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
^ Piya Sinha-Roy (2012). "Michael Jackson is still "Bad", 25 years after album". Chicagotribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-22/entertainment/sns-rt-us-michaeljackson-bad25bre84l17s-20120522_1_conrad-murray-dirty-diana-grammy-winning-album. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
^ "25th Anniversary Of Michael Jackson’s Landmark Album Bad Celebrated With September 18 Release Of New Bad 25 Packages". Yahoo. 2012. http://news.yahoo.com/25th-anniversary-michael-jackson-landmark-album-bad-celebrated-140242006.html. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ contactmusic (2012). "Michael Jackson - Michael Jackson's Bad To Get 25Th Anniversary Release". contactmusic. http://www.contactmusic.com/news/michael-jacksons-bad-to-get-25th-anniversary-release_1330641. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ "Michael, Travis top Music Award winners". Lodi News-Sentinel. (January 30, 1989). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ "American Music Awards Monday". The Modesto Bee. (January 27, 1989). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mfIqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=39cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3513,3619658&dq=michael+jackson+american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
^ Lisa D. Campbell (1993). Michael Jackson: the King of Pop. Branden Books. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-8283-1957-7. http://books.google.com/?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA251&dq=Michael+Jackson+Moonwalker+251&q=Michael%20Jackson%20Moonwalker%20251. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ "JACKSON TOUR ON ITS WAY TO U.S.". San Josè Mercury News. (January 12, 1988). http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ "Winners of American Music Awards". Lodi News-Sentinel. (January 26, 1988). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=pqxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4496,2784310&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Lewis, pp. 95–96
^ Harrington, Richard.Jackson to Make First Solo U.S. Tour, The Washington Post, January 12, 1988.
^ Shanahan, Mark and Golstein, Meredith (June 27, 2009). "Remembering Michael". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/06/27/writer_stephen_davis_remembers_michael_jackson. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
^ Jackson, pp. 29–31
^ George, p. 42
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e George, pp. 43–44
^ ^a ^b ^c Gunderson,, Edna (February 19, 2007). "For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc). http://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-11-24-jackson-finances_x.htm. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Jackson receives his World Records". Yahoo!. (November 14, 2006). http://uk.news.launch.yahoo.com/dyna/article.html?a=/14112006/344/jackson-receives-world-records.html&e=l_news_dm. Retrieved November 16, 2006. ^{[dead link]}
^ Press references to Jackson as a music "king" appeared as early as 1984 after he swept the Grammy Awards, and "king of pop" appeared as early as 1987. MTV and Fox used the title in joint press releases and ads for the "Black or White" video at Jackson's request, but MTV denied a report that VJs were required to use it on-camera. Writers described the title as self-proclaimed from then on.
^ Arar, Yardena (February 29, 1984). "Michael Jackson coronated latest king of rock 'n' roll". Boca Raton News: p. 7A.
^ Staff writer (July 27, 1987). "Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?". Sacramento Bee: p. B3.
^ Browne, David (November 29, 1991). "Michael Jackson's Black or White Blues". Entertainment Weekly.
^ Campbell (1993) pp. 260–263
^ Remarks on the Upcoming Summit With President Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, April 5, 1990.
^ "Blacks who give back'". Ebony. March 1990. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v45/ai_8540117. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
^ Taraborrelli, p. 382
^ "Michael Jackson's Life & Legacy: The Eccentric King Of Pop (1986–1999) – News Story | Music, Celebrity, Artist News | MTV News". Mtv.com. July 6, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/20090702/jackson_michael.jhtml. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
^ Gray, Chris; Shah, Saeed (October 3, 2002). "Robbie swings historic record deal with EMI". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-613061.html. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Gold and Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Michael%20Jackson&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=100. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
^ "Michael Jackson sulla sedia a rotelle". Affari Italiani. August 11, 2008. http://www.affaritaliani.it/entertainment/micheal-jackson110708.html. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
^ Carter, Kelley L. (August 10, 2008). "New jack swing". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-10/news/0808080318_1_new-edition-new-jack-city-swing. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "The return of the King of Pop". MSNBC. (November 2, 2006). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15529981/. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g George, pp. 45–46
^ "Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards". Allegheny Times. December 10, 1992. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493&dq=best+selling+album+1992+worldwide&hl=en. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
^ Taraborrelli, p. 459
^ Harrington, Richard (February 5, 1992). "Jackson to Tour Overseas". The Washington Post.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 452–454
^ "Stars line up for Clinton celebration". Daily News of Los Angeles. (January 19, 1993).
^ Smith, Patricia (January 20, 1992). "Facing the music and the masses at the presidential gala". The Boston Globe.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Johnson, Robert (May 1992). "Michael Jackson: crowned in Africa". Ebony. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n7_v47/ai_12288831. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ "Cyrus, Bolton please the fans". Toledo Blade. (January 27, 1993). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=mBIVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,6756235&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "1993: Michael Jackson accused of child abuse". BBC. (February 8, 2003). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24/newsid_2512000/2512077.stm. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 485–486
^ ^a ^b ^c Taraborrelli, pp. 477–478
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 496–498
^ ^a ^b Taraborrelli, pp. 534–540
^ "Michael Jackson Never Recovered from 1993 Police Strip Search". Blogspot.com. July 2, 2009. http://wendyista.blogspot.com/2009/07/michael-jackson-never-recovered-from.html.
^ "Autopsy of Jackson, Michael Joseph" (PDF). http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2010/images/02/09/mj_autopsy.pdf.
^ "Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 1994" (PDF). http://site2.mjeol.com/pdf/important-article/photos-may-contradict-michael-s-accuser-1994.pdf. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ "Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 1994". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. January 28, 1994. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55226686.html?did=55226686&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&desc=Photos+may+contradict+Michael%27s+accuser1. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Campbell (1995), pp. 47–50
^ "Jackson Grand Jury Disbanded – 1994. May 2, 1994" (PDF). http://site2.mjeol.com/pdf/important-article/jackson-grand-jury-disbanded-1994.pdf. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^ "STATEMENT OF DECLINATION ISSUED JOINTLY BY THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICES OF LOS ANGELES AND SANTA BARABARA COUNTIES. September 21, 1994". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051225151006/http://atgbook.net/abcfinal.html. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Attorneys for Michael Jackson (March 22, 2005). "Objection to Subpoena of Settlement Document". Superior Court of California. http://www.sbscpublicaccess.org/docs/ctdocs/032205mjmemospprtobj.pdf.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 540–545
^ "Michael Jackson's Big Payoff. Agreed to pay $15 million to settle boy's 1993 sex abuse claim. The Smoking Gun, June 16". Thesmokinggun.com. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0616041jacko5.html. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ "Grand Jury to convene in Jackson Case Law: Sources close to the investigation say a panel in Santa Barbara will hear testimony next week about alleged molestation of boy. February 5, 1994|Jim Newton, Times Staff Writer". latimes.com. February 5, 1994. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-05/local/me-19273_1_santa-barbara/2. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 500–507
^ Gliatto, Tom (August 15, 1994). "Neverland Meets Graceland". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20103653,00.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c Taraborrelli, pp. 518–520
^ Taraborrelli, p. 510
^ ^a ^b "She's Out Of His Life". CNN. (January 18, 1996). http://www.cnn.com/US/9601/jacko_presley/. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 562–564
^ ^a ^b Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581
^ Lisa Marie Presley Opens Up About Michael Jackson. Oprah.com. October 21, 2010.
^ Michael Jackson sells Beatles songs to Sony, The New York Times, November 8, 1995.
^ ^a ^b Leeds, Jeff (April 13, 2006). "Michael Jackson Bailout Said to Be Close". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/business/media/13music.html?ex=1302580800&en=45bff2f7a4da68fe&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ "Top 100 Albums (Page 2)". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=tblTop100&action=. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
^ Putti, Laura (August 24, 2001). "Il nuovo Michael Jackson fa un tuffo nel passato". La Repubblica. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/08/24/il-nuovo-michael-jackson-fa-un-tuffo.html. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h George, pp. 48–50
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 576–577
^ ^a ^b "ADL happy with Michael Jackson decision". Anti-Defamation League. (June 22, 1995). http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/2471_12.asp. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
^ "Brooks turns down award for favorite artist of the year". Rome News-Tribune. (January 30, 1996). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=LWUwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YzMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5552,8128572&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 570–586
^ Taraborrelli, p. 597
^ ^a ^b Taraborrelli, pp. 599–600
^ ^a ^b "Jackson child custody battle ends". BBC News (BBC Online). September 30, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5394792.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. ISBN 0-7456-3683-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Taraborrelli, pp. 610–612
^ "Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit". VH1. (May 5, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
^ "Slash, Scorpions, Others Scheduled For 'Michael Jackson & Friends'". VH1. (May 27, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1429785/19990527/guns_n_roses.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards". MTV. (January 18, 2000). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/20000118/backstreet_boys.jhtml. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Taraborrelli, pp. 614–617
^ ^a ^b ^c George, pp. 50–53
^ ^a ^b Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service, The Guardian, July 7, 2009.
^ Conniff, Tamara (August 30, 2009). "We Killed Michael Jackson". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/we-killed-michael-jackson_b_272174.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Burkeman, Oliver (July 8, 2002). "Jacko gets tough: but is he a race crusader or just a falling star?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jul/08/oliverburkeman. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ Jackson, Jermaine ((December 31, 2002)). Interview with Connie Chung. "Interview with Jermaine Jackson". CNN. Connie Chung Tonight. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/31/cct.00.html. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
^ "Keys, Destiny's Child, McGraw win at American Music Awards". Lodi-News Sentinel. (January 10, 2002). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=5669,889435&dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ "Michael Jackson". Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/topics/michael-jackson/. Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Vineyard, Jennifer (November 20, 2002). "Michael Jackson Calls Baby-Dangling Incident A 'Terrible Mistake'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458799/20021120/jackson_michael.jhtml. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
^ "BPI Searchable database—Gold and Platinum". British Phonographic Industry.
^ ^a ^b Taraborrelli, p. 640
^ Taraborrelli, p. 661
^ Davis, Matthew (June 6, 2005). "Michael Jackson health concerns". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4612897.stm. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
^ "Michael Jackson jury reaches verdict". The Guardian. Associated Press (London). June 13, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/jackson/story/0,15819,1505806,00.html. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
^ Toumi, Habib (January 23, 2006). "Jackson settles down to his new life in the Persian Gulf". Gulf News. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/01/23/10013403.html. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
^ "Jermaine Jackson reveals escape plan for Michael". Associated Press. September 10, 2011. http://hosted2.ap.org/PAPRI/a6ce7ad62f4a4c5c8250b21416094092/Article_2011-09-10-EU-Britain-Michael-Jackson/id-e252a4862bc04271938b75a1ab78bac5. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ McNamara, Melissa (March 17, 2006). "Jackson Closes Neverland House". CBS News. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/people/main1414450.shtml. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ Ackman, Dan (June 14, 2005). "Really Odd Facts About Michael Jackson". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2005/06/14/jackson-celebrity-trial-cx_da_0614topnews.html. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ "Jackson strikes deal over loans". BBC News (BBC Online). April 14, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4909412.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ "Michael Jackson Sails With Two Seas". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345673#/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345673. Retrieved April, 25, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Jackson parts with Bahrain label". BBC News (BBC Online). September 26, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5380654.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ Friedman, Roger (October 21, 2006). "Who's Funding Jackson's Retreat to Irish Recording Studio?". FOX News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,222797,00.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
^ "2006 World Music Awards". Chiff. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080204051554/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
^ Reid, Shaheem. James Brown Saluted By Michael Jackson at Public Funeral Service, MTV, December 30, 2006.
^ "Michael Jackson buys rights to Eminem tunes and more,". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC). May 31, 2007.
^ Wardrop, Murray (June 27, 2009). "Michael Jackson: the unreleased album". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5656918/Michael-Jackson-the-unreleased-album.html. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
^ "Interview With RedOne". HitQuarters. March 23, 2009. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_RedOne_Interview.html. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
^ Talmadge, Eric. Michael Jackson 'wouldn't change anything', Associated Press, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
^ "Will.i.am On Working With Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC). September 24, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Zona Musical" (in Spanish). zm.nu. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080329232427/http://zm.nu/detalle.php?base=zmnews&lay=cgi&form=detalle&tok4=notici&tok5=Noticias&id=17840. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
^ "Thriller the best selling album of all time". digitalproducer. (February 20, 2008). http://digitalproducer.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=312105&afterinter=true. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^ "Michael Jackson Thriller 25". ultratop.be. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Thriller+25&cat=a. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^ Friedman, Roger (May 16, 2008). "Jacko: Neverland East in Upstate New York". Fox News Channel. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,356282,00.html#3. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
^ "Choose The Tracks On Michael Jackson's 50th Birthday Album!". Sony BMG. (June 20, 2008). http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do;.tomcat2?newsId=20030829005656. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
^ "Michael Jackson—King of Pop". acharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/37399. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
^ "King of Pop". www.ultratop.be. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?search=king+of+pop&cat=a. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
^ "Neverland peters out for pop's Peter Pan". The Sydney Morning Herald. (November 13, 2008). http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/people/neverland-peters-out-for-pops-peter-pan/2008/11/13/1226318822205.html. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
^ "Jacko gives up Neverland ranch deed". Press Association. (November 16, 2008).
^ Adams, Susan (April 14, 2009). "Ten Most Expensive Michael Jackson Collectibles". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/04/14/michael-jackson-auction-lifestyle-collecting-michael-jackson.html. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
^ "Michael Jackson Exhibition – 2009". Juliensauctions.com. April 25, 2009. http://www.juliensauctions.com/auctions/2009/michael-jackson/index.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
^ "Michael Jackson: The fantastic possessions revealed – Americas, World". The Independent (London). June 26, 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/michael-jackson-auction-cancelled-after-lawsuit-1668969.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
^ Foster, Patrick (March 6, 2009). "Michael Jackson grand finale curtain-raiser". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5854735.ece. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
^ Kreps, Daniel (March 12, 2009). "Michael Jackson's "This Is It!" Tour Balloons to 50-Show Run Stretching Into 2010". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner LLC).
^ "Michael Jackson: The Last Rehearsal". Life. June 29, 2009. http://www.life.com/image/88744450/in-gallery/29532/michael-jackson-the-last-rehearsal. Retrieved August 28, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Michael Jackson dead at 50 after cardiac arrest". CNN. June 25, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/25/michael.jackson/index.html. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
^ "Christian Audigier Michael Jackson Clothing Collection Confirmed". Popcrunch.com. June 24, 2008. http://www.popcrunch.com/christian-audigier-michael-jackson-clothing-collection-confirmed/. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ "Michael Jackson Christian Audigier Clothing Line Was In The Works". Popcrunch.com. July 2, 2009. http://www.popcrunch.com/michael-jackson-christian-audigier-clothing-line-was-in-the-works. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ Joyce Eng (August 10, 2009). "Judge Approves Michael Jackson Film". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Michael-Jackson-Film-1008827.aspx. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
^ "This is It (2009)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=michaeljacksonthisisit.htm. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
^ "Judge OKs Jackson performance film deal". MSNBC. Associated Press. August 10, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32360110. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
^ Herrera, Monica (September 23, 2009). "New Michael Jackson Song, Album Due In October". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/new-michael-jackson-song-album-due-in-october-1004015054.story. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Taylor Swift, Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations (Updated)". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). October 13, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/10/taylor-swift-michael-jackson-dominate-american-music-awards-nominations.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "2009 American Music Awards: Scorecard". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). November 22, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/11/2009-american-music-awards-scorecard.html. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Harvey, Michael (June 26, 2009). "Fans mourn artist for whom it didn't matter if you were black or white". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6580897.ece. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
^ "Los Angeles Fire Department recording of the emergency phone call made from Michael Jackson's home". BBC. June 26, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8121884.stm. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ "Transcript of 911 call". Yahoo! News. June 26, 2009.
^ "Singer Michael Jackson dead at 50-Legendary pop star had been preparing for London comeback tour". MSNBC. June 25, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31552029?gt1=43001. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
^ Moore, Matthew (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson, King of Pop, dies of cardiac arrest in Los Angeles". Telegraph.co.uk (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5643916/Michael-Jackson-King-of-Pop-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-Los-Angeles.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Tourtellotte, Bob (June 25, 2009). "King of Pop Michael Jackson is dead: official". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE55O6AK20090626. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
^ Rawlinson, Linnie and Nick Hunt. Jackson Dies, almost takes Internet With Him, CNN, June 27, 2009.
^ Shiels, Maggie. Web slows after Jackson's death, BBC News, June 26, 2009.
^ Phoebe. The King of Pop vs. Wikipedia, The Wikipedia Signpost, June 29, 2009; see October 2009 stats
^ Wood, Daniel B. Outpouring over Michael Jackson unlike anything since Princess Di, Christian Science Monitor, June 27, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Skok, David, Internet stretched to limit as fans flock for Michael Jackson news^{[dead link]}, The Vancouver Sun, June 26, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Wortham, Jenna. Michael Jackson Tops the Charts on Twitter, The New York Times, June 25, 2009.
^ Krazit, Tim and McCullagh, Declan. Debate: Can the Internet handle big breaking news?, cnet.com, June 26, 2009.
^ Stelter, Brian. MTV's Jackson Marathon The New York Times, June 26, 2009.
^ "Jacko news spreads to Eastenders". MSN Entertainment. June 28, 2009.
^ The Sun, July 8, 2009, pp. 10–11.
^ Jacko Telethon: Primetime Broadcast Network Coverage Devotes One Third of All News to Pop Star's Death, newsbusters.org, July 10, 2009.
^ Time Magazine to Publish Special Jackson Issue, People, June 27, 2009.
^ Hill, Catey. Scene with Michael Jackson, LaToya Jackson cut from Sacha Baron Cohen's "Bruno", New York Daily News, June 26, 2009.
^ Bucci, Paul and Wood, Graeme.Michael Jackson RIP: One billion people estimated watching for gold-plated casket at memorial service^{[dead link]}. The Vancouver Sun, July 7, 2009.
^ Leopold, todd. Jackson spectacle likely a world event. CNN, July 6, 2009.
^ Scott, Andrew. "Michael Jackson Memorial Earns 31 Million Viewers & More TV News – Inside TV Blog". Television.aol.com. http://television.aol.com/insidetv/2009/07/09/michael-jackson-memorial-earns-31-million-viewers/. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Allen, Nick. Michael Jackson memorial service: the biggest celebrity send-off of all time, The Daily Telegraph, July 7, 2009.
^ Video of Sharpton's eulogy, Macleans, July 7, 2009.
^ Interview with Reverend Lucious Smith, one year since the death of Michael Jackson.
^ Burgess, Kaya (August 24, 2009). "LA coroner to treat Michael Jackson's death as a homicide". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6808546.ece. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
^ "Jackson 'had lethal drug levels'". BBC News. August 25, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8219362.stm. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
^ Doheny, Kathleen; Louise Chang, Hector Vila Jr (August 24, 2009). "Propofol Linked to Michael Jackson's Death". WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/news/20090824/propofol-linked-to-michael-jacksons-death. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
^ "Michael Jackson Homicide Ruling". http://www.daytondailynews.com/entertainment/music/ap-source-coroner-rules-jacksons-death-homicide-263808.html. Retrieved August 24, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Michael Jackson's doctor charged with manslaughter". BBC News (BBC Online). February 9, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8499143.stm. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
^ Coleman, Mark (September 4, 2009). "Michael Jackson finally laid to rest in Los Angeles". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/6136376/Michael-Jackson-finally-laid-to-rest-in-Los-Angeles.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
^ Wells, Jason (June 25, 2010). "One year later: Fans gather to pay tribute to Michael Jackson". Glendale News-Press (Los Angeles). http://www.glendalenewspress.com/news/tn-gnp-0626-jackson,0,4723051.story. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ EFE (June 26, 2010). "Familia y fans de Jackson le recuerdan en el aniversario de su muerte". La Vanguardia (Los Angeles). http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20100625/53952933686/familia-y-fans-de-jackson-le-recuerdan-en-el-aniversario-de-su-muerte-los-angeles-michael-jackson-nu.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Judd, Amy (June 25, 2010). "Gary Indiana Hosts Michael Jackson Tribute June 25, 2010". Glendale News-Press (Gary, Indiana). http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/gary-indiana-hosts-michael-jackson-tribute-june-25-2010-2633317.html. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Baichwal, Ravi (June 25, 2010). "Fans honor Michael Jackson in Gary, Indiana". WLS (Gary, Ind.). http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7519910. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Mccartney, Anthony (June 23, 2010). "A year after Michael Jackson's death, fan base remains committed to keeping memory alive". Associated Press. Los Angeles. http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/06/23/a-year-after-michael-jacksons-death-fan-base-remains-committed-to-keeping-memory-alive-143386. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
^ Romero, Dennis (June 4, 2010). "MJ fans plan to march in downtown L.A. one day after anniversary". LAWeekly (Los Angeles). http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/841578. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ Gimenez-Llort, Lydia (June 26, 2010). "M4mj 'forever Michael' 4 For Fans Use Only! from WN". WN (Los Angeles). http://wn.com/M4MJ_'Forever_Michael'_4_For_fans_use_ONLY!. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
^ "An amazing tribute: The Jackson Family Foundation & VoicePlate Productions presents "Forever Michael."". Michael Jackson Official Site (Los Angeles). June 26, 2010. http://www.michaeljackson.com/de/node/842682. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
^ "Aniversario de muerte de Michael Jackson pasará sin grandes homenajes". EFE (Los Angeles). June 26, 2010. http://www.abc.com.py/abc/nota/139624-Aniversario-de-muerte-de-Michael-Jackson-pasar%E1-sin-grandes-homenajes/. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
^ Caulfield, Keith (January 6, 2010). "Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle for 2009's Top-Selling Album". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/taylor-swift-edges-susan-boyle-for-2009-1004057203.story. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
^ "Jackson sells 35 million albums since death - Entertainment - Access Hollywood - TODAYshow.com". Today.msnbc.msn.com. June 25, 2010. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/37957972/ns/today-entertainment/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Smith, Ethan (March 16, 2010). "Sony Places Big Bet on a Fallen 'King'". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704588404575124023860735864.html. Retrieved March 17 2010.
^ "MICHAEL Album Announcement". Breakingnews.michaeljackson.com. http://breakingnews.michaeljackson.com/IE/pressrelease.html. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
^ "Michael Jackson in 'record' $200m music deal". BBC News. BBC Online. March 16, 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/business/2010/03/100316_jackson_biz_music_deal.shtml. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^ Up for Discussion Jump to Forums (September 14, 2009). "Michael Jackson Fans Will Moonwalk In Motion-Sensing Game". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/news/michael-jackson-fans-will-moonwalk-in-motion-1004098077.story#/news/michael-jackson-fans-will-moonwalk-in-motion-1004098077.story. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ By Tony HicksContra Costa Times. "People: Cirque du Soleil mounting Michael Jackson tour – San Jose Mercury News". Mercurynews.com. http://www.mercurynews.com/entertainment-headlines/ci_16517946?nclick_check=1. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "CBC News – Music – Cirque plans $57M touring Jackson show". Cbc.ca. November 3, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2010/11/03/cirque-michael-jackson-immortal-tour.html#ixzz14SQrjPED. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "Where to see Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson tour – News & Advice, Travel". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/where-to-see-cirque-du-soleils-michael-jackson-tour-2125812.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "Michael Jackson 'Immortal' tour opens advance ticket sales – Music, Arts & Entertainment". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/michael-jackson-immortal-tour-opens-advance-ticket-sales-2125212.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "IMMORTAL, the highly anticipated musical tapestry for Cirque du Soleil’s Michael Jackson THE IMMORTAL World Tour". Sony Music Entertainment. http://m.fans.sonymusicemail.com/nl/jsp/m.jsp?c=3176d0f1a67d41fce6. Retrieved October 4, 2011. ^{[dead link]}
^ "English Premier League: Fans can 'go to hell', says Fulham owner Mohamed Al Fayed". Sports Haze. April 4, 2011. http://sportshaze.com/england/english-premier-league/english-premier-league-fans-can-go-to-hell-says-fulham-owner-mohamed-al-fayed-2659. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^ Barney Ronay. "Fulham fans cry foul over 'bizarre' Michael Jackson statue". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/apr/01/fulham-michael-jackson-statue-fans. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^ "Michael Jackson Fulham FC statue defended by Al Fayed". BBC. April 3, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-12950708. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^ Jones, Jel D. Lewis (June 1, 2005). Michael Jackson, the king of pop: the big picture : the music! the man! the legend! the interviews : an anthology. Amber Books Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9749779-0-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=LuEPnk7irOMC. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
^ "David Winters remembers Michael Jackson " Magick Papers & Nightlife Thailand". Magickpapers.com. http://www.magickpapers.com/blog/?p=400. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
^ "Thank you BigBearJohn: here's also David Winters". Democratic Underground. http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=389&topic_id=5935191&mesg_id=5935451. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
^ "Remembering Michael Jackson, On Screen". indieWIRE. http://www.indiewire.com/article/michael_jackson_on_screen/. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
^ "Michael Jackson saved my life". Scarborough Evening News. http://www.scarborougheveningnews.co.uk/news/39Michael-Jackson-saved-my-life39.5407768.jp. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ IMDb Search
^ "James Brown – Jackson Attends Brown's Public Funeral – Contactmusic News". Contactmusic.com. January 2, 2007. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/jackson%20attends%20browns%20public%20funeral_1017673. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
^ Taraborrelli, p. 60
^ Taraborrelli, p. 64
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 209–210
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Huey, Steve. "Michael Jackson—Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4576. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Heyliger, M., Music - Help - Web - Review - A State-of-the-Art Pop Album (Thriller by Michael Jackson): "Not many artists could pull off such a variety of styles (funk, post-disco, rock, easy listening, ballads) back then...". Consumerhelpweb.com Retrieved on March 12, 2011
^ ^a ^b ^c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Thriller Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r10089/review. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ Henderson, Eric (2003). "Michael Jackson:Thriller". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=358. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Connelly, Christopher (January 28, 1983). "Michael Jackson: Thriller". Rolling Stone.
^ ^a ^b George, p.24
^ Sony Music (2001). "Michael Jackson Dangerous Review". Sony Music Entertainment. Archived from the original on December 4, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051204230345/http://www.sonybmg.com.au/cd/releaseDetails.do?catalogueNo=5044242000. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
^ Jeans (1993). "Peligroso regreso". Michael Jackson: Un mito indescifrable (in Spanish). Revista Jeans. p. 7. "En "Black or white" Michael Jackson solicitó la participación del guitarrista de Guns N' Roses, Slash, para darle a esta canción de hard rock una línea más agresiva, además cuenta con la participación de Tim Pierce en la guitarra heavy metal; y el resultado es una mezcla de hard rock, dance y rap"
^ Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. p. 491. ISBN 0-205-31745-6. http://books.google.com/?id=nDnUQkn28lUC&q=%22black+or+white%22+%22rock+'n'+roll+dance+song%22+%22michael+jackson%22&dq=%22black+or+white%22+%22rock+'n'+roll+dance+song%22+%22michael+jackson%22. Retrieved July 14, 2009. "'Black or White', described by the record company as 'a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony'"
^ Pareles, Jon (September 3, 1987). "How good is Jackson's Bad?". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DC1F38F930A3575AC0A961948260&scp=5&sq=Michael+Jackson+Bad+review&st=nyt. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Dangerous Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r10095. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Pareles, Jon (November 24, 1991). "Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D6143DF937A15752C1A967958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fJ%2fJackson%2c%20Michael. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ Harrington, Richard (November 24, 1991). "Jackson's `Dangerous' Departures; Stylistic Shifts Mar His First Album in 4 Years". The Washington Post.
^ ^a ^b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson HIStory Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r216079. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Hunter, James (August 10, 1995). "Michael Jackson HIStory". Rolling Stone.
^ "Thomas W. (Tom) Sneddon, Jr". ndaa.org. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080102103101/http://www.ndaa.org/ndaa/profile/tom_sneddon_jan_feb_2003.html. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson:Invincible". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r553140/review. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
^ Beaumont, Mark (November 30, 2001). "Michael Jackson: Invincible". NME. http://www.nme.com/reviews/michael-jackson/5780. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ Brackett, pp. 414
^ The Complete Guide To The Music of Michael Jackson & The Jackson Family by Geoff Brown. 164 pages, Omnibus Press
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Off the Wall Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r10088/review. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
^ Holden, Stephen (November 1, 1979). "Off the Wall: Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone.
^ Lewarne, Rory (July 26, 2004). "Pink Grease". Music News. http://www.music-news.com/ShowReview.asp?nReviewID=363&nType=4. Retrieved August 10, 2008.
^ Hunter, James (December 6, 2001). "Michael Jackson: Invincible". Rolling Stone.
^ Chery, Carl: XXL: Michael Jackson Special Collecters Edition, page 95. American Press.
^ "Michael Jackson, "Billie Jean," directed by Steve Barron, produced by Simon Fields & Paul Flattery,". Blender. October 2005.
^ ^a ^b Gundersen, Edna (August 25, 2005). "Music videos changing places". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2005-08-25-mtv_x.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ "Why it took MTV so long to play black music videos | Jet | Find Articles at BNET". Findarticles.com. October 9, 2006. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_14_110/ai_n16807343/. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
^ Robinson, Bryan (February 23, 2005). "Why Are Michael Jackson's Fans So Devoted?". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/LegalCenter/story?id=464753&page=1. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
^ Inglis, Ian (2006). Performance and popular music: history, place and time. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 119, 127. ISBN 978-0-7546-4057-8.
^ Jackson, Michael. Thriller Special Edition Audio.
^ "Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller". BBC. (July 27, 2007). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6917318.stm. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
^ Corliss, Richard (September 6, 1993). "Who's Bad?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979177,00.html?internalid=ACA. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
^ US Michael J. Jackson, Michael L. Bush, Dennis Tompkins: "Method and means for creating anti-gravity illusion", filed June 29, 1992, issued Oct 26, 1993 5255452
^ Lisa D. Campbell, Michael Jackson: The King of Pop, p. 273.
^ Michael Jackson Dangerous on Film VHS/DVD
^ Campbell (1993), p. 303
^ Campbell (1993), pp. 313–314
^ Boepple, Leanne (November 1, 1995). Scream: Space Odyssey, Jackson-Style.(video production; Michael and Janet Jackson video). 29. Theatre Crafts International. p. 52. ISSN 1063-9497.
^ Bark, Ed (June 26, 1995). Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 06E.
^ Guinness World Records 2006
^ Michael Jackson HIStory on Film volume II VHS/DVD
^ Lewis, pp. 125–126
^ Guinness World Records 2004
^ "Justin Timberlake, Usher, Ne-Yo Talk About Michael Jackson's Influence". MTV.com. July 1, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615102/justin-timberlake-usher-talk-about-michael-jacksons-influence.jhtml. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
^ "Free Services for PR :: News :: Press Releases". Pr-inside.com. http://www.pr-inside.com/lopez-amp-anthony-honoured-in-new-r1951409.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
^ "Beyoncé, Top Stars Tip Their Hats to Michael Jackson". People. June 27, 2009. http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20287787_20288067,00.html. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ "Mariah Carey - Artists influenced by Michael Jackson - Pictures - Music". Virgin Media. http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/profiles/michael-jackson-influence.php?ssid=8. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
^ "mya performance at michael jackson 30th anniversary - Mýa video". Fanpop. http://www.fanpop.com/spots/mya/videos/22390177/title/mya-performance-michael-jackson-30th-anniversary. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
^ Jean-Louis, Rosemary (November 1, 2004). "Usher, Usher, Usher: The new 'King of Pop'?". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/01/usher/. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
^ Hicklin, Aaron (2011-12-07). "Adam Revisited". http://www.out.com/out-exclusives/out100/2011/11/07/adam-revisited?page=0%2c1. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
^ "Green Day Look Forward To Janet Jackson's VMA Tribute To Michael". MTV. September 13, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621362/20090913/green_day.jhtml. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^ "Justin Timberlake: ‘Michael Jackson Will Always Will be The King of Pop’ « Showbiz Spy – celebrity news, rumors & gossip". Showbizspy.com. 2009-07-01. http://www.showbizspy.com/article/188706/justin-timberlake-michael-jackson-will-always-will-be-the-king-of-pop.html. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
^ Reid, Antonio. "Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner LLC).
^ "Michael Jackson Is The Reason". AZcentral. July 4, 2009. http://www.azcentral.com/ent/celeb/articles/2009/07/04/20090704madonna-inspired-by-jackson.html. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
^ "Ludacris Says Michael Jackson Inspired Him to 'Shoot for the Sky'". MTV. June 27, 2009. http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/27/ludacris-says-michael-jackson-inspired-him-to-shoot-for-the-sky/. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Monroe, Bryan (December 2007). "Michael Jackson in His Own Words" (Print/Magazine). Ebony.
^ Barnes, Brokes (June 25, 2009). "A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
^ "More adds, loose ends, and lament". The 120 Minutes Archive. July 25, 2009. http://altmusictv.blogspot.com/2009/07/more-adds-loose-ends-and-lament.html. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
^ "Farewell to a King". People. July 20, 2009.
^ "Berry Gordy-Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute". Contact Music. July 7, 2009. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/gordy-brings-mourners-to-their-feet-with-jackson-tribute_1108973. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ "Michael Jackson hailed as greatest entertainer, best dad". Reuters UK. July 8, 2009. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5615KN20090708. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Chandler, Cory. "Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature". Texas Tech University. http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature/. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
^ Hidalgo, Susan and Weiner, Robert G. (2010). "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide". The Journal of Pan African Studies 3 (7): 14–28. http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf.
^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 15.
^ Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 25.
^ "Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin". Hello!. (November 22, 2002). http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2002/11/22/michaeljackson/. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
^ "Jackson 5 with Michael Jackson". Hit Parade Hall of Fame. http://www.hitparadehalloffame.com/Inductees_all/Jackson5withMichaelJackson.html. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
^ "Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony". NewsTimes. August 15, 2010. http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Photos-Michael-Jackson-induction-ceremony-617034.php. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
^ "Michael Jackson Named Most Successful Entertainer Of All Time". CityNews. Rogers Broadcasting Limited. November 15, 2006. http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/entertainment/music/article/24523--michael-jackson-named-most-successful-entertainer-of-all-time. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
^ "Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/most-no1s-overall.shtml. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
^ "Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout". Reuters. March 11, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52A44W20090311. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
^ "GRAMMY Legend Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/legends. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ "List of American Music Awards winners". Sun Journal. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=ZMwgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tmoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3529,2860414&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ "Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards". Times Daily. (January 18, 2000). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=essyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bskEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3817,2301247&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ Serjeant, Jill (December 29, 2009). "Michael Jackson's Death Among 2009's Major Moments". ABC News (The Walt Disney Company).
^ "Michael Jackson Achievements". Michael Jackson. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/985184. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ "Pop Star Michael Jackson Influenced Academics, Received PhD". Discovery.com. June 23, 2010. http://news.discovery.com/human/pop-star-michael-jackson-influenced-academics-received-phd.html. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ "Witness: Jacko Lived Way Above Means". Fox News Channel. (May 3, 2005). http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155356,00.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
^ "Family: Michael Jackson Had A Will" CBS News (June 30, 2009). Retrieved on July 12, 2009.
^ Christman, Ed, Ann Donahue, Gail Mitchell, Glenn Peoples and Ray Waddell (June 21, 2010). "How Michael Jackson Made $1 Billion Since His Death". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story#/news/how-michael-jackson-made-1-billion-since-1004099450.story. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
^ Jones, pp. 229, 259
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 355–356
^ Taraborrelli, pp. 413–414
^ Taraborrelli, p. 610
^ Scott, A. O (July 3, 2002). "Defending Earth, With Worms and a Talking Pug". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/03/movies/03BLAC.html?ex=1234155600&en=1e9c4a5a1eafc54f&ei=5070. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
^ Chaney, Jen (July 19, 2005). "'Miss Cast Away': You Know It's Bad". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071800641_pf.html. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
^ Le, Danny (August 11, 2009). "'Michael Jackson's "This Is It," to be Presented In Theaters Around The World". MichaelJackson.com. http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/news/michael-jacksons-it-be-presented-theaters-around-world. Retrieved August 11, 2009.

Bibliography

Brackett, Nathan; Christian Hoard (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-2003-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&lpg=PP1&dq=michael%20jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
Guinness World Records (2003). Guinness World Records 2004. Guinness. ISBN 1-892051-20-6.
Guinness World Records (2005). Guinness World Records 2006. Guinness. ISBN 1-904994-02-4.
Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=E9sGl5P8vQMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moonwalk&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-31745-6.
Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009. Terra Alta, WV: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-446-56474-5, 9780446564748.

External links [link]

Find more about Michael Jackson on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote

Articles related to Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson

Studio albums

Got to Be There
Ben
Music & Me
Forever, Michael
Off the Wall
Thriller
Bad
Dangerous
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
Invincible

Soundtracks

Remix albums

Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix
Thriller 25
The Stripped Mixes
The Remix Suite
Bad 25

Man in the Mirror: The Michael Jackson Story
Move Like Michael Jackson
"Stark Raving Dad" (The Simpsons episode)

Video games

Bibliography

Moonwalk
Dancing the Dream

Specials

Assets

Influence on society

Works	Albums (peak chart positions / certifications and sales) Singles Videography Unreleased material

Misc.	Awards Records and achievements List of artists who have covered Michael Jackson Thriller jacket Michael Jackson-related games Jackson family Lisa Marie Presley Debbie Rowe Quincy Jones Kenny Ortega Slash Mesoparapylocheles michaeljacksoni Bubbles Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award Mind Is the Magic: Anthem for the Las Vegas Show

v t e Michael Jackson singles

Got to Be There	"Got to Be There" "Rockin' Robin" "I Wanna Be Where You Are" "Ain't No Sunshine"

Ben	"Ben"

Music & Me	"With a Child's Heart" "Music and Me" "Happy"

Forever, Michael	"We're Almost There" "Just a Little Bit of You" "One Day in Your Life"

The Wiz	"Ease on Down the Road" "You Can't Win" "A Brand New Day"

Off the Wall	"Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" "Rock with You" "Off the Wall" "She's Out of My Life" "Girlfriend"

Thriller	"The Girl Is Mine" "Billie Jean" "Beat It" "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" "Human Nature" "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" "Thriller"

We Are the World	"We Are the World"

Bad	"I Just Can't Stop Loving You" "Bad" "The Way You Make Me Feel" "Man in the Mirror" "Dirty Diana" "Another Part of Me" "Smooth Criminal" "Leave Me Alone" "Liberian Girl"

Dangerous	"Black or White" "Remember the Time" "In the Closet" "Jam" "Who Is It" "Heal the World" "Give In to Me" "Will You Be There" "Gone Too Soon"

HIStory	"Scream/Childhood" "You Are Not Alone" "Earth Song" "This Time Around" "They Don't Care About Us" "Stranger in Moscow" "Smile"

Blood on the Dance Floor	"Blood on the Dance Floor" "HIStory/Ghosts"

Invincible	"You Rock My World" "Cry" "Butterflies"

Number Ones	"One More Chance"

The Ultimate Collection	"Cheater"

Thriller 25	"The Girl Is Mine 2008" "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008"

This Is It	"This Is It"

Michael	"Hold My Hand" "Hollywood Tonight" "Behind the Mask" "(I Like) The Way You Love Me"

Immortal	"Immortal Megamix"

Other songs	"Night Time Lover" "Muscles" "Workin' Day and Night" "Say Say Say" "Somebody's Watching Me" "Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)" "Centipede" "Eaten Alive" "Get It" "2300 Jackson Street" "Do the Bartman" "Whatzupwitu" "Why" "I Need You" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" "Mind Is the Magic" "All in Your Name" "What More Can I Give" "Speed Demon" "Is It Scary" "Speechless" "Breaking News" "Love Is Here and Now You're Gone" "You've Got a Friend" "My Girl" "Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" "All the Things You Are" "Too Young" "Twenty-Five Miles" "Come Together" "Dangerous" "D.S." "Tabloid Junkie" "On the Line" "We Be Ballin'" "Heaven Can Wait" "Fall Again" "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing) 2008" "Beat It 2008" "Billie Jean 2008" "A Place with No Name" "(I Can't Make It) Another Day" "Monster"

Book Category Portal WikiProject

v t e The Jackson 5/The Jacksons

Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson

The Jackson 5 (Motown)	Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin' Back to Indiana Lookin' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T.: Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation

The Jacksons (Epic/CBS)	The Jacksons Goin' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street

Live albums	The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live! Live at the Forum

Compilations	Greatest Hits Anthology Joyful Jukebox Music Boogie The Jacksons: An American Dream Soulsation! Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Jackson 5 The Best of Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5ive – The Motown Years The Essential Jacksons The Very Best of The Jacksons I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters J is for Jackson 5

Other albums	18 Greatest Hits Children of the Light The Steeltown Sessions The Jacksons Story

Concert tours	Destiny World Tour Triumph Tour Victory Tour Unity Tour

Television	The Jackson 5ive The Jacksons The Jacksons: An American Dream The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty

Specials	Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special

Related articles	Discography Chronology Jackson family Songs recorded

Book Category Portal

v t e Jackson family

Parents	Joe Jackson: 1928 Katherine Jackson: 1930

Children	Maureen Reillette (Rebbie): 1950 Sigmund Esco (Jackie): 1951 Toriano Adaryll (Tito): 1953 Jermaine La Jaune: 1954 La Toya Yvonne: 1956 Marlon David: 1957 Michael Joseph: 1958–2009 Steven Randall (Randy): 1961 Janet Damita Jo: 1966

Musical groups	The Jackson 5/The Jacksons 3T

Television	The Jacksons The Jacksons: An American Dream The Jackson Family Honors The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty

The Jackson Family portal

v t e People v. Jackson

Key figures	Michael Jackson

Judge	Rodney Melville

Prosecution figures	Thomas W. Sneddon, Jr.

Witnesses for the prosecution	Debbie Rowe June Chandler

Defense figures	Benjamin Brafman Mark Geragos Thomas Mesereau

Witnesses for the defense	Chris Tucker George Lopez Macaulay Culkin Wade Robson Jay Leno

Other elements	1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson Living with Michael Jackson

Authority control: PND: 118711083 | LCCN: n83133203 | VIAF: 27092134 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Jackson, Michael Joseph
Alternative names	Jackson, Michael Joe; Jackson, Michael J.
Short description	Singer
Date of birth	August 29, 1958
Place of birth	Gary, Indiana, United States
Date of death	June 25, 2009
Place of death	Los Angeles, California, United States

http://wn.com/Michael_Jackson

http://de.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://fr.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://es.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://ru.wn.com/Джексон, Майкл

http://cs.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://pt.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://pl.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://hi.wn.com/माइकल जैक्सन

http://it.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://id.wn.com/Michael Jackson

http://nl.wn.com/Michael Jackson

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For the ophthalmologist and editor, see Isaac Hays. For the American arctic explorer, see Isaac Israel Hayes.

Isaac Hayes Jr.
Isaac Hayes performs at the International Amphitheater in Chicago as part of the annual PUSH Black Expo, October 1973
Background information
Birth name	Isaac Lee Hayes, Jr.
Born	(1942-08-20)August 20, 1942 Covington, Tennessee
Origin	Shelby County, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	August 10, 2008(2008-08-10) (aged 65) Memphis, Tennessee^[1]
Genres	Funk, jazz-funk, soul, disco
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, arranger, record producer, actor
Instruments	the piano, keyboard instruments, vocals, trombone and the saxophone
Years active	1962–2008
Labels	Enterprise/Stax, ABC, Columbia Records, Point Blank
Associated acts	David Porter, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, The Bar-Kays
Website	isaachayes.com

Isaac Lee Hayes, Jr. (August 20, 1942 – August 10, 2008) was an American songwriter, musician, singer, actor, and voice actor. Hayes was one of the creative influences behind the southern soul music label Stax Records, where he served both as an in-house songwriter and as a record producer, teaming with his partner David Porter during the mid-1960s. Hayes, Porter, Bill Withers, the Sherman Brothers, Steve Cropper, and John Fogerty were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2005 in recognition of writing scores of notable songs for themselves, the duo Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, and others.

The hit song "Soul Man", written by Hayes and Porter and first performed by "Sam & Dave", has been recognized as one of the most influential songs of the past 50 years by the Grammy Hall of Fame. It was also honored by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, by Rolling Stone magazine, and by the RIAA as one of the Songs of the Century.

During the late 1960s, Isaac Hayes also began recording music and he had several successful soul albums such as Hot Buttered Soul (1969) and Black Moses (1971). In addition to his work in popular music, he worked as a composer of musical scores for motion pictures.

He is well known for his musical score for the film Shaft (1971). For the "Theme from Shaft", he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1972. He became the third African-American, after Sidney Poitier and Hattie McDaniel, to win an Academy Award in any competitive field covered by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He also won two Grammy Awards for that same year. Later, he was given his third Grammy for his music album Black Moses.

In 1992, in recognition of humanitarian work there, he was crowned the honorary king of the Ada, Ghana region. He also acted in motion pictures and television, such as in the movie, I'm Gonna Git You Sucka, and as Gandolf "Gandy" Fitch in the TV series The Rockford Files (1974–1980). From 1997 to 2005, he lent his distinctive, deep voice to the character "Chef" on the animated TV series South Park.

His influences are Percy Mayfield, Big Joe Turner, James Brown, Jerry Butler, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, Marvin Gaye, Otis Redding, and psychedelic soul groups like The Chambers Brothers and Sly and the Family Stone. Allmusic.com says that Isaac Hayes is responsible for the evolution of disco and rap.

On August 5, 2003, Isaac Hayes was honored as a BMI Icon at the 2003 BMI Urban Awards for his enduring influence on generations of music makers.^[2] Throughout his songwriting career, Hayes received five BMI R&B Awards, two BMI Pop Awards, two BMI Urban Awards and six Million-Air citations. As of 2008, his songs generated more than 12 million performances.^[3]

Life and career [link]

Early years [link]

Isaac Hayes, Jr. was born in Covington, Tennessee, in Tipton County. He was the second child of Isaac Hayes, Sr., and Eula Hayes.^[4]

After his mother died young, and his father abandoned his family, Isaac, Jr., was raised by his maternal grandparents,^[5] Mr. and Mrs. Willie Wade, Sr. The child of a poor sharecropper family, he grew up working on farms in Shelby County, Tennessee and in Tipton County.

Hayes dropped out of high school, but he was later encouraged by his former high school teachers at Manassas High School in Memphis to complete his high school diploma, which he did at the age of 21. After graduating from high school, Hayes was offered several music scholarships from colleges and universities. Hayes turned down all of them because of his obligations to his immediate family. Hayes next worked at a meat-packing plant in Memphis by day, and he played music at nightclubs and juke joints several evenings a week in Memphis and nearby northern Mississippi.^[5]

Hayes began singing at the age of five at his local church, and, soon after, he taught himself to play the piano, the Hammond organ, the flute, and the saxophone. His first professional gigs, in the late 1950s, were as a singer at Curry's Club in North Memphis, backed by Ben Branch's houseband.^[6]

[edit] Stax Records and Shaft

Hayes began his recording career in the early 1960s, as a session player for various acts of the Memphis-based Stax Records. He later wrote a string of hit songs with songwriting partner David Porter, including "You Don't Know Like I Know", "Soul Man", "When Something Is Wrong with My Baby", and "Hold On I'm Comin" for Sam & Dave. Hayes, Porter and Stax studio band Booker T. & the M.G.'s were also the producers for Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas and other Stax artists during the mid-1960s. Hayes-Porter contributed to the Stax sound made famous during this period, and Sam & Dave credited Hayes for helping develop both their sound and style. In 1968, Hayes released his debut album, Presenting Isaac Hayes, a jazzy, largely improvised effort that was commercially unsuccessful.^[7]

His next album was Hot Buttered Soul, which was released in 1969 after Stax had gone through a major upheaval. The label had lost its largest star, Otis Redding, in a plane crash in December 1967. Stax lost all of its back catalog to Atlantic Records in May 1968. As a result, Stax executive vice president Al Bell called for 27 new albums to be completed in mid-1969; Hot Buttered Soul, was the most successful of these releases.^[7] This album is noted for Hayes' image (shaved head, gold jewelry, sunglasses, etc.) and his distinct sound (extended orchestral songs relying heavily on organs, horns, and guitars, deep bass vocals, etc.). Also on the album, Hayes re-interprets "Walk On By" (which had been made famous by Dionne Warwick) into a twelve-minute exploration. "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" starts with an eight-minute long monologue^[8] before breaking into song, and the lone original number, the funky "Hyperbolicsyllabicsesquedalymistic" runs nearly ten minutes, a significant break from the standard three minute soul/pop songs.

"Walk On By" would be the first of many times Hayes would take a Burt Bacharach standard, generally made famous as three-minute pop songs by Dionne Warwick or Dusty Springfield, and transform it into a soulful, lengthy and almost gospel number.

In 1970, Hayes released two albums, The Isaac Hayes Movement and To Be Continued. The former stuck to the four-song template of his previous album. Jerry Butler's "I Stand Accused" begins with a trademark spoken word monologue, and Bacharach's "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" is re-worked. The latter spawned the classic "The Look Of Love", another Bacharach song transformed into an eleven-minute epic of lush orchestral rhythm (mid-way it breaks into a rhythm guitar jam for a couple of minutes before suddenly resuming the slow love song). An edited three-minute version was issued as a single.^[9] The album also featured the instrumental "Ike's Mood," which segued into his own version of "You've Lost That Loving Feeling". Hayes released a Christmas single, "The Mistletoe and Me" (with "Winter Snow" as a B-side).

In early 1971, Hayes composed music for the soundtrack of the blaxploitation film Shaft. (in the movie, he also appeared in a cameo role as the bartender of No Name Bar). The title theme, with its wah-wah guitar and multi-layered symphonic arrangement, would become a worldwide hit single, and spent two weeks at number one in the Billboard Hot 100 in November. The remainder of the album was mostly instrumentals covering big beat jazz, bluesy funk, and hard Stax-styled soul. The other two vocal songs, the social commentary "Soulville" and the nineteen-minute jam "Do Your Thing," would be edited down to hit singles.^[9] Hayes won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for the "Theme from Shaft," and was nominated for Best Original Dramatic Score for the film's score.

Later in the year, Hayes released a double album, Black Moses, that expanded on his earlier sounds and featured The Jackson 5's song "Never Can Say Goodbye". Another single, "I Can't Help It", was not featured on the album.

In 1972, Hayes would record the theme tune for the TV series The Men and enjoy a hit single (with "Type Thang" as a B-side).^[9] He released several other non-album singles during the year, such as "Feel Like Making Love", "If Loving You Is Wrong (I Don't Want To Be Right)", and "Rolling Down a Mountainside". Atlantic would re-release Hayes' debut album this year with the new title In The Beginning.^[10]

Hayes was back in 1973 with an acclaimed live double album, Live At Sahara Tahoe, and followed it up with the album Joy, with the eerie beat of the fifteen-minute title track. He moved away from cover songs with this album. An edited "Joy" would be a hit single.^[11]

In 1974, Hayes was featured in the blaxploitation films Three Tough Guys and Truck Turner, and he recorded soundtracks for both. Tough Guys was almost devoid of vocals and Truck Turner yielded a single with the title theme. The soundtrack score was eventually used by filmmaker Quentin Tarantino in the Kill Bill film series and has been used for over 30 years as the opening score of Brazilian radio show Jornal de Esportes on the Jovem Pan station.

Unlike most African-American musicians of the period, Hayes did not sport an Afro and instead chose to shave his head bald.

HBS (Hot Buttered Soul Records) and bankruptcy [link]

By 1974, Stax Records was having serious financial problems, stemming from problems with overextension and limited record sales and distribution. Hayes himself was deep in debt to Union Planters Bank, which administered loans for the Stax label and many of its other key employees. In September of that year, Hayes sued Stax for $5.3 million. As Stax was in deep debt and could not pay, the label made an arrangement with Hayes and Union Planters: Stax released Hayes from his recording and production contracts, and Union Planters would collect all of Hayes' income and apply it towards his debts. Hayes formed his own label, Hot Buttered Soul, which released its product through ABC Records.^[12]

His new album, 1975's Chocolate Chip saw Hayes embrace the disco sound with the title track and lead single. "I Can't Turn Around" would prove a popular song as time went on. This would be Hayes' last album to chart top 40 for many years. Later in the year, the all instrumental Disco Connection album fully embraced disco.

In 1976, the album cover of Juicy Fruit featured Hayes in a pool with naked women, and spawned the title track single and the classic "Storm Is Over". Later the same year the Groove-A-Thon album featured the singles "Rock Me Easy Baby" and the title track. However, while all these albums were regarded as solid efforts, Hayes was no longer selling large numbers. He and his wife were forced into bankruptcy in 1976, as they owed over $6 million. By the end of the bankruptcy proceedings in 1977, Hayes had lost his home, much of his personal property, and the rights to all future royalties earned from the music he'd written, performed, and produced.^[13]

Basketball team ownership [link]

On July 17, 1974, Hayes, along with Mike Storen, Avron Fogelman and Kemmons Wilson took over ownership of the American Basketball Association team the Memphis Tams.^[14] The prior owner was Charles O. Finley, the owner of the Oakland A's baseball team. Hayes' group renamed the team the Memphis Sounds. Despite a 66% increase in home attendance, hiring well regarded coach Joe Mullaney and, unlike in the prior three seasons, making the 1975 ABA Playoffs (losing to the eventual champion Kentucky Colonels in the Eastern Division semifinals), the team's financial problems continued. The group was given a deadline of June 1, 1975 to sell 4,000 season tickets, obtain new investors and arrange a more favorable lease for the team at the Mid-South Coliseum. The group did not come through and the ABA took over the team, selling it to a group in Maryland that renamed the team the Baltimore Hustlers and then the Baltimore Claws before the club finally folded during preseason play for the 1975-1976 season.^[15]

Polydor and hiatus, film work, and the Duke of New York [link]

In 1977, Hayes was back with a new deal with Polydor Records, a live album of duets with Dionne Warwick did moderately well, and his comeback studio album New Horizon sold better and enjoyed a hit single "Out The Ghetto", and also featured the popular "It's Heaven To Me".

1978's For The Sake Of Love saw Hayes record a sequel to "Theme from Shaft" ("Shaft II"), but was most famous for the single "Zeke The Freak", a song that would have a shelf life of decades and be a major part of the House movement in the UK. The same year, Fantasy Records, which had bought out Stax Records, released an album of Hayes' non-album singles and archived recordings as a "new" album, Hotbed, in 1978.

In 1979, Hayes returned to the Top 40 with Don't Let Go and its disco-styled title track that became a hit single (U.S. #18), and also featured the classic "A Few More Kisses To Go". Later in the year he added vocals and worked on Millie Jackson's album Royal Rappin's, and a song he co-wrote, "Deja Vu", became a hit for Dionne Warwick and won her a Grammy for best female R&B vocal.

Neither 1980s And Once Again or 1981's Lifetime Thing produced notable songs or big sales, and Hayes chose to take a break from music to pursue acting.

In the 1970s, Hayes was featured in the films Shaft (1971) and Truck Turner (1974); he also had a recurring role in the TV series The Rockford Files as an old cellmate of Rockford's, Gandolph Fitch (who always referred to Rockford as "Rockfish" much to his annoyance), including one episode alongside duet-partner Dionne Warwick. In the 1980s and 90s, he appeared in numerous films, notably Escape from New York (1981), I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988), Prime Target (1991), and Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993), as well as in episodes of The A-Team and Miami Vice. He also attempted a musical comeback, embracing the style of drum machines and synth for 1986s U-Turn and 1988s Love Attack, though neither proved successful. In 1991 he was featured in a duet with fellow soul singer Barry White on White's ballad "Dark and Lovely (You Over There)".

Return to fame and stardom [link]

In 1995 Hayes appeared as a Las Vegas minister impersonating Isaac Hayes in the comedy series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.

Hayes launched a comeback on the Virgin label in May 1995 with Branded, an album of new material that earned impressive sales figures as well as positive reviews from critics who proclaimed it a return to form.^[16] A companion album released around the same time, Raw and Refined, featured a collection of previously unreleased instrumentals, both old and new.

In a rather unexpected career move shortly thereafter, Hayes charged back into the public consciousness as a founding star of Comedy Central's controversial — and wildly successful — animated TV series, South Park. Hayes provided the voice for the character of "Chef", the amorous elementary-school lunchroom cook, from the show's debut on August 13, 1997 (one week shy of his 55th birthday), through the end of its ninth season in 2006. The role of Chef drew on Hayes's talents both as an actor and as a singer, thanks to the character's penchant for making conversational points in the form of crudely suggestive soul songs. An album of songs from the series appeared in 1998 with the title Chef Aid: The South Park Album^[17] reflecting Chef's popularity with the show's fans, and the Chef song "Chocolate Salty Balls" became a number-one U.K. hit.^[18] However, when South Park leaped to the big screen the following year with the smash animated musical South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, Hayes/Chef was the only major character who did not perform a showcase song in the film; his lone musical contribution was "Good Love," a track on the soundtrack album which originally appeared on Black Moses in 1971 and is not heard in the movie^[19] (more on Chef below).

In 2000, he came out in the soundtrack of the French movie The Magnet on the song "Is It Really Home" written and composed by rapper Akhenaton (IAM) and composer Bruno Coulais.

Hayes was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002. The same year, a documentary highlighting Isaac's career and his impact on many of the Memphis artists in the 1960s onwards was produced, "Only The Strong Survive".

In 2004, Hayes appeared in a recurring minor role as the Jaffa Tolok on the television series Stargate SG-1. The following year, he appeared in the critically acclaimed independent film Hustle & Flow. He also had a brief recurring role in UPN's Girlfriends as Eugene Childs (father of Toni).

Scientology activism [link]

Hayes joined Scientology around 1995. He contributed endorsement blurbs for many Scientology books. The frontispiece page for Scientology: The Fundamentals of Thought (1997 paperback edition) quotes Hayes as saying "If you really want to know about the mind, the spirit and life itself, read Scientology: The Fundamentals of Thought. It will put you on the right path!" In 1996, Hayes began hosting The Isaac Hayes and Friends Radio Show on WRKS in New York City. While there Hayes became a client of young vegan raw food chef, Elijah Joy and his company Organic Soul, Inc. Hayes also appears in the Scientology film Orientation.

In 1998 Hayes and fellow Scientologist entertainers Anne Archer, Chick Corea and Haywood Nelson attended the 30th anniversary of Freedom Magazine, the Church of Scientology's investigative news journal, at the National Press Club in Washington DC, to honor eleven human rights activists.^[20]

In 2001, Hayes and Doug E. Fresh, another Scientologist musician, recorded a Scientology-inspired album called The Joy Of Creating – The Golden Era Musicians And Friends Play L. Ron Hubbard.^[21]

Charitable work [link]

The Isaac Hayes Foundation was founded in 1999 by Hayes.^[22]

In February 2006, Hayes appeared in a Youth for Human Rights International music video called "United". YHRI is a human rights group founded by the Church of Scientology.

Hayes was also involved in other human rights related groups such as the One Campaign. Isaac Hayes was crowned a chief in Ghana for his humanitarian work and economic efforts on the country’s behalf.^{[citation needed]}

Family [link]

Hayes had 12 children, and had 14 grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.^[23] His fourth wife, Adjowa,^[24] gave birth to a son named Nana Kwadjo Hayes on April 10, 2006.^[25] He also had one son and is his namesake, Isaac Hayes III, known as rap producer Ike Dirty. Hayes' eldest daughter is named Veronica,^[26] and he also had a daughter named Heather Hayes.^[27]

Hayes' first marriage, in 1960, ended in divorce.^[28]

He married bank teller^{[citation needed]} Mignon Harley on April 18, 1973, and they divorced in 1986; they had two children.^[29] For her wedding gift, Hayes gave her a matching convertible Jaguar.^{[citation needed]} The couple resided in a mansion with maid service. Hayes and his wife were forced into bankruptcy, owing over $6 million. Over the years, Isaac Hayes was able to recover financially.^[30]

Stroke and death [link]

Wikinews has related news: Soul singer Isaac Hayes dies at age 65

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Grave of Isaac Hayes

On March 20, 2006, Roger Friedman of Fox News reported that Hayes had suffered a minor stroke in January.^[31] Hayes' spokeswoman, Amy Harnell, denied this,^[32] but on October 26, 2006, Hayes himself confirmed that he had suffered a stroke.^[33]

Hayes was found unconscious and unresponsive in his home located just east of Memphis on August 10, 2008, ten days before his 66th birthday, as reported by the Shelby County, Tennessee Sheriff's Department. A Shelby County Sheriff's deputy and an ambulance from Rural Metro responded to his home after his wife found him on the floor near a still-running treadmill. Hayes was taken to Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, where he was pronounced dead at 2:08 p.m.^[1]^[34]^[35] The cause of death was not immediately clear,^[36] though the area medical examiners later listed a devastating recurrence of stroke as the cause of death.^[35]^[37]

Legacy [link]

The Tennessee General Assembly enacted legislation in 2010 to honor Hayes by naming a section of Interstate 40 the "Isaac Hayes Memorial Highway". The name was applied to the stretch of highway in Shelby County from Sam Cooper Boulevard in Memphis east to the Fayette County line. The naming was made official at a ceremony held on Hayes' birth anniversary in August 2010.^[38]

[edit] South Park

File:ChefSP.jpg

Isaac Hayes was the voice of Chef on South Park.

During the late 1990s, Hayes gained new popularity as the voice of Chef on the Comedy Central animated television series South Park. Chef was a soul-singing cafeteria worker for South Park Elementary. A song from the series performed by Chef, "Chocolate Salty Balls (P.S. I Love You)", received international radio airplay in 1999. It reached number-one on the UK singles chart and also on the Irish singles chart. The track also appeared on the album Chef Aid: The South Park Album in 1998.^[39]

Scientology episode [link]

In the South Park episode "Trapped in the Closet", a satire of Scientology which aired on November 16, 2005, Hayes did not appear in his role as Chef. While appearing on the Opie and Anthony radio show about a month after the episode aired, Hayes was asked, "What did you think about when Matt and Trey did that episode on Scientology?", he replied, "One thing about Matt and Trey, they lampoon everybody, and if you take that serious, I'll sell you the Brooklyn Bridge for two dollars. That's what they do."

In an interview for The A.V. Club on January 4, 2006, Hayes was again asked about the episode. He said that he told the creators, Matt Stone and Trey Parker, "Guys, you have it all wrong. We're not like that. I know that’s your thing, but get your information correct, because somebody might believe that shit, you know?" He then told them to take a couple of Scientology courses to understand what they do. In the interview, Hayes defended South Park's style of controversial humor, noting that he was not pleased with the show's treatment of Scientology, but conceding that he "understands what Matt and Trey are doing."^[40]

[edit] Departure from South Park

On March 13, 2006, a statement was issued in Hayes' name, indicating that he was asking to be released from his contract with Comedy Central, citing recent episodes which satirized religious beliefs as being intolerant. "There is a place in this world for satire, but there is a time when satire ends and intolerance and bigotry towards religious beliefs of others begins," he was quoted in the press statement. However, the statement did not directly mention Scientology. A response from Stone said that Hayes' complaints stemmed from the show's criticism of Scientology and that he "has no problem – and he's cashed plenty of checks – with our show making fun of Christians, Muslims, Mormons or Jews."^[41]^[42] Stone adds, "[We] never heard a peep out of Isaac in any way until we did Scientology. He wants a different standard for religions other than his own, and to me, that is where intolerance and bigotry begin." Stone and Parker agreed to release Hayes from his contract by his request.

On March 20, 2006, Roger Friedman of Fox News reported having been told that the March 13 statement was made in Hayes' name, but not by Hayes himself. He wrote: "Isaac Hayes did not quit South Park. My sources say that someone quit it for him. ... Friends in Memphis tell me that Hayes did not issue any statements on his own about South Park. They are mystified."^[31] In a 2007 interview, Hayes said, "They didn’t pay me enough", and, "They weren’t that nice."^[43]

The South Park season 10 premiere (aired March 22, 2006) featured "The Return of Chef", a thinly veiled telling of the affair from Parker and Stone's point of view. Using sound clips from past episodes, it depicts Chef as having been brainwashed and urges viewers (via Kyle talking to the town) to "remember Chef as the jolly old guy who always broke into song" and not to blame Chef for his defection, but rather, as Kyle states, "be mad at that fruity little club for scrambling his brains." In the episode, the cult which brainwashed Chef is named the "Super Adventure Club" and is depicted as a group of child molesters who travel the world to have sex with minors from exotic places. In the end, Chef is unable to break free from his brainwashing and dies an extremely gruesome death, falling off a cliff and being mutilated by wild animals. At the end of the episode he is shown as being resurrected as a cyborg in the style of the resurrection of Darth Vader at the end of Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.

[edit] After South Park

Hayes' income was sharply reduced as a result of leaving South Park.^[44] There followed announcements that he would be touring and performing. A reporter present at a January 2007 show in New York City, who had known Hayes fairly well, reported that "Isaac was plunked down at a keyboard, where he pretended to front his band. He spoke-sang, and his words were halting. He was not the Isaac Hayes of the past."^[44]

In April 2008, while a guest on The Adam Carolla Show, Hayes stumbled in his responses to questions – possibly as a result of health issues. A caller questioned whether Hayes was under the influence of a substance, and Carolla and co-host Teresa Strasser asked Hayes if he had ever used marijuana. After some confusion on what was being asked, Hayes replied that he had only ever tried it once. During the interview the radio hosts made light of Hayes' awkward answers, and replayed Hayes comments as sound drops – often simulating conversation with his co-hosts. Hayes stated during this interview that he was no longer on good terms with Trey Parker and Matt Stone.^[45] Two months after his death, the South Park episode "The China Probrem" was dedicated to him.

During the spring of 2008, Hayes shot scenes for a comedy about soul musicians inspired by the history of Stax Records entitled Soul Men, in which he appears as himself in a supporting role. His voice can be heard in the film in a voice-over role as Samuel L. Jackson, Bernie Mac (who died the day before Hayes), and Sharon Leal's characters are traveling through Memphis, Tennessee. His first actual appearance in the film is when he is shown in the audience clapping his hands as The Real Deal does a rendition of Hayes' 1971 hit song "Do Your Thing." His next appearance consists of him entering The Real Deal's dressing room to wish them luck on their performance and shaking hands with Louis Hinds (played by Jackson) and Floyd Henderson (played by Mac). During this scene, Hayes also helps Hinds reunite with his long-lost daughter Cleo (played by Leal). His final appearance in the film consists of him introducing The Real Deal to the audience.^[44] The film was released on November 7, 2008.

Awards and nominations [link]

Year	Award	Result	Category	Film, album, or song
1972	Academy Award	Nominated	Best Music, Original Dramatic Score	Shaft
1972	Academy Award	Won	Best Music, Original Song (For the song "Theme from Shaft")	Shaft
1972	BAFTA Award	Nominated	Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music	Shaft
1998	BMI Film & TV Award	Won	BMI TV Music Award	Soul Man (Shared with David Porter)
1972	Golden Globe Award	Nominated	Best Original Song (For the song "Theme from Shaft")	Shaft
1972	Golden Globe Award	Won	Best Original Score	Shaft
1972	Grammy Award^[46]	Won	Best Instrumental Arrangement (For the song "Theme from Shaft", arranged with Johnny Allen)	Shaft
1972			Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special	Shaft
1973			Best Pop Instrumental Performance By An Arranger, Composer, Orchestra and/or Choral Leader	Black Moses
1999	NAACP Image Award	Nominated	Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series	South Park
2006	Screen Actors Guild Award	Nominated	Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture	Hustle & Flow (Shared with cast)

Discography [link]

Main article: Isaac Hayes discography

Top Forty US and UK albums [link]

1969: Hot Buttered Soul (US #8)
1970: The Isaac Hayes Movement (by The Isaac Hayes Movement, US #8)
1970: ...To Be Continued (US #11)
1971: Shaft (US #1, UK #17)
1971: Black Moses (US #10, UK #38)
1973: Joy (US #16)
1973: Live at the Sahara Tahoe (US #14)
1975: Chocolate Chip (US #18)
1979: Don't Let Go (US #39)

Selected songwriting and production with David Porter [link]

1965: "Candy" by The Astors
1965: "You Don't Know Like I Know" by Sam & Dave
1966: "Let Me Be Good to You" by Carla Thomas
1966: "B-A-B-Y" by Carla Thomas
1966: "Your Good Thing (Is About to End)" by Mabel John(later a big hit by Lou Rawls) .
1966: "Hold On, I'm Comin'" by Sam & Dave
1967: "When Something is Wrong with My Baby" by Sam & Dave
1967: "Soul Man" by Sam & Dave
1968: "I Thank You" by Sam & Dave
1969: "So I Can Love You" by The Emotions (production only)
1969: "The Sweeter He Is" by The Soul Children
1969: "Soul Sister Brown Sugar" by Sam & Dave
1979: "Deja Vu" by Dionne Warwick (co-written by Hayes and Adrienne Anderson)
2000: "I Can't Go To Sleep" by Wu-Tang Clan

Filmography [link]

Year	Title	Role	Other notes
1973	Wattstax	Himself
1974	Three Tough Guys	Lee
1974	Truck Turner	Mac "Truck" Turner
1976	It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time	Moriarty
1976–1977	The Rockford Files	Gandolph Fitch	TV, 3 episodes
1981	Escape from New York	The Duke
1985	The A-Team	C.J. Mack	TV, 1 episode
1986	Hunter	Jerome "Typhoon" Thompson	TV, 1 episode
1987	Miami Vice	Holiday	TV, 1 episode
1988	I'm Gonna Git You Sucka	Hammer
1989	All Dogs Go to Heaven	Ike	voice
1990	Fire, Ice and Dynamite	Hitek Leader/Himself	Alternative title: Feuer, Eis und Dynamit
1993	CB4	Owner
	Posse	Cable
	Robin Hood: Men in Tights	Asneeze
	American Playhouse	Prophet	TV, 1 episode
1994	It Could Happen to You	Angel Dupree
1994	Tales from the Crypt	Samuel	TV, 1 episode
1995	The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air	Minister	TV, 1 episode
1996	Flipper	Sheriff Buck Cowan
1996	Sliders	The Prime Oracle	TV, 1 episode
1997	Uncle Sam	Jed Crowley
1997–2006	South Park	Chef (Voice)	TV, 137 episodes
1998	Blues Brothers 2000	The Louisiana Gator Boys
1999	South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut	Chef (Voice)
1999	The Hughleys	The Man	TV, 2 episodes
2000	Reindeer Games	Zook
2000	Shaft	Mr. P	Uncredited
2001	Dr. Dolittle 2	Possum (Voice)
2002	The Education of Max Bickford	"Night Train" Raymond	TV, 1 episode
2002	Fastlane	Detective Marcus	TV, 1 episode
2003	Girlfriends	Eugene Childs	TV, 2 episodes
2005	Hustle & Flow	Arnel
2006	That 70's Show	Himself	TV, 1 episode
2006	Stargate SG-1	Tolok	TV, 4 episodes
2008	Soul Men	Himself
	Kill Switch	Coroner
	Return to Sleepaway Camp	Charlie	His last role

References [link]

^ ^a ^b "Memphis soul legend Isaac Hayes dead at 65". Wmctv.com. 2008-08-10. http://www.wmctv.com/Global/story.asp?S=8817903. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "BMI Celebrates Urban Music at 2003 Awards Ceremony". bmi.com. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233797. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
^ "Soul King Isaac Hayes Dead at 65". bmi.com. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/537092. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
^ Isaac Hayes Biography (1942-)
^ ^a ^b Holley, Joe (August 11, 2008). "Isaac Hayes; Created Memphis Sound, 'Theme From Shaft'". Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/10/AR2008081001405.html. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ Bowman, Rob Soulsville, U.S.A.: the story of Stax Records Music Sales Group, 2003 ISBN 0-8256-7284-8, ISBN 978-0-8256-7284-2 at Google Books
^ ^a ^b "Ultimate Isaac Hayes (Can You Dig It?), Audio". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
^ "RIP Isaac Hayes". Perthetic.wordpress.com. 2008-08-12. http://perthetic.wordpress.com/2008/08/12/rip-isaac-hayes. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c Isaac Hayes Discography. The Stax Site. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
^ MusicStack entries for In the Beginning show that the LP's contents are identical to those of Presenting Isaac Hayes.
^ Isaac Hayes Billboard chart history. Allmusic.com. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
^ Bowman 1997, pp. 332-334.
^ Bowman 1997, p. 334.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "Memphis Sounds". Remember the ABA. http://www.remembertheaba.com/Memphis-Sounds.html. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "Isaac Hayes interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' May 1995". Bluesandsoul.com. 2008-08-10. http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/319/bands_classic_interview_soul_icon_isaac. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "Chef Aid: The South Park Album (Television Compilation) [Extreme Version]: Darren Mitchell, James Hetfield, Marc Shaiman, Matt Stone: Music". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00000G2JM. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "Featured Artists from the Official UK Charts Company". Theofficialcharts.com. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/stats-one-hit-wonders.php. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut: Various Artists: Music". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00000JKR8. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ Kennedy, James (1998-10-23). "Haywood You Remember Garden City Park". Mineola American, Anton Community Newspapers. http://antonnews.com/mineolaamerican/1998/10/23/news/. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
^ Leggett, Jonathan (2006-03-25). "Cult musicians". The Guardian (London: The Guardian). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2006/mar/25/popandrock.
^ "charity". Isaac Hayes.com. http://www.isaachayes.com/charity/. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ You Can Dig Him, Chattanooga Pulse, December 13, 2006
^ ISAAC HAYES AND ADJOWA HAYES, beliefnet.com
^ Isaac Hayes the Father of Baby Boy, AP, May 16, 2006
^ "Isaac Hayes Sent Off With Legendary Funeral". Actressarchives.com. 2008-08-19. http://www.actressarchives.com/news.php?id=11844. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "The Kevin Ross Show - Isaac Hayes His Children Record Label Reflect On A Musical Giant 8/13/2008 - 3BAAS Media Group | Internet Radio". Blog Talk Radio. http://www.blogtalkradio.com/kevin-ross/2008/08/14/The-Kevin-Ross-Show-Black-Hollywood-Politics-Uncensored. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "Isaac Hayes Biography (1942-)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/84/Isaac-Hayes.html. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "Isaac Hayes". Nndb.com. http://www.nndb.com/people/192/000024120/. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ "Old School Tidbits". Panache Report. http://panachereport.com/channels/old_school_update/OldSchoolTidbits.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ ^a ^b Roger Friedman (March 20, 2006). "Chef’s Quitting Controversy". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,188463,00.html.
^ Hayes Slams 'Stroke' Rumors, Hollywood.com, March 27, 2006
^ Hayes has put stroke, 'South Park' behind him, MySanAntonio.com, October 26, 2006.
^ Levine, Doug (11 August 2008). "Singer, Songwriter Isaac Hayes Dies". VOA News (Voice of America). http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-08/2008-08-11-voa47.cfm. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Soul legend Isaac Hayes dies". CNN. August 10, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/10/hayes.obit/. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
^ CBS: Oscar-Winning Singer Isaac Hayes Dead: "Hot Buttered Soul" Made Him Famous Four Decades Ago, "Theme From Shaft" Won Prestigious Awards. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
^ "Stroke killed singer Isaac Hayes". BBC News. 2008-08-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7557895.stm. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
^ Bob Mehr (August 20, 2010). "I-40 stretch named for Memphis music star Isaac Hayes". Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee). http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/aug/20/i-40-stretch-named-memphis-music-star-isaac-hayes/.
^ "Chef - Character Guide - South Park Studios". www.southparkstudios.com. http://www.southparkstudios.com/guide/characters/chef.
^ A.V. Club interview of Isaac Hayes, January 4, 2006.
^ "Isaac Hayes quits 'South Park' citing religious intolerance". CBC. March 23, 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/03/13/southpark-chef-quits.html.
^ "South Park gets revenge on Chef". BBC News. March 23, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4836286.stm.
^ ISAAC PUTS CHEF BEHIND HIM, The New York Post, January 24, 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c Roger Friedman, "Isaac Hayes' History With Scientology", Fox News, August 11, 2008
^ Isaac Hayes interview, MP3 format, FreeFM: The Adam Carolla Show, April 9, 2008
^ "Past Winners Search GRAMMY.com". grammy.com. http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Isaac+Hayes&title=&year=All&genre=All. Retrieved 2011-02-22.

Bowman, Rob (1997). Soulsville U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records. New York, NY: Schirmer Trade. ISBN 978-0-8256-7284-2. OCLC 36824884. http://books.google.de/books?id=XLdsRwpZ9oYC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.

External links [link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (October 2011)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Isaac Hayes

Isaac Hayes Online Memorial
Isaac Hayes Memorial
IsaacHayes.com
Isaac Hayes at the Internet Movie Database
Pete Lewis of 'Blues & Soul' Pays Tribute To Isaac Hayes on the BBC News Channel, August 11 2008
Site of Isaac Hayes' breakout gig
Isaac Hayes at Allmusic
Isaac Hayes at Wenig-LaMonica Associates
MP3 audio interview with Stax Records expert Rob Bowman on the radio program The Sound of Young America, including information on Hayes' performance at Wattstax
Isaac Hayes at Find a Grave
Isaac Hayes Final Interview with L.A. Record(7/31/2008)
Soul legend Isaac Hayes dies
R.I.P Issac Hayes 1942-2008/Asnycnow15News
Listen to Hayes' "(They Long to Be) Close to You" at Acousmata music blog

v t e Isaac Hayes

Studio albums	Presenting Isaac Hayes Hot Buttered Soul The Isaac Hayes Movement ...To Be Continued Black Moses Joy Chocolate Chip Disco Connection Groove-A-Thon Juicy Fruit New Horizon A Man And A Woman with Dionne Warwick For the Sake of Love HotBed Don't Let Go And Once Again Lifetime Thing U-Turn Love Attack Raw and Refined Branded Wonderful

Live albums	Live at the Sahara Tahoe A Man And A Woman with Dionne Warwick Isaac Hayes at Wattstax

Soundtrack albums	Shaft Three Tough Guys Truck Turner Rugrats in Paris

Singles (US/UK Top Thirty singles)	"Walk On By" "I Stand Accused" "Never Can Say Goodbye" "Theme from Shaft" "Do Your Thing" "Let's Stay Together" "Theme from The Men" "Joy" "Wonderful"

Related topics	Discography Songs Albums Al Bell Booker T. & the M.G.'s Stax Soul Scientology South Park

v t e Stax/Volt Records

Major figures	Jim Stewart · Estelle Axton · Al Bell · Steve Cropper · Booker T. Jones · Donald "Duck" Dunn · Al Jackson, Jr. · Isaac Hayes · David Porter · Jerry Wexler · Clive Davis

Major artists (Atlantic years)	Otis Redding · Sam & Dave · Carla Thomas · Rufus Thomas · The Mar-Keys · Booker T. & The MG's · William Bell · Eddie Floyd · Johnnie Taylor · Albert King · The Bar-Kays

Major artists (Post-Atlantic)	Isaac Hayes · David Porter · Eddie Floyd · Johnnie Taylor · The Rance Allen Group · The Soul Children · The Staple Singers · The Temprees · The Emotions · Mel & Tim · The Bar-Kays · Linda Lyndell · Richard Pryor · Bill Cosby · William Bell · Little Milton · Jesse Jackson · Big Star

Modern Stax artists	Soulive · Angie Stone · Lalah Hathaway · Leela James · Isaac Hayes · Leon Ware · N'dambi · Nikka Costa · Teena Marie

Related articles	Memphis soul · Wattstax · Stax Museum of American Soul Music · Atlantic Records · Union Planters Bank · CBS Records · Fantasy Records · Concord Records

v t e Academy Award for Best Original Song (1971–1980)

"Theme from Shaft" Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971) "The Morning After" Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972) "The Way We Were" Music: Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics: Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman (1973) "We May Never Love Like This Again" Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974) "I'm Easy" Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975) "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" Music: Barbra Streisand Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976) "You Light Up My Life" Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977) "Last Dance" Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978) "It Goes Like It Goes" Music: David Shire Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979) "Fame" Music: Michael Gore Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)

Complete list (1934–1940) (1941–1950) (1951–1960) (1961–1970) (1971–1980) (1981–1990) (1991–2000) (2001–2010) (2011–2020)

v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (1970–1989)

Love Story - Francis Lai (1970) Shaft - Isaac Hayes (1971) The Godfather - Nino Rota (1972) Jonathan Livingston Seagull - Neil Diamond (1973) The Little Prince - Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe (1974) Jaws - John Williams (1975) A Star is Born - Kenneth Ascher, Paul Williams (1976) Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope - John Williams (1977) Midnight Express - Giorgio Moroder (1978) Apocalypse Now - Carmine Coppola, Francis Ford Coppola (1979) The Stunt Man - Dominic Frontiere (1980) (1981) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial - John Williams (1982) Flashdance - Giorgio Moroder (1983) A Passage to India - Maurice Jarre (1984) Out of Africa - John Barry (1985) The Mission - Ennio Morricone (1986) The Last Emperor - David Byrne, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Cong Su (1987) Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey - Maurice Jarre (1988) The Little Mermaid - Alan Menken (1989)

Complete List (1947–1969) (1970–1989) (1990–2009) (2010–2029)

v t e Shaft

Films	Shaft (1971 film) · Shaft's Big Score · Shaft in Africa · Shaft (2000 film)

Television	Shaft (TV series)

Novels	Shaft (1970) · Shaft Among the Jews (1972) · Shaft's Big Score (1972) · Shaft Has a Ball (1973) · Goodbye, Mr. Shaft (1973) · Shaft's Carnival of Killers (1974) · The Last Shaft (1975)

Characters	John Shaft

Crew	Author/Writer: Ernest Tidyman · Directors: Gordon Parks · John Guillermin · John Singleton · Theme Author: Isaac Hayes

Related articles	"Theme from Shaft" · 1971 soundtrack · 2000 soundtrack

Persondata
Name	Hayes, Isaac
Alternative names	Hayes, Isaac Lee, Jr.
Short description	Singer-songwriter, arranger, record producer, and actor
Date of birth	August 20, 1942
Place of birth	Covington, Tennessee, U.S.
Date of death	August 10, 2008
Place of death	Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayes

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

	Book: Michael Jackson
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

	Michael Jackson portal
	The Jackson Family portal
	African American portal

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)

[edit] Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)

[edit] Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)

[edit] Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)

[edit] HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)

[edit] Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)

[edit] Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] Stax Records and Shaft

[edit] South Park

[edit] Departure from South Park

[edit] After South Park

Related pages: