| Edward VII |
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| Coronation portrait |
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King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (more...)
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| Reign |
22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 |
| Coronation |
9 August 1902 |
| Predecessor |
Victoria |
| Successor |
George V |
| Prime Ministers |
See list |
| Imperial Durbar |
1 January 1903 |
|
| Spouse |
Alexandra of Denmark |
| Issue |
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence
George V
Louise, Princess Royal, Duchess of Fife
Princess Victoria
Maud, Queen of Norway
Prince Alexander John of Wales |
| Full name |
| Albert Edward |
| House |
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
| Father |
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
| Mother |
Victoria of the United Kingdom |
| Born |
(1841-11-09)9 November 1841
Buckingham Palace, London, United Kingdom |
| Died |
6 May 1910(1910-05-06) (aged 68)
Buckingham Palace, London, United Kingdom |
| Burial |
20 May 1910
St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |
| Signature |
 |
Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. He was the first British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which was renamed the House of Windsor by his son, George V.
Before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, Queen Victoria, he was largely excluded from political power and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite.
The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including powered flight and the rise of socialism. Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet, the reform of the Army Medical Services,[1] and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. Edward fostered good relations between Great Britain and other European countries, especially France, for which he was popularly called "Peacemaker", but his efforts were unable to prevent the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
Edward was born at 10:48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace.[2] His parents were Queen Victoria and her husband (and first cousin) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward (after his father, and maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn) at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 25 January 1842.[3] He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life.[4]
As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth. As a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. Queen Victoria created her son Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841. He was created Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867.[5] In 1863, he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother, Prince Alfred.[6]
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a model constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on a rigorous educational programme devised by Prince Albert, and supervised by several tutors. Unlike his elder sister, Edward did not excel in his studies. He tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent and of sweet manner.[7]
After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, amongst others, Lyon Playfair. In October he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford.[8] Now released from the educational strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time and performed satisfactorily in examinations.[9] In 1861, Edward transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge,[10] where he was tutored in history by Charles Kingsley, Regius Professor of Modern History.[11] Kingsley's efforts brought forth the best academic performances of Edward's life, and Edward actually looked forward to his lectures.[12]
In 1860, Edward undertook the first tour of North America by an heir to the British throne. His genial good humour and confident bonhomie made the tour a great success.[13] He inaugurated the Victoria Bridge, Montreal, across the St Lawrence River, and laid the cornerstone of Parliament Hill, Ottawa. He watched Charles Blondin traverse Niagara Falls by highwire, and stayed for three days with President James Buchanan at the White House. Buchanan accompanied the Prince to Mount Vernon, to pay his respects at the tomb of George Washington. Vast crowds greeted him everywhere. He met Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes. Prayers for the royal family were said in Trinity Church, New York, for the first time since 1776.[13] The four-month tour throughout Canada and the United States considerably boosted Edward's confidence and self-esteem, and had many diplomatic benefits for Great Britain.[14]
Upon his return, Edward hoped to pursue a career in the British Army, but this was denied him because he was heir to the throne. His military ranks were honorary. In September 1861, Edward was sent to Germany, supposedly to watch military manoeuvres, but actually in order to engineer a meeting between him and Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the eldest daughter of Prince Christian of Denmark and his wife Louise. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had already decided that Edward and Alexandra should marry. They met at Speyer on 24 September under the auspices of his elder sister, the Crown Princess of Prussia.[15] Edward's elder sister, acting upon instructions from their mother, had met Princess Alexandra at Strelitz in June; the young Danish princess made a very favourable impression. Edward and Alexandra were friendly from the start; the meeting went well for both sides, and marriage plans advanced.[16]
From this time, Edward gained a reputation as a playboy. Determined to get some army experience, Edward attended manoeuvres in Ireland, during which an actress, Nellie Clifden, was hidden in his tent by his fellow officers. Prince Albert, though ill, was appalled and visited Edward at Cambridge to issue a reprimand. Albert died in December 1861 just two weeks after the visit. Queen Victoria was inconsolable, wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father's death. At first, she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous, indiscreet and irresponsible. She wrote to her eldest daughter, "I never can, or shall, look at him without a shudder."[17]
Once widowed, Queen Victoria effectively withdrew from public life. Shortly after Prince Albert's death, she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Damascus, Beirut and Constantinople.[18] As soon as he returned to Britain, preparations were made for his engagement, which was sealed at Laeken in Belgium on 9 September 1862.[19] Edward and Alexandra married at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 10 March 1863. Edward was 21; Alexandra was 18.
Edward and
Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863
Edward and his wife established Marlborough House as their London residence and Sandringham House in Norfolk as their country retreat. They entertained on a lavish scale. Their marriage met with disapproval in certain circles because most of Queen Victoria's relations were German, and Denmark was at loggerheads with Germany over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. When Alexandra's father inherited the throne of Denmark in November 1863, the German Confederation took the opportunity to invade and annex Schleswig-Holstein. Queen Victoria was of two minds whether it was a suitable match given the political climate.[20] After the couple's marriage, she expressed anxiety about their socialite lifestyle and attempted to dictate to them on various matters, including the names of their children.
Edward had mistresses throughout his married life. He socialised with actress Lillie Langtry; Lady Randolph Churchill (mother of Winston Churchill);[21] Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick; actress Sarah Bernhardt; noblewoman Susan Pelham-Clinton; singer Hortense Schneider; prostitute Giulia Barucci; wealthy humanitarian Agnes Keyser; and Alice Keppel. At least fifty-five liaisons are conjectured.[22] How far these relationships went is not always clear. Edward always strove to be discreet, but this did not prevent society gossip or press speculation.[23] One of Alice Keppel's great-granddaughters, Camilla Parker Bowles, became the mistress and subsequently wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, one of Edward's great-great grandsons. It was rumoured that Camilla's grandmother, Sonia Keppel (born in May 1900), was the illegitimate daughter of Edward, but she was "almost certainly" the daughter of George Keppel, whom she resembled.[24] Edward never acknowledged any illegitimate children.[25] Alexandra is believed to have been aware of many of his affairs and to have accepted them.[26]
In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt, a British Member of Parliament, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce suit. Ultimately, he did not do so but Edward was called as a witness in the case in early 1870. It was shown that Edward had visited the Mordaunts' house while Sir Charles was away sitting in the House of Commons. Although nothing further was proven and Edward denied he had committed adultery, the suggestion of impropriety was damaging.[9][27]
During Queen Victoria's widowhood, Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as we understand them today—for example, opening Thames Embankment in 1871, Mersey Tunnel in 1886, and Tower Bridge in 1894.[28] However, his mother did not allow Edward an active role in the running of the country until 1898.[1][29] He was sent summaries of important government documents, but she refused to give him access to the originals.[9] He annoyed his mother by siding with Denmark on the Schleswig-Holstein Question in 1864 (she was pro-German) and in the same year annoyed her again by making a special effort to meet Garibaldi.[30] Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone sent him papers secretly.[9]
In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor, Napoleon III, was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the French Third Republic was declared.[31] However, in the winter of 1871, a brush with death led to an improvement both in Edward's popularity with the public as well as in his relationship with his mother. While staying at Londesborough Lodge, near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Edward contracted typhoid, the disease that was believed to have killed his father. There was great national concern, and one of his fellow guests (Lord Chesterfield) died. Edward's recovery was greeted with almost universal relief.[9] Public celebrations included the composition of Arthur Sullivan's Festival Te Deum. Edward cultivated politicians from all parties, including republicans, as his friends, and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him.[32] From 1886, Foreign Secretary Lord Rosebery sent him Foreign Office despatches, and from 1892 some Cabinet papers were opened to him.[9]
In 1875, Edward set off for India on an extensive eight-month tour of the sub-continent. His advisors remarked on his habit of treating all people the same, regardless of their social station or colour. In letters home, he complained of the treatment of the native Indians by the British officials: "Because a man has a black face and a different religion from our own, there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute."[33] At the end of the tour, his mother was given the title Empress of India by Parliament, in part as a result of the tour's success.[34]
Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the Royal College of Music. He opened the college in 1883 with the words, "Class can no longer stand apart from class ... I claim for music that it produces that union of feeling which I much desire to promote."[34] At the same time, he enjoyed gambling and country sports and was an enthusiastic hunter. He ordered all the clocks at Sandringham to run half an hour fast to create more time for shooting. This so-called tradition of Sandringham Time continued until 1936, when it was abolished by Edward VIII.[35] He also laid out a golf course at Windsor. By the 1870s the future king had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing. In 1896, his horse Persimmon won both the Derby Stakes and the St. Leger Stakes. In 1900, Persimmon's brother, Diamond Jubilee, won five races (Derby, St. Leger, 2,000 Guineas Stakes, Newmarket Stakes and Eclipse Stakes)[36] and another of Edward's horses, Ambush II, won the Grand National.[37]
He was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men's fashions.[38][39] He made wearing tweed, Homburg hats and Norfolk jackets fashionable, and popularised the wearing of black ties with dinner jackets, instead of white tie and tails.[40] He pioneered the pressing of trouser legs from side to side in preference to the now normal front and back creases,[41] and was thought to have introduced the stand-up turn-down shirt collar.[42] A stickler for proper dress, he is said to have admonished the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, for wearing the trousers of an Elder Brother of Trinity House with a Privy Councillor's coat. Deep in an international crisis, the Prime Minister informed the Prince of Wales that it had been a dark morning, and that "my mind must have been occupied by some subject of less importance."[43] The tradition of men not buttoning the bottom button of waistcoats is said to be linked to Edward, who supposedly left his undone due to his large girth.[9] His waist measured 48 inches (122 cm) shortly before his coronation.[44] He introduced the practice of eating roast beef, roast potatoes, horseradish sauce and yorkshire pudding on Sundays, which remains a staple British favourite for Sunday lunch.[45][46]
In 1891, Edward was embroiled in the Royal Baccarat Scandal, when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year. The Prince was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the players unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating.[47] In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict, when Lord Charles Beresford threatened to reveal details of Edward's private life to the press, as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford's affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick. The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives.[48] Usually, Edward's outbursts of temper were short-lived, and "after he had let himself go ... [he would] smooth matters by being especially nice".[49]
In 1892, Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, was engaged to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. Just a few weeks after the engagement, Albert Victor died of pneumonia. Edward was grief-stricken. "To lose our eldest son", he wrote, "is one of those calamities one can never really get over". Edward told Queen Victoria, "[I would] have given my life for him, as I put no value on mine".[50] Albert Victor was the second of Edward's children to die. In 1871, his youngest son, John, had died just 24 hours after being born. Edward had insisted on placing John in his coffin personally with "the tears rolling down his cheeks".[51]
On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900 Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination, when Jean-Baptiste Sipido shot at him in protest over the Boer War. Sipido escaped to France; the perceived delay of the Belgian authorities in applying for extradition, combined with British disgust at Belgian atrocities in the Congo, worsened the already poor relationship between the United Kingdom and the Continent. However, in the next ten years, Edward's affability and popularity, as well as his use of family connections, assisted Britain in building European alliances.[52]
King Edward VII in coronation robes. Note the Royal Sceptre in its original form, shortly before the addition of the
Cullinan I Diamond.
When Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, Edward became King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India and, in an innovation, King of the British Dominions.[53] He chose to reign under the name Edward VII, instead of Albert Edward—the name his mother had intended for him to use,[54] declaring that he did not wish to "undervalue the name of Albert" and diminish the status of his father with whom among royalty the name Albert should stand alone.[55] The number VII was occasionally omitted in Scotland, even by the national church, in deference to protests that the previous Edwards were English kings who had "been excluded from Scotland by battle".[9] J. B. Priestley recalled, "I was only a child when he succeeded Victoria in 1901, but I can testify to his extraordinary popularity. He was in fact the most popular king England had known since the earlier 1660s."[56]
He donated his parents' house, Osborne on the Isle of Wight, to the state and continued to live at Sandringham.[57] He could afford to be magnanimous; his private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit.[58] Edward's finances had been ably managed by Sir Dighton Probyn, Comptroller of the Household, and had benefited from advice from Edward's Jewish financier friends, such as Ernest Cassel, Maurice de Hirsch and the Rothschild family.[59] At a time of widespread anti-Semitism, Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews.[60]
Four Kings: Edward VII (right) with his successors—(from left to right) his son the future
George V, and grandsons the future
Edward VIII and
George VI
Edward VII and Alexandra were crowned at Westminster Abbey on 9 August 1902 by the 80-year-old Archbishop of Canterbury, Frederick Temple, who died only four months later. Edward's coronation had originally been scheduled for 26 June, but two days before on 24 June, Edward was diagnosed with appendicitis.[61] Appendicitis was generally not treated operatively and carried a high mortality rate, but developments in anaesthesia and antisepsis in the preceding 50 years made life-saving surgery possible.[62] Sir Frederick Treves, with the support of Lord Lister, performed a then-radical operation of draining the appendix abscess through a small incision. The next day, Edward was sitting up in bed, smoking a cigar.[63] Two weeks later, it was announced that the King was out of danger. Treves was honoured with a baronetcy (which Edward had arranged before the operation)[64] and appendix surgery entered the medical mainstream.[62]
Edward refurbished the royal palaces, reintroduced the traditional ceremonies, such as the State Opening of Parliament, that his mother had forgone, and founded new orders of honours, such as the Order of Merit, to recognise contributions to the arts and sciences.[65] In 1902, the Shah of Persia, Mozzafar-al-Din, visited England expecting to receive the Order of the Garter. Edward refused to give this high honour to the Shah because the order was meant to be his personal gift and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Lansdowne, had promised the order without his consent. Edward also objected to inducting a Muslim into a Christian order of chivalry. His refusal threatened to damage British attempts to gain influence in Persia,[66] but Edward resented his ministers' attempts to reduce the King's traditional powers.[67] Eventually, he relented and Britain sent a special embassy to the Shah with a full Order of the Garter the following year.[68]
Edward VII relaxing at
Balmoral Castle, photographed by his wife, Alexandra
As king, Edward's main interests lay in the fields of foreign affairs and naval and military matters. Fluent in French and German, he made a number of visits abroad, and took annual holidays in Biarritz and Marienbad.[35] One of his most important foreign trips was an official visit to France in spring 1903 as the guest of President Émile Loubet. Following a visit to the Pope in Rome, this trip helped create the atmosphere for the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale, an agreement delineating British and French colonies in North Africa, and ruling out any future war between the two countries. The Entente was negotiated between the French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé, and the British foreign secretary, Lord Lansdowne. Signed in London on 8 April 1904 by Lansdowne and the French ambassador Paul Cambon, it marked the end of centuries of Anglo-French rivalry and Britain's splendid isolation from Continental affairs, and attempted to counterbalance the growing dominance of the German Empire and its ally, Austria-Hungary.[69]
Edward was related to nearly every other European monarch and came to be known as the "uncle of Europe".[1] The German Emperor Wilhelm II, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse, Duke Charles Edward of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Duke Ernst August of Brunswick were Edward's nephews; Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain, Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, Crown Princess Marie of Romania, Crown Princess Sophia of Greece, Empress Alexandra of Russia, Grand Duchess Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Duchess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen were his nieces; Haakon VII of Norway was both his nephew by marriage and his son-in-law; George I of Greece and Frederick VIII of Denmark were his brothers-in-law; Albert I of Belgium, Charles I and Manuel II of Portugal, and Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria were his second cousins. Edward doted on his grandchildren, and indulged them, to the consternation of their governesses.[70] However, there was one relation whom Edward did not like and his difficult relationship with his nephew, Wilhelm II, exacerbated the tensions between Germany and Britain.[71]
In April 1908, during Edward's annual stay at Biarritz, he accepted the resignation of British Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In a break with precedent, Edward asked Campbell-Bannerman's successor, H. H. Asquith, to travel to Biarritz to kiss hands. Asquith complied, but the press criticised the action of the King in appointing a prime minister on foreign soil instead of returning to Britain.[72] In June 1908, Edward became the first reigning British monarch to visit the Russian Empire, despite refusing to visit in 1906, when Anglo-Russian relations were strained in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, the Dogger Bank incident, and the Tsar's dissolution of the Duma.[73] The previous month, Edward visited the Scandinavian countries, becoming the first British monarch to visit Sweden.[74]
Edward involved himself heavily in discussions over army reform, the need for which had become apparent with the failings of the Second Boer War. He supported the re-design of army command, the creation of the Territorial Army, and the decision to provide an Expeditionary Force supporting France in the event of war with Germany.[75] Reform of the Royal Navy was also suggested, partly due to the ever-increasing Naval Estimates, and because of the emergence of the Imperial German Navy as a new strategic threat.[76] Ultimately a dispute arose between Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, who favoured increased spending and a broad deployment, and the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John Fisher, who favoured efficiency savings, scrapping obsolete vessels, and a strategic realignment of the Royal Navy relying on torpedo craft for home defence backed by the new dreadnoughts.[77] Edward lent support to Fisher, in part because he disliked Beresford, and eventually Beresford was dismissed. Beresford continued his campaign outside of the navy and Fisher ultimately announced his resignation in late 1909, although the bulk of his policies were retained.[78] The King was intimately involved in the appointment of Fisher's successor as the Fisher-Beresford feud had split the service, and the only truly qualified figure known to be outside of both camps was Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, who had retired in 1907.[79] Wilson was reluctant to return to active duty, but Edward persuaded him to do so, and Wilson became First Sea Lord on 25 January 1910.[80]
In the last year of his life, Edward became embroiled in a constitutional crisis when the Conservative majority in the House of Lords refused to pass the "People's Budget" proposed by the Liberal government of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. The King let Asquith know that he would only be willing to appoint additional peers, if necessary, to enable the budget's passage in the House of Lords, if Asquith won two successive general elections.[9][81]
Edward was rarely interested in politics, although his views on some issues were notably liberal for the time. During his reign he said use of the word nigger was "disgraceful" despite it then being in common parlance.[82] While Prince of Wales, he had to be dissuaded from breaking with constitutional precedent by openly voting for Gladstone's Representation of the People Bill (1884) in the House of Lords. On other matters he was less progressive: he did not, for example, favour giving votes to women,[9][83] although he did suggest that the social reformer Octavia Hill serve on the Commission for Working Class Housing.[84] He was also opposed to Irish Home Rule, instead preferring a form of dual monarchy.[9] Edward lived a life of luxury that was often far removed from that of the majority of his subjects. However, his personal charm with people at all levels of society and his strong condemnation of prejudice went some way to assuage republican and racial tensions building during his lifetime.[9]
Edward usually smoked twenty cigarettes and twelve cigars a day. Towards the end of his life he increasingly suffered from bronchitis.[9] In March 1910, the King was staying at Biarritz when he collapsed. He remained there to convalesce, while in London Asquith tried to get the Finance Bill passed. The King's continued ill-health was unreported and he attracted criticism for staying in France whilst political tensions were so high. On 27 April he returned to Buckingham Palace, still suffering from severe bronchitis. Alexandra returned from visiting her brother, King George I of Greece, in Corfu a week later on 5 May.
The following day, the King suffered several heart attacks, but refused to go to bed saying, "No, I shall not give in; I shall go on; I shall work to the end."[85] Between moments of faintness, the Prince of Wales (shortly to be King George V) told him that his horse, Witch of the Air, had won at Kempton Park that afternoon. The King replied, "I am very glad": his final words.[9] At 11:30 he lost consciousness for the last time and was put to bed. He died at 11:45 p.m.[85]
The lead ship of a new class of battleships, launched in 1903, was named in his honour. Many schools in England are named after Edward; two of the largest are in Melton Mowbray and Sheffield. King Edward VII School in Johannesburg, South Africa, is one of the oldest schools in that country, and was named in honour of Edward after his death. King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital in Mumbai, India, the King Edward Medical University in Pakistan, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women in Subiaco, Western Australia, and King Edward VII Hall at the National University of Singapore carry King Edward's name. The Parque Eduardo VII in Lisbon, King Edward Avenue in Vancouver, Rue Edouard VII in Paris and King Edward Cigars are also named after him.
Statues of Edward can be found throughout the former empire, such as those in Waterloo Place, London; Centenary Square, Birmingham; Union Street, Aberdeen; Queen's Park, Toronto; North Terrace, Adelaide; Franklin Square, Hobart; Queen Victoria Gardens, Melbourne; Phillips Square, Montreal and outside the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history, until surpassed by his great-great-grandson Charles, Prince of Wales, on 22 April 2011. As the title Prince of Wales is not exactly coincident with the position of heir apparent, he remains the longest-serving holder of that title, at 59 years, 45 days; Charles has held the title for &1000000000000005300000053 years, &10000000000000336000000336 days.
As king, Edward VII proved a greater success than anyone had expected, but he was already an old man and had little time left to fulfil the role. In his short reign, he ensured that his second son and heir, George V, was better prepared to take the throne. Contemporaries described their relationship as more like affectionate brothers than father and son,[86] and on Edward's death George wrote in his diary that he had lost his "best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief".[87] Edward received criticism for his apparent pursuit of self-indulgent pleasure but he received great praise for his affable and kind good manners, and his diplomatic skill. As his grandson wrote, "his lighter side ... obscured the fact that he had both insight and influence."[88] "He had a tremendous zest for pleasure but he also had a real sense of duty", wrote J. B. Priestley.[89] Lord Esher wrote that Edward was "kind and debonair and not undignified – but too human".[90] Edward VII is buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. As Barbara Tuchman noted in The Guns of August, his funeral marked "the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last".
Edward was lauded as "Peacemaker",[91] but had been afraid that his nephew, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, would tip Europe into war.[92] Four years after Edward's death, World War I broke out. The naval reforms and the Anglo-French alliance he had supported, as well as the relationships between his extended royal family, were put to the test.
- 9 November – 8 December 1841: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
- 8 December 1841 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
- 17 January 1850 – 22 January 1901: The Earl of Dublin
- 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Majesty The King
- with regard to India: His Imperial Majesty The King-Emperor
As Prince of Wales, Edward's coat of arms was the royal arms differenced by a label of three points argent, and an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, representing his father. When he acceded as King, he gained the royal arms undifferenced.[93]
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Coat of arms as Prince of Wales from 1841–1901
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Coat of arms of Edward VII of the United Kingdom
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Coat of arms of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (in Scotland)
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16. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |
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8. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |
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17. Duchess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |
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4. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
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18. Henry XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf |
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9. Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf |
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19. Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg |
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2. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
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20. Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg |
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10. Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg |
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21. Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen |
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5. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg |
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22. Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
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11. Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
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23. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg |
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1. Edward VII of the United Kingdom |
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24. Frederick, Prince of Wales |
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12. George III of the United Kingdom |
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25. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha |
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6. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn |
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26. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow |
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13. Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |
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27. Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen |
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3. Victoria of the United Kingdom |
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28. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 16) |
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14. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 8) |
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29. Duchess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (= 17) |
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7. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld |
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30. Henry XXIV, Count of Reuss-Ebersdorf (= 18) |
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15. Countess Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf (= 9) |
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31. Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg (= 19) |
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- ^ a b c Edward VII, Official website of the British Monarchy, http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha/EdwardVII.aspx, retrieved 2 May 2010
- ^ Magnus, Philip (1964), King Edward The Seventh, London: John Murray, p. 1
- ^ His godparents were the King of Prussia, his paternal grandfather's wife the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (for whom the Duchess of Kent, his maternal grandmother, stood proxy), his great-uncle the Duke of Cambridge, his great-grandfather's wife the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg (for whom the Duchess of Cambridge, his great-aunt, stood proxy), his great-aunt the Princess Sophia (for whom Princess Augusta of Cambridge, his first cousin once-removed, stood proxy) and his great-uncle Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. London Gazette: no. 20065. p. 224. 28 January 1842.
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, Dana (1992), Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 1, ISBN 0-11-290508-0
- ^ Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised Edition, London: Random House, p. 319, ISBN 0-7126-7448-9
- ^ Van der Kiste, John (September 2004; online edition May 2007) "Alfred, Prince, duke of Edinburgh (1844–1900)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/346, retrieved 24 June 2009 (Subscription required)
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 4
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 18
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition May 2006) "Edward VII (1841–1910)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975, retrieved 24 June 2009 (Subscription required)
- ^ Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). "Wales, H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 35.
- ^ Hough, Richard (1992), Edward and Alexandra: Their Private and Public Lives, London: Hodder & Stoughton, pp. 36–37, ISBN 0-340-55825-3
- ^ a b Bentley-Cranch, pp. 20–34
- ^ Hough, pp. 39–47
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 36–38
- ^ Hough, pp. 64–66
- ^ Middlemas, Keith; Edited by Antonia Fraser (1972), The Life and Times of Edward VII, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 31, ISBN 0-297-83189-5
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 40–42
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 44
- ^ Middlemas, p. 35
- ^ Letters written by Edward to Lady Randolph may have "signified no more than a flirtation" but were "[w]ritten in a strain of undue familiarity" (Hattersley, Roy (2004), The Edwardians, London: Little, Brown, p. 21, ISBN 0-316-72537-4 ).
- ^ Camp, Anthony (2007), Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction, 1714–1936 . They are listed at http://anthonyjcamp.com/page9.htm.
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 74–80
- ^ Souhami, Diana (1996), Mrs Keppel and her daughter, London: HarpurCollins, p. 49
- ^ Ashley, Mike (1998), The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, London: Robinson, pp. 694–695, ISBN 1-84119-096-9
- ^ Middlemas, p. 89
- ^ Priestley, J. B. (1970), The Edwardians, London: Heinemann, pp. 22–23, ISBN 0-434-60332-5
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 97
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 18–19
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 59–60
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 66
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 67 and Middlemas, pp. 48–52
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 101–102
- ^ a b Bentley-Cranch, p. 104
- ^ a b Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951), A King's Story, London: Cassell and Co, p. 46
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 110
- ^ Middlemas, p. 98
- ^ Bergner Hurlock, Elizabeth (1976), The psychology of dress: an analysis of fashion and its motive, Ayer Publishing, p. 108, ISBN 978-0-405-08644-1
- ^ Mansel, Philip (2005), Dressed to Rule, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 138, ISBN 0-300-10697-1
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 84
- ^ Middlemas, p. 201
- ^ "Try our "98'Curzons!" A few fashion hints for men", Otago Witness, 3 November 1898, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18981103.2.164, retrieved 5 May 2010, "It was actually the Prince of Wales who introduced this shape. He got them originally about eight years ago from a manufacturer called Charvet, in Paris."
- ^ Roberts, p. 35
- ^ Middlemas, p. 200 and Hattersley, p. 27
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 80
- ^ He was not a heavy drinker, though he did drink champagne and, occasionally, port (Hattersley, p. 27).
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 23–25
- ^ Middlemas, p. 86
- ^ Sir Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby, quoted in Middlemas, p. 188
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 95–96
- ^ Battiscombe, p. 112
- ^ Middlemas, p. 65
- ^ Middlemas, p. 104
- ^ No English or British sovereign has ever reigned under a double name.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 27270. p. 547. 23 January 1901.
- ^ Priestley, p. 9
- ^ The Duke of Windsor, p. 14
- ^ Lee, Sidney (1927), King Edward VII: A Biography, Macmillan, vol. II p. 26
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 38, 84, 96; Priestley, p. 32
- ^ Allfrey, Anthony (1991), King Edward VII and His Jewish Court, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-81125-8
- ^ Lee, vol. II, pp. 102–109
- ^ a b Mirilas, P. ; Skandalakis, J.E. (2003), "Not just an appendix: Sir Frederick Treves", Archives of Disease in Childhood 88 (6): 549–552, DOI:10.1136/adc.88.6.549, PMC 1763108, PMID 12765932
- ^ The Duke of Windsor, p. 20
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 127
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 122–139
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 39–40
- ^ Lee, vol. II, p. 182
- ^ Lee, vol. II, p. 157; Middlemas, pp. 125–126
- ^ Nicolson, Harold (October 1954), "The Origins and Development of the Anglo-French Entente", International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) XXX (4): 407–416
- ^ The Duke of Windsor, p. 15
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 60–61 and pp. 172–175; Hattersley, pp. 460–464
- ^ Lee, vol. II, pp. 581–582
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 167, 169
- ^ Lee, vol. II, pp. 583–584
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 130–134
- ^ Kennedy, Paul M. (2004), The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, London: Penguin Books, pp. 215–216
- ^ See, principally, Lambert, Nicholas A. (2002), Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution, Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1-57003-492-3 For a much shorter summary of Fisher's reforms, see Grove, Eric J. (2005), The Royal Navy since 1815, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 88–100, ISBN 0-333-72126-8
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 134–139
- ^ Lambert, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Bradford, Admiral Sir Edward E. (1923), Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, London: John Murray, pp. 223–225
- ^ Hattersley, p. 168
- ^ Rose, Kenneth (1983), King George V, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 65
- ^ Hattersley, pp. 215–216
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 98
- ^ a b Bentley-Cranch, p. 151
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 155
- ^ King George V's diary, 6 May 1910. Royal Archives
- ^ The Duke of Windsor, p. 69
- ^ Priestley, p. 25
- ^ Hattersley, p. 17
- ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 157; Lee, vol. II, p. 738
- ^ Middlemas, pp. 176, 179
- ^ Velde, François (19 April 2008), Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family, Heraldica, http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm, retrieved 2 May 2010
- Battiscombe, Georgina (1969), Queen Alexandra, London: Constable, ISBN 0-09-456560-0
- Bentley-Cranch, Dana (1992), Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, ISBN 0-11-290508-0
- Hattersley, Roy (2004), The Edwardians, London: Little, Brown, ISBN 0-316-72537-4
- Hough, Richard (1992), Edward & Alexandra: Their Private and Public Lives, London: Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-55825-3
- Lee, Sidney (1927), King Edward VII: A Biography, London: Macmillan
- Magnus, Philip (1964), King Edward The Seventh, London: John Murray
- Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition May 2006) "Edward VII (1841–1910)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975, retrieved 24 June 2009 (Subscription required)
- Middlemas, Keith; Edited by Antonia Fraser (1972), The Life and Times of Edward VII, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-83189-5
- Priestley, J. B. (1970), The Edwardians, London: Heinemann, ISBN 0-434-60332-5
- Roberts, Andrew (2006), Salisbury: Victorian Titan, London: Sterling Publishing Co.
- Tuchman, Barbara (1964), The Guns of August, New York: Macmillan
- Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951), A King's Story, London: Cassell and Co
- Andrews, Allen (1975), The Follies of King Edward VII, Lexington, ISBN 978-0904312157
- Aubyn, Giles St. (1979), Edward VII, Prince and King, Atheneum, ISBN 978-0689109379
- Butler, David (1975), Edward VII, Prince of Hearts, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, ISBN 978-0297768975
- Cornwallis, Kinahan (2009) [1860], Royalty in the New World: Or, the Prince of Wales in America, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-00298-1
- Cowles, Virginia (1956), Edward VII and his circle, H. Hamilton
- Heffer, Simon (1998), Power and Place: the Political Consequences of King Edward VII, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0297842200
- Hibbert, Christopher (2007), Edward VII: The Last Victorian King, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1403983770
- Plumptre, George (1997), Edward VII, Trafalgar Square Publishing, ISBN 978-1857938463
- Ponsonby, Frederick (1951), Recollections of Three Reigns, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode
- Roby, Kinley E. (1975), The King, the Press and the people: A study of Edward VII, Barrie and Jenkins, ISBN 978-0214200984
- Walker, Richard (1988), The Savile Row Story: An Illustrated History, London: Prion, ISBN 1-85375-000-X
- Weintraub, Stanley (2001), Edward the Caresser: The Playboy Prince Who Became Edward VII, Free Press, ISBN 978-0684853185
|
Edward VII
Born: 9 November 1841 Died: 6 May 1910 |
| Regnal titles |
Preceded by
Victoria |
King of the United Kingdom
and the Dominions
Emperor of India
22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 |
Succeeded by
George V |
| British royalty |
Preceded by
The Princess Victoria |
Heir to the Throne
as heir apparent
1841–1901 |
Succeeded by
Prince George, Duke of Cornwall
later became King George V |
| Vacant
Title last held by
Prince George, Duke of Cornwall
later became King George IV |
Prince of Wales
1841–1901 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Prince George, Duke of Cornwall
later became King George V |
| Peerage of England |
| Vacant
Title last held by
Prince George, Duke of Cornwall
later became King George IV |
Duke of Cornwall
1841–1901 |
Succeeded by
Prince George, Duke of York
later became King George V |
| Peerage of Scotland |
| Vacant
Title last held by
Prince George, Duke of Rothesay
later became King George IV |
Duke of Rothesay
1841–1901 |
Succeeded by
Prince George, Duke of York
later became King George V |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom |
| New creation |
Earl of Dublin
3rd creation
1850–1901 |
Merged in the Crown |
| Masonic offices |
Preceded by
The Marquess of Ripon |
Grand Master of the United
Grand Lodge of England
1874–1901 |
Succeeded by
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
and Strathearn |
| Honorary titles |
| Vacant
Title last held by
Albert, Prince Consort |
Great Master of the Bath
1897–1901 |
Succeeded by
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
and Strathearn |
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| Monarchs of England before 1603 |
Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 |
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Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
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The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British Royal Family. |
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| 1st generation |
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| Persondata |
| Name |
Edward VII of the United Kingdom |
| Alternative names |
Albert Edward |
| Short description |
European royalty |
| Date of birth |
9 November 1841 |
| Place of birth |
Buckingham Palace, London |
| Date of death |
6 May 1910 |
| Place of death |
Buckingham Palace, London |
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