- published: 05 Nov 2009
- views: 157756
- author: Seyed Navid
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- Abaqa Khan
- Abbas Mirza
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- Aji Chay
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Ahar
Ahar (Persian: اهر) is a city in and the capital of Ahar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85,782, in 20,844 families.
Ahar is known on the market place for its Ahar rugs. Ahar is one of the ancient cities of Azarbayjan, its name before islam was "meimad" ,[citation needed] after presentation of islam this city has been named "ahar" or "ahrich" that was chief town of region Garadagh. Ahar in Arabic means "Ash tree". Ash (Vaan) is a tree that was abundant in Ahar region.
In the 12th-13th centuries, Ahar was a minor and short-lived, but prosperous emirate ruled by the Pishteginid dynasty of Georgian origin (1155—1231).
Arasbaran forests in the vicinity of Ahar (Kaleibar county)
Ahar town lies on the north-west face of Mount Sabalan
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Aji Chay
Aji Chay (Azerbaijani: آجی چای, Persian: تلخه رود), or Talkheh-Rūd, is a river in north-western Iran. Most of it is situated in the East Azerbaijan Province.
Its water is alkali due to passing from the lands with high mineralization. It is the largest river that discharges into Lake Urmia. It arises above Sarab from the slopes of Mount Bozgush and Mount Sabalan. Its tributary, the sweet water Quri River (Ghouri or Meydan Chayi), joins the Aji just northeast of central Tabriz.
The Iranian government has a project under development to put the water to agricultural use by altering the watercourse of the Aji Chai away from the alkali lands. As part of this project, the Madani dam is being constructed on the Aji Chai on the northeast side of Eynali mountain, which lies to the northeast of Tabriz.
Historical Aji Chay Bridge over the river, on the old Tabriz road to Marand, is located just outside of Tabriz and east of the Tabriz International Airport.
Coordinates: 37°45′N 45°42′E / 37.75°N 45.7°E / 37.75; 45.7
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Aji Chay Bridge
Coordinates: 38°07′02.0424″N 46°15′52.5954″E / 38.117234°N 46.264609833°E / 38.117234; 46.264609833
Aji Chy Bridge bridge is one of the oldest bridge in the region. Its is on the Aji Chay river at the western part of Tabriz. Its history goes back to the time while Tabriz still a small village. Located at the ancient Silk Road, the bridge always had a major role in connecting east to the west. Bridge architecture is homogeneous. The bridge due to flooding rivers and forests of a region repeatedly been damaged and repaired. The bridge includes 16 span with an overall length of 105 and width of meters 5 meters.
The bridge, built over Quri Chay river in northwestern sector of the city dates back to the pre-Safavid period. It was repaired by the Tabriz's famous merchant, Haji Seyyed Hussein, when the Qajar crown prince, Abbas Mirza resided in Tabriz.
Nowadays a new bridge has been built just behind this ancient bridge and traffic is transferred to the new bridge, and the bridge is open only for pedestrian visitors.
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Amir Nezam House
Coordinates: 38°04′59.19″N 46°18′21.60″E / 38.0831083°N 46.306°E / 38.0831083; 46.306
The Amir Nezām House (Persian: خانه امیرنظام, Khaneh-e Amir Nezām, Azeri: Emir Nizamin evi), or The Qajar Museum of Tabriz, is a historical building in the Sheshghelan district (Persian:ششگلان), one of the oldest quarters of the city of Tabriz, Iran. The base of the edifice covers an area of 1200 square metres. This monument which since 2006 houses a museum dedicated to the Qajar dynasty (1781-1925), was built in the period of the Crown Prince Abbas Mirza (1789-1833). It was renovated by Hasan-Ali Khan (حسنعلی خان), Amir Nezām Garrousi (امیرنظام گروسی), in his position as the Major-domo of Azarbaijan, and used as his residency. In the subsequent periods, the house was employed as the official residence of the provincial governors of Azarbaijan. Because of persistent neglect over a long period of time, this building had come to be in such a bad state of disrepair that for a time it was seriously considered to demolish it and build a school in its place. Between 1993-2006 it has been subject of an extensive renovation process and since the completion of this undertaking it has been granted the National Heritage status.
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Amol
Amol (Persian: آمل – [ɒmol];
pronunciation (help·info);[missing stress] also Romanized as Āmol and Amul) is a city in and the capital of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 197,470, in 55,183 families. Amol and the old part of town is the first of the four towns that populate the world in which there is Nzamyh. Amol is a city of strategic accounts from beginning to end.Shia state in the world was first built in Amol. In the 5th century AH, Nizam al-Mulk, in his famous book named "Seer-ul-moluok", recommended creation of modern institutions by the name of Nezamiah with academic status in the big famous cities of Islamic world as Balkh, Baghdad, Damascus, Neishabour, and Bukhara. The name of Amol was also included among them.Most of Allameh the scientific world are born in this city and the cultural capital of the world is Amol.Gold and copper have been expensive and time-old Amol, Amol has been the commercial center Iran.
Amol is located on the Haraz river bank. It is less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the Caspian sea and less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the Alborz mountains. It is 180 kilometres (110 mi) from Tehran, and 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of the provincial capital, Sari.Amol is Best Nature & History Iran. is a city in and the capital of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 197,470, in 55,183 families.
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Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.
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Aqkand
Aqkand (Persian: آقكند; also Romanized as Āqkand, Āq Kand, Āgh Kand, and Ak-Kend) is a city in and the capital of Kaghazkonan District, in Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,823, in 477 families.
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Arasbaran
Arasbārān (Persian: ارسباران) or Qaradağ (Azerbaijani: قرهداغ), is a UNESCO registered biosphere reserve (since 1976) and an Iranian Dept. of Environment designated "Protected Area" in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, with a varying altitude from 256m in the vicinity of Aras River to 2896m and covers an area of 78560 hectares. It include some historical places like Babak Khorramdin's Castle. The biosphere is also home for 23,500 nomads who are living in transition buffer in 2000 altitude.
The area is home to 215 species of birds, notably Caucasian Black Grouse, Grey Partridge, Black Francolin, and Common Pheasant, 29 species of reptiles, 48 species of mammals, notably wild Goat, wild Boar, Brown Bear, Wolf, Lynx, and Leopard, and 17 species of fish. There is an effort going on to revitalize the extinct sub-species of Caspian red deer local to the area. The local flora include Hornbeam, Sumac, and Berberis.
Arasbaran forests in the vicinity of Ahar
Arasbaran
Arasbaran forests (early spring)
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Arg of Tabriz
Coordinates: 38°04′20.63″N 46°17′18.05″E / 38.0723972°N 46.2883472°E / 38.0723972; 46.2883472
Ark-e AliShāh, also known as Ark-e Tabriz and Masjid AliShāh, is a remnant of a mosque in the center of Tabriz, Iran, built in the Ilkhanate period.
According to some historians, it was used as a military castle however, others claim the structure was initially used as a mosque, but during the Qajar era was used as a military post and storage facility for weapons (in Persian 'Ark' or 'Arg' means "castle"). Consequently, after the Iranian Revolution the regime of Islamic republic damaged large parts of the Ark to make a new mosque. The structure today stands 28 meters high, and is still used as part of a space for holding Friday prayers in Tabriz.
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Ark of Tabriz
Coordinates: 38°04′20.63″N 46°17′18.05″E / 38.0723972°N 46.2883472°E / 38.0723972; 46.2883472
Ark-e AliShāh, also known as Ark-e Tabriz and Masjid AliShāh, is a remnant of a mosque in the center of Tabriz, Iran, built in the Ilkhanate period.
According to some historians, it was used as a military castle however, others claim the structure was initially used as a mosque, but during the Qajar era was used as a military post and storage facility for weapons (in Persian 'Ark' or 'Arg' means "castle"). Consequently, after the Iranian Revolution the regime of Islamic republic damaged large parts of the Ark to make a new mosque. The structure today stands 28 meters high, and is still used as part of a space for holding Friday prayers in Tabriz.
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Armenia
Armenia
i/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Azarshahr
Azarshahr (Persian: آذرشهر; also Romanized as Āz̄arshahr and Āz̄ar Shahr; also known as Tufarqan (Persian: توفارقان) and Dekhvareqan (Persian: دِهخوارِقان), also Romanized as Dehkhvāreqān) is a city in and the capital of Azarshahr County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36,475, in 9,854 families.
Azarshahr lies in the south west of the Sahand Mountain.
The historical name of this city is Tufarqan. The predominant language spoken in Azarshahr is Azerbaijani.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Azerbaijan Museum
Coordinates: 38°04′24″N 46°18′00″E / 38.07333°N 46.3°E / 38.07333; 46.3
Azerbaijan Museum is the major archaeological and historical museum in Tabriz, in the northwest part of Iran (East Azerbaijan province). It was established on April 1958. The museum consists of three major halls, a side yard, office rooms and a library. It mostly contains objects discovered from excavations in Iranian Azerbaijan also some artworks and sculptures of artists. Its library contains more than 2500 books both hand written and printed book about history, archaeology, art and Iranian culture. Apart from National Museum of Iran in Tehran, Azerbaijan Museum has the largest collection belonging to different periods of Iran's history.
The museum has three galleries. The first gallery bears the oldest remains from 5th millennium B.C until Sassanian dynasty (212-656 A.D). The museum's monuments include goddesses, Rhytons, two skeletons (male and female) and a carved slab of marble known as Bism Allah-Stone.
The second gallery consists of two parts: one for Islamic archeology and another part for coins and seals. Part one involves some potteries date back to 10th century until 19th. The coins of this gallery (part two), began with Achamenid dynasty coins and end in Qajar dynasty. The displayed seals and stamps date back to Third millennium B.C to Islamic eras.
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Bagh Shomal Stadium
The Bagh Shomal Stadium or the Takhti Stadium of Tabriz (Persian: تختی یا باغ شمال) is a multi-use stadium in Tabriz, Iran. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Azadegan League teams Teraktor Sazi F.C., Gostaresh Foolad F.C., Petrochimi Tabriz F.C., Machine Sazi Tabriz F.C. and Shahrdari Tabriz F.C.. The stadium holds 20,000 people.
Coordinates: 38°04′03″N 46°18′05″E / 38.067403°N 46.301515°E / 38.067403; 46.301515
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Baghmasha gate
Coordinates: 38°04′46″N 46°17′57″E / 38.07944°N 46.29917°E / 38.07944; 46.29917
Baghmisheh gate (Persian: دروازهٔ باغمیشه, Azerbaijani: باغمشه قاپی سی), also transliterated as Baghmasha, is an old gate in the Bazaar suburb of Tabriz, north-western Iran.
Until modern times, the city was protected by a defensive wall. There were just four main gates (Bghmasha, Istanbul, Shanb Ghazan and Nobar). Of these, just Baghmisha gate survives today.
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Baghmisheh gate
Coordinates: 38°04′46″N 46°17′57″E / 38.07944°N 46.29917°E / 38.07944; 46.29917
Baghmisheh gate (Persian: دروازهٔ باغمیشه, Azerbaijani: باغمشه قاپی سی), also transliterated as Baghmasha, is an old gate in the Bazaar suburb of Tabriz, north-western Iran.
Until modern times, the city was protected by a defensive wall. There were just four main gates (Bghmasha, Istanbul, Shanb Ghazan and Nobar). Of these, just Baghmisha gate survives today.
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Bakhshayesh
Bakhshayesh (Persian: بخشايش; also Romanized as Bakhshāyesh, Bakhshaish, and Bekhshayesh) is a city in the Central District of Heris County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 5,752, in 1,386 families.
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Baku
Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı, IPA: [bɑˈcɯ]), sometimes spelled as Baki or Bakou, is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, which projects into the Caspian Sea. The city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Baku's urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people. Officially, about 25 percent of all inhabitants of the country live in the metropolitan city area of Baku.
Baku is divided into eleven administrative districts (raions) and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on islands in the Baku Bay and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 60 km (37 mi) away from Baku. The Inner City of Baku along with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. According to the Lonely Planet's ranking, Baku is also among the world's top ten destinations for urban nightlife.
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Bam, Iran
Bam (Persian: بم) is a city in and the capital of Bam County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73,823, in 19,572 families.
The modern Iranian city of Bam surrounds the Bam citadel. Before the 2003 earthquake the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000. There are various opinions about the date and reasons for the foundation of the citadel. Some people believe[who?] that Bam city was founded during the Parthian Empire. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famed for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943–977), the Arab traveller and geographer, wrote of Bam in his book Surat-ul-`ard (The Earth-figure):
The ancient citadel of Arg-e Bam has a history dating back around 2,000 years ago, to the Parthian Empire (248 BC–224 AD), but most buildings were built during the Safavid dynasty. The city was largely abandoned due to an Afghan invasion in 1722. Subsequently, after the city had gradually been re-settled, it was abandoned a second time due to an attack by invaders from Shiraz. It was also used for a time as an army barracks.
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Basmenj
Basmenj (Persian: باسمنج; also Romanized as Bāsmenj, Bāsmej, and Bāsmīnj) is a city in the Central District of Tabriz County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10,736, in 2,873 families.
Basmenj is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of Tabriz. It lies at an altitude of 1,791 metres (5,876 ft) and covers an area of 2 square kilometres. The city is best known for its fresh and pickled cucumber.
From the eighth century the word "Basmenj" occurs in some texts as "uoosbenj", "wahoosphenj", "fahoosphenj" and "esphenj". There were two fire temples many years ago. One of them was "miyarrar" or "miadgah" that was very Sacred and there was an idol called "ENJ". The word "basmenj" derived from the name of this idol; and the word "basme+enj" is formed from the two word "basme" & "enj". The word "basme" means "in the name of" and in other languages including Sanscrit, Old persion, and medial persion, the prefix of the words "uoosbenj", "wahoosphenj", "fahoosphenj" and "esphenj" means "in the name of" too. Thus the meaing of "basmenj" is "in the name of ENJ" same the word "in the name of GOD".
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Battle of Chaldiran
Coordinates: 39°05′19.87″N 44°19′37.19″E / 39.0888528°N 44.3269972°E / 39.0888528; 44.3269972
The Battle of Chaldiran or Chaldoran (Persian: چالدران , Turkish: Çaldıran) occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire of Persia (Iran). As a result, the Ottomans gained immediate control over eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq. The battle, however, was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war between the two Islamic empires that only ended in 1555 with the Treaty of Amasya. While the Ottomans often had the upper hand, the Persians for the most part held their ground. All Safavid losses in Shia-dominated metropolitan regions of Persia, such as Azerbaijan, Luristan and Kirmanshahan, proved temporary, being recovered from the Ottomans soon after each battle. The loss of Iraq, as well as Kurdish and Armenian eastern Anatolia, however, became permanent.
At Chaldiran, the Ottomans had a larger, better equipped army numbering 60,000 to 200,000, while the Iranians numbered some 40,000. Shah Ismail I, who was wounded and almost captured in the battle, retired to his palace and withdrew from government administration after his wives were captured by Selim I, with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen. The battle is one of major historical importance because it not only negated the idea that the Murshid of the Shia-Qizilbash was infallible, but it also fully defined the Ottoman-Safavid borders and led Kurdish chiefs to assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.
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Bazaar of Tabriz
Coordinates: 38°04′50.78″N 46°17′32.23″E / 38.0807722°N 46.2922861°E / 38.0807722; 46.2922861
The Bazaar of Tabriz (Persian بازار تبریز, Bāzār-e Tabriz) is one of the oldest bazaars of the Middle East and the largest covered bazar in the world.[citation needed] It was inscribed as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in July 2010.
Tabriz has been a place of cultural exchange since antiquity. Its historic bazaar complex is one of the most important commercial centres on the Silk Road. Located in the center of the city of Tabriz, Iran, this spectacular structure consists of several sub-bazaars, such as Amir Bazaar (for gold and jewelry), Mozzafarieh (a carpet bazaar), a shoe bazaar, and many other ones for various goods. The most prosperous time of Tabriz and its bazaar was in 13th century when the town became the capital city of the Safavid kingdom. The city lost its status as a capital in the 16th century, but its bazaar has remained important as a commercial and economic center. Although, numerous modern shops and malls have been established nowadays, the bazaar of Tabriz has remained the economic heart of both the city and northwestern of Iran. It is worthy of mention that Tabriz bazaar has been being an important political place, and one can point out its importance in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in the last century and Islamic Revolution in the contemporary time.
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Bazargan, Iran
Bazargan (Persian: بازرگان; also Romanized as Bāzargān and Bāzergān) is a city in and the capital of Bazargan District, in Maku County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. It is the most important Iranian ground border for importing and exporting.[citation needed] At the 2006 census, its population was 9,047, in 2,126 families.
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Behnam House
Coordinates: 38°04′16.23″N 46°17′39.78″E / 38.071175°N 46.2943833°E / 38.071175; 46.2943833
Behnam House is a historical building in Tabriz, Iran.
The edifice was built during the later part of the Zand dynasty (1750-1794) and the early part of the Qajar dynasty (1781-1925), as a residential house. During the reign of Nasereddin Shah Qajar (1848-1896) this building was substantially renovated and embellished with ornamental paintings. The house consists of a main building, referred to as the Winter Building, and a smaller structure, referred to as the Summer Building. The Winter Building is a two-storyes symmetrical construction standing on a basement. Like many traditional houses in Iran, this house has an inner (اندرونی, andaruni) and an outer (بيرونی, biruni) courtyard, the former being the larger of the two. In the course of a recent renovation project, some hitherto unknown miniature frescoes were discovered in this house which at present are being restored by specialists. The Behnām House is part of the School of Architecture of Tabriz Art University.
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Bonab
Bonab (Persian: بناب; also Romanized as Bonāb, Benāb, Bināb, Bunab, Binov, and Binev) is a city in and the capital of Bonab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. It is located west of Maragheh on the outwash plain above Lake Urmia. The people speak Azerbaijani. At the 2006 census, its population was 75,332, in 19,922 families.
in 1996 the bicycle competition is constructed with Mohammad Mirzadoost mayor of bonab in 1984-1988.
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Bonab County
Bonab (Persian: شهرستان بناب) is a county (shahrestan) in East Azerbaijan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Bonab. The county is located on the east side of Lake Urmia. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 125,209, in 31,921 families. The county has one district: the Central District. The county has one city: Bonab.
The language people in Binab city is Turkish language.
Bonab, Binov, or truly Binev is Turkish name with two word "Bin + ev" Bin = 1000 , ev=home
Binev meaning is "1000 home" in Turkish language.
in 1996 the bicycle competition is constructed with Mohammad Mirzadoost mayor of bonab in 1984-1988
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Bostan Abad
Bostanabad (Persian: بستان آباد; also Romanized as Bostānābād) is a city in and the capital of Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,592, in 3,937 families.
It is located 55 kilometres (34 mi) south east of Tabriz, the capital of the province. Mohammad Hossein Behjat Tabrizi commonly known as Shahriyar is one of the most famous poets of Bostanabad. Some people of Bostanabad believe that the current city was built on the ruins of Ujan (or Ojan), the summer capital of the Mongols that disappeared and its name was mentioned in most books of history since the sixth century AH.
Ujan was completely destroyed later on due to various events. From the many historical nad natural valuable places in the district of Bostanabad, one can mention the following : Quory gueol Lake which is one of the most beautiful leisure places of the province, and one of the natural shelters for many migrant birds. Warm Water Spring which is located near the main road between Tabriz and Tehran Aq Bolaq Cave which is located south to Qara chaman.
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Bostanabad
Bostanabad (Persian: بستان آباد; also Romanized as Bostānābād) is a city in and the capital of Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,592, in 3,937 families.
It is located 55 kilometres (34 mi) south east of Tabriz, the capital of the province. Mohammad Hossein Behjat Tabrizi commonly known as Shahriyar is one of the most famous poets of Bostanabad. Some people of Bostanabad believe that the current city was built on the ruins of Ujan (or Ojan), the summer capital of the Mongols that disappeared and its name was mentioned in most books of history since the sixth century AH.
Ujan was completely destroyed later on due to various events. From the many historical nad natural valuable places in the district of Bostanabad, one can mention the following : Quory gueol Lake which is one of the most beautiful leisure places of the province, and one of the natural shelters for many migrant birds. Warm Water Spring which is located near the main road between Tabriz and Tehran Aq Bolaq Cave which is located south to Qara chaman.
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Bukhara
Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро Bukhoro, Persian: بخارا; Uzbek: Buxoro; Russian: Бухара Bukhara), from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky place"), is the capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat) of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 263,400 (2009 census estimate). The region around Bukhara has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas, has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Ethnic Uzbek may constitute the largest element in Bukhara, with the native Tajiks being as numerous. The city long has had a mixed population including Jews and other ethnic minorities.
Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.
Persian-speaking Soghdians inhabited the area, and some centuries later the Persian language became dominant among them. Encyclopædia Iranica mentions that the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Soghdian βuxārak (Place of Good Fortune).
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Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia (for endonyms, see below), is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, which contain Europe's highest mountain, Mt. Elbrus. Politically, the Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts.
The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus.
The Ciscaucasus contains the larger majority of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range, also known as the Major Caucasus mountains. It includes Southwestern Russia and northern parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
The Transcaucasus is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by the Black Sea and Turkey, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the south by Iran. It includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia, Azerbaijan (excluding the northern parts) and Georgia (excluding the northern parts) are in South Caucasus.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Ctesiphon
Coordinates: 33°05′37″N 44°34′50″E / 33.09361°N 44.58056°E / 33.09361; 44.58056 Ctesiphon /tɛsɨfɒn/, the imperial capital of the Parthian Arsacids and of the Persian Sassanids, was one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia.
The ruins of the city are located on the east bank of the Tigris, across the river from the Hellenistic city of Seleucia. Today, the remains of the city lies in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq, approximately 35 km south of the city of Baghdad.
The Latin name Ctesiphon or Ctesifon derives from Greek Ktēsiphōn (Κτησιφῶν), a Hellenized form of a local name that has been reconstructed as Tosfōn or Tosbōn. In Iranian sources of the Sassanid period it is attested in Manichean Parthian, in Sassanid Middle Persian and in Christian Sogdian as Pahlavi tyspwn, continuing in New Persian as Tisfun (تيسفون). Syriac sources mention it as ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ Qṭēsfōn, and in medieval Arabic texts the name is usually Ṭaysafūn (طيسفون) or Qaṭaysfūn (قطيسفون), in Modern Arabic al-Mada'in (المدائن). "According to Yāqūt [...], quoting Ḥamza, the original form was Ṭūsfūn or Tūsfūn, which was arabicized as Ṭaysafūn." The Armenian name of the city was Tizbon (Տիզբոն). Ctesiphon is first mentioned in the Book of Ezra of the Old Testament as Kasfia/Casphia (a derivative of the ethnic name, Cas, and a cognate of Caspian and Qazvin).
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Derbent
Derbent (Russian: Дербе́нт; Azerbaijani: Dərbənd; Lezgian: Кьвевар; Avar: Дербенд; Lak: Чурул, Churul; Persian: دربند; Judæo-Tat: דארבּאנד/Дэрбэнд/Dərbənd) is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is on the Caspian Sea, north of the Azerbaijani border. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second most important city of Dagestan. Population: 119,961 (2010 Census preliminary results); 101,031 (2002 Census); 78,371 (1989 Census).
Often identified with the legendary Gates of Alexander, Derbent claims to be the oldest city in Russia (8th century BCE) . Since antiquity the value of the area as the gate to the Caucasus has been understood and Derbent has archaeological structures over 5,000 years old. As a result of this geographic particularity the city developed between two walls, stretching from the mountains to the sea. These fortifications were continuously employed for a millennium and a half, longer than any other extant fortress in the world. Over the years different nations gave the city different names, but all connected to the word 'gate'.
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Duzduzan
Duzduzan (Persian: دوزدوزان; also Romanized as Dūzdūzān) is a city in Mehraban District, Sarab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,557, in 664 families.
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East Azerbaijan
East Azerbaijan Province or East Azarbaijan Province (Persian: استان آذربایجان شرقی, Āzarbāijān-e Sharqi ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country, bordering Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and Zanjan. Its capital is Tabriz.
The province covers an area of approximately 47,830 km², it has a population of around four million people. According to the latest divisions of the country in 1996, the counties of this province are Ahar, Ajabshir, Bostan Abad, Bonab, Tabriz, Jolfa, Sarab, Shabestar, Kalebar, Maragha, Marand, Malekan, Miyana, Heris, and Hashtrood. The historical city of Tabriz is the most important city of this province, culturally, politically, and commercially. The province has common borders with the current Republics of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nakhchivan. A fine network of roads and railways connect East Azerbaijan to other parts of Iran and also to neighboring countries.
The highest peak of East Azerbaijan is Sahand Mountain at 3,722 m of elevation, lying south of Tabriz, whereas the lower lying areas are around Garmadooz (Ahar). The heights of the province may be classified into three sectors, namely: the Qara Daq Mountains, the Sahand and Bozqoosh Mountains, and the Qaflan Kooh Mountains.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Erzurum
Erzurum is a city in eastern Turkey. It is the largest city and the eponymous capital of the Erzurum Province. The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. (by 2010 it increased to 367,250).
Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the Cold War. The city uses the double-headed Anatolian Seljuk Eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif based on the double-headed Byzantine Eagle that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period.
Erzurum has some of the finest winter sports facilities in Turkey and hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade.
In ancient times, Erzurum existed under the Armenian name of Karin. During the reigns of the Artaxiad and Arsacid kings of Armenia, Karin served as the capital of the eponymous canton of Karin. After the partition of Armenia between the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387 AD, the city passed into the hands of the Romans. They fortified the city and renamed it Theodosiopolis, after Emperor Theodosius I. As the chief military stronghold along the eastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held a highly important strategic location and was fiercely contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I and Justinian I both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.
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Esfahan
Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609 and is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad. The Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran.
The cities of Zarrinshahr, Fooladshahr and Najafabad, Se-deh , Shahin-shahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and chiarmahin all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan.
Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world).
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Ferdowsi Street
Coordinates: 38°04′31″N 46°17′24″E / 38.07528°N 46.29°E / 38.07528; 46.29
Ferdowsi street is a street in downtown of Tabriz, Iran connecting Bazaar alley to Imam Ave in the vicinity of Arg. It is well-known for its historical architecture, hostels and shops. It is located in the Bazaar suburb. The street is include numerous shops for industrial tools.
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Ferdowsi street
Coordinates: 38°04′31″N 46°17′24″E / 38.07528°N 46.29°E / 38.07528; 46.29
Ferdowsi street is a street in downtown of Tabriz, Iran connecting Bazaar alley to Imam Ave in the vicinity of Arg. It is well-known for its historical architecture, hostels and shops. It is located in the Bazaar suburb. The street is include numerous shops for industrial tools.
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Gaza
Gaza (Arabic: غزة Ġazzah, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈɣazːa]), also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories. Inhabited since at least the 15th-century BCE, Gaza has been dominated by several different peoples and empires throughout its history. The Philistines made it a part of their pentapolis after the Ancient Egyptians had ruled it for nearly 350 years. Under the Romans and later the Byzantines, Gaza experienced relative peace and its port flourished. In 635 CE, it became the first city in Palestine to be conquered by the Rashidun army and quickly developed into a centre of Islamic law. However, by the time the Crusaders invaded the city in the late 11th-century, it was in ruins. In later centuries, Gaza experienced several hardships—from Mongol raids to floods and locusts, reducing it to a village by the 16th-century when it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. During the first half of Ottoman rule, the Ridwan dynasty controlled Gaza and under them the city went through an age of great commerce and peace.
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Ghaem Magham
Coordinates: 38°04′25.58″N 46°18′01.84″E / 38.0737722°N 46.3005111°E / 38.0737722; 46.3005111
Ghaem Magham park is a small park in Sheshghelan suburb of Tabriz, north-western Iran.
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Ghari bridge
Coordinates: 38°04′48.05″N 46°18′02.22″E / 38.0800139°N 46.3006167°E / 38.0800139; 46.3006167
The Qari Bridges are two historic stone bridges over the Quri River in Tabriz, Azerbaijan. Because of their age, currently both of the bridges have been closed to traffic. According to some scholars, there was an older bridge with the same name at the same location on the river, that was destroyed during construction of these two bridges. The word Qari means "elder woman" in Azerbaijani Turkish language.
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Ghari Bridge
Coordinates: 38°04′48.05″N 46°18′02.22″E / 38.0800139°N 46.3006167°E / 38.0800139; 46.3006167
The Qari Bridges are two historic stone bridges over the Quri River in Tabriz, Azerbaijan. Because of their age, currently both of the bridges have been closed to traffic. According to some scholars, there was an older bridge with the same name at the same location on the river, that was destroyed during construction of these two bridges. The word Qari means "elder woman" in Azerbaijani Turkish language.
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Ghuri River
Coordinates: 38°04′36″N 46°18′36″E / 38.07667°N 46.31°E / 38.07667; 46.31
The Quri River or Quru Chay or Quri Chay (Azerbaijani and Persian: قوریچای) is a river in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. It arises in the mountains east of Tabriz and joins the Aji Chay just northeast of central Tabriz. The river divides Tabriz into northern and southern parts which are connected to each other by several bridges. The two Ghari Bridges, beside each other, are the most famous and historic of the bridges over the river. The Sangi Bridge is also of historic interest.
There is also a highway on both sides of the river, called the Chay Kenar, which passes through the middle of city, connecting the eastern and western parts of the city without any traffic lights.
The name "Quri Chay" means "dry river", and at the end of the Twentieth Century the water, when present, was polluted and undrinkable.
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Golestan Park
Coordinates: 38°04′36.66″N 46°16′49.91″E / 38.07685°N 46.2805306°E / 38.07685; 46.2805306
Golestan Park is a historical park in Tabriz, Iran. The park is located near to Qonqa Square in city center. The place, which was originally used as a public cemetery, has changed to a city park during the second Pahlavi era.
A marble clock tower, which has been devastated recently, had been founded at the front of main entrance of the park.
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Gur-e Amir
The Gūr-e Amīr or Guri Amir (Persian: گورِ امیر) is a mausoleum of the Asian conqueror Tamerlane (also known as Timur) in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. It occupies an important place in the history of Persian Architecture as the precursor and model for later great Mughal architecture tombs, including Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra, built by Timur's descendants, the ruling Mughal dynasty of North India. It has been heavily restored.
Gur-e Amir is Persian for "Tomb of the King". This architectural complex with its azure dome contains the tombs of Tamerlane, his sons Shah Rukh and Miran Shah and grandsons Ulugh Beg and Muhammad Sultan. Also honoured with a place in the tomb is Timur's teacher Sayyid Baraka.
The earliest part of the complex was built at the end of the 14th century by the orders of Muhammad Sultan. Now only the foundations of the madrasah and khanaka, the entrance portal and a part of one of four minarets remains.
The construction of the mausoleum itself began in 1403 after the sudden death of Muhammad Sultan, Tamerlane's heir apparent and his beloved grandson, for whom it was intended. Timur had built himself a smaller tomb in Shahrisabz near his Ak-Saray palace. However, when Timur died in 1405 on campaign on his military expedition to China, the passes to Shahrisabz were snowed in, so he was buried here instead. Ulugh Beg, another grandson of Tamerlane, completed the work. During his reign the mausoleum became the family crypt of the Timurid Dynasty.
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Hashtrud
Hashtrud (Persian: هشترود; also Romanized as Hashtrūd; also known as Āz̄arān, Sarāskand, Sar Eskand, Sar Eskandar, and Sar Eskand Khān) is a city in and the capital of Hashtrud County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18,418, in 4,493 families.
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Herat
Herāt (Persian / Pashto: هرات) is the capital of Herat province in Afghanistan. It is the third largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 397,456 as of 2006. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. The city is linked with Kandahar and Mazar-e-Sharif via highway 1 or the ring road that stretches across the country. It is also linked to the city of Mashad in Iran through the border town of Islam Qala.
Situated in a fertile area, Herāt dates back to the Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Citadel of Alexander and the Mosallah Complex. During the Middle Ages Herāt became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the pearl of Khorasan. It was made independent in 1717 from the Safavid dynasty by the Afghans until 1736 when the Hotaki dynasty was defeated by the Afsharids, which finally became part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. It saw some actions during the 19th century Anglo-Afghan wars. Much of the city has been spared from destructions that occurred in other cities of Afghanistan during the 1978-present wars.
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Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; listen), formerly named Saigon (Sài Gòn; listen) is the largest city in Vietnam. It was once known as Prey Nokor, an important Khmer sea port prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century.
Under the name Saigon, it was the capital of the French colony of Cochin-china and later of the independent state of South Vietnam from 1955–75. South Vietnam, as an anti-communist state, fought against the communist North Vietnamese and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, with aid from the United States of America and countries including Australia, New Zealand and South Korea. Saigon fell when it was captured by the communists on 30 April 1975, bringing an end to the War with its enemy's victory. Vietnam was then turned into a communist state with the South overtaken. On 2 July 1976, Saigon merged with the surrounding Gia Định Province and was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City after Hồ Chí Minh (although the name Sài Gòn is still commonly used.)
The city center is situated on the banks of the Saigon River, 60 kilometers (37 mi) from the South China Sea and 1,760 kilometers (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.
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Ho Chi Minh city
Ho Chi Minh City (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; listen), formerly named Saigon (Sài Gòn; listen) is the largest city in Vietnam. It was once known as Prey Nokor, an important Khmer sea port prior to annexation by the Vietnamese in the 17th century.
Under the name Saigon, it was the capital of the French colony of Cochin-china and later of the independent state of South Vietnam from 1955–75. South Vietnam, as an anti-communist state, fought against the communist North Vietnamese and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, with aid from the United States of America and countries including Australia, New Zealand and South Korea. Saigon fell when it was captured by the communists on 30 April 1975, bringing an end to the War with its enemy's victory. Vietnam was then turned into a communist state with the South overtaken. On 2 July 1976, Saigon merged with the surrounding Gia Định Province and was officially renamed Ho Chi Minh City after Hồ Chí Minh (although the name Sài Gòn is still commonly used.)
The city center is situated on the banks of the Saigon River, 60 kilometers (37 mi) from the South China Sea and 1,760 kilometers (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam.
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Hurand
Hurand (Persian: هوراند; also Romanized as Hūrānd, Horand, and Howrānd) is a city in and the capital of Hurand District, in Ahar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,876, in 907 families.
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Ilkhchi
Ilkhchi (Persian: ايلخچي, also Romanized as Īlkhchī; Azerbaijani: İlxçi) is a city in and the capital of Ilkhchi District, in Osku County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 13,927, in 4,014 families.
Ilkhchi is located south east of Tabriz. The main economic activity is agriculture. Almost entire population of the Ilkhchi are followers of Alevi sect of Islam.[citation needed]
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula (or, more generally, by southern and western Asia); on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). The ocean is named after the geographic location of India.
As one component of the interconnected global ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iron Age museum
Coordinates: 38°04′25″N 46°18′09″E / 38.07361°N 46.3025°E / 38.07361; 46.3025
The Iron Age Museum is a museum in Tabriz, north-western Iran, which covers an area of 28,290 m². It is located on the north, northwest and northeast of the Blue Mosque, situated under the several sediments and geological strata from the floor of the existing mosque.
Through the construction of the Blue Mosque, in 1997 the remains of pre-historical cemetery have been discovered. The first season of archaeological survey has been done by Nosrat-Ollah Motamedi. Among the 38 graves of Iron Age, two couple skeleton with the objects buried with them, kept in Azerbaijan Museum have been discovered. Following the first season, four seasons of survey done by Ali Reza Hazbaei Nobari began in 2000. Simultaneously with the surveys, conserving and restoration of the skeletons, animal remains such as teeth and horns, the wares, metal objects started.
To conserve and restore the discovered wares and objects, a restoration workshop has been established. Each of discovered objects bears its own certification.
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Isfahan
Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609 and is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad. The Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran.
The cities of Zarrinshahr, Fooladshahr and Najafabad, Se-deh , Shahin-shahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and chiarmahin all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan.
Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world).
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Jolfa County
Jolfa County (Persian: شهرستان جلفا) is a county in East Azerbaijan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Jolfa. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 52,176, in 14,186 families. The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Siah Rud District. The county has three cities: Jolfa, Hadishahr, and Siah Rud.
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Kaleybar
Kaleybar (Persian: كليبر; also Romanized as Kalībar, Kalipar, Keleibar, and Keleivar) is the capital city of Kaleybar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,030 in 2,397 families.
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Kaleybar County
Kaleybar County (Persian: شهرستان کلیبر) is a county in East Azerbaijan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Kaleybar. In addition to the capital city, the county is noted for the Arasbaran forests protected area and the Bazz Galasi, the fortress of Babak Khorramdin.
At the 2006 census, the county's population (including those portions later split off to form Khoda Afarin County) was 87,259, in 19,250 families; excluding those portions, the population was 52,798, in 11,758 families. The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Abish Ahmad District. The county has two cities: Kaleybar and Abish Ahmad.
Kaleybar County is divided into three districts:
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Kandovan
Kandovan (also spelled Candovan[citation needed]) is a tourist village in the province of East Azarbaijan, near Osku and Tabriz, Iran. Its fame is due to its troglodyte dwellings. Some of the houses are at least 700 years old and are still inhabited. Kandovan is also known for its scenic beauty. A popular resort, it offers hotels and restaurants to serve tourists. Its mineral water is also popular with visitors and is believed to be a cure for kidney disease.
The site is not far from ancient Praaspa, the site where the legendary Roman leader Marc Antony failed to capture Parthia in 36 BC. Antony’s expedition in fact ended in disaster with heavy losses to the Romans in men and materiel.
Kandovan Tourism Cliff (Rocky) Hotel (5 star) is located at the heart of the village. It is the first of its kind in Iran and the second in the world after Turkey's rocky hotel.
Far view of a hotel on the left and the rock houses on the right
Closer view of the village
In the village
In the village
Interior of a traditional home
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Kashan
Kashan (Persian: کاشان, also Romanized as Kāshān and Kachan) is a city in and the capital of Kashan County, in the province of Isfahan, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 248,789, in 67,464 families.
The etymology of the city name comes from Kasian, the original inhabitants of the city, whose remains are found at Tapeh Sialk dating back 9,000 years; later this changed to Kashian, whence the town name.[citation needed] Between the 12th and the 14th centuries Kashan was an important centre for the production of high quality pottery and tiles. In modern Persian, the word for a tile (kashi) comes from the name of the town.
Archeological discoveries in the Sialk Hillocks which lie 4 km west of Kashan reveal that this region was one of the primary centers of civilization in pre-historic ages. Hence Kashan dates back to the Elamite period of Iran. The Sialk ziggurat still stands today in the suburbs of Kashan after 7000 years.
The artifacts uncovered at Sialk reside in the Louvre in Paris and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Iran's National Museum.
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Kazan
Kazan (Russian: Каза́нь; IPA: [kɐˈzanʲ]; Tatar Cyrillic: Казан, Latin: Qazan) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,161,308, it is the eighth most populous city in Russia, while the metropolitan area has a population of 1.57 million (2011).[citation needed] Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia.
The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site. In 2005, the Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan" was established by Russia to denote this landmark event. The multi-ethnic city is is honored by UNESCO and famous for Muslims and Christians living side-by-side in peace.
In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "Sports capital of Russia" and it still is referred to as such. The city will host 2013 Summer Universiade, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and 2018 FIFA World Cup.
The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain. The most accepted legends derive it from the Bulgar Turkic (and also modern Tatar) word qazan, which means 'boiler' or 'cauldron'.
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Khajeh
Khajeh (Persian: خاجه; also Romanized as Khājeh, Khwāja, Khvājeh, and Khadzha) is a city in and the capital of Khajeh District, in Heris County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,700, in 981 families.
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Khaqani Park
Coordinates: 38°04′25.58″N 46°18′01.84″E / 38.0737722°N 46.3005111°E / 38.0737722; 46.3005111
Khaqani Park is a small park between Azerbaijan Museum and Blue mosque in Tabriz.
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Kharaju
Kharaju (Persian: خراجو; also Romanized as Kharājū and Kherājū) is a city in and the capital of Saraju District, in Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,458, in 361 families.
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Kharvana
Kharvana (Persian: خاروانا; also Romanized as Kharvāna; also known as, Kharvanaq, is a city in and the capital of Kharvana District, in Varzaqan County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,642, in 415 families.
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Khezerlu
Khezerlu (Persian: خضرلو; also Romanized as Kheẕerlū, Khezerlū, and Khezrlu) is a city in the Central District of Ajab Shir County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,746, in 848 families.
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Khodaafarin Bridges
Khodaafarin Bridges (Armenian: Խուդաֆերինի կամուրջներ, Persian: پل خداآفرین, Azerbaijani: Xudafərin körpüsü) are two arch bridges across the Aras River, which connect the territory de-facto controlled by Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and de-jure belonging to Azerbaijan with Iran. The first one with 11 arches was built in the 11–12th centuries and the second with 15 arches in 13th century.
Coordinates: 39°09′02″N 46°56′24″E / 39.1506°N 46.9401°E / 39.1506; 46.9401
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Khomarlu
Khomarlu (Persian: خمارلو; also Romanized as Khomārlū) is a city in and the capital of Khoda Afarin County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,222, in 334 families.
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Khujand
Khujand (Tajik: Хуҷанд,خجند) (Greek: Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη)), also transliterated as Khudzhand, Russian: Худжанд, formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1936 and Leninabad (Leninobod, Ленинобод, لنینآباد) until 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan. It is situated on the Syr Darya River at the mouth of the Fergana Valley. The population of the city is 149,000 (2000 census), down from 160,000 in 1989. It is also the capital of the northernmost province of Tajikistan, now called Sughd.
The population in the city and the countryside around it, are heavily Persian speaking. Except for the towns of [Kasan] and Akhsikat in the Uzbek northeastern Fergana Valley, and the town of Baghistan, northeast of Tashkent, city of Khujand is the most northerly Persian-speaking city in the world.
This is the site of Cyropolis, or the City of Cyrus. In his last expedition against the Saka tribe of Massagetae and shortly before his death in that battle, king Cyrus the Great the founder of the Persian Empire founded a city here which he named after himself. Greek authors maintain that later in time, Alexander of Macedon built a Greek settlement near Cyropolis (Khujand) in 329 BC and named it Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη) or "Alexandria The Furthest". It would have formed a bastion for the Greek settlers against the Scythian tribes to the north of the Syr Darya, which the Greeks called the Jaxartes River. It became a major staging point on the northern Silk Road. Some famous Persian poets and scientists come from this city. Khujand is an integral part of the Iranic world and culture.
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Kolvanaq
Kolvanaq (Persian: كلوانق; also Romanized as Kolvānaq and Kolvānag; also known as Kalvānā, Kilvana, and Kolvānā) is a city in the Central District of Heris County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 6,344, in 1,456 families.
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Konya
Konya (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈkon.ja]) is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The metropolitan area in the entire Konya Province had a population of 1,036,027 as of 2010, making the city the seventh most populous in Turkey.
Konya, also spelled in some historic English texts as Konia or Koniah, was known in classical antiquity and during the medieval period as Iconium in Latin, and Ἰκόνιον (Ikónion) in Greek. The name Konya is a cognate of icon, as an ancient Greek legend ascribed its name to the "eikon" (image), or the "gorgon's (Medusa's) head", with which Perseus vanquished the native population before founding the city.
Excavations have shown that the region was inhabited during the Late Copper Age, around 3000 BC. The city came under the influence of the Hittites around 1500 BC. These were overtaken by the Sea Peoples around 1200 BC. The Phrygians established their kingdom in central Anatolia in the 8th century BC. Xenophon describes Iconium, as the city was called, as the last city of Phrygia. The region was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC. It was later part of the Persian Empire, until Darius III was defeated by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. Alexander's empire broke up shortly after his death and the town came under the rule of Seleucus I Nicator. During the Hellenistic period the town was ruled by the kings of Pergamon. As Attalus III, the last king of Pergamon, was about to die without an heir, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Under the rule of emperor Claudius, the city's name was changed to Claudioconium, and during the rule of emperor Hadrianus to Colonia Aelia Hadriana.
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Koshksaray
Koshksaray (Persian: كشكسرائ; also Romanized as Koshksarāy, Koshk Sarāy, Kashk Saray, Keshki-Sarai, Koghk Sarāy, Kūshg Sarāy, and Kūshk Sarāy) is a city in the Central District of Marand County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 7,439, in 1,858 families.
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Leylan
Leylan (Persian: ليلان; also Romanized as Leylān, Lailān, and Laylān) is a city in and the capital of Leylan District, in Malekan County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 6,079, in 1,468 families.
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Malekan
Malekan (Persian: ملكان; also Romanized as Malekān; formerly, Malik Kandi (Persian: مَلِك كَندی), also Romanized as Malek Kandī and Malikkand) is a city in and the capital of Malekan County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23,989, in 6,356 families.
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Maqbaratoshoara
Coordinates: 38°05′01.10″N 46°18′12.82″E / 38.083639°N 46.3035611°E / 38.083639; 46.3035611
Maqbaratoshoara (Persian: مقبرةالشعرا) is a mausoleum for poets, mystics and famous people located in the Surkhab district of Tabriz in Iran. It was built by Tahmaseb Dolatshahi in the mid 1970s while he was the Secretary of Arts and Cultures of East Azarbaijan.
On the east side of Sayyed Hamzeh's grave and Ghaem Magham's grave, there is a graveyard containing the graves of important poets, mystics, scientists and well-known people of Tabriz. The Mausoleum was first mentioned by the medieval historian Hamdollah Mostowfi in his Nozhat ol-Gholub. Hamdollah mentions it being located in what, at the time, was the Surkhab district of Tabriz.
Since the 1970s, there have been attempts to renovate the graveyard area. Some work has been carried out like the construction of a new symbolic building on this site.
The first poet buried in this complex is Asadi Tusi (999-1072). Other famous Persian poets buried there include Anvari Abivardi, Zahir al-Din Faryabi, Falaki Shirwani, Shams al-Din Sajasi, Mojir al-Din Balaqani, Homam Tabrizi, Khaqani, Qatran Tabrizi, Mani Shirazi, Lesani Shirazi, Shakibi Tabrizi, Maghrebi Tabrizi, Shapur Neyshapuri.
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Maragheh observatory
Maragheh observatory (Persian: رصدخانهٔ مراغه) is an institutionalized astronomical observatory which was established in 1259 CE under the patronage of the Ilkhanid Hulagu and the directorship of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, an Iranian scientist and astronomer. Located in the heights west of Maragheh, East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, it was once considered one of the most prestigious observatories in the world.[citation needed]
It was financed by waqf revenues, which allowed it to continue to operate even after the death of its founder and was active for more than 50 years. The observatory served as a model for later observatories including the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory at Samarkand, the 16th-century Taqi al-Din observatory at Istanbul, and the 18th-century Jai Singh observatory at Jaipur.
Considerable parts of the groundwork are preserved in the ruins. In a 340 to 135 m² citadel-like area stood a four-story circular stone building of 28 m diameter. The mural quadrant to observe the positions of the stars and planets was aligned with the meridian. This meridian served as Prime meridian for the tables in the Zij-i Ilkhani, as we nowadays apply the meridian which passes the Royal Greenwich Observatory.
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Marand
Marand (Persian: مرند; also Romanized as Morand) is a city in and the capital of Marand County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 114,165, in 29,755 families.
Marand is among major cities in the province. It is located in the north-west of capital of the province Tabriz. Sheikh Usman Marandi commonly known as fardis nadimi was one of the most famous inhabitants of Marand. Marand had various names in history, such as Maryana and Mandagarana.
The history of the town goes back to the pre-Islamic era. Between 815 till 850, Marand was primarily controlled by Mohammad ibn Ba'ith who was Iranicized to a considerable extent. The elders of Maragha who quoted his Persian poetry also praised his bravery and his literatry ability. He was Iranicized to considerable extent and the statement of Tabari on him is evidence of the existence of the cultivation of poetry in Persian in northwest Persia at the beginning of the 9th century.
During February 2010, it was reported that an attack was carried out in the city of Marand, against a truck which was carrying tear gas and other substances for the use of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards. The Iran Liberation Front claimed responsibility for the attack through a video posted on YouTube.
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Mashhad
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located 850 kilometres (530 mi) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2,427,316 at the 2006 population census. It was a major oasis along the ancient Silk Road connecting with Merv in the East.
Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza. A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development.
Mashhad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet of Shahnameh, which is considered to be the national epic of Iran.
The city is located at 36.20º North latitude and 59.35º East longitude, in the valley of the Kashaf River near Turkmenistan, between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having cool winters, pleasant springs, mild summers, and beautiful autumns. It is only about 250 km (160 mi) from Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
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Mehraban, Iran
Mehraban (Persian: مهربان; also Romanized as Mehrabān, Mehravān, and Mehrevān) is a city in and the capital of Mehraban District, in Sarab County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 6,000, in 1,542 families.
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Nazarkahrizi
Nazarkahrizi (Persian: نظركهريزئ; also Romanized as Nazarkahrīzī, Nazar Kahrīzī, and Nazar Kahrīz) is a city in and the capital of Nazarkahrizi District, in Hashtrud County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,181, in 227 families.
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Nishapur
Nishapur or Nishabur (Persian: نیشاپور, also Romanized as Nīshāpūr, Nīshābūr, and Neyshābūr), is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains, near the regional capital of Mashhad. Nishapur derived its name from its alleged founder, the Sasanian king Shapur.
The region's economy is largely agricultural, based on grain and cotton, and it is also the second industrial city in Khorasan, and it is one of the most prosperous localities in Iran, although somewhat blighted by drug smuggling from nearby Afghanistan. It had a population of 205,972 people according to 2006 census. The main east-west railway line through Iran passes through the town. The region is very prone to earthquakes, with the most recent significant ones occurring in 1986 and 1997.
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Nobar bath
Coordinates: 38°04′28″N 46°17′38″E / 38.07444°N 46.29389°E / 38.07444; 46.29389 The Nobar bath is one of the historical baths of Tabriz, Iran. It has been constructed in the centre of the city, near the Nobar gate which was one of the old gates of Tabriz. Nobar bath, which covers an area about 700 sq. metres, was used as a public bath until 1994. Its ruins have been restored by Cultural Heritage Organization of East Azarbaijan Province and registered as part of Iran's National Heritage.
Like the other baths in Iran, Nobar bath has a narrow passage, Sar-beena (where people dressed and undressed), heating centre, water pool and Garm-Khaneh (washing part) which ornamented with brick and tile works. Moreover there were some private bath rooms called Shah-neshin for royal families.
The restoration of Nobar bath has lasted for 6 years. After restoration it equipped and turned to traditional restaurant divided to tree parts and tea house. In the upstairs Kebabs and other local foods and sweets are served.
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On ibn Ali's shrine
Coordinates: 38°06′06″N 46°19′45″E / 38.10167°N 46.32917°E / 38.10167; 46.32917
On ibn Ali's shrine is a shrine over Eynali mountain to north of Tabriz, Iran.
Some historians believe the shrine belongs to two Muslim clerics. Others believe the building originally was a Zoroasterian temple and the shrine's islamic name was just a cover to saving the structure from destruction during the Muslim invasion.
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Osku
Osku (Persian: اسكو, also Romanized as Oskū, Uzku and Yuzki) is a city in and the capital of Osku County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,140, in 4,928 families.
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Osku County
Osku County (Persian: شهرستان اسکو) is a county in East Azerbaijan Province in Iran and in the vicinity of Tabriz. The capital of the county is Osku. Kandovan Touristy village is one of its subdivisions. Hilleh Historical Village is another historical village near to the city which is currently abundant. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 84,061, in 23,613 families. The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Ilkhchi District. The county has three cities: Osku, Sahand, and Ilkhchi.
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Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian تخت جمشید Pārsa, Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550-330 BCE). Persepolis is situated 70 km northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as Takht-e Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid). The earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 515 BCE. To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Pārsa, which means "The City of Persians". Persepolis is a transliteration of the Greek Πέρσης πόλις (Persēs polis: "Persian city").
UNESCO declared the citadel of Persepolis a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 515 BC. André Godard, the French archaeologist who excavated Persepolis in the early 1930s, believed that it was Cyrus the Great (Kūrosh) who chose the site of Persepolis, but that it was Darius the Great (Daryush) who built the terrace and the great palaces.
Darius ordered the construction of the Apadana Palace and the Council Hall (the Tripylon or three-gated hall), the main imperial Treasury and its surroundings. These were completed during the reign of his son, King Xerxes the Great (Khashayar). Further construction of the buildings on the terrace continued until the downfall of the Achaemenid dynasty.
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Pol Sanghi
Coordinates: 38°04′36″N 46°18′55″E / 38.07667°N 46.31528°E / 38.07667; 46.31528
Pol Sangi (Persian: پل سنگی "Stone Brdge") is a bridge in Tabriz, Iran, over Quri River.
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Qazvin
Qazvin (English pronunciation: /kæzˈviːn/, Persian: قزوین, IPA: [ɢæzˈviːn], also Romanized as Qazvīn, Kazvin, Qazwin, Ghazvin is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 349,821, in 96,420 families.
Located some 165 km northwest of Tehran, in the Qazvin Province, it is at an altitude of about 1800 meters above sea level. The climate is cold but dry, due to its position south of the rugged Alborz range.
The city was a former capital of the Persian Empire. It is a provincial capital today that has been an important cultural center throughout history.
Archeological findings in the Qazvin plain reveal urban agricultural settlements for at least nine millennia. Qazvin geographically connects Tehran, Isfahan, and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian seacoast and Asia Minor, hence its strategic location throughout the ages.
The city today known as Qazvin is thought to have been founded by Shapur II, King of Persia in 250 CE, under the name Shad Shahpur, when he built a fortification there to control regional tensions.
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Qazvin (city)
Qazvin (English pronunciation: /kæzˈviːn/, Persian: قزوین, IPA: [ɢæzˈviːn], also Romanized as Qazvīn, Kazvin, Qazwin, Ghazvin is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 349,821, in 96,420 families.
Located some 165 km northwest of Tehran, in the Qazvin Province, it is at an altitude of about 1800 meters above sea level. The climate is cold but dry, due to its position south of the rugged Alborz range.
The city was a former capital of the Persian Empire. It is a provincial capital today that has been an important cultural center throughout history.
Archeological findings in the Qazvin plain reveal urban agricultural settlements for at least nine millennia. Qazvin geographically connects Tehran, Isfahan, and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian seacoast and Asia Minor, hence its strategic location throughout the ages.
The city today known as Qazvin is thought to have been founded by Shapur II, King of Persia in 250 CE, under the name Shad Shahpur, when he built a fortification there to control regional tensions.
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Quri Chay
Coordinates: 38°04′36″N 46°18′36″E / 38.07667°N 46.31°E / 38.07667; 46.31
The Quri River or Quru Chay or Quri Chay (Azerbaijani and Persian: قوریچای) is a river in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. It arises in the mountains east of Tabriz and joins the Aji Chay just northeast of central Tabriz. The river divides Tabriz into northern and southern parts which are connected to each other by several bridges. The two Ghari Bridges, beside each other, are the most famous and historic of the bridges over the river. The Sangi Bridge is also of historic interest.
There is also a highway on both sides of the river, called the Chay Kenar, which passes through the middle of city, connecting the eastern and western parts of the city without any traffic lights.
The name "Quri Chay" means "dry river", and at the end of the Twentieth Century the water, when present, was polluted and undrinkable.
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Rab'-e Rashidi
Coordinates: 38°04′45″N 46°19′46″E / 38.07917°N 46.32944°E / 38.07917; 46.32944
Rab'-e Rashidi was an academic complex in the 13th century, during the Ilkhanid dynasty. During its long history, it was damaged by natural disasters or during its reconstruction. Most of the structure is covered by 6 meters of soil and dust. Today it is an archaeological site in Tabriz, in north-western Iran.
Rab'-e Rashidi origins date to the 13th century, when Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the minister of Ghazan Khan, the seventh ruler of the Ilkhanid dynasty, established a big academic center in Tabriz, the capital of Ilkhanid dynasty at the time, which he named Rab'-e Rashidi. After his death several years later, Khajeh Rashid was buried in this place and a tomb was built over his grave.
This scientific and educational complex was equipped with a big paper factory, a massive library, an educational treatment center (Dar-ol-Shafa), Dar-ol Quran (Quranic Center), residential facilities for teachers, student’s quarter, a big caravansary and other facilities during the Ilkhanid era. Thousands of students from Iran, China, Egypt, and Syria studied their desired subjects here under the supervision of intellectuals, scientists, physicians and Islamic scholars. More than 30,000 houses, stores and other urban constructions existed in the residential quarter.
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Rabe Rashidi
Coordinates: 38°04′45″N 46°19′46″E / 38.07917°N 46.32944°E / 38.07917; 46.32944
Rab'-e Rashidi was an academic complex in the 13th century, during the Ilkhanid dynasty. During its long history, it was damaged by natural disasters or during its reconstruction. Most of the structure is covered by 6 meters of soil and dust. Today it is an archaeological site in Tabriz, in north-western Iran.
Rab'-e Rashidi origins date to the 13th century, when Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the minister of Ghazan Khan, the seventh ruler of the Ilkhanid dynasty, established a big academic center in Tabriz, the capital of Ilkhanid dynasty at the time, which he named Rab'-e Rashidi. After his death several years later, Khajeh Rashid was buried in this place and a tomb was built over his grave.
This scientific and educational complex was equipped with a big paper factory, a massive library, an educational treatment center (Dar-ol-Shafa), Dar-ol Quran (Quranic Center), residential facilities for teachers, student’s quarter, a big caravansary and other facilities during the Ilkhanid era. Thousands of students from Iran, China, Egypt, and Syria studied their desired subjects here under the supervision of intellectuals, scientists, physicians and Islamic scholars. More than 30,000 houses, stores and other urban constructions existed in the residential quarter.
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Robat
Robat (Persian: رباط, also Romanized as Robāţ; also known as Robāţ-e Māhīdasht, Robāţ-e Māhī Dasht, Robaţ ‘Olyā, and Māhīdasht) is a city in and the capital of Mahidasht District, in Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 996, in 248 families.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saat Tower
Coordinates: 38°04′25″N 46°17′44″E / 38.07361°N 46.29556°E / 38.07361; 46.29556
Sa'at Tower (Sa'at Qabağı in Azerbaijani Turkic) also known as Tabriz Municipality Palace is the head office of the municipal government of Tabriz, the capital of East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. The Municipality was built in 1934 as the Tabriz municipal central office. After World War II it was used by the Azerbaijan Democrat Party as a Government Office. When Iranian troops regained control of Tabriz in 1947, the building was again used as the Tabriz municipal central offices, a function which has continued up to the present day.
Sa'at means "clock" and Qabaq means "front" in Azerbaijani.
During the 1990s, in an attempt for installing an elevator, one of Saat's patios was damaged. The tower dome was reconstructed on 2008 with a new color. Since 2007, part of the building houses the Municipal Museum.
Since Saat Tower is located in the center of the city, it has been used for various ceremonies and gatherings in the city. During 1947 it was used as the seat of the Azerbaijan Peoples' Government. Currently, at the beginning of every new Iranian Year (20 March), a big Haft-Sin is made behind Saat.
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Samarkand
Coordinates: 39°39′15″N 66°57′35″E / 39.65417°N 66.95972°E / 39.65417; 66.95972
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд; Persian: سمرقند; Uzbek: Samarqand; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane) and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient center of the city.
In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
The city was known by an abbreviated name of Marakanda when Alexander the Great took it in 332BC. There are various theories of how Marakanda evolved into Samarkanda/Samarkan. One derives the name from the Old Persian asmara, "stone", "rock", and Sogdian kand, "fort", "town". Others less convincingly derive the name from the old Turkic "Semiz-Kent" meaning "Rich City".[citation needed]. Since the name Marakanda was already in existence 2300 years ago and long before anyone had heard of Turks in that region of Transoxiana, this version is likely a folk etymology.
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Sardrud
Sardrud (Persian: سردرود; also Romanized as Sardrūd, Sardārūd, and Sard Rood; also known as Sardari) is a city in the Central District of Tabriz County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24,858, in 6,903 families.
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Shabestar
Shabestar (Persian: شبستر; also Romanized as Chabiastar, Shabiastar, and Shabistar) is a city in and the capital of Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 13,857, in 3,989 families.
Shabestar is located in proximity to Tabriz[1], the provincial capital, on the main Iranian-International railway line which connects Tehran and Tabriz to Turkey and Europe; During the Safavid period. Shabestar's economy and development has received a major boost due to the 'Azad' university [2] built there. It is home to the renowned Iranian mysticist Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari (is the creator of the sublime mystic poem Gulshan-e Raz (The Garden of Secrets). This poem is counted as one of the loftiest works of 'irfan, and has immortalized the name of its author. Many commentaries have been written upon it, perhaps the best of which is that written by Hazin Lahiji, which has been published and is available. Shabestari died about the year 1320), the composer of Gulshan-i Raz.
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Shah-goli
El-Gölü (Azerbaijani: El-Gölü, and Persian: ایل گلی) is the name of a large park in Tabriz, Iran. Early history of the El-Gölü is not clear. However, it seems that it was used as a water resource for agricultural purposes. It was used as a summer palace during the Qajar dynasty (when Tabriz was the official residence of Prince of Iran). It contains a palace that is surrounded by a great square water pool almost 12 meters deep. During 2nd Pahlavi's it was reconstructed.
After the Iranian Revolution of 1979 as normal process for that period for removing Shah name from everywhere the name of Shah-Gölü was changed to El-Gölü in official documents.
Coordinates: 38°01′31.16″N 46°21′56.15″E / 38.0253222°N 46.3655972°E / 38.0253222; 46.3655972
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Shahnaz street
Coordinates: 38°03′56″N 46°17′01″E / 38.06556°N 46.28361°E / 38.06556; 46.28361
Shahnaz is a street in Tabriz, Iran. The street is well-known because of its distinct architecture, the churches and shops. It is passing through few of Tabriz old suburbs including Baron Avak and Emamiye connecting them to the city center and Bazaar of Tabriz.
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Sharafkhaneh
Sharafkhaneh (Persian: شرفخانه; also Romanized as Sharafkhāneh, Sharifkhane, Sharifkhaneh, and Sheraf-Khane; also known as Bandar-e Sharafkhāneh) is a city in the Central District of Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Sharafkhaneh is on Lake Urmia. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,872, in 1,132 families.
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Shendabad
Shendabad (Persian: شندآباد; also Romanized as Shendābād; formerly, Shindavar (Persian: شيندِوار), also Romanized as Shīndevār, Shindivar, Shindiwār, and Shindyvar) is a city in the Central District of Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 8,797, in 2,220 families.
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Shiraz, Iran
Coordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°E / 29.617; 52.533
Shiraz ( listen (help·info) Persian: شیراز Shīrāz Persian pronunciation: [ʃiːˈrɒːz]) is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province, the city's 2009 population was 1,455,073. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Roodkhaneye Khoshk (Dry river) seasonal river. Shiraz has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than one thousand years.
The earliest reference to the city, as Tiraziš, is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BC. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. Shiraz was the capital of Persia during the Zand dynasty from 1750 until 1781, as well as briefly during the Saffarid period.
Shiraz is known as the city of poets, literature, wine and flowers. The word "shir" in Persian means "lion", but it could also mean "milk". It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens, due to the many gardens and fruit trees that can be seen in the city. Shiraz has had major Jewish and Christian communities. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; pile carpet-weaving and weaving of kilim, called gilim and jajim in the villages and among the tribes. In Shiraz industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries: 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz. Shiraz is home to Iran's first solar power plant. Recently the city's first wind turbine has been installed above Babakoohi mountain near the city.
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Shohada Mosque
Coordinates: 38°04′39″N 46°17′44″E / 38.0775°N 46.29556°E / 38.0775; 46.29556
The Shohada mosque is a historical mosque at city center of Tabriz, Iran. It is dedicated to the martyrs of Islam.
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Sis, Iran
Sis (Persian: سيس; also Romanized as Sīs and Siz) is a city in the Central District of Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 5,127, in 1,391 families.
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Soviet
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Sufian
Sufian (Persian: صوفيان; also Romanized as Şufīān, Soofian, Şowfyān, and Sūfīyān) is a city in and the capital of Sufian District, in Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 8,733, in 2,427 families. There is a major cement factory operated by the Sufian Cement Company to the southeast of the city. The city has at least 5 mosques, 4 of them in close proximity in the city centre.
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Susa
Coordinates: 32°11′21″N 48°15′28″E / 32.18922°N 48.257785°E / 32.18922; 48.257785
Susa (Persian: شوش Shush [ʃuʃ]; Greek: Σοῦσα [ˈsuːsa]; Syriac: ܫܘܫ Shush; Old Persian Çūšā-; Biblical Hebrew שׁוּשָׁן Shushān) was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires of Iran. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers.
The modern Iranian town of Shush is located at the site of ancient Susa. Shush is the administrative capital of the Shush County of Iran's Khuzestan province. It had a population 64,960 in 2005.
In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records, e.g. in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta it is described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk.
Susa is also mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible by the name Shushan, mainly in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of the 6th century BCE. Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white stone cone, which is neither regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of David. Susa is further mentioned in the Book of Jubilees (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of Shem and his eldest son Elam; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam.
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Tabriz
Tabriz (Persian/Azerbaijani:تبریز) ( pronunciation (help·info)) is the fifth largest city and one of the historical capitals of Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quru River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former capitals, and residence of the crown prince under the Qajar dynasty. The city has proven extremely influential in the country’s recent history. Tabriz is located in a valley to the north of the long ridge of the volcanic cone of Sahand, south of the Eynali mountain. The valley opens out into a plain that slopes gently down to the northern end of Lake Urmia, 60 km to the west. With cold winters and temperate summers the city is considered a summer resort.
The estimated population of the city is around 1,400,000 based on results of the Iranian census bureau. Tabriz is the fourth most populous city in Iran after Tehran, Mashhad, and Esfahan, and is also a major Iranian heavy industrial and manufacturing center. Some of these industries include automobile, machine tools, oil and petrochemical and cement production.
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Tabriz Bazaar
Coordinates: 38°04′50.78″N 46°17′32.23″E / 38.0807722°N 46.2922861°E / 38.0807722; 46.2922861
The Bazaar of Tabriz (Persian بازار تبریز, Bāzār-e Tabriz) is one of the oldest bazaars of the Middle East and the largest covered bazar in the world.[citation needed] It was inscribed as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in July 2010.
Tabriz has been a place of cultural exchange since antiquity. Its historic bazaar complex is one of the most important commercial centres on the Silk Road. Located in the center of the city of Tabriz, Iran, this spectacular structure consists of several sub-bazaars, such as Amir Bazaar (for gold and jewelry), Mozzafarieh (a carpet bazaar), a shoe bazaar, and many other ones for various goods. The most prosperous time of Tabriz and its bazaar was in 13th century when the town became the capital city of the Safavid kingdom. The city lost its status as a capital in the 16th century, but its bazaar has remained important as a commercial and economic center. Although, numerous modern shops and malls have been established nowadays, the bazaar of Tabriz has remained the economic heart of both the city and northwestern of Iran. It is worthy of mention that Tabriz bazaar has been being an important political place, and one can point out its importance in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution in the last century and Islamic Revolution in the contemporary time.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Takht-i-Suleiman
For the similarly named locations see Takht-e Suleyman Massif in Iran, Taxte Soleymān in Pakistan, and Sulayman Mountain near Osh, Kyrgyzstan.
Coordinates: 36°36′11″N 47°14′09″E / 36.603171°N 47.235949°E / 36.603171; 47.235949
Taxte Soleymān, (Persian: تخت سلیمان; Taxte Soleymān "Throne of Solomon") is an archaeological site in West Azarbaijan, Iran. It lies midway between Urmia and Hamadan, very near the present-day town of Takab, and 400 km (250 mi) west of Tehran.
The originally fortified site, which is located on a crater rim, was recognized as a World Heritage Site in July 2003. The citadel includes the remains of a Zoroastrian fire temple built during the Sassanid period and partially rebuilt during the Ilkhanid period. This site got this Semitic name after the Arab conquest. This temple housed one the three "Great Fires" or "Royal Fires" that Sassanid rulers humbled themselves before in order to ascend the throne. The fire at Takht-i Soleiman was called ādur Wishnāsp and was dedicated to the arteshtar or warrior class of the Sasanid.
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Tarbiyat street
Coordinates: 38°04′34.78″N 46°17′36.08″E / 38.0763278°N 46.2933556°E / 38.0763278; 46.2933556
Tarbiyat is a pedestrian street in center of Tabriz. It was built during the Pahlavi Dynasty (the first Pahlavi) and named in memory of Tabriz's mayor Mohammad Ali Khan-e Tarbiyat, who was responsible for the modernization project of Tabriz. The land was originally part of the residential complex belonging to Qajar-Batmanghelich (Shah-e-Nimrouz, the commander of the military forces stationed in Northwestern Iran) which was expropriated by Reza shah shortly after his coup against Ahmad Shah Qajar in 1925. During Mr. Darvish Zadeh's period (the Tabriz Mayor from 1993 until 1997) this street was closed for cars and rebuilt as a pedestrian street.
This street is currently part of a shopping center in Tabriz which includes a small part of the Tabriz Bazar, known as Shishe Gar Khane. Modern shopping malls in Tabriz include: Shekh Safi, Shams-e Tabrizi, Molana, and some more. The street has a special architecture. Nowadays it is used as a major shopping center for clothing, shoes and other fashionable items. The street is one of the busiest pedestrian ways in Tabriz' city center.
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Tark
Tark (Persian: ترك; also Romanized as Tork) is a city in and the capital of Kandovan District, in Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,869, in 456 families.
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Tasuj
Tasuj (Persian: تسوج; also Romanized as Tasūj, Tasooj, Ţasūj, and Tasvīch) is a city in and the capital of Tasuj District, in Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 7,332, in 2,108 families.
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Tehran
Tehran (
pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)[citation needed].
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Tomb of Two Kamals
Coordinates: 38°04′28.43″N 46°19′40.34″E / 38.0745639°N 46.3278722°E / 38.0745639; 46.3278722
The Tomb of Two Kamals, or in short the 2-Kamal Tomb, is a funerary monument in Tabriz, Iran. Two Kamals – the 14th century poet Kamal Khujandi and the 15th century miniaturist Kamaleddin Behzad – are buried in an underground chamber: visitors descend about 10 steps to see the two tombs. There are also statues of the two Kamals near the tomb.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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University of Tabriz
Coordinates: 38°03′41.64″N 46°19′42.64″E / 38.0615667°N 46.3285111°E / 38.0615667; 46.3285111
The University of Tabriz (Persian: دانشگاه تبريز ; sometimes referred to as Tabriz University) is a public university in Tabriz, Iran. It is the second-oldest university in Iran after the University of Tehran and the biggest academic institution in northwestern Iran and one of five biggest universities in Iran. Furthermore, the University of Tabriz is definitely well-known because of its all-round students who have got high ranks in the Iranian Entrance Exam to Universities to enter this university.
The university was initially established as the University of Azerbaijan on June 12, 1947, and entitled as a university on October 30, 1947, which is now officially set as inauguration date of the university. The university was renamed the University of Tabriz following the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
The university has 480 academic staff, of whom some 258 are Doctor of Philosophy holders. Out of this teaching staff, 41 are full professors, 66 are associate professors, 151 are assistant professors and the remaining 222 are instructors. Some 857 administrative personnel are supporting academic activities. The university is ranked among top-ten universities of Iran.
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Varzaqan
Varzaqan (Persian: ورزقان; also Romanized as Varzaqān and Warzagan; formerly, Karzigan (Persian: كَرزيگَن), also Romanized as Kārzigān and Karzygan) is a city in and the capital of Varzaqan County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,549, in 930 families.
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Vayqan
Vayqan (Persian: وايقان; also Romanized as Vāyqān, Vaighan, Vayagan, Vayeqān, and Vāygān) is a city in the Central District of Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,091, in 1,095 families.
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Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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West Azerbaijan
West Azerbaijan Province or West Azarbaijan Province (Persian: استان آذربایجان غربی, Ostān-e Āzarbāijān-e Gharbī ), is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in the North West of the country, bordering Turkey, Iraq and Nakhchivan, and the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan and Kurdistan.
The province of West Azerbaijan covers an area of 39,487 km², or 43,660 km² including Lake Urmia. In 2006 the province had a population of 3,015,361 [2]. The capital city and largest city of the province is Urmia.
Permanent settlements were established in the province as early as the 6th millennium BC as excavation at sites such as Teppe Hasanlu establish. In Hasanlu, a famous Golden Vase was found in 1958. The province is also the location of Tepe Hajji Firuz, site of some of the world's earliest evidence of wine production.Gooy Teppe is another significant site, where a metal plaque dating from 800 BC was found that depicts a scene from the epic of Gilgamesh.
Ruins such as these and the UNESCO world heritage site at the Sassanid compound of Takht-i-Suleiman illustrate the strategic importance and tumultuous history of the province through the millennia. Overall, the province enjoys a wealth of historical attractions, with 169 sites registered by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran.
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Wuhan
Wuhan (simplified Chinese: 武汉; traditional Chinese: 武漢; pinyin: Wǔhàn [wùxân] ( listen)) is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is the most populous city in Central China. It lies at the east of the Jianghan Plain, and the intersection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze and Han rivers. Arising out of the conglomeration of three districts, Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, Wuhan is known as "the nine provinces' leading thoroughfare"; it is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. Because of its key role in domestic transportation, Wuhan was sometimes referred to as the "Chicago of China." It is recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, educational and transportation center of central China. The city of Wuhan, first termed as such in 1927, has a population of 10,020,000 people (Census 2011), with about 6,434,373 residents in its urban area. In the 1920s, Wuhan was the national capital of a leftist Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek, as well as wartime capital in 1937.
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Yamchi
Yamchi (Persian: يامچي; also Romanized as Yāmchī) is a city in and the capital of Yamchi District, in Marand County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,320, in 2,301 families.
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Yazd
Yazd (pronounced /jæzd/) (Persian: یزد, also Romanized as Yezd) is the capital of Yazd Province in Iran, and a centre of Zoroastrian culture. The city is located 270 km southeast of Isfahan. At the 2006 census, the population was 423,006, in 114,716 families.
Because of generations of adaptations to its desert surroundings, Yazd is an architecturally unique city. It is also known in Iran for the high quality of its handicrafts, especially silk weaving, and its sweet shops.
Yazd with the area of 131,551 km²[citation needed] is situated at an oasis where the Dasht-e Kavir desert and the Dasht-e Lut desert meet, the city is sometimes called "the bride of the Kavir" because of its location, in a valley between Shir Kuh, the tallest mountain in the region at 4075 m. above sea level, and Kharaneq. The city itself is located at 1203 m. above sea-level, and covers 16,000 km².
According to the administrative division rules, the Yazd province is divided into 10 districts, each includes at least one town and a number of villages. These districts are: Abarkuh, Ardakan, Bafq, Khatam, Maybod, Mehriz, Tabas, Sadough, Taft and Yazd.
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Zagreb
Zagreb (Croatian pronunciation: [zǎːɡrɛb]) is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m (400 ft) above sea level. In the last official census of 2011, the population of the settlement of Zagreb was 686,568, while the total population of its administrative area was 792,875. The wider Zagreb metropolitan area includes the City of Zagreb and the separate Zagreb County with a population of 317,642, bringing the total metropolitan area population up to 1,110,517. It is the only metropolitan area in Croatia with a population of over one million.
Its favourable geographic position in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin, which extends to the Alpine, Dinaric, Adriatic and Pannonic regions, provides an excellent connection for traffic between Central Europe and the Adriatic Sea. The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia. Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies and almost all government ministries.
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Zahhak Castle
Coordinates: 37°23′6.20″N 47°10′1.98″E / 37.385056°N 47.1672167°E / 37.385056; 47.1672167
Zahhak Castle (or citadel) is a castle in East Azerbaijan Province, Hashtrud, Iran. It is named after Zahhak, a figure in Persian mythology. According to various experts, it was inhabited from the second millennia BC until the Timurid era. It was first excavated in the 19th century by British archeologists. Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization has been studying the structure in 6 phases.
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Zarnaq
Zarnaq (Persian: زرنق; also known as Zaraq, Zarnā, and Zerna) is a city in the Central District of Heris County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,766, in 1,132 families.
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Abaqa Khan
Abaqa Khan (1234–1282), also Abaga (Mongolian: Abaga Khaan, “paternal uncle”; Mongolian Cyrillic: Аваг хаан), or Abagha Khan, was the second Mongol ruler (Il-khan) of the Persian Ilkhanate. The son of Hulagu Khan and Yesuncin Khatun, he reigned from 1265–1282 and was succeeded by his brother Tekuder Khan. Much of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde. Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at military invasion of Syria, including the Second Battle of Homs.
Abaqa was born in February 1234, son of Ilkhanate founder Hulagu Khan. His stepmother was Hulagu's Kerait princess bride, Doquz Khatun. Doquz, a devout Nestorian Christian, was regarded as a spiritual leader of the Mongols, who were generally tolerant of many religions. Abaqa himself was marginally Buddhist, though he was also very sympathetic to Christianity due to his mother's influence. A favored son of Hulagu, he was made governor of Turkestan.
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Abbas Mirza
Prince, Field-Marshal Abbas Mirza (عباس میرزا آملی in Persian) born Navaa village (August 26, 1789 - October 25, 1833), was a Qajar crown prince of Persia. He developed a reputation as a military commander during wars with Russia and the Ottoman Empire, as an early modernizer of Persia's armed forces and institutions, and for his death before his father, Fath Ali Shah. Abbas was an intelligent prince, possessed some literary taste, and is noteworthy on account of the comparative simplicity of his life.
He was a younger son of Fath Ali Shah, but on account of his mother's royal birth was destined by his father to succeed him. Entrusted with the government of a part of Persia, he sought to rule it in European fashion, and employed officers to reorganize his army. He was soon at war with Russia, and his aid was eagerly solicited by both England and Napoleon, anxious to checkmate one another in the East. Preferring the friendship of France, Abbas Mirza continued the war against Russia's General Kotlyarevsky, but his new ally could give him very little assistance. Kotlyarevsky defeated the numerically superior Persian army in the Battle of Aslanduz and in October, 1813, Persia was compelled to make a disadvantageous peace, ceding some territory in the Caucasus (present-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the Republic of Azerbaijan).
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Abd al-Qadir Maraghi
Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi b. Ghaybi (Persian: عبدالقادر مراغی (born middle of 14th – died 1435 AD)), was a Persian musician and artist. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, he was the greatest of the Persian writers on music.
Abd al- Qadir b. GHaybi al-Hafiz al-Maraghi was born in Maragha in about the middle of the 14th century. He had become one of the court minstrels of the Jalayirid Sultan al-Husayn around 1379. Under Sultan Ahmad Jalayirid, he was appointed the chief court minstrel. When Timur captured Baghdad in 1393, he was transported to Samarqand, which was the capital of the Timurid dynasty. In 1399, he was in Tabriz at the service of Timur’s wayward son Miranshah. Abdl al-Qadir was blamed for the erratic conducts of Miranshah, and Timur acted swiftly in order to capture him. But Abd al-Qadir, was forewarned and escaped to the Jalayrid court of Sultan Ahmad in Baghdad. Timur again recaptured Baghdad in 1401 and took Abd al-Qadir back to Samarqand. Abd al-Qadir became one of the brilliant men at the court of Timur’s son, Shahrukh . In 1421, he also wrote a musical treatise (see below) for the Ottoman Sultan Murad II. He died in Samarqand in 1435.
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Ahmad Shah Qajar
Ahmad Shāh Qājār (Persian: احمَد شاه قاجار) (January 21, 1898 – 21 February 1930) was Shah of Iran (Persia) from July 16, 1909, to October 31, 1925 and the last of the Qajar dynasty.
Ahmad Shah acceded to the Peacock Throne on July 16, 1909, following the overthrow of his father and predecessor, Mohammad Ali Shah, who had attempted to reverse earlier constitutional restrictions on royal power, and thus enraged the majority of Iranians. It is alleged[who?] that Ahmad Shah was one of the most democratic-minded kings of Persia while others[who?] dismiss him as a weak ruler, uninterested in attending to the matters of government.
After removing Muhammad Ali Shah from power, the Grand Majles placed Ahmad Shah on the throne. The Grand Majles consisted of 500 delegate members who came from different backgrounds. They held a special tribunal in order to punish all those who participated in the civil war, among those hanged was Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri. They also brought in new reforms that were not seen in Iran before. They abolished class representation; created five new seats for the minorities in the Majles; the Armenians got two seats, other religious minority groups such as Jews, Zoroastrians and Assyrians each got one seat in the new government; the Majles also democratized the electoral system; diminished the electoral dominance of Tehran and even lowered the voting age from twenty five to twenty. Not much is known about his early life prior to his ascendancy to the throne. He was very attached to his father and after his father left, Ahmad felt isolated and bitter. Due to his young age a regent who was his uncle Azud al-Mulk, took charge of his affairs. However his lavish lifestyle did not gain him any favors with the Iranian people. Ahmad Shah inherited a kingdom in turmoil, and a constituency frustrated with British and Russian imperialism and the absolute rule of his father.
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Ak Koyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans (Persian/Azeri: آق قویونلو), was an SunniOghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled parts of present-day Eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, and Iran from 1378 to 1508.
According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu were present in eastern Anatolia from at least 1340, and most of their leaders, including the dynasty's founder, Uzun Hassan, married Byzantine princesses.
The Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans first acquired land in 1402, when Timur granted them all of Diyarbakır in present-day Turkey. For a long time, the Aq Qoyunlu were unable to expand their territory, as the rival Kara Koyunlu or "Black Sheep Turkomans" kept them at bay. However, this changed with the rule of Uzun Hassan, who defeated the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh in 1467.
After the defeat of a Ilkhanate leader, Abu Sa'id, Uzun Hassan was able to take Baghdad along with territories around the Persian Gulf. He expanded into Iran as far east as Khorasan. However, around this time, the Ottoman Empire sought to expand eastwards, a serious threat that forced the Aq Qoyunlu into an alliance with the Karamanids of central Anatolia.
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Ali Salimi
Ali Salimi (Persian: علي سليمي), (b. 1922 in Baku - d. 1997 in Tabriz), was an Azerbaijani musician, composer and tar player. He had been based in Tehran for the last few decades where he made significant contribution to promotion and development of Azerbaijani music.
Many years before his birth, his father had migrated from Mehmandoust village of Ardabil city to Baku to earn livelihood. Ali Salimi attended the classes of the great and famous musician of Azerbaijan, Ahmad Bakikhanov and after a short while he showed such a talent for music that Ahmad Bakikhanov introduced him to the National Orchestra of Azerbaijan. At the time of Stalin, because Ali Salimi's father did not want to change his nationality, returned to Iran along with his family in 1938 (1317 hegira), and resided in his home town - Ardabil - and obtained birth certificate in his city.
It should be mentioned that, in 1965 (1344 hegira) when the famous singer of Baku, Rashid Behbudov, had come to Iran to have concerts, was very impressed when he listened to the composition Ayriliq, and asked Ali Salimi for the permission to play that composition in Baku. The result, of playing the composition Ayriliq of Ali Salimi in Baku, was that Rashid Behbudov won the utmost fame.
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Alireza Navin
Alireza Navin (Persian: علیرضا نوین, born 27 February 1961) is the current Mayor of Tabriz, Iran. He was elected as 54th Mayor of Tabriz on 15 December 2005 by City Council and was inaugurated as mayor on 1 January 2006 in Saat City Hall. He is graduated from Tehran University in management.
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Allameh Jafari
Allameh Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari (1923 - 15 November 1998) born in Tabriz was an Iranian scholar, thinker, and theologian.
After elementary school, Muhammad Taqi studied at the Talebieh seminary, and then moved to Tehran and Qom, where he studied under some of the leading religious scholars of his time, before leaving for Najaf and attending the Najaf School of Theology.
Muhammad Taqi Jafari spent 11 years in Najaf and learned from great scholars. His progress was so spectacular that he was conferred on the greatest degree of jurisprudence – ijtihad – when he was only 23.
When Jafari returned to Iran, he continued to study the new waves of thought that were rapidly spreading throughout intellectualism. He undoubtedly approved the basic idea of intellectualism, which was what had drawn him from decadent, traditional thoughts to study modern ones; the study that dominated his 60-year academic career.
As an explorer of anthropological domains, Muhammad Taqi endeavored to discover mankind accurately, so he began by practically showing value for human beings, and presenting the highest of moral values and constructive patterns in his behavior. Maybe it was his moral excellence that helped him accomplish so much in a rather short period of time.
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Allameh Tabatabaei
Allameh Seyyed Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei (1892—November 15, 1981) (Persian: علامه سید محمد حسین طباطبائی) was one of the most prominent thinkers of philosophy and contemporary Shia Islam. He is famous for Tafsir al-Mizan, the Qur'anic exegesis.
Born in Tabriz, Azarbaijan, in northwestern Iran, he studied at Najaf, under masters such as Mirza 'Ali Qadi (in gnosis), Mirza Muhammad Husain Na'ini, Shaykh Muhammad Husain Isfahani (in Fiqh and Jurisprudence), Sayyid Abu'l-Qasim Khwansari (in Mathematics), as well as studying the standard texts of Avicenna's Shifa, the Asfar of Sadr al-Din Shirazi, and the Tamhid al-qawa'id of Ibn Turkah. Along with Sayyid Husayn Badkuba'i, he was a student of two of the most famous masters of the time, Sayyid Abu'l-Hasan Jilwah and Aqa 'Ali Mudarris Zunuzi.
In his later years he would often hold study sessions with Henry Corbin and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, in which not only the classical texts of divine wisdom and gnosis were discussed, but also a whole cycle of what Nasr calls comparative gnosis, in which in each session the sacred texts of one of the major religions, containing mystical and gnostic teachings, such as the Tao Te Ching, the Upanishads and the Gospel of John, were discussed and compared with Sufism and Islamic gnostic doctrines in general.
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Assyrian people
The Assyrian people, most commonly known as Assyrians and other later names, such as: Chaldeans, Syrians, Syriacs (see names of Syriac Christians), are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia. They are Eastern Aramaic speaking Semites who trace their ancestry back to the Sumero-Akkadian civilisation that emerged in Mesopotamia circa 4000- 3500 BC, and in particular to the northern region of the Akkadian lands, which would become known as Assyria by the 24th Century BC. The Assyrian nation existed as an independent state, and often a powerful empire, from the 24th century BC until the end of the 7th century BC.
Today that ancient territory is part of several nations; Assyria remained a Geo-political entity after its fall, and was ruled as an occupied province under the rule of various empires from the late 7th century BC until the mid 7th century AD when it was dissolved, and the Assyrian people have gradually become a minority in their homelands since that time. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, north east Syria, north west Iran, and Southeastern Turkey. They are predominantly Christian.
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Atropates
Atropates (Greek Aτρoπάτης, from Old Persian 𐎠𐎬𐎼𐎱𐎠𐎬 Aturpat "protected by fire"; c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III, then Alexander III of Macedon, and eventually founded an independent kingdom and dynasty that was named after him. Diodorus (18.4) refers to him as 'Atrapes', while Quintus Curtius (8.3.17) erroneously names him 'Arsaces'.
Towards the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor (satrap) of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the decisive Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates commanded the Achaemenid troops of Media, Caucasian Albania and Sacasene (part of present-day Armenia).
Following his defeat in that battle, Darius fled to the Median capital of Ecbatana, where Atropates gave him hospitality. Darius attempted to raise a new army but was forced to flee Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander initially chose Oxydates as satrap of Media, but in 328-327 BCE after Alexander lost trust in Oxydates' loyalty, Atropates was reinstated to his old position. In 325-324, Atropates delivered Baryaxes (a sought-after rebel of the region) to Alexander while the latter was at Pasargadae. Alexander's esteem for the governor rose "so high" that soon afterwards Atropates' daughter was married to Alexander's confidant and cavalry commander Perdiccas at the famous mass wedding at Susa in February 324 BCE.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Azerbaijanis
The Azerbaijanis ( /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni/; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycanlılar, Азәрбајҹанлылар, آذربایجانلیلار ) or Azarbaijanis are Turkic-speaking people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as in the neighboring states, Georgia, Russia (Dagestan) and formerly Armenia. Also referred to as Azeris or Azaris (Azərilər, Азәриләр, آذریلر ) or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan türkləri), they also live in a wider area from the Caucasus to the Iranian plateau. The Azerbaijanis are predominantly Shi'a Muslim and have a mixed cultural heritage including Turkic, Iranic and Caucasian elements.
Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828, the territories of the Qajar Persian Empire in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran. The formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single ethnic group. However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution in Iranian Azerbaijan and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz and Anatolian Turkish (including the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen), all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages.
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Azeris
The Azerbaijanis ( /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni/; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycanlılar, Азәрбајҹанлылар, آذربایجانلیلار ) or Azarbaijanis are Turkic-speaking people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as in the neighboring states, Georgia, Russia (Dagestan) and formerly Armenia. Also referred to as Azeris or Azaris (Azərilər, Азәриләр, آذریلر ) or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan türkləri), they also live in a wider area from the Caucasus to the Iranian plateau. The Azerbaijanis are predominantly Shi'a Muslim and have a mixed cultural heritage including Turkic, Iranic and Caucasian elements.
Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828, the territories of the Qajar Persian Empire in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran. The formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single ethnic group. However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution in Iranian Azerbaijan and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz and Anatolian Turkish (including the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen), all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages.
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Bagher Khan
Bāqer Khān (1870 , Tabriz - November 12, 1911, Persian: باقرخان), honorarily titled Sālār-e Melli (Persian: سالار ملی meaning National Leader), was one of the key figures in the Persian Constitutional Revolution.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Colonel Pesian
Colonel Mohammad Taqi-Khan Pessian (1892 - 3 October 1921) (also Colonel Pessian or Pesyan "Pesseyan"), born into an aristocratic family in Tabriz, was a popular military leader of Iran and became a national hero after his assassination. He is also famously known as being the first Iranian to successfully pilot an aircraft.
He was born into a prominent family originating in the Caucasus. His family immigrated to Iran after Persia's defeat to the Russian Empire in the war which ended with the Treaty of Turkomanchai in 1828. Pessian's family possessed strong military traditions, his uncle General Hamzeh Khan Pessian was a commander in the Persian Cossack Brigade, his cousins Heydar Qoli Khan Pessian, father of Iranian author, Talah Pessian, Ali Qoli Khan Pessian, Gholam Reza Khan Pessian and himself served in Gendarmerie.
In Tabriz Mohammad Taqi was educated in Sciences, Persian, Arabic and foreign languages. In 1907 he left for Tehran to continue his education and entered Military College in Germany where he became one of the first Iranians to learn to fly. After 5 years he took up the rank of Second Lieutenant in the Gendarmerie, within two years he was promoted to Captain. After that he held a variety of posts such as Second Commander in a battalion in Qazvin, served in Hamedan and Yazd and also was an instructor and interpreter at Gendarmerie school in Yusef Abad, Tehran. He was promoted to Major when World War I broke out.
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Farah Pahlavi
Farah Pahlavi (Persian: فرح پهلوی, Azerbaijani: فرح پهلوی; born Farah Diba, 14 October 1938, Tehran) is the former Queen and Empress of Iran. She is the widow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, and only Empress (Shahbanou) of modern Iran. She was Queen consort of Iran from 1959 until 1967 and Empress consort from 1967 until exile in 1979.
Though the titles and distinctions of the Iranian Imperial Family were abolished within Iran by the Islamic government, she is still styled Empress or Shahbanou, out of courtesy, by the foreign media as well as by supporters of the monarchy. Some countries, such as the United States of America, Denmark, Spain and Germany, still address the former Empress as Her Imperial Majesty The Shahbanou of Iran in official documents, for example Royal wedding guest lists.
Farah Diba was born on 14 October 1938 in the Iranian capital Tehran, to an upper class family. Born as Farah Diba, she was the only child of Captain Sohrab Diba and his wife, Farideh Ghotbi. Farah Pahlavi's father's family is of Azerbaijani origin. In her memoir, the former Empress writes that her father's family were natives of Iranian Azarbaijan while her mother's family were from Gilan Province (Lahijan) on the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea.
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Fariba Vafi
Fariba Vafi (born 1962 in Tabriz, Iran) is an Iranian author.
Vafi currently lives in Tehran with her husband, daughter and son. She started to write short stories at a very young age. Some of her stories were published in Persian language literary magazines such as Adineh. Her first short story collection, Dar Omg-e-sahneh (In Depth of the Stage), was published in 1986. Her second work, another short story collection named Hatta Vaqti Mikhandidim (Even When We Were Laughing) appeared in 1999. This work was translated into Turkish as Exhausted from the Game.
Her novel, Parande-ye-man" (My Bird), was awarded the Iranian "Yalda" Literary Prize and the "Qolshiri" Prize in 2002. The work was also admired by the Mehrqan and Isfahan Prize Jury. Later novels were Tarlan (2006) and Rowyay-e-Tabbat (Dream of Tibet) (2007). More recent work is Razi dar Kucheha (A Mystery at Alleys) and she is preparing the novel of Dar Rah-e-vila (On the Way to Villa).
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Feridoun Jam
Feridoun Jam (Persian: فريدون جم) (born 1914 in Tabriz, Iran; died 2008 in London, England), was a senior Iranian army official and the son of former Iranian prime minister Mahmud Jam. He married Princess Shams in 1937 and was later divorced after death of Reza Shah on 1944. Jam served as head of the Iranian Imperial Army Corps from 1969 to 1971. He left the army because of professional conflicts with Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and retired in 1973. After resignation from the army he became Iranian ambassador in Spain for a few years up to 1978. Then he moved to London England. At the last government before revolution he has been proposed to be Iranian defense minister but according to his interview later on due to lack of authority he didn't accept the position. He was believed that the declaration of impartiality by army core at the last day of revolution was a betrayal. After revolution he didn't come back to the country but during Iran-Iraq war he was supporting Iranian army.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Gregory Choniades
Gregory Choniades (Choniates, Chioniades) (died 1302) was a Byzantine Greek astronomer. He travelled to Persia where he learnt Persian mathematical and astronomical science which he introduced into Byzantium upon return from Persia and founded an astronomical academy at Trebizond. Choniades also served as Orthodox Bishop in Tabriz.
Information about Choniades survives from some contemporary sources. In 1347, George Chrysococces (Chrysococcis) writes that "a certain Chioniades, who had been raised in Constantinople, fell in love with mathematics and other sciences. After he had mastered medicine, he wished to study astronomy; he was informed that, in order to satisfy his desire, he would have to go to Persia. He traveled to Trebizond, where he was given some assistance by the Emperor Alexios II of Trebizond, and thence proceeded to Persia itself, where he persuaded yet another Emperor to aid him. He eventually learned all that he wished to know, and returned to Trebizond, bearing away from Persia a number of astronomical texts which he translated into Greek."
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Homam Tabrizi
Homam-e Tabrizi (Persian: همام الدین تبریزی) or HOMĀM-AL-DIN B. ʿALĀʾ TABRIZI (1238/39 to 1314/1315) was an Persian poet of the Ilkhanid era. He was a follower of Saadi and his poetry was mostly in form of ghazal.
His birthplace is unknown as are details of his life and education. Most sources following Dowlatshah Samarqandi claim that he was a student of Nasir al-Din Tusi. He is also said to be a student or associate of Qutb al-Din Shirazi. He roses in prominence in the political and intellectual circles of Tabriz and was close to the Jovayni family. He also founded a Sufi lodge house (Khanghah) in Tabriz which was endowed by the Jovayni family. Homam mentions a travel to Baghdad and is said to have made a pilgrimage to Mecca. He is buried in the poet's monument Maqbaratoshoara in Tabriz. An important book detailing cultural activities of Tabriz in the Ilkhanid era called Safina-yi Tabriz sheds more light on the cultural activities of the city.
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Homam-e Tabrizi
Homam-e Tabrizi (Persian: همام الدین تبریزی) or HOMĀM-AL-DIN B. ʿALĀʾ TABRIZI (1238/39 to 1314/1315) was an Persian poet of the Ilkhanid era. He was a follower of Saadi and his poetry was mostly in form of ghazal.
His birthplace is unknown as are details of his life and education. Most sources following Dowlatshah Samarqandi claim that he was a student of Nasir al-Din Tusi. He is also said to be a student or associate of Qutb al-Din Shirazi. He roses in prominence in the political and intellectual circles of Tabriz and was close to the Jovayni family. He also founded a Sufi lodge house (Khanghah) in Tabriz which was endowed by the Jovayni family. Homam mentions a travel to Baghdad and is said to have made a pilgrimage to Mecca. He is buried in the poet's monument Maqbaratoshoara in Tabriz. An important book detailing cultural activities of Tabriz in the Ilkhanid era called Safina-yi Tabriz sheds more light on the cultural activities of the city.
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Howard Baskerville
Howard Conklin Baskerville (April 10, 1885 – April 19, 1909) = (Monday, 30 Farvardin 1288 Persian solar year ) was an American teacher in the Presbyterian mission school in Tabriz, Iran, who died fighting for Iranian democracy. He has been called the "American Lafayette in Iran." (J. Lorentz)
Baskerville was born in North Platte, Nebraska, and was raised in the Black Hills. Both his father and grandfather were Presbyterian ministers. He was graduated in 1907 from Princeton University, where in addition to studying religion and boxing, he took two courses with Woodrow Wilson (Jurisprudence and Constitutional Government).
In the fall of 1907 Baskerville came to Iran as a missionary. He took a position in the American Memorial School, a missionary school, in Tabriz. There he taught English, history, and geometry to mixed classes of boys and girls, and also served as tennis coach and riding instructor. He directed a student production of The Merchant of Venice.
In the spring of 1909, during the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, he decided to raise a volunteer force to defend constitutional democracy. Despite attempts to discourage him by the American consul in Tabriz, Edward Doty, he led about a hundred volunteers attempting to help defend the besieged city against Qajar royalist troops fighting for Mohammad Ali Shah. Baskerville was shot and killed by a sniper while leading a group of student soldiers to break the siege. He was 24 years old.
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Iranian languages
The Iranian languages (also called Iranic languages) form a subfamily of the Indo-Iranian languages which in turn are a subgroup of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples.
The Iranian languages are considered in three stages of Old (until 400 BCE), Middle (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New (since 900 CE). From the Old Iranian languages the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of Zarathushtra). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran) and Parthian (a language of Arsacid Iran). There are many Iranian languages, the largest amongst them are Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi.
Today, there are an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. The Ethnologue lists 87 Iranian languages.Persian has about 65 million native speakers, Pashto about 50 million, Kurdish about 18 million, Balochi about 7 million, and Lurish about 2.3 million.
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Ja'far Pishevari
Sayyed Ja'far Pishevari (1893 - 11 June 1947) (Azerbaijani: Seyid Cəfər Pişəvəri, سید جعفر پیشه وری, Persian: سید جعفر پیشهوری) was the founder and chairman of separatist and communist Azerbaijan People's Government (November 1945 – November 1946), created and supported by Soviet occupational forces in north-western Iran.
He was born in Khalkhal in Ardabil province, Iran. He had lived in the Caucasus in the early 20th century and was introduced to Marxism during this period. He was a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Iran (not to be confused with the Tudeh Party), established in 1920, in Rasht. He became a journalist and communist activist in the 1920s.
He was arrested and imprisoned for some time in the late 1930s and early 1940s by the government of Reza Shah Pahlavi for his communist ideas and activities. He was released from prison after Reza Shah was deposed by the Allies in 1941. He went to Tabriz and established the Azerbaijani Democratic Party with manifest material and organizational support from the USSR. He was the ADP candidate for the Majlis but was denied entry by the electoral supervisory body due to suspect campaigning practices and suspicion of vote rigging.
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Jamileh Sheykhi
Jamileh Sheykhi (Persian: جمیله شیخی , May 19, 1930 – May 23, 2001) was an actress and mother of actor Atila Pesyani.
She made her stage debut in 1957 and began film acting with Shipwreck (1975, Nosrat Karimi). As a pioneer and veteran character actress of Iranian theatre and cinema, she performed in a number of films with reputable directors. Sheykhi has a distinguished screen appearance in Travellers (1991, Bahram Bayzai) and won Best Actress at the International Fajr Film Festival.
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Javad Tabatabaei
Javad Tabatabai Is born in Tabriz in 1945. He is Professor Emeritus and Vice Dean of the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the University of Tehran. After pursuing studies in theology, law and philosophy, he earned his PhD (Doctorat d’État) in political philosophy from the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, with a dissertation on Hegel’s political philosophy. He has been a guest fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, as well as at the Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs at Syracuse University. Dr Tabatabai has published a dozen books on the history of political ideas in Europe and Iran. On 14 July 1995, he was decorated as a Knight of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques.
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Kamal Tabrizi
Kamal Tabrizi (Persian: کمال تبریزی, born 1959) is an Iranian film director. He was born in Tehran . A newly released picture shows that he was as a photographer & reporter among the 1979 hostage takers at the U.S. embassy in Tehran.
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Kara Koyunlu
The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans (Persian/Azeri: قرا قویونلو), were a Shi'iteOghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled over the territory comprising the present-day Armenia (1406), Azerbaijan, north-western Iran, eastern Turkey and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.
The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans at one point established their capital in Herat in eastern Persia, and were vassals of the Jalayirid dynasty in Baghdad and Tabriz from about 1375, when the leader of their leading tribe, ruled over Mosul. However, they rebelled against the Jalayirids, and secured their independence from the dynasty with the conquest of Tabriz by Qara Yusuf. In 1400, the armies of Tamerlane defeated the Kara Koyunlu, and Qara Yusuf fled to Egypt seeking refuge with the Mamluks. He gathered an army and by 1406 had taken back Tabriz. In 1410, the Kara Koyunlu captured Baghdad. The installation of a subsidiary Black Sheep Turkomans line there hastened the downfall of the Jalayirids whom they had once served. Despite internal fighting amongst Kara Yusuf's descendants after his death in 1420, and the increasing threat of the Timurids, the Black Sheep Turkomans maintained a strong grip over the areas they controlled.
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Khaqani Shirvani
Khāqāni or Khāghāni (1121/1122, Shamakhi – 1190, Tabriz) (Persian: خاقانی) was a Persian poet. He was born in the historical region known as Shirvan (located now in present country of Azerbaijan), under the Shirvanshah (a vassal of the Seljuq empire) and died in Tabriz, Iran.
Khaqani (real name, Afzaladdin Badil (Ibrahim) ibn Ali Nadjar) was born into the family of a carpenter in Melgem, a village near Shamakhy. Khaqani lost his father at an early age and was brought up by his uncle, Kafi-eddin Umar Shervani, a doctor and astronomer at the Shirvanshah’s court, who for seven years (until his death) acted "both as nurse and tutor" to Khaghani. Khaqani's mother, originally of Nestorian faith, later accepted Islam. The poet himself had a remarkable knowledge of Christianity, and his poetry is profused with Christian imagery and symbols. He was also taught by his cousin (son of Kafi-eddin Umar) in philosophy. His master in poetry was the famous Abul-Ala Ganjavi who introduced him to the court of Khaqan Manuchehr Shirvanshah and Khaqani got his title from this king. He also married daughter of Abul-Ala.
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Khomeyni
Sayyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (روحاللّه مصطفوی موسوی خمینی, Persian pronunciation: [ruːholˈlɑːhe muːsæˈviːje xomeiˈniː], 22 or 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader — a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation – until his death.
Khomeini was a marja ("source of emulation") in Twelver Shi'a Islam, author of more than forty books, but is primarily known for his political activities. He spent more than 15 years in exile for his opposition to the last Shah. In his writings and preachings he expanded the Shi'a Usuli theory of velayat-e faqih, the "guardianship of the jurisconsult (clerical authority)" to include theocratic political rule by the Islamic jurists. This principle (though not known to the wider public before the revolution) was installed in the new Iranian constitution after being put to a referendum.
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Lotfi A. Zadeh
Lotfali Askar Zadeh (born February 4, 1921), better known as Lotfi A. Zadeh, is a mathematician, electrical engineer, computer scientist, artificial intelligence researcher and professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley.
Zadeh was born in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, as Lotfi Aliaskerzadeh, to an Iranian Azeri father from Ardabil, Rahim Aleskerzade, who was a journalist on assignment from Iran, and a Russian Jewish mother, Fanya Koriman, who was a pediatrician. The Soviet government at this time courted foreign correspondents, and the family lived well while in Baku. Zadeh attended elementary school for three years there, which he has said "had a significant and long-lasting influence on my thinking and my way of looking at things."
In 1931, when Zadeh was ten years old, his family moved to Teheran in Iran, his father's homeland. Zadeh was enrolled in Alborz College, which was a Presbyterian missionary school, where he was educated for the next eight years, and where he met his future wife, Fay. Zadeh says that he was "deeply influenced" by the "extremely decent, fine, honest and helpful" missionaries from the United States who ran the college. "To me they represented the best that you could find in the United States – people from the Midwest with strong roots. They were really "Good Samaritans" – willing to give of themselves for the benefit of others. So this kind of attitude influenced me deeply. It also instilled in me a deep desire to live in the United States." During this time, Zadeh was awarded several patents.
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Marco Polo
Marco Polo (i/ˈmɑrkoʊ ˈpoʊloʊ/; Italian pronunciation: [ˈmarko ˈpɔːlo]; c. 1254 – January 9, 1324) was a Venetian merchant traveler from the Venetian Republic whose travels are recorded in Il Milione, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China. He learned about trading whilst his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, travelled through Asia and apparently met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa; Marco was imprisoned, and dictated his stories to a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married and had three children. He died in 1324, and was buried in San Lorenzo.
Their pioneering journey inspired Christopher Columbus and others. Marco Polo's other legacies include Venice Marco Polo Airport, the Marco Polo sheep, and several books and films. He also had an influence on European cartography, leading to the introduction of the Fra Mauro map.
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Mohammad Khiabani
Shaikh Mohammad Khiābāni (sometimes spelled Khiyabani), also known as Shaikh Mohammad Khiābāni Tabrizi (1880–1920), was an Iranian cleric, political leader, and representative to the parliament.
He was born in Khameneh, near Tabriz to Haji Abdolhamid from Khameneh, a merchant. He became active during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and was a prominent dissident against foreign colonialism, which subsequently led to his sending into exile by the Ottomans in 1918.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiabani re-established the Democrat Party of Tabriz after being banned for five years, and published the Tajaddod newspaper, the official organ of the party, edited by his supporter Taqi Rafat. Later, in a protest to the 1919 Treaty between Persia and the United Kingdom, which exclusively transferred the rights of deciding about all military, financial, and customs affairs of Persia to the British, he revolted and took Tabriz and surrounding areas, calling it Azadistan ("land of liberty"); he was not, however, a separatist. After the fall of Vosough od-Dowleh, the then prime minister, the new prime minister sent Mokhber os-Saltaneh to Tabriz, giving him full authority, and he crushed and killed Khiabani in the late summer of 1920 (Mokhber os-Saltaneh claimed that Khiabani had committed suicide).
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Mohammad Shah Qajar
Mohammad Shah Qajar (born Mohammad Mirza, Persian: محمد شاه قاجار) (January 5, 1808 - September 5, 1848) was king of Persia from the Qajar dynasty (23 October 1834 - 5 September 1848).
Mohammad Shah was son of Abbas Mirza, the crown prince and governor of Azerbaijan, who in turn was the son of Fat′h Ali Shah Qajar, the second Shah of the dynasty. At first, Abbas Mirza was the chosen heir to the Shah. However, after he died, the Shah chose Mohammad to be his heir. After the Shah's death, Ali Mirza, one of his many sons, tried to take the throne in opposition to Mohammad. His rule lasted for about 40 days. Nonetheless, he was quickly deposed at the hands of Mirza Abolghasem Ghaem Magham Farahani, a politician, scientist, and poet.
Ali was forgiven by Mohammad, who had then become Shah. Farahani was awarded the position of chancellorship of Persia by Shah at the time of his inauguration. He was later betrayed and executed by the order of Shah in 1835, at the instigation of Hajj Mirza Aghasi, who would become the Ghaem Magham's successor and who greatly influenced Shah's policies. One of his wives, Malek Jahan Khanom, Mahd-e Olia, later became a large influence on his successor, who was their son.
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Mohsen Hashtroodi
Mohsen Hashtroodi (Persian: محسن هشترودی) (December 13, 1908, Tabriz — September 4, 1976, Tehran) was an Iranian mathematician. His father, Shaikh Esmāeel Mojtahed was an advisor to Shaikh Mohammad Khiābāni who played a significant role in the establishment of the parliamentary democracy in Iran during and after the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
Mohsen Hashtroodi attended Sirus and Aghdasieh primary schools in Tehran and subsequently studied at the élite school of Dar ol-Fonoon, also in Tehran, from where he graduated in 1925. He obtained his doctoral degree in mathematics in 1936 as student of Élie Cartan in France. He was a Distinguished Professor of University of Tehran. One of the Prizes of Iranian Mathematical Society is named after Professor Hashtroodi.
Mohsen Hashtroodi married Robāb Modiri in 1944. They had two daughters, Farānak and Faribā, and one son, Rāmin.
Professor Hashtroodi is buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran.
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Mongol
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Monir Vakili
Monir Vakili (December 19, 1923, in Tabriz, Iran - February 28, 1983, in Belgium) was an Iranian singer. Monir was born to a family of art and music enthusiasts. Her father encouraged her love of opera and supported her decision to study abroad. Monir studied voice and the Conservatoire National de Paris and continued her training in opera directing at the New England Conservatory of Music in the U.S. A pioneer in the true sense, Monir started the very first opera company in Iran. She gave memorable performances as Madama Butterfly, Mimi in La Bohème, Violetta in La Traviata, Liu in Turandot, and many others at the Rudaki Hall. Her passion was to bring the level of artistry in Iran up to international standards. Among many other highlights in her illustrious career she produced and hosted a series in the National Iranian Television featuring the best selections from Rudaki Hall; she created an opera film festival which was the first of its kind in the world and established the Academy of Voice, a government-funded, co-ed boarding school to educate and train students in the art of opera and choral singing. In 1951 Monir placed 1st at the Berlin Youth Festival (vocal category) and in 1975 she was the recipient of the prestigious Forough Farrokhzad Award. Throughout Monir's life, her love for her country permeated all of her work. A manifestation of this love is an album recorded in Paris in 1958, of songs from different regions of Iran. She dazzled the public and international critics with her performance, and the album, Chants et Danses de Perse, won the Grand Prix du Disque of the Académie Charles Cros. Monir died in 1983. The memory of her ever-lasting spirit and talent lives on in Baazgasht ("Resurrection"), a glorious rendition of the 1958 award-winning album. Biographical Notes Monir attended American School in Hamedan where she performed as soloist and member of the church choir. Radio Tehran and Association of Friends of the French Culture-Soloist and Choir Member, 1969-71. Studied at the Conservatoire Nationale de Musique de Paris 1949-1952, majoring in Operatic Singing and Performing Arts. Recipient of the Best Folk Songs Award, Berlin Youth Festival, 1951. Vocal Coach at Tehran National Conservatory of Music, 1955-57. Recitals at the French Institute and Roumanian Embassy, Tehran, 1955-56. Studied at the New England Conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts, 1960-61. Majored in Opera Directing. First Persian singer to popularize Persian Folk Songs in Iran and the international music scene. Founder of the first Opera Company of Tehran. Staged the first televised opera scenes from Madama Butterfly and La Traviata on Sabet Television, May 1961. Executive Director of Rudaki Hall Programs for NIRTV (Performing Arts Program), Tehran, Iran. Creator and Founder of the Academy of Voice, Tehran, Iran, 1975 (government funded co-ed boarding high school for opera and choral singing). Recipient of the Forough Farrokhzad Award, 1976. Executive Producer of the first Opera Film Festival in the world at the Rudaki Hall in Tehran, Iran, 1977. Executive Director & Producer & Host of the Television Program for NIRTV: Rudaki Hall Presents (the best programs of the year were telecast all over the country). Appeared in 19 operas as the lead or second lead and directed two major operas in Tehran. Member of Board of Directors : The International Shiraz Arts Festival Toured and performed extensively in Russia, Tajikestan, Bulgaria, Romania, France, Germany, Italy and the United States. Married to Dr. Abdol-Madjid Madjidi, 2 daughters: Scheherazade (a.k.a. ZaZa) and Djamileh. Died in a tragic car accident in Belgium Feb. 28, 1983 as her husband's car collided with a tank. They had been driving to an informal gathering with prominent diplomats.
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Mousa Ghaninejad
Dr. Mousa Ghaninejad (born in Iran) is a senior Iranian economist and a faculty member at the Oil Industry University. He is editor of daily economic newspaper, Donya-e-Eqtesad.
Contrary to most Iranian intellectuals, Ghaninejad believes in priority of economic reform over political reform.
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Oghuz Turks
The Turkomen also known as Oghuz Turks (a linguistic term designating the Western Turkic or Oghuz languages from the Oghur languages) were a historical Turkic tribal confederation in Central Asia during the early medieval Turkic expansion. The name Oghuz is just the Common Turkic word for "tribe". They are referred to as "Western Turks" because they moved west from other Turkic peoples after the Göktürk empire collapsed, and because the majority of the areas in which they inhabit today (except Turkmenistan and the Turkmen Sahra) are west of the Caspian Sea, while those referred to as "Eastern Turks" live east of the Caspian Sea. The founders of the Ottoman Empire were also Oghuz Turks.
In the 9th century, the Oghuz Turks from the Aral steppes drove the Pecheneg Turks, of the Emba region and the Ural River, toward the west. In the 10th century they inhabited the steppe of the rivers Sari-su, Turgai, and Emba to the north of Lake Balkhash of modern day Kazakhstan. A clan of this nation, the Seljuks, embraced Islam and in the 11th century entered Persia, where they founded the Great Seljuk Empire. Similarly, in the 11th century a Tengriist Oghuz clan—referred to as Uzes or Torks in the Russian chronicles—overthrew Pecheneg supremacy in the Russian steppe. Harried by another Turkic horde, the Kipchaks—a branch of the Kimaks of the middle Irtysh or of the Ob—these Oghuz penetrated as far as the lower Danube, crossed it and invaded the Balkans, where they were either crushed or struck down by an outbreak of plague, causing the survivors either to flee or to join the Byzantine imperial forces as mercenaries (1065).
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
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Ottomans
The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks is scarce, but they take their Turkish name, Osmanlı (corrupted in European languages as "Ottoman"), from the house of Osman I (reigned ca. 1299-1326), the founder of the dynasty which ruled the Ottoman empire during its 620-year history. After the expansion from its home in Bithynia, the Ottoman principality began incorporating both other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians, becoming the Ottoman Turks and ultimately the Turks of the present. The Ottoman Turks blocked all land routes to Europe by conquering the city of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire. Hence the Europeans had to find other ways to trade with Eastern countries.
The "Ottomans" became first known to the West in 1227 when they migrated westward into the Seljuk Empire, in Anatolia. However, the Ottoman Turks would create a state in Western Anatolia under Ertugrul, the capital of which was Sögüt; near Bursa to the south of the Marmara, the body of water between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. Ertugrul established a principality, as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son Osman expanded the principality; and for him, both the empire and the people were named by Europeans as "Ottomans". Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing empire, taking Nicaea, present-day Iznik, and crossed the Dardanelles strait, in 1362. But the Ottoman Empire came into its own when Mehmed II captured the Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople (Istanbul), in 1453.
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Parvin E'tesami
Parvin E'tesami (Persian: پروین اعتصامی) (March 16, 1907 – April 5, 1941), also Parvin Etesami was a 20th century Persian poet of Iran. According to Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, her given name was Rakhshanda (Persian: رخشنده).
Parvin E'tesami was born in 1907 in Tabriz to Mirza Yusuf Etesami Ashtiani (E'tesam-al-Molk), who in turn was the son of Mirza Ebrahim Khan Mostawfi Etesam-al-Molk. Mirza Ebrahim Khan Mostawfi Etesam-al-Molk was originally from Ashtiyan, but moved to Tabriz and was appointed financial controller of the province of Azerbaijan by the Qajar administration. Parvin had four brothers and her mother died in 1973.
Her family moved to Tehran early in her life, and in addition to the formal schooling, she obtained a solid understanding of Arabic and classical Persian literature from her father.
She studied at the American Girls College in Tehran, graduated in 1924 from the Iran Bethel, an American high school for girls. Afterwards, she taught for a while at that school. In 1926, she received an invitation to become the tutor of the queen of the new Pahlavi court, but she refused.
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Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian has persisted over the centuries although some modern Western sources use Iranic/Iranian as a wider term that includes the term Persian as well as related Iranian languages and ethnic groups. However, these terms have been used both synonymously as well as in a complementary fashion since ancient times; as the Ancient Iranian peoples such as the Old Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Parthians and Avesta peoples considered themselves to be part of the greater Iranian ethnic stock.
The term Persian translates to "from or of Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires (such as the Medes and the Elamites), and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences by incorporating the Babylonian empire, and the Lydian empire. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire is the first Persian empire well recognized by Greek and Persian historians for its massive cultural, military and social influences going as far as Athens, Egypt, and Libya.
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Qatran Tabrizi
Abū-Mansūr Qatrān-i Tabrīzī (Persian: قطران تبريزى, born 1009, died 1072) was a royal Persian poet.
He was born in Sahar near Arrah, bihar Tabriz and was the most famous panegyrist of his time in Iran. His full name according to an old manuscript handwritten by the famous poet Anvari Abivardi (529 Hijra about 60 years after the death of Qatran) is Abu Mansur Qatran al-Jili al-Azerbaijani. The Al-Jili would identify his ancestry from Gilan while he himself was born in Shadiabad. He also identifies himself as part of the Dehqan class.
According to Jan Rypka: “He sings the praise of some thirty patrons. His work has aroused the interest of historians, for in many cases Qatran has perpetuated the names of members of regional dynasties in Azerbayjan and the Caucasus region that would have otherwise fallen in oblivion. His best qasidas were written in his last period, where he expressed gratitude to the prince of Ganja, the Shaddadid Fadlun, for the numerous gifts that were still recollected by the famous Jami (d. 1492). Qatran’s poetry follows in the wake of the poets of Khurasan and makes an unforced use of the rhetorical embellishment. He is even one of the first after Farrukhi to try his hand at the Qasida-i Masnu’i, ‘particular artificial qasida’".
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Reza Baraheni
Reza Baraheni (Persian: رضا براهنی, born in Tabriz, Iran in 1935) is an exiled Iranian novelist, poet, critic, and political activist.
Former president of PEN Canada, the often called "Iran's finest living Writer"[citation needed] lives in Toronto, Canada, where he used to teach at the Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto.
He’s the author of more than fifty books of poetry, fiction, literary theory and criticism, written in Persian and English.[citation needed]
His works has been translated in a dozen of languages.[citation needed]
Moreover, he has translated into Persian works by Shakespeare, Kundera, Mandelstam, Andric, and Fanon.
Winner of the Scholars-at-Risk-Program Award of the University of Toronto and Massey College, Baraheni has taught in the University of Tehran, Iran,[citation needed] University of Texas in Austin, Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, the University of Toronto and York University. He has also been Fellow of St. Antony’s College, Oxford University, Britain, Fellow of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, and Fellow of Winters College, York University.
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Reza Shah
Rezā Shāh Pahlavi (Persian: رضاشاه پهلوی; pronounced [reˈzɑː ˈʃɑːhe pæhlæˈviː] (March 15, 1878 – July 26, 1944), was the Shah of the Imperial State of Iran from December 15, 1925, until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on September 16, 1941.
In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a system of government that revitalized the goals of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran where for the first time Iranians were seeking for rulers who do not remain in power for eternity. Known for being quite intelligent despite his lack of formal and academic education, Reza Shah introduced many socio-economic reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration and finances. To his supporters his reign brought "law and order, discipline, central authority, and modern amenities — schools, trains, buses, radios, cinemas, and telephones". However, his attempts at modernisation have been criticised for being "too fast".
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Rumi
Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī (Persian: جلالالدین محمد بلخى Persian pronunciation: [dʒælɒːlæddiːn mohæmmæde bælxiː]), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمد رومی Persian pronunciation: [dʒælɒːlæddiːn mohæmmæde ɾuːmiː]) and popularly known as Mevlānā in Turkey and Mawlānā (Persian: مولانا Persian pronunciation: [moulɒːnɒː]) in Iran and Afghanistan but known to the English-speaking world simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273) was a 13th-century PersianMuslim poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic.Rūmī is a descriptive name meaning "Roman" since he lived most of his life in an area called "Rûm" (then under the control of Seljuq dynasty) because it was once ruled by the Eastern Roman Empire. He was one of the figures who flourished in the Sultanate of Rum.
It is likely that he was born in the village of Wakhsh, a small town located at the river Wakhsh in Persia (in what is now Tajikistan). Wakhsh belonged to the larger province of Balkh, and in the year Rumi was born, his father was an appointed scholar there. Both these cities were at the time included in the greater Persian cultural sphere of Khorasan, the easternmost province of Persia and was part of the Khwarezmian Empire.
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Samad Behrangi
Samad Behrangi (Persian: صمد بهرنگی, Azerbaijani: صمد بهرنگی, Səməd Behrəngi, [sæmæd behrænɡiː]; June 24, 1939 - August 31, 1967) was an Iranian teacher, social critic, folklorist, translator, and short story writer of Azeri extraction. He is famous for his children's book, The Little Black Fish.
He was born in Tabriz to a lower-class Azerbaijani family. He finished elementary school and three years of secondary school before enrolling in a teacher training school, finishing the program in 1957. In the next eleven years, while teaching Persian in rural Azerbaijani schools, he attained a B.A. degree in English from Tabriz University.
Apart from Children's Stories, he wrote many pedagogical essays and collected and published several samples of oral Azerbaijani literature. His folklore studies have usually been done with the help of his colleague Behrooz Dehghani, who helped publish some of Behrangi's works after his early death. Behrangi also has a few Azerbaijani translations from Persian poems by Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, and Mehdi Akhavan-Sales.
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Sargon II
Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kên "legitimate king", Arabic: سرجون' reigned 722 – 705 BC) was an Assyrian king. Sargon II became co-regent with Shalmaneser V in 722 BC, and became the sole ruler of the kingdom of Babylonia in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V. It is not clear whether he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser III or a usurper unrelated to the royal family. In his inscriptions, he styles himself as a new man, rarely referring to his predecessors; however he took the name Sharru-kinu ("true king"), after Sargon of Akkad — who had founded the first Semitic Empire in the region some 16 centuries earlier.Sargon is the Biblical form of the name.
Beset by difficulties at the beginning of his rule, Sargon II made a pact with the Babylonian king Marduk-apla-iddina II. He was able to free all temples, as well as the inhabitants of the towns of Assur and Harran from taxes. While Sargon was thus trying to gain support in Assyria, Marduk-apla-iddina II conquered Babylon with the help of the new Elamite king Ummanigash and was crowned king in 721 BC.
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Sattar Khan
Sattar Khan (Persian/Azeri: ستارخان, IPA: [sætːɒːɾ xɒn]; (October 20, 1866—November 17, 1914), honorarily titled Sardār-e Melli (Persian: سردار ملی meaning National Commander) was a pivotal figure in the Persian Constitutional Revolution and is considered by many Iranians to be a national hero.
Sattar Khan was born in the village of Janali, in the Iranian province of Azarbaijan, some time in 1868. He was the third son of Haj Hasan Bazzaz, from the Qara Daj mountains. While he was still a child, his eldest brother, who had become a highway robber, was executed by the authorities.
The family later moved to Tabriz where Sattar himself came into conflict with the law when he tried to find a hideout for two Caucasian fugitives to whom his father had given shelter. He was incarcerated for two years in Narin Qalʿa, a notorious local prison. Afterwards he too became a brigand and was subsequently imprisoned again. He also served in the gendarmerie controlling the main road between Khoy and Marand, and for a while found employment as part of the armed escort to the crown prince Mozaffar-al-Din Mirza and was given the title of "khan" (which means "sir" in the Azeri language).
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Seghatoleslam
Mirza Ali-Aqa Tabrizi, known as Seqat-ol-Eslam Tabrizi (also transliterated as Siqat-ul-Islam), (Tabriz, January 19, 1861 - Tabriz, December 30, 1911) was an Iranian nationalist who lived in Tabriz, Iran, around the time prior to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and was a reformist Shia cleric. He was hanged by Russian troops with 12 other Iranian nationalists in Bagh-e Shomal in age of 53 . He is buried in Maqbaratoshoara, Tabriz.
The original photography of his hanging currently is shown in Azerbaijan Museum.
Mohammad Saeed Ordubadi, Foggy Tabriz,192x (محمد سعید اردوبادی، تبریز مه آلود، ترجمه رییسی نيا)
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Shah Ismail I
Ismail I (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as Shāh Ismāʿil (Persian: شاه اسماعیل; full name: Abū l-Muzaffar bin Haydar as-Safavī), was a Shah of Azerbaijan (1501), Shah of Iran (1502) and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. Isma'il started his campaign in Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, an Twelver Shia militant religious order and unified all of Iran by 1509. Born in Ardabil in Northwestern Iran, he reigned as Shah Ismail I of Iran from 1502 to 1524.
Ismail played a key role in the rise of Twelver Islam; he converted Iran from Sunni and Ismaili Shi'i Islam, importing religious authorities from the Levant. In Alevism, Shah Ismail remains revered as a spiritual guide.
Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name Khatā'ī ("Sinner") contributed greatly to the literary development of the Azerbaijani language.
Ismail was born to Martha and Shaykh Haydar on July 17, 1487 in Ardabil. His father, Haydar, was the sheikh of the Safaviyya Sufi order and a direct descendant of its founder, Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334). Ismail was the last in line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyah Sufi order, prior to his ascent to a ruling dynasty. As a boy only a year old, he lost his father, the leader of a growing Qizilbash Shi'i community in Azerbaijan, who died in battle. His mother, Martha, was the daughter of Uzun Hasan by his Pontic Greek wife Theodora, better known as Despina Khatun. Theodora was the daughter of Emperor John IV of Trebizond. (She had married Uzun Hassan in a deal to protect Trebizond from the Ottomans.) Ismail grew up bilingual, speaking Persian and Azeri.
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Shah Tahmasp I
Tahmasp or Tahmasb I (Persian: شاه تهماسب یکم) (February 22, 1514 – May 14, 1576) was an influential Shah of Iran, who enjoyed the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty. He was the son of Ismail I and Shah-Begi Khanum (known under the title Tajlu Khanum) of the Turcoman Mawsillu tribe.
During his childhood he was weak and came under the control of the Qizilbash, Turkic tribesmen who formed the backbone of Safavid power. The Qizilbash leaders fought among themselves for the right to be regents over Tahmasp. Upon adulthood, however, Tahmasp was able to reassert the power of the Shah and control the tribesmen.
His reign was marked by foreign threats, primarily from the Ottomans and the Uzbeks. In 1555, however, he regularized relations with the Empire through the Peace of Amasya. This peace lasted for 30 years, until it was broken in the time of Shah Mohammed Khodabanda.
He is also known for the reception he gave to the fugitive Mughal Emperor Humayun which is depicted in a painting on the walls of the Safavid palace of Chehel Sotoon. Humayun's return from Persia, accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen and soldiers, signaled an important change in Mughal court culture, as the Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language and literature.
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Shams Tabrizi
Shams-i-Tabrīzī or Shams al-Din Mohammad (1185-1248) was a PersianMuslim, who is credited as the spiritual instructor of Mewlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhi, also known as Rumi and is referenced with great reverence in Rumi’s poetic collection, in particular Diwan-i Shams-i Tabrīzī (The Works of Shams of Tabriz). Tradition holds that Shams taught Rumi in seclusion in Konya for a period of forty days, before fleeing for Damascus. The tomb of Shams-i Tabrīzī was recently nominated to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
According to Sipah Salar, a devotee and intimate friend of Rumi who spent forty years with him, Shams was the son of the Imam Ala al-Din. In a work entitled Manāqib al-‘arifīn (Eulogies of the Gnostics), Aflaki names a certain ‘Ali as the father of Shams-i Tabrīzī and his grandfather as Malikdad. Apparently basing his calculations on Haji Bektash Veli's Maqālāt (Conversations), Aflaki suggests that Shams arrived in Konya at the age of sixty years. However, various scholars have questioned Aflaki’s reliability.
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Tahmineh Milani
Tahmineh Milāni (Persian: تهمینه میلانی) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, and producer.
Milani was born 1960 in Tabriz, Iran. Of Azeri descent[citation needed], she is the wife of the Iranian actor and producer Mohammad Nikbin.
After graduating in architecture from the University of Science and Technology in Tehran in 1986, she apprenticed as a script girl and an assistant director following a screen workshop in 1979.
Milani started her career as a movie director with Children of Divorce in 1989.
Milani is known for touching controversial and sensitive issues, including women's rights and the 1979 Iranian Revolution.
The majority of Milani's films involve brave women who suffer under oppressive regimes. Her early films resembled fables, such as her 1990 offering Efsanye-e Ah (The Legend of a Sigh) which featured a character who, after failing as an author, befriends her sigh of despair. The sigh goes on to teach her of women with much larger problems in the world, yet still remain happy. Two years later, in Dige Che Khabar (What Did You Do Again?), Milani told the story of a young girl with the power to change her family simply by talking to herself. Iranian censors fought against the film, instructing her to replace the female lead with a young boy instead. Hard-line conservatives accused Milani of encouraging women to revolt against the current system. She deflected the criticisms, insisting that the men were merely scared of seeing their own wives riot because of her films.
wn.com/Tahmineh_Milani -
Takhti
Gholamreza Takhti (Persian: غلامرضا تختی, August 27, 1930 – January 7, 1968) is the most famous wrestler in Iranian history. He was most famous for his chivalrous behavior and sportsmanship, and he continues to symbolize the essence of sport to the Iranian people.
Takhti was born in Tehran, Iran (Persia) on August 27, 1930.They were honer, leaving Takhti with only 9 years of schooling[citation needed]. Yet he was recognized as a natural athlete and was taken into the Poolad gymnasium for further training[citation needed] .
Takhti was among the most famous practitioners of Varzesh-e Bastani, the famous Persian "Sport of the Heroes." The sport included club swinging and juggling followed by submission wrestling known as Koshti Pahlavani. Varzesh-e Pahlavani was one of the formative influences of American catch wrestling.
In 1962, a terrible earthquake occurred in Bou'in-Zahra in western Iran, killing 45,000. Takhti was deeply touched by the suffering. Already one of Iran's biggest stars, he began to walk one of the main avenues of Tehran, asking for assistance for the victims. He inspired other champions to follow in his footseps, and thousands gave to alleviate the suffering.
wn.com/Takhti -
Timur
Timur (Turkish: Demir "iron", Persian: تمور Timūr, Chagatai: Temür "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (from Persian: تيمور لنگ, Timūr-i Lang, Aksak Timur "Timur the Lame" in Turkish), was a Turkic, who conquered West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled South Asia for centuries.
Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. Unlike his predecessors Timur was also a devout Muslim and referred to himself as the Sword of Islam. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and multicultural. During his lifetime Timur would emerge as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the formidable Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi; Timur had also decisively defeated the Knights Hospitaler at Smyrna and since then referred to himself as a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete suzerainty over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even the Yuan Khanate.
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Turkic languages
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.
Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 165 to 200 million people; and the total number of Turkic speakers is over 300 million, including speakers of a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian [and Balkan] Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.
Characteristic features of Turkish, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are universal within the Turkic family. There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the various Oghuz languages, which include Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish and Oghuz influenced Crimean Tatar.
The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and other affixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean language families, as well as (with the exception of vowel harmony) with Japonic, which are considered by some linguists to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in an Altaic language family.
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Turkmeni
The Turkmen (Turkmen: Türkmen/Түркмен, plural Türkmenler/Түркменлер) are a Turkic people located primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, Syria, Iraq and North Caucasus (Stavropol Krai). They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Western Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai, Gagauz and Salar.
Originally, all Turkic tribes that were not part of the Turkic dynastic mythological system (for example, Uigurs, Karluks, Kalaches and a number of other tribes) were designated "Turkmens". Only later did this word come to refer to a specific ethnonym. The etymology of the term derives from Türk plus the Sogdian affix of similarity -myn ,-men, and means "resembling a Türk" or "co-Türk". A prominent Turkic scholar, Mahmud Kashgari, also mentions the etymology Türk manand (like Turks). The language and ethnicity of the Turkmen were much influenced by their migration to the west. Kashgari calls the Karluks Turkmen as well, but the first time the etymology Turkmen was used was by Makdisi in the second half of the 10th-century AD. Like Kashgari, he wrote that the Karluks and Oghuz Turks were called Turkmen. Some modern scholars have proposed that the element -man/-men acts as an intensifier, and have translated the word as "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks". Among Muslim chroniclers such as Ibn Kathir the etymology was attributed to the mass conversion of two hundred thousand households in AH 349 (971 CE), causing them to be named Turk Iman, which is a combination of "Turk" and "Iman" إيمان (faith, belief), meaning "believing Turks", with the term later dropping the hard-to-pronounce hamza.
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Tabriz City ( IRAN )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Over 3000 Years of History. Tabriz is the capital city of East-Azerbaijan Province in Iran... Music : Rahim Shahriyari And other video by me: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Tabriz_City_IRAN_
Mani Nia Yazigh Eliyisan aydin bungah tabriz saman meydani سامان میدانی تبریز
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Mani Nia Yazigh Eliyisan سامان میدانی aydin bungah tabriz valiasr hanchi gahba sane doghub gotvaran akip sikim saman meydani chixardanin dadasinin ruhun jatdinin gotun!!! hanchi gahba sani doghub gotveren akip
http://wn.com/Mani_Nia_Yazigh_Eliyisan_aydin_bungah_tabriz_saman_meydani_سامان_میدانی_تبریز
Tabriz comedy Babak Nahrein بابک نهرین part 1/5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:45
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
tebriz azeri azari azerbaijan iran tehran babak nahreyn samad mamad بابک نهرین صمد ممد ژیان طنز، اخراجیها Tabriz comedy ekhrajiha esgh mamnoon babek tractor comedy azerbaijan Azərbaycan turk Babek nahrain nahrein علیرضا رنجی پور
http://wn.com/Tabriz_comedy_Babak_Nahrein_بابک_نهرین_part_1_5
Tabriz City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
TABRIZ CITY DIRECTOR: Amir Rowhoney HOST: Amir Rowhoney STORY: Amir Rowhoney NARRATION: Amir Rowhoney PHOTOGRAPHY: Amir Rowhoney CAMERA: Kianoosh Altafi EDIT: Kianoosh Altafi A beautiful journey into Tabriz, one of Iran's most exciting cities and my mother's birth place, in 2010 This video is the sole property of "Honey Film Productions Ltd." as legally registered in Canada. Except by or through YouTube as stated in a separate agreement, any distributions for personal gains, copying, and editing without a prior written consent from HFP and claims of ownership by any persons or any legal entities acting alone or on behalf of a person or any organizations is illegal and can be prosecuted under the Canadian Criminal Code.
http://wn.com/Tabriz_City
Elgoli of Tabriz 2012/june/29.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Elgoli_of_Tabriz_2012_june_29mp4
Tabriz Earthquake 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Aftermath of Earthquakes in pictures! (Tabriz, Ahar, Varzghan, Harris area)
http://wn.com/Tabriz_Earthquake_2012
Tabriz Bazaar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
TABRIZ BAZAAR DIRECTOR: Amir Rowhoney HOST: Amir Rowhoney STORY: Amir Rowhoney NARRATION: Amir Rowhoney PHOTOGRAPHY: Amir Rowhoney CAMERA: Kianoosh Altafi EDIT: Kianoosh Altafi Tabriz Bazaar is the largest roofed marketplace in the world. This video is the sole property of "Honey Film Productions Ltd." as legally registered in Canada. Except by or through YouTube as stated in a separate agreement, any distributions for personal gains, copying, and editing without a prior written consent from HFP and claims of ownership by any persons or any legal entities acting alone or on behalf of a person or any organizations is illegal and can be prosecuted under the Canadian Criminal Code.
http://wn.com/Tabriz_Bazaar
Welcome to Tabriz- Iran. P1, By. Atrin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Welcome_to_Tabriz_Iran_P1,_By_Atrin
Welcome to Tabriz- Iran. P2, By. Atrin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Welcome_to_Tabriz_Iran_P2,_By_Atrin
Yaqub Zurufchu - Tabriz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Yaqub Zurufchu - Tabriz
http://wn.com/Yaqub_Zurufchu_Tabriz
Iran Tabriz 13.03.2012 Street dancing in Streets of Tabriz. Fireworks چهارشنبه سوری Iran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
چهارشنبه سوری تبریز رقص و پایکوبی مردم ۲۳ اسفند ۱۳۹۰ CHAHAR-SHANBEH SOORI پیش به سوی چهارشنبه سوری چهارشنبه سوری There are two reasons why Iranians celebrating even today under the islamic Repression, the last night to wednesday before the 21. of March, the begin of the new year (Nowrooz). The first reason is an Mythical which is written in the "Shahnameh". It is about Siawash, an iranian prince which had to show his innocence by jumping over the fire, when he was sentenced by his father in trial, because of an false accusation from his stepmother. However, Siawash jumped with his horse over the fire and nothing happened to him. This showed his father that he was innocent. The Shahname of Ferdowsi was written, over 300 years after the islamic Invasion in Iran. Most of the Stories and epics which Ferdowsi used, were facts and stories about the real Emperors of Iran and their faith. In real the Zoroastrians, used the 5-6 days at the end of the year to kindle fires at the roof of their houses to show the way for the souls of their deaths back to the great light. This is the second reason why Iranians from Tajikistan to Kurdistan, Afghanistan, Azarbayjan...kindling fires at the last night to wednesday before 21. of March. The role of Fire in the Iranian Faith and Mytology is Important and there different kind of fires in the Zoroastrian faith, not all are Holy fires!
http://wn.com/Iran_Tabriz_13032012_Street_dancing_in_Streets_of_Tabriz_Fireworks_چهارشنبه_سوری_Iran
UFO Sighting | Tabriz, Iran | August 11, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
UFO | OVNI | НЛО | Tabriz, Iran | August 11, 2012 | 11.08.2012 | 08/11/2012 | © xxxdonutzxxx - all rights reserved
http://wn.com/UFO_Sighting_|_Tabriz,_Iran_|_August_11,_2012
Esteghlal lost to Traktor Tabriz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Live streaming South Korea - Iran soccer 16.10.2012 Iran Vs. Korea 이란 한국 ایران کره Football World Cup 2014 Iran v South Korea - World Cup Qualifier Preview - Carlos Queiroz optimistic Navad 90 Oct 15, 2012 Football Iran نود۹۰ عادل فردوسی پور ايران Iran...
http://wn.com/Esteghlal_lost_to_Traktor_Tabriz
Iran earthquakes leave scores dead in Tabriz region
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Iran earthquakes leave scores dead in Tabriz region Two strong earthquakes killed 180 people and injured another 1300 in northwest Iran where rescuers frantically combed through the rubble of dozens of villages on Sunday. Thousands fled their homes and remained outdoors after Saturday's quakes, as at least 20 aftershocks hit the area. Casualty numbers could well rise, Iranian officials feared, as some of the injured were in critical condition, others were still trapped under the rubble and rescuers had yet to reach some of the affected villages. Some 60 villages had sustained more than 50% damage, Iranian media said. Iran is straddled by major fault lines and has suffered several devastating earthquakes in recent years, including a 6.6 magnitude quake in 2003 which turned the southeastern historic city of Bam into dust and killed more than 25000 people.
http://wn.com/Iran_earthquakes_leave_scores_dead_in_Tabriz_region
Taj Esteghlal Lost To Teraktor Sazi Tabriz استقلال و تراکتور سازی تبریز Iran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Taj Esteghlal Tehran Lost 2-0 To Teraktor Sazi Tabriz Iran استقلال طهران تهران و تراکتور سازی تبریز Live streaming South Korea - Iran soccer 16.10.2012 Iran Vs. Korea 이란 한국 ایران کره Football World Cup 2014 Iran v South Korea - World Cup...
http://wn.com/Taj_Esteghlal_Lost_To_Teraktor_Sazi_Tabriz_استقلال_و_تراکتور_سازی_تبریز_Iran
This is the dogs that appear in tabriz TV channel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:07
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
KILLS ALLT IDIOTS
http://wn.com/This_is_the_dogs_that_appear_in_tabriz_TV_channel
A man from Tabriz - Mara Beboos!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
A funny African-American guy at the Ghirardelli place in San Francisco
http://wn.com/A_man_from_Tabriz_Mara_Beboos!
Sexy interview south guney Azerbaija Tabriz people
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
The thing is very simple to understand we do not want to live with pars Iran. is not as brain fucked people just like Germany god has made two Azerbaijan from start is not as brain fucked people just like Germany god has made two Azerbaijan initially thieves Iran Russia 200 hundred years ago killed murdered separated Azerbaijan now 2012 time is ripe that we Azerbaijan people piss on them and we'll force the world to support us because Barack Obama is now the world dictatorships thieves time is over just like Germany Azerbaijan must unite those who do not align themselves with us, we can not call them democratic people or countries
http://wn.com/Sexy_interview_south_guney_Azerbaija_Tabriz_people
Tabriz Carpets
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
In this feature on Iran show, Gisoo Misha Ahmadi introduces the famous carpets in Tabriz. she talks about the history of carpet weaving in Iran. Follow our Facebook on: www.facebook.com Follow our Twitter on: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Tabriz_Carpets
Iran Earthquake Azerbaijan Tabriz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:19
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Iran Earthquake Azerbaijan Tabriz leaves scores of people dead wounded homeless ...
http://wn.com/Iran_Earthquake_Azerbaijan_Tabriz
Aze Rap (Salim ft Tabriz) - Sheherin izi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Download MP3 www.share.az Bs ( Black Sun) Production
http://wn.com/Aze_Rap_Salim_ft_Tabriz_Sheherin_izi
Baameh Tabriz with Esmail Hooshi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:34
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
An Azari Concert on top of the Einaly Mountain in Tabriz
http://wn.com/Baameh_Tabriz_with_Esmail_Hooshi
Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
20 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling President Barack Obama's whirlwind tour of southeast Asia and meetings with dignitaries will have to walk a tightrope between either appearing to endorse...
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
19 Nov 2012
Gaza/Jerusalem - Israel bombed dozens of targets in the Gaza Strip on Monday and said that while it was prepared to step up its offensive by sending in troops, it preferred a diplomatic solution that...
Photo: AP / Sebastian D'souza
21 Nov 2012
MUMBAI, India - India executed the lone surviving gunman from the 2008 terror attack on Mumbai early Wednesday, India's home ministry said. Ajmal Kasab, a Pakistani citizen, was one of 10 gunmen who...
Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
19 Nov 2012
Yangon, November 19: Newly re-elected US President Barack Obama arrived here Monday to kick off his visit to Myanmar, becoming the first sitting US president to visit the Southeast Asian nation. As...
Photo: UN / Logan Abassi
21 Nov 2012
A report by the UN says global attempts to curb emissions of CO2 are falling well short of what is needed to stem dangerous climate change. The UN's Environment Programme says greenhouse gases are 14%...
The Guardian
Sattar Beheshti's death has caused unprecedented anger as authorities scramble to engage in a blame game Iranian blogger Sattar Beheshti pictured with his mother before his death in custody....(size: 7.5Kb)
The Times of India
CHANDIGARH: With the upcoming Kabaddi World Cup in their mind, players from Denmark refresh their skills and energy by practicing the game, with an aim to showcase their talent at the upcoming 3rd Kabaddi World Cup to be held in Punjab from December 1-15. Denmark is scheduled to participate in both...(size: 2.9Kb)
Novosti
YEREVAN, November 8 (RIA Novosti) – Armenia and Iran are discussing joint projects to build a rail link and an oil products pipeline, Armenian Energy Minister Armen Movsisyan said on Thursday. “I’ll see together with [Iranian...(size: 1.5Kb)
Magnitude 5.5 earthquake hits Iran‚ USGS reports
07 Nov 2012
The Himalayan
Added At: 2012-11-07 3:09 PM Last Updated At: 2012-11-07 3:09 PM The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s)...(size: 2.5Kb)
Magnitude 5.5 earthquake hits Iran, USGS reports
07 Nov 2012
Yahoo Daily News
LONDON (Reuters) - A shallow magnitude 5.5 earthquake hit northwest Iran on Wednesday morning, the U.S. Geological Survey reported. The quake was centered 32 miles north-northeast of Tabriz, at a depth of 6.2 miles, the USGS said. (Writing by John Stonestreet ; Editing by Toby Chopra) prevnext Play...(size: 7.2Kb)
Huffington Post
With all the awe-inspiring space images coming out these days, we sometimes need a reminder that science on a small scale can look just as great. Nikon's Small World photography contest is just such a reminder, and this year's winners are as mind-blowing as any nebula or solar explosion....(size: 7.0Kb)
FocusIran halts PE exports clearing
01 Nov 2012
For the administrative subdivision, see Tabriz County.
| Tabriz Ancient names: Davrezh, Tavrezh, Tavrez |
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 Tabriz
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| Coordinates: 38°04′N 46°18′E / 38.067°N 46.3°E / 38.067; 46.3Coordinates: 38°04′N 46°18′E / 38.067°N 46.3°E / 38.067; 46.3 | |||
| Country |  Iran |
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| Province | East Azerbaijan Province | ||
| County | Tabriz County | ||
| District | Central | ||
| Established date | N/A | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Alireza Navin | ||
| • City Council Chairwoman | Zahra Eftekhari | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 324 km2 (125 sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 2,356 km2 (910 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 1,351.4 m (4,433.7 ft) | ||
| Population (2006)[1] | |||
| • City | 1,378,935 | ||
| • Density | 4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 1,800,000 | ||
| • Population Rank in Iran | 4th | ||
| • Demonym | Tabrizian, Tabrizli, Tabrizi | ||
| Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | IRDT (UTC+4:30) | ||
| Postal code | 51368 | ||
| Area code(s) | 0411 | ||
| Website | Tabriz municipality | ||
Tabriz (Persian/Azerbaijani:تبریز) ( pronunciation (help·info)) is the fifth largest city[2] and one of the historical capitals of Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quru River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former capitals, and residence of the crown prince under the Qajar dynasty. The city has proven extremely influential in the country’s recent history. Tabriz is located in a valley to the north of the long ridge of the volcanic cone of Sahand, south of the Eynali mountain. The valley opens out into a plain that slopes gently down to the northern end of Lake Urmia, 60 km to the west. With cold winters and temperate summers the city is considered a summer resort.
The estimated population of the city is around 1,400,000[3] based on results of the Iranian census bureau. Tabriz is the fourth most populous city in Iran after Tehran, Mashhad, and Esfahan, and is also a major Iranian heavy industrial and manufacturing center. Some of these industries include automobile, machine tools, oil and petrochemical and cement production.[4]
With a rich history, Tabriz contains many historical monuments, but repeated devastating earthquakes and several invasions during frequent wars have substantially damaged many of them. Many monuments in the city date back to the Ilkhanid, Safavid, and Qajar periods,[5][6][7] with the large Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex being named as a World Heritage Site in 2010.[8] In addition to all of this there is an excavation site and museum in the city center with a history that dates back to 2500 years.
Contents |
History[link]
Early accounts[link]
The early history of Tabriz is not yet known very well. Some archeologist suggested that Garden of Eden must have been located in Tabriz.[9] Mentioned for the first time in Assyrian King Sargon II's epigraph in 714 B.C.,[10] Tabriz was the capital of several rulers starting with Atropates and his dynasty.
A recent excavation at site of the Iron Age museum in the northeastern part of the Blue Mosque connected the history of civilization in the city to the first millennium B.C.[11] It is more likely that the city was destroyed several times either by natural disasters or by invaders.
The Cambridge History of Iran claims that current Tabriz was founded at the time of the early Sassanids in the 3rd or 4th century AD or, more probably, in the 7th century.[12]
From the Muslim conquest to Qajars[link]
After the conquest of Iran by Muslims, the Arabic Azd tribe from Yemen resided in Tabriz and development of post-Islamic Tabriz began as of this time. The Islamic geographer Yaqut says that Tabriz was a village before Rawwad from the tribe of Azd arrive at Tabriz.[13] In 791 AD, Zubaidah, the wife of Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, rebuilt Tabriz after a devastating earthquake and beautified the city so much as to obtain the credit for having been its founder.[5][14]
After the Mongol invasion, Tabriz came to eclipse Maragheh as the later Ilkhanid capital of Azerbaijan until it was sacked by Timur in 1392.[15] Chosen as a capital by Abaqa Khan, fourth ruler of the Ilkhanate, for its favored location in the northwestern grasslands,[16] in 1295, his successor Ghazan Khan made it the chief administrative center of an empire stretching from Anatolia to the Oxus River and from the Caucasus to the Indian Ocean. Under his rule new walls were built around the city, and numerous public buildings, educational facilities, and caravansarais were erected to serve traders traveling on the ancient Silk Road. The Byzantine Gregory Choniades is said to have served as the city's Orthodox bishop during this time.[citation needed] Marco Polo who traveled though the silk road passed Tabriz about 1275 describe it as:
-
- "...a great city surrounded by beautiful and pleasant gardens. It is excellently situated so the goods bring to here from many regions. Latin merchants specially Genevis go there to buy the goods that come from foreign lands..."[17]
During the Middle Ages, a Jewish community existed in the town. In the 16th century a Jewish Yemenite traveler to the town described the deteriorating conditions of Jewish life there.[18] From 1375 to 1468, Tabriz was the capital of Kara Koyunlu state in Azerbaijan,[19] and from 1469to 1501 the capital of Ak Koyunlu state. Some of the existing historical monuments including Blue Mosque are belonged to Kara Koyunlu period.
In 1501, Shah Ismail I entered Tabriz and proclaimed it the capital of his Safavid state. In 1514, after the Battle of Chaldiran, Tabriz was temporarily occupied by the Ottomans, but remained the capital of Safavid Iranian empire until 1548, when Shah Tahmasp I transferred it to Qazvin.
Between 1585 and 1603, Tabriz was occupied by the Ottomans but was then returned to the Safavids after which it grew as a major commercial center, conducting trade with the Ottoman Empire, Russia, central Asia, and India. In 1724–1725 the city was again occupied by the Ottomans, and two hundred thousand of its inhabitants were massacared.[20] The city was retaken later by the Iranian army. In 1780, a devastating earthquake near the city killed over 200,000 which is regarded as 25th most deadly disaster of all times.[21] Between 1790 and 1797, Jews in Tabriz were accused of a blood libel and massacred.[18] By 1828, the Jewish community in Tabriz had ceased to exist.[18]
The city was captured by Russia in 1826 after a series of battles but the Iranian army retook Tabriz in 1828. Tabriz was the residence for the Crown Prince during the Qajar Dynasty.
During Qajar dynasty Tabriz was the residence of the crown prince of Iran who often served as governor of Azerbaijan province. In the early 19th century and after the Russo-Persian War, Abbas Mirza, a Qajar Prince and the governor of Azerbaijan, launched a modernization scheme from Tabriz. He introduced Western-style institutions, imported industrial machinery, installed the first regular postal service, and undertook military reforms. He rebuilt the city and established a modern taxation system.[22]
Contemporary age[link]
Thanks to the closeness of the the west and to communications with nearby countries' enlightenment movements, Tabriz became the center of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. This made Tabriz a major centre for Iranian Constitutional Revolutionary movements between 1905 and 1911, which led to the establishment of a parliament in Iran. Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan two Tabrizi reformists who led Tabriz people's solidarity had a great role in achievement of this revolution.
After World War II, with the aim of Soviets a Federalist local government called Azerbaijan People's Government was set up in north-west Iran having Tabriz as its capital. The new communist government, under the leadership of Ja'far Pishevari, held power for a year from 1946, giving more freedom to speech and education in local Azerbaijani language and admiring local heritages. After withdrawal of Soviet forces the federalist government is overtaken by the Imperial Iranian army and Iran's central government took control of the city. This movement itself was a result of formation of Azerbaijani identity which has been ceased for decades by Reza Shah. One of the major establishments in this period was the opening the University of Tabriz which played a major role in the later events in the region. [23] [24]
Tabriz enjoyed an almost stable conditions after the fall of the Azerbaijani federalist government till revolution on 1979. During this period the city enjoyed a lot of investment both by the government and private investors which turned the city to one of the major industrial hubs of the country. However with arrival of modern transportation and communication the city lost its historically dominance of being the gate for the west.
Starting with 1978 and with the heat of the revolution, Tabriz played a major role in revolution. After the revolution however the city was still unsatisfied mainly because of the demand for rights of the Azerbaijani minority and, on top of that, the city's support of the more liberal cleric grand Ayatollah Shariatmadari, who was basically resisting against most of the new government aim for combining of the religion and state. The resistance is collapsed in February 1980. [25]
Tabriz in recent years is much more stable and the new constructions in the city is rapidly changing the face of the city to a more modern one.
Capital of Iran[link]
Tabriz served as capital of several rulers starting with Atropates. It was capital of Ilkhanate dynasty since 1265, but it was during Ghazan Khan who came to power on 1295 the city reached to its highest splendour. The later realm stretched from Amu Darya in the East to the Egypt borders in the West and from the Caucasus in the North to the Indian ocean in the South.[26] It was again capital of Iran during Kara Koyunlu dynasty from 1375 until 1468, then during Ak Koyunlu within 1468–1501. Finally, it was capital of the Iranian Empire within the Safavid period from 1501 until their defeat in 1514.[27]
During the Qajar dynasty, Tabriz was residence of Iranian Crown Prince (1794–1925).
Excavation sites[link]
See also: Iron Age museum
In 2002, during a construction project at the north side of the Blue Mosque (Part of Silk Road Project), an ancient graveyard was revealed. This was kept secret until a construction worker alerted the authorities. Radiocarbon analysis by Allameh Tabatabi University has shown the background of the graves to be more than 3800 years old. A museum of these excavations including the Blue Mosque was opened to public in 2006.
There is another excavation in Abbasi Street at site of Rab'-e Rashidi. This academic institution dates from more than 700 years ago and was established in Ilkhanid period.
Geography[link]
Topography[link]
Tabriz is located in northwest of Iran in East Azerbaijan province between Eynali and Sahand mountains in a fertile area in shore of Aji River and Ghuri River. The local area is earthquake-prone and during its history, the city has been devastated and rebuilt several times.
Climate[link]
Tabriz has a semi-arid climate climate with regular seasons (Köppen BSk). The annual precipitation is around 380 millimetres (15 in), a good deal of which falls as snow during the winter months and rain in spring and autumn. The city enjoys mild and fine climate in spring, dry and semi-hot in summer, humid and rainy in autumn and snowy cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 13 °C. Cool winds blow from east to west mostly in summer.[28]
| Climate data for Tabriz | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12 (54) |
17 (63) |
22 (72) |
27 (81) |
33 (91) |
38 (100) |
38 (100) |
40 (104) |
35 (95) |
28 (82) |
26 (79) |
17 (63) |
40 (104) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 0 (32) |
2 (36) |
8 (46) |
16 (61) |
21 (70) |
27 (81) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
26 (79) |
19 (66) |
10 (50) |
3 (37) |
17 (63) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −6 (21) |
−3 (27) |
1 (34) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
17 (63) |
21 (70) |
21 (70) |
16 (61) |
10 (50) |
2 (36) |
−1 (30) |
8 (46) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16 (3) |
−17 (1) |
−11 (12) |
−2 (28) |
0 (32) |
7 (45) |
12 (54) |
10 (50) |
1 (34) |
−2 (28) |
−8 (18) |
−15 (5) |
−17 (1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 26 (1.02) |
25 (0.98) |
47 (1.85) |
54 (2.13) |
42 (1.65) |
18 (0.71) |
3 (0.12) |
4 (0.16) |
10 (0.39) |
30 (1.18) |
29 (1.14) |
30 (1.18) |
381 (15) |
| Source:[citation needed] | |||||||||||||
Air pollution[link]
Due to the emergence of vehicular traffic, and modern industries such as the Thermal Power Plant, Petrochemical Complex, and the Oil Refinery in the west of the city, air pollution levels have increased continuously, since the second half of the twentieth century. However, due to the efforts of local industries to comply with the new limits on pollution, as per the Environmental National Code, the level of industrial pollution has been reduced to 558,167 tons of pollutants per day. Although this is a significant improvement, air pollution remains a serious challenge.[citation needed]
Governance[link]
Further information: List of Tabriz Mayors
Authority for the city, lies with the Mayor, who is elected by a municipal board. The municipal board is periodically elected by the city's residents. The Municipal central office is located at the Tabriz Municipality Palace.
Old districts[link]
Tabriz is divided into 10 municipal districts. Each municipal district retains a number of the older neighbourhoods that are of cultural and historical interest. Please refer to the following table, for further details.
|
|
Modern districts[link]
This is table of modern Tabriz districts.
Demographics[link]
According to official census of 2006, the population of Tabriz is about 1,400,000.[29] The majority of the city's population are Iranian Azeris. Persians, Armenians and Assyrians form sizable minorities.
Language[link]
See also: Old Azari language
Today, the predominant language spoken in Tabriz is Azerbaijani Turkic, which belongs to the Turkic languages family. However, like every other part of Iran the lingua franca is Persian. Azeri is a member of Oghuz branch of Turkic language, and it is closely related to Turkish and Turkmeni. The modern Azeri language is evolved from the Eastern Oghuz dialect of Western (Oghuz) Turkic, which spread to Southwestern Asia during medieval Turkic migrations and was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic. Classical literature in Azeri was formed in 14th century, based on the Tabrizi and Shirvani dialects, which were used by classical Azeri poets and writers such as Nasimi, Fuzuli and Khatai. Most inhabitants also speak the Persian language, which is the official language of Iran and the sole language of education.[5]
Before the expansion of Turko-Mongol peoples in the area, Iranian languages were spoken in Tabriz, Azerbaijan. and pre-dominated till the 15th century.[30][31][32] The 13th century manuscript Safina-yi Tabriz has poems in what its Tabriz-born author has called the Tabrizi language (Zabān-e-Tabrizi).[33] Samples of the Tabrizi dialect of the wider Old Azari language include quatrains recorded in Tabrizi dialect by Abd al-Qadir Maraghi, phrases from Baba Faraji Tabrizi and poems in Tabrizi in the Safina-yi Tabriz, and poetry from Homam Tabrizi, Mama Esmat Tabrizi, Maghrebi Tabrizi and others. Before the Safavid revolution, Tabriz was predominantly a Shafi'ite and Sunni city.
Religion[link]
The majority of people are followers of Shia Islam. Some Assyrians live in Tabriz and have their own churches and organizations. There used to be a small Jewish community, but most of them have moved to Tehran.[5]
Culture and art[link]
Literature[link]
The music and folk songs of Tabriz are popular, and traditions have a long history. The prominent Iranian Azeri poet Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar was born in Tabriz. The handicrafts in the Bazaar of Tabriz, and in particular the Tabriz rug, are famous worldwide. The culture, social values, language and the music is a mixture of what exists in rest of Iran.
Tabriz also has a special place in Persian literature, as the following sample of verses from some of Iran's best poets and authors illustrates:
|
ساربانا بار بگشا ز اشتران Oh Sārbān, have camels' cargo unloaded, عزیزی در اقصای تبریز بود A beloved lived in Tabriz away from sight, |
تا به تبریزم دو چیزم حاصل است As long as I live in Tabriz, two things I need not worry of, اين ارك بلند شهر تبريز است This is the tall Arg of Tabriz City, |
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Iran
See also: Music of Azerbaijan
The professional music of Azeri people are divided into two "distinct types", the music of "ashyg" and the "mugam". Mugam "is not common" among Iranian Azeris, who "prefer the School of Tabriz".
On the other hand, the music of the ashyg is found in most places in northwestern Iran and particularly in Tabriz, Maraghe, Khoy, and Orumïye (Rezaye). In Iran, the primarily distinct styles of Mugam and the music of the ashyg "still share common characteristics" including "the initial range, which is restricted to a pentachord (jins), readily identifiable modes, melodic lines consisting predominantly of sequential notes, time signatures (4/4, 6/8, 3/4), brevity of compositions, arrangements of dance melodies, tone colour, the dragging of the voice and vocal techniques which are similar to those of popular singing and small instrumental ensembles (three or four musicians)."[34] Ashighs are traveling bards, who sing and play the saz or qopuz, a form of lute. Their songs are partly improvised around a common base.[clarification needed]
Painting[link]
One of the Iranian painting styles is called "Tabrizian style" which has been shaped in the era of Ilkhanids, Kara Koyunlu and the Safavids.[citation needed]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Iranian Cuisine
See also: Azerbaijani cuisine
Some traditional Tabriz dishes are:
Ash is a kind of soup which are prepared with bouillon, various vegetables, carrot, noodle and spices.
Chelow Kabab is the national dish of Iran, prepared with Kebab and roasted tomatoes (and roasted hot peppers occasionally) on a plate of steamed rice. Tabriz is famous for its Chelow Kabab in Iran.
Dolma is a traditional delicious Azerbaijani food. It is prepared with eggplant, capsicum, tomato or zucchini filled with a mixture of meat, split pea, onion and various spices.
Garniyarikh (meaning "the torn abdomen" in Azeri) is a kind of Dolma filled with meat, garlic, almonds and spices.
Kofta (Koufteh) Tabrizi is a special recipe from Tabriz with the appearance of big meatballs, which are prepared with a mixture of ground meat, rice, leeks and some other ingredients. The word kofta is derived from Persian kūfta: in Persian, kuftan (کوفتن) means "to beat" or "to grind".[35]
There are also confections, biscuits and cookies, some of which are Tabriz specialities including Ghorabiye, Eris, Nugha, Tasbihi, Latifeh, Ahari, Lovadieh, Lokum and others.
Main sights[link]
Tabriz was devastated by several earthquakes during history (e.g., in 858, 1041, and 1721) and as a result, from numerous monuments only few of them or part of them have survived until now. Moreover, some of the historical monuments have been destroyed fully or partially within construction projects (e.g. Ark of Tabriz is in hazard of destruction now, because of ongoing construction project of "Mosal'laye Emam" close to it). Nonetheless, there are still numerous monuments remaining until now, which include:[citation needed]
- Grand Bazaar of Tabriz, a world heritage site.
- Adventist churchArmenian.
- Aji Chay Bridge* Assyrian church
- Amir Nezam House (Qajar museum)
- Ark of Tabriz
- Azerbaijan Museum
- Baghmasha gate
- Behnam House (school of architecture)
- Blue Mosque (Goy Masjid)
- Boulourchian house
- Catholic church of Tabriz
- Constitutional Revolution House of Tabriz (Mashrouteh museum)
- Daneshsara (faculty of education)
- Document Museum
- East-Azerbaijan State Palace
- Ferdowsi street
- Ghadaki house
- Ghari bridge
- Haidarzadeh house
- Hariree house
- House of Seghat ol Islam
- Imamzadeh Hamzah, Tabriz
- Imamzadeh Ibrahim
- Iranian municipalities
- Iron Age museum
- Jamee mosque of Tabriz
- Madrasah Akbarieh
- Maqbaratoshoara (tomb of poets)
- Mansoor bridge
- Measure museum
- Muharram museum
- Municipality of Tabriz
- Bohtouni museum
- Nature museum
- Nobar bath
- On ibn Ali's shrine
- Ordobadi house
- Pahlavi street (Imam St.)
- Pol Sanghi (Stone bridge)
- Pottery museum
- Post museum
- Qur'an museum
- Roshdieh school
- Rug museum
- Ruins of Rabe Rashidi University
- Saheb ol Amr mosque
- Saint Mary Church of Tabriz (Armenian church of)
- Salmasi house Measure museum.
- Seyed Hamzeh shrine
- Shahnaz street
- Shahryar literature museum (house of Shahryar)
- Sharbatoglu house
- Shohada Mosque
- Sorkheh-i house
- Tabriz Art University (former Charmsazi Khosravi)
- Tabriz Fire Fighting Tower
- Tabriz Railway Station
- Tarbiyat street
- Two Kamals tomb
Parks and gardens[link]
Tabriz has 132 parks, including 97 small parks, 31 regional and 4 city parks. According to 2005 statistics, area of parks in Tabriz is 2,595 km2 also area of green spaces of Tabriz is 8,548 km2, which means 5.6 sq.m per person. The oldest park in Tabriz, called Golestan Park, was established at first Pahlavi's era in city center. Tabriz has 8 traveller-parks with capacity of 10.000 travellers, as well.[citation needed]
- Baghlarbaghi
- Khaqani Park
- Ghaem Magham
- Golestan Park
- Mashrouteh Park
- Saeb Tabrizi garden
- Shah Goli park
- Shams Tabrizi garden
Economy[link]
Industries[link]
It is claimed that Tabriz is the 2nd industrial city of Iran. Modern industries in this city include the manufacturing of machinary, vehicles, chemicals and petrochemical materials, refinery, cement, electrical and electronical equipment, home appliances, textiles and leather, nutrition and dairy factories and woodcraft.[5]
There are numerous industrial complexes in Tabriz industrial area. Iran Tractor Manufacturing Co (ITMCO) is one of the biggest industrial complexes in the region. This complex has the highest foundry and forging capacity in middle east, the biggest manufacturer of tractor in Iran, which has some domestic & abroad branches too. Although initially the complex was established with the aim of producing tractor and agricultural machines as a starting point for modernization of traditional Iranian agricultural system, nowadays its products include a large variety from auto parts to machine tools and some domestic van and trucks. Behind ITMCO there are several other industrial complexes including Machine Sazi Tabriz Co, Iran Diesel Engine Manufacturing Co (IDEM), Pump Iran, Tabriz Petrochemical Complex, Tabriz Oil Refinery and couple of industrial regions which are including hundreds of small industries. Beside this Tabriz is a site for numerous food and some of the most famous chocolate factories in Iran which honored the city as chocolate city of Iran.Dadash Baradar Industrial Co. in SHONIZ brand is one of the biggest factories in middle-east which has above 3000 employees and produces more than 75 species of confectionery.
Small businesses[link]
A vast partition of the city's population are involved in small businesses like shoe making ateliers, stonecutting, furniture ateliers, confectionary, printing and dry nuts.
Handcrafts ateliers[link]
Main article: Persian carpet
See also: Tabriz rug
File:Tabriz rug01.jpg
A sample of Tabriz rugs
Tabriz is the major center for production of the famous Iranian Rugs. Their high quality is greatly valued in world markets. Tabrizi rugs and carpets usually have ivory backgrounds with blue, rose, and indigo motifs. They often have very symmetrical and balanced designs. They usually have a single medallion that is surrounded with vines and palmettos. One of the main quality characteristics of Tabriz rugs is the weaving style, using special ties that guarantee the durability of the rug in comparison for example with Kashan rugs.
Behind carpet the city is famous for couple of other handicrafts including silverwares, wood engraving, pottery and ceramics, Ghalamzani (toreutics), Moarraq, Monabbat, embroider.
Shopping[link]
Shopping centers are mostly located in city center, including Grand Bazaar of Tabriz, pedestrian malls on Tarbiyat street, Shahnaz street and Ferdowsi street. Also, there are some malls and a lot of elegant & luxurious boutiques of jewelry, rugs, clothes, handcrafts, confectionary and nuts, home appliances and so on in Abressan intersection, Roshdiyeh district and Kouy Valiasr.[7]
The special feature of Tabriz malls is that most of them are designated to a particular order, such as home appliances, jewelry, shoes, clothes, wedding ceremonies, ladies/babies/men specialties, leather products, handcrafts, agricultural products, computers, electronic components, industrial equipment, piping equipment, chemical materials, agricultural machines, stationery, books, rugs, construction stuff and others.
Likewise, there are seasonal/occasional shopping fairs opened mainly in Tabriz International Exhibition Center too.
Tabriz International Exhibition Center[link]
Tabriz International Exhibition Center which is located in eastern part of the city holds tens of exhibition based on yearly schedule. The most famous fair is TEXPO[36] which is a general trade fair and established on 1992 and normally holds on August 4–9 every year.
Schools and libraries[link]
Universities[link]
_of_Tabriz.JPG)
Tabriz is the site for 14 of Iran's most prominent universities. Established on 1947, University of Tabriz[37] is the most prestigious university in north-western Iran. It is also considered one of five mother universities in the country. Beside this, there are couple of other public universities, operating primarily in the city: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz Arts University, Payam-e Noor University of Tabriz, and Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem.
There are couple of private universities serving student as well, including: Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Daneshvaran Higher Education Institute, Seraj Higher Education Institute, University College of Nabi Akram, Khajeh Rashid university.
There are few technical colleges, which serve the students as well: Elmi-Karbordi University of Tabriz, Tabriz College of Technology, Roshdiyeh Higher Education Institute of Tabriz, Jahad Daneshgahi (ACECR) Higher Education Institute, East Azerbaijan Branch, Azzahra College of Technology, State Organization of Technical and Vocational Training
There are a couple of research centers supported by Iranian government in the city including: East Azerbaijan Park of Science & Technology, Islamic Azad University – Science and Research branch of East Azerbaijan.[38]
Furthermore, a couple of Iranian universities have branches in Tabriz, including: Imam Hossein University, Shahid Beheshti Training Teacher Center of Tabriz
Famous high schools[link]
Hundreds of public and private schools are serving students based on Iranian education system. Students are starting with primary school which is for five years, then three years in secondary and finally they are pursuing for three more years in high school. For those who are about entering to the university they have to fulfill one more year in college. Despite the common language in city is Azerbaijani, the entirety of the educational period in schools is in Persian. Some of the high schools are famous because of their history or higher educational quality. Here is a list of most famous high schools in the city:
- Memorial school (American School of Tabriz) was opened on 1891 and is one of the most famous schools of its type. After World War II, the school's name was changed to Parvin High School, under Iran education ministry's management. Currently, it is divided into three separate high schools, and the original building is under reconstruction. Howard Baskerville used to teach in Memorial school.
- Roshdieh school is the first modern Iranian school, which was established by Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh. Currently, its building is used as the Tabriz branch of the National Iranian Documents and Library Office.
- Vahdat Technical College is another famous school in Tabriz. It was developed by the Germans during World War II. The main building is in the shape of an 'A'.
- Ferdowsi high school is one of the largest and most prominent academic high schools in Tabriz. The original building was constructed by German engineers before World War II (to serve as hospital). The building is in the shape of a letter 'H'.
- Mansoor High School (now divided into two high schools with new names) is one of the most highest-ranking schools in Tabriz, which was established about 50 years ago. One of the high schools is known as Taleqani and the other as Motahhari.
- Tiz'houshan School (Shahid Madani and Farzanegan) (SAMPAD/NODET) middle and high schools were established in 1989 for high I.Q. talented students. Students can attend in Tiz'houshan after successfully passing the entrance exam.
Religious schools[link]
Valiasr Religious School and Talebieh Islamic Science School are two major religious schools in the city which are used for teaching Islamic Science.
Libraries[link]
Tabriz National Library, also known as Central Library of Tabriz, is the most prestigious library in Tabriz, and its numerous unique handwriting old books made it a vulnerable source for researchers in Iranian literature. There are other libraries behind National library which are serving to public some of which are: Tarbiat library, library of Helal Ahmar, library of Shahid Motahhari, library of Shahriyar, library of Jafarieh and Farhangsara of Tabriz.
Infrastructure[link]
Health systems[link]
The government of Iran operates the public hospitals in the Tabriz metropolitan region, some of which are aligned with medical faculties. There are also a number of private hospitals and medical centers in the city.[7]
Transportation[link]
Most Tabriz residents travel by car through the system of roads and highways. Tabriz has also a taxi and public bus network. There are also some private groups, which provide services called phone-taxi.[7]
Tabriz is the second city in Iran after Tehran that in which the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system has been established. It includes an 18 km line from Baseej Square in the east to the railway station in the west of the city. There are 50 bus stops along the route of the B.R.T.
The Tabriz subway train network is still under construction and six years behind schedule. [39] The government of Iran had planned to finish 6 km of line No.1 of the network in 2006, but this was not achieved due to financial problems [40] and currently only half of the track for the metro line has been laid. [41]
Tabriz is linked to Europe through Turkey's roads and Bazargan (Azerbaijani, Persian: بازرگان ) border, also Tehran-Tabriz freeway is almost complete except for the last 20 km between Tabriz and Bostan Abad.
The city is linked to Iran National Railways (IRIR, Persian: رجا ) also to Europe by Turkey's railways via Ghotour (Azerbaijani, Persian قطور) bridge in West Azerbaijan province of Iran. Tabriz was the first city in Iran to be served by railways with the construction of the Tabriz-Jolfa line in 1912–1914 (later converted to broad-gauge in 1916). Tabriz Railway Station is located in the western part of the city, at the end of Khomeyni Street.
Tabriz International Airport opened in 1950 and is the only international airport in East Azerbaijan (since 1991). Recently, it became the first Iranian airport to gain ISO9001-2000.
Sport[link]
File:Sahand Stadium.jpg
Sahand, or Yadegar Emam, stadium in a Tractorsazi F.C. match
Sport is an important part of Tabriz's culture. The most popular sport in Tabriz is soccer. Tabriz is home to four Iranian major Football teams: Tractor Sazi F.C., Machine Sazi Tabriz F.C., Shahrdari Tabriz F.C., Petrochimi Tabriz F.C.
Tabriz also has two stadiums for Football: Bagh Shomal Stadium, with capacity of 20,000 and Yadegar-e-Emam Stadium with 71,000.
Tractor Sazi F.C. or Tirakhtorsazi, as it called in the city, is an Iranian soccer club, based in Tabriz. They currently play in Iran's Pro League which is the highest domestic league in Iran.They also provided Iran with some of the most talented players during the nineties. In 2009, Trakhtorsazi, the most well-known team of the Azerbaijan province, was promoted to the first football division of Iran (the Iran Pro League.) And according to surverys, the team has got the most enthusiastic fans in the Iran Pro League.[citation needed] The team is sponsored by Iran Tractor Manufacturing Co. (ITMCO).
Behind soccer they are few other sport events holds in Tabriz. The major one is Azerbaijan Cycling Tour. Azerbaijan Cyclibng Tour is a professional cycling tour held annually in part of Iranian Azerbaijan and Republic of Azerbaijan. Tabriz also has an UCI Continental cycling team that is competing in UCI-sanctioned competitions through Asian continents. The team is: Tabriz Petrochemical Cycling Team
The city has several swimming pools that are parts of sport complexes, both public and private: Takhti swimming pool, Tabriz Petrochemical Company's sports complex, Bargh swimming pool, Sahand swimming pool, Bagh Shomal swimming pool, Kargaran sports complex, Hotel Elgoli swimming pool, Hotel Shahryar swimming pool, Azarsatrup sports complex, Sauna Tabriz, Azaran sauna & pool, Zamzam swimming pool, Aseman residential complex swimming pool.[7]
Media[link]
Tabriz has one state television channel called "Sahand TV" that broadcasts in both Persian and Azerbaijani language. It broadcasts internationally through satellite Intelsat 902.[42][43]
The city has one government-controlled radio channel broadcasting in both Persian and Azerbaijani languages.[42]
14 weekly magazines and 8 main newspapers are published in the city including: Amin, Mahd Azadi, Asr Azadi,[44] Fajr Azarbaijan, Saeb Tabriz, Peyam Noor, Navaye Misho and Saheb.[45]
Notable people[link]
Within its long history Tabriz was always origin for many Iranian illumination and modernization movements. This is why the city was home town for numerous Iranian dominant figures including many Iranian politicians, revolutionaries, artists, and military leaders. Here a partial list of some of most notable people who born or lived in Tabriz.
For a complete list see: List of people from Tabriz
Artists[link]
Military figures[link]
Religious figures[link]
Poets and writers[link]
|
Politicians and reformists[link]
Scientists[link]
|
Sister cities and twin towns[link]
Tabriz is twinned with the following cities:
Consulates[link]
Azerbaijan and Turkey have consulate offices in Tabriz. Formerly the Soviet Union and the United States had consulate offices in Tabriz. The US consulate office closed after the 1979 Islamic revolution and the USSR's office closed after the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
Photo gallery[link]
-
Seyed Hamzeh shrine& mosque.
-
Amir Nezam House (Qajar museum)
-
A historical house
-
Pol Sanghi (Stone bridge).
-
Measure museum of Tabriz
-
Ghadaki House
-
Tabriz-FireFightingTower.jpg
-
An old house door in Mansoor St.
-
A mosque in Tarbiyat street.
-
Tarbiyat street's architecture.
-
Shah-goli park.
-
A view of Tabriz Cable Bridge.
-
Roshdiyeh intersection.
-
Modern tabriz03.jpg
Saman Bank Corp.'s headquarter building.
-
Bolour skyscraper.
-
Abressan intersection.
-
Modern tabriz06.jpg
Bank Sepah's building.
-
Hotel Pars Tabriz Iran.jpg
Hotel Pars
-
A view of Roshdiyeh quarter.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Islamic Republic of Iran. Archived from the original on 2010-11-16. http://wayback.archive.org/web/*/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/03.xls.
- ^ http://www.geonames.org/IR/largest-cities-in-iran.html/
- ^ Iran – Statistical Centre retrieved 27 February 2008
- ^ Statistical Center of Iran: Results of national 2007 census
- ^ a b c d e Editorial Board, East Azerbaijan Geography, Iranian Ministry of Education, 2000
- ^ "de beste bron van informatie over tabrizcity. Deze website is te koop!". tabrizcity.org. http://www.tabrizcity.org. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ a b c d e "Lonely Planet Travel Guides and Travel Information". Lonelyplanet.com. 2012-03-28. http://www.lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ "Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. 2010-07-31. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1346. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ Cline, Eric H. (2007). From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible. National Geographic. p. 10.
- ^ Introduction to Tabriz city by Tabriz University's web site
- ^ http://www.eachto.ir/farsi/content/view/521/381/ Iron Age excavation site's museum [in Persian].
- ^ William Bayne Fisher, J. A. Boyle (1968), The Cambridge History of Iran: The Land of Iran, 1st Edition, Cambridge University Press, p. 14
- ^ Minorsky, V., -(C.E. Bosworth); Blair, Sheila S., "Tabrīz", Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13974-5, ISBN 978-90-04-13974-9
- ^ Edward Backhouse Eastwick. Journal of a Diplomate's Three Years' Residence in Persia, Smith, Elder and Co., 1864, p. 327
- ^ Andrew Burke and Mark Elliott. Iran, Lonely Planet, 2004, ISBN 1-74059-425-8, p. 133
- ^ David Morgan, The Mongols p. 142
- ^ Marco Polo (1854) The travels of Marco Polo: the Venetian, G. Bell & sons, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Tabirz, JVL.
- ^ V. Minorsky. "Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1954), p. 277
- ^ A. Nezter, "The Fate of the Jewish Community of Tabriz,"( " in David Ayalon, Moshe Sharon, "Studies in Islamic history and civilization: in honour of Professor David Ayalon", Brill 1986. pp 416: "A deadly earthquake in the year 1721 destroyed large part of the city and killed eighty thousands of its inhabitants. Four years later the Ottoman Turks captured Tabriz and massacred two hundred thousand of its people"
- ^ David Hall (1999-12-14). "Worlds Worst Natural Disasters". Across.co.nz. http://across.co.nz/WorldsWorstDisasters.html. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ Gregorian Vartan (2003) The Road to Home: My Life and Times, Simon Scmuster, p. 3.
- ^ Maziar Behrooz, Rebels with a cause: failure of left in Iran, I.B. Tauris, 2000.
- ^ Brenda Shaffer, Formation of an Azerbaijani collective identity in Iran, Nationalities Papers, vol. 28 (3), 2000 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713687484#preview
- ^ John Stample, Inside the Iranian Revolution, Clark Group, 2009.
- ^ Wood, John E. and Tucker, Ernest (2006) History and historiography of Post-Mongol centeral Asia and the Middle East, Otto Harrassowitz Gmbh & Co and KG Weisbaden, p. 530.
- ^ Richard Tapper. "Shahsevan in Safavid Persia", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1974, p. 324. See also, Lawrence Davidson, Arthur Goldschmid, "A Concise History of the Middle East", Westview Press, 2006, p. 153; and Britannica Concise. "Safavid Dynasty", Online Edition 2007
- ^ www.worldclimate.com, Climate data for Tabriz, 1963–1990
- ^ 2007 census
- ^ Jean Druing, "The Spirit of Sounds: The Unique Art of Ostad Elahi", Cornwall Books, 2003, p172:"Maraghi (15th century) mentions the Turkish and the Shirvani tanbour, which had two strings tuned in second (which the Kurds and Lors call Farangi) and was quite popular among the inhabitants of Tabriz (a region which was not yet Turkish speaking at the time) "
- ^ R. N. Frye, "PEOPLES OF IRAN" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Excerpt: "The long and complex history of Azari (q.v.), a major Iranian language and the original language of the region, and its partial replacement with Azeri Turkish, the present-day language of Azerbaijan, is surveyed in detail and with a wealth of citations from historical sources elsewhere in the Encyclopaedia (see AZERBAIJAN vii). Although the original Azari gradually lost its stature as the prevalent language by the end of the 14th century
- ^ Azari, the Old Iranian Language of Azerbaijan", Encyclopædia Iranica, op. cit., Vol. III/2, 1987 by E. Yarshater.
- ^ صادقی, علی اشرف 1379: چند شعر به زبان کرجی, تبریزی و غیره ... در مجله ی زبان شناسی, سال پانزدهم, شماره ی دوم, پاییز و زمستان Ali Asghar Sadeqi, "Some poems in the Karaji, Tabrizi and others" in Zabān-Shenasi(Persian), Year 15,No.2(Fall and Winder),1379(2001).
- ^ During, J. (2001). "Azerbaijan". The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians. Macmillan. ISBN 1-56159-239-0.
- ^ Alan S. Kaye, "Persian loanwords in English", English Today 20:20-24 (2004), doi:10.1017/S0266078404004043.
- ^ "Tabriz International Exhibition Co". Tabrizfair.ir. http://www.tabrizfair.ir/. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ "پورتال وزارت کشور". Moi.ir. http://www.moi.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=News&ID=89c9e790-17d4-43ea-84b0-ba83d14d050f&LayoutID=dd8faff4-f71b-4c65-9aef-a1b6d0160be3&CategoryID=832a711b-95fe-4505-8aa3-38f5e17309c9. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ All This War Talk Is Ruining The Lives Of Ordinary Iranians, The Economist, April 24, 2012
- ^ Tabriz Metro
- ^ All This War Talk Is Ruining The Lives Of Ordinary Iranians, The Economist, April 24, 2012
- ^ a b "پایگاه اطلاع رسانی صدا و سیمای مرکز آذربایجان شرقی". Tabriz.irib.ir. http://tabriz.irib.ir. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ "LyngSat". LyngSat. 2011-12-16. http://www.lyngsat.com. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ http://www.asreazadi.com
- ^ a b [2]
- ^ Baku#cite note-27,
- ^ Ho Chi Minh city#cite note-26,
- ^ Tabriz and Kazan sister cities agreement
- ^ Agreement between Tabriz and Vienna municipality
- ^ "FarsNewsAgency - ط®ط¨ط±ع¯ط²ط§ط±ظٹ ظپط§ط±ط³". Farsnews.com. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8507180542. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
North, S.J.R., Guide to Biblical Iran, Rome 1956, p. 50
External links[link]
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| Preceded by Maragheh |
Capital of Iran 1265–1353 |
Succeeded by Samarkand |
| Preceded by Samarkand |
Capital of Iran 1375–1514 |
Succeeded by Qazvin |
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This article is about the American hip-hop band. For other uses of Dog or Dogs, see Dog (disambiguation). For other uses of The Dog or The Dogs, see The Dog (disambiguation).
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| The Dogs | |
|---|---|
| Origin | Miami, Florida |
| Genres | Hip-Hop, Miami Bass |
| Years active | 1990–1996 |
| Labels | Joey Boy Records |
| Associated acts | The Puppies, Bass Patrol |
| Members | |
| Disco Rick Keith Bell Labrant Dennis Cracked Up |
|
The Dogs were a 1990s hip hop group consisting of Disco Rick, Keith Bell, Labrant Dennis and Fergus "Cracked Up" Smith, best known for "Crack Rock," their hit single with the chant "Yo' Mama's on Crack Rock!" The group released three studio albums The Dogs in 1990, Beware of The Dogs in 1991 and K-9 Bass in 1992.
Labrant Dennis was arrested in May 1996 for the double murder of Marlin Barnes, a University of Miami football player, and Timwaneka Lumpkin, his exgirlfriend.
Discography[link]
| Year | Album | Chart Position | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US Hip-Hop | ||||
| 1990 | The Dogs | 37 | ||
| 1991 | Beware of The Dogs | 55 | ||
| 1992 | K-9 Bass | 95 | ||
External links[link]
- Birchmeier, Jason "The Dogs Biography", Allmusic, Macrovision Corporation
 |
This article on a hip hop music group or collective is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
