The Swedish Academy (Swedish: Svenska Akademien), founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden.

History[link]

The Swedish Academy in Stockholm

The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III. Modelled after the Académie française, it has 18 members. The motto of the Academy is "Talent and Taste" ("Snille och Smak" in Swedish). The primary purpose of the Academy is to further the "purity, strength, and sublimity of the Swedish language" ("Svenska Språkets renhet, styrka och höghet") (Walshe, 1965). To that end the Academy publishes two dictionaries.^[1]

The first is a one-volume dictionary called Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL). The second is a multi-volume dictionary, edited on principles similar to those of the Oxford English Dictionary, entitled Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB). The SAOL has reached its 13th edition while the first volume of the SAOB was published in 1898 and today (As of 2011^[update]) work has progressed to words beginning with the letter "T".

Since 1901, the Academy has annually decided who will be the laureate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel. The Academy also awards the Dobloug Prize, a literature prize awarded for Swedish and Norwegian fiction.^[2][3]

The building now known as the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building was built for the bourgeoisie. The bottom floor was used as a trading exchange (this later became the stock exchange) and the upper floor was used for balls, New Year's Eve parties, etc. When the academy was founded, the ballroom was the biggest room in Stockholm that could be heated and thus used in the winter, so the king asked if he could borrow it.

Dag Hammarskjöld's farm in Backåkra, used as a retreat for Academy members

The academy has had its annual meeting there every year since, attended by members of the Swedish royal family.^[4] However, it was not until 1914 the academy gained the right to use the upper floor as their own for all eternity. It is here that the Academy meets and, amongst other business, announces the names of Nobel Prize laureates. The latter makes it arguably one of the most influential literary bodies in the world.

Dag Hammarskjöld's former farm at Backåkra, close to Ystad in southern Sweden, was bought in 1957 as a summer residence by Hammarskjöld, then Secretary-General of the United Nations (1953–1961). The south wing of the farm is reserved as a summer retreat for the 18 members of the Swedish Academy, of which Hammarskjöld was a member.

Current members[link]

The current permanent secretary of the Academy is Peter Englund, who was preceded by Horace Engdahl. The current members of the Swedish Academy listed by seat number :

Permanent secretaries[link]

See also[link]

• List of language regulators
• Dobloug Prize
• Backåkra

References[link]

Other sources[link]

• Walshe, Maurice O'Connell (1965). "Introduction to the Scandinavian Languages", Andre Deutsch Ltd., 1st edition, p. 57

External links[link]

• Swedish Academy - Official site (Swedish)
• Swedish Academy - Official site (English)
• SAOL on the web - Free
• SAOB on the web - Free

Coordinates: 59°19′31″N 18°4′14″E / 59.32528°N 18.07056°E / 59.32528; 18.07056

Claire Messud (born 1966) is an American novelist and literature and creative writing professor. She is best known as the author of the 2006 novel The Emperor's Children. Messud is an arabic word (مسعود) which means: lucky person^{[citation needed]} .

Early life[link]

Born in Greenwich, Connecticut,^[1] Messud grew up in the United States, Australia, and Canada, returning to the United States as a teenager.^[2] Messud's mother is Canadian, and her father is Algerian (Algeria was under French colonialization until 1962). She was educated at Milton Academy, Yale University, and Cambridge University, where she met her spouse, the British literary critic James Wood.^[3] Messud also briefly attended the MFA program at Syracuse University.

Career[link]

Messud's debut novel, When The World Was Steady (1995), was nominated for the PEN/Faulkner Award. In 1999, she published her second book, The Last Life, about three generations of a French-Algerian family. Her 2001 work, The Hunters, consists of two novellas.^[1] Her most recent novel, The Emperor’s Children, was longlisted for the 2006 Man Booker Prize. Messud wrote the novel while a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in 2004–2005.^[4]

Messud has taught creative writing at Kenyon College, University of Maryland, Amherst College, in the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers in North Carolina, and in the Graduate Writing program at The Johns Hopkins University. Messud also taught at the Sewanee: The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. She is on the editorial board of the literary magazine The Common, based at Amherst College.^[5] She has contributed articles to publications such as The New York Review of Books.^[6]

Each spring semester, beginning 2009, Messud teaches a literary traditions course as a part of CUNY Hunter College's MFA Program in Creative Writing.^[7]

Honors[link]

The American Academy of Arts and Letters has recognized Messud's talent with both an Addison Metcalf Award and a Strauss Living Award. She was considered for the 2003 Granta Best of Young British Novelists list, although none of the three passports she holds is British.^[8] As of 2010–2011, she is a fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin / Institute of Advanced Study.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• "Here’s another fine Messud" by Gaby Wood, The Observer, August 20, 2006, retrieved August 27, 2006
• "The Emperor's Children", at Metacritic.com

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Claire Messud

• Claire Messud essay on women as authors of ficton, in Guernica
• Messud article archive and author page from The New York Review of Books
• Deseret News profile of Claire Messud

This article is about the philanthropist. For institutions named after him, see Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital.

Johns Hopkins
Born	(1795-05-19)May 19, 1795 Anne Arundel County, Maryland, US
Died	December 24, 1873(1873-12-24) (aged 78) Baltimore, Maryland, US
Occupation	Entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist, abolitionist
Net worth	USD $10 million at the time of his death (approximately 1/944th of US GNP)[1]
Religion	Quaker

Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795^[2] – December 24, 1873) was an American entrepreneur, abolitionist and philanthropist of 19th-century Baltimore, Maryland.

His bequests founded numerous institutions bearing his name, including Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

A biography entitled Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette written by his cousin, Helen Hopkins Thom, was published in 1929 by the Johns Hopkins University Press.

Early life[link]

Johns Hopkins was born on May 19, 1795, to Samuel Hopkins (1759–1814) of Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and Hannah Janney (1774–1864), of Loudoun County, Virginia. Home was Whitehall, a 500-acre (two km²) tobacco plantation in Anne Arundel County.^[3] His first name derives from a maternal great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who passed it on to her son.

The Hopkins family were members of the Society of Friends (Quakers). In 1807 they emancipated their slaves in accordance with their local Society decree, which called for freeing the able-bodied and caring for the others, who would remain at the plantation and provide labor as they could.^[4] The second eldest of eleven children, 12 year-old Johns was required to work on the farm, interrupting his formal education. From 1806 to 1809, he likely attended The Free School of Anne Arundel County, which was located in today's Davidsonville, Maryland.

In 1812, at the age of 17, Hopkins left the plantation to work in his uncle Gerard Hopkins' Baltimore wholesale grocery business. While living with his uncle's family, Johns and his cousin, Elizabeth, fell in love; however, the Quaker taboo against marriage of first cousins was especially strong, and neither Johns nor Elizabeth ever married.^[3]

As he became able, Hopkins provided for his extended family, both during his life and posthumously through his will. He bequeathed a home for Elizabeth, where she lived until her death in 1889.

Whitehall Plantation is located in today's Crofton, Maryland. Its home, since restored and modified, is on Johns Hopkins Road, adjacent to Reidel Road. The heavily landscaped property is surrounded by Walden Golf Course, and bears a historic marker.

Business years[link]

Hopkins' early experiences and successes in business came when he was put in charge of the store while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. After seven years with his uncle, Hopkins went into business together with Benjamin Moore, a fellow Quaker. The business partnership was later dissolved with Moore purporting Hopkins' penchant for capital accumulation as the cause for the divide.^[3]

After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with three of his brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers. The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from Conestoga wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as "Hopkins' Best". The bulk of Hopkins' fortune however was made by his judicious investments in a myriad of ventures, most notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), of which he became a Director in 1847 and Chairman of the Finance Committee in 1855. He was also President of Merchants' Bank as well as director of a number of other organizations.^[5]

A charitable individual, Hopkins put up his own money more than once to not only aid Baltimore City during times of financial crises, but also to twice bail the railroad out of debt, in 1857 and 1873.^[6] In 1996, Johns Hopkins ranked 69th in "The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present."^[7]

Civil War[link]

One of the first campaigns of the American Civil War was planned at Johns Hopkins' summer estate, Clifton, where he had also entertained a number of foreign dignitaries including the future King Edward VII.^[8] Hopkins was a strong supporter of the Union, unlike most Marylanders, who sympathized with and often supported the South and the Confederacy.^[9] During the Civil War, Clifton became a frequent meeting place for local Union sympathizers, and federal officials.

Hopkins' support of Abraham Lincoln also often put him at odds with some of Maryland's most prominent people, particularly Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney, who continually opposed Lincoln's presidential decisions, such as his policies of limiting habeas corpus and stationing troops in Maryland. In 1862 Hopkins wrote a letter to Lincoln requesting the President not to heed the detractors' calls and continue to keep soldiers stationed in Maryland. Hopkins also pledged financial and logistic support to Lincoln, in particular the free use of the B&O railway system.^[10][11]

Abolitionism[link]

Johns Hopkins is described as being an "abolitionist before the word was even invented", having been represented as such both prior to the Civil War period, as well as during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era.^[12][13][14] There are several accounts that describe the abolitionist influence Hopkins was privy to as a 12 year old participant in his parents' emancipation of their family's slaves in 1807.^[3] Prior to the Civil War Johns Hopkins worked closely with two of America's most famous abolitionists, Myrtilla Miner^[15] and Henry Ward Beecher.^[16] During the Civil War Johns Hopkins, being a staunch supporter of Lincoln and the Union, was instrumental in bringing fruition to Lincoln's emancipatory vision.^[17][18]

After the Civil War and during Reconstruction, Johns Hopkins' stance on abolitionism infuriated many prominent people in Baltimore.^[19][20] During the American Reconstruction period to his death ^[21] his abolitionism was expressed in the documents founding the Johns Hopkins Institutions, and reported in newspaper articles before, during, and after the founding of these institutions. Before the war, there was significant written opposition to his support for Myrtilla Miner's founding of a school for African American females^[22] (now the University of the District of Columbia). Similarly, opposition (and some support) was expressed during Reconstruction, such as in 1867, the same year he filed papers incorporating the Johns Hopkins Institutions, when he attempted unsuccessfully to stop the convening of the Constitutional Convention where the Democratic Party came into power and where a new Constitution, the Constitution still in effect, was voted to replace the Constitution of the Radical Republicans previously in power.^[23]

Apparent also in the literature of the times was opposition, and support for, the various other ways he expressed opposition to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge, and re-emerge as well, in the city of Baltimore, the state of Maryland, the nation and in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name,^[24] A Baltimore American journalist praised Hopkins for founding three institutions, a university, a hospital and an orphan asylum, specifically for colored children, adding that Hopkins was a "man (beyond his times) who knew no race" citing his provisions for both blacks and whites in the plans for his hospital. The reporter also pointed to similarities between Benjamin Franklin's and Johns Hopkins' views on hospital care and construction, such as their shared interest in free hospitals and the availability of emergency services without prejudice. This article, first published in 1870, also accompanied Hopkins' obituary in the Baltimore American as a tribute in 1873. Cited in many of the newspaper articles on him during his lifetime and immediately after his death were his provisions of scholarships for the poor, and quality health services for the underserved, the poor without regard to their age, sex and color, the colored children asylum and other orphanages, the mentally ill and convalescents.

Philanthropy[link]

Living his entire adult life in Baltimore, Hopkins made many friends among the city's social elite, many of them Quakers. One of these friends was George Peabody, who was also born in 1795, and who in 1857 founded the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Other examples of public giving were evident in the city, as public buildings housing free libraries, schools and foundations sprang up along the city's widening streets. On the advice of Peabody, some believe, Hopkins determined to use his great wealth for the public good.

The Civil War had taken its toll on Baltimore, however, as did the yellow fever and cholera epidemics that repeatedly ravaged the nation's cities, killing 853 in Baltimore in the summer of 1832 alone. Hopkins was keenly aware of the city's need for medical facilities, particularly in light of the medical advances made during the war, and in 1870 he made a will setting aside seven million dollars - mostly in B&O stock - for the incorporation of a free hospital and affiliated medical and nurse's training colleges, as well as an orphanage for colored children and a university. Many board members were on both boards. The hospital and orphan asylum would each be overseen by the 12-member hospital board of trustees, and the university by the 12-member university board of trustees. Johns Hopkins' bequest was used to posthumously found the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum ^[25] first as he requested, in 1875; the Johns Hopkins University in 1876; the Johns Hopkins Press, the longest continuously operating academic press in America, in 1878; the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1889; the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1893; and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1916.

Johns Hopkins' views on his bequests, and on the duties and responsibilities of the two board of trustees, especially the hospital board of trustees led by his friend and fellow Quaker Francis King, were formally stated primarily in four documents, the incorporation papers filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12, 1873, his will, which was quoted from extensively in his Baltimore Sun obituary,^[26] and in his will's two codicils, one dated 1870 and the other dated 1873.^[27]

In these documents, Hopkins also made provisions for scholarships to be provided for poor youths in the states where Johns Hopkins had made his wealth, as well as assistance to orphanages other than the one for African American children, to members of his family, to those he employed, black and white, his cousin Elizabeth, and, again, to other institutions for the care and education of youths regardless of color and the care of the elderly, and the ill, including the mentally ill, and convalescents.

John Rudolph Niernsee, one of the most famous architects of the time, designed the orphan asylum and helped to design the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original site for the Johns Hopkins University had been chosen personally by Hopkins. According to his will, it was to be located at his summer estate, Clifton. However, a decision was made not to found the university there. The property, now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named Clifton Park. While the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded by the hospital trustees, the other institutions that carry the name of "Johns Hopkins" were founded under the administration of the first president of the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Daniel Coit Gilman and his successors.

Colored Children Orphan Asylum[link]

As per Johns Hopkins' instruction letter, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA)^[28] was founded first, in 1875, a year before Gilman's inauguration, now the founding date of the university. The construction of the asylum, including its educational and living facilities, was praised by The Nation and the Baltimore American, the latter stating that the orphan asylum was a place where "nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity". As was done for other Johns Hopkins Institutions, it was planned after visits and correspondence with similar institutions in Europe and America.

The Johns Hopkins Orphan Asylum opened with 24 boys and girls. Under Gilman and his successors, this orphanage was later changed to serve as an orphanage and training school for black female orphans principally as domestic workers, and next as an "orthopedic convalescent" home and school for "colored crippled" children and orphans. The asylum was eventually closed in 1924 nearly fifty years after it opened, and was never reopened.

Hospital, University, Press, and Schools of Nursing and Medicine[link]

As per Hopkins' March 1873 Instruction Letter, the School of Nursing was founded alongside the Hospital in 1889 by the hospital board of trustees in consultation with Florence Nightingale. Both the nursing school and the hospital were founded over a decade after the founding of the orphan asylum in 1875 and the university in 1876. Hopkins' instruction letter explicitly stated his vision for the hospital; first, to provide assistance to the poor of "all races", no matter the indigent patient's "age, sex or color"; second, that wealthier patients would pay for services and thereby subsidize the care provided to the indigent; third, that the hospital would be the administrative unit for the orphan asylum for African American children which was to receive $25,000 in annual support out of the hospital's half of the endowment; and fourth, that the hospital and orphan asylum should serve 400 patients and 400 children respectively, fifth, that the hospital should be part of the university, and, sixth, that religion but not sectarianism should be an influence in the hospital.

By the end of Gilman's presidency, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Press, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum had been founded, the latter by the trustees, and the others in the order listed under the Gilman administration. "Sex" and "color" were major issues in the early history of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. The founding of the School of Nursing is usually linked to Johns Hopkins' statements in his March 1873 instruction letter to the trustees that "I desire you to establish, in connection with the hospital, a training school for female nurses. This provision will secure the services of women competent to care for those sick in the hospital wards, and will enable you to benefit the whole community by supplying it with a class of trained and experienced nurses".

Women's most well known success after the founding of the nursing school was their requirement that they be allowed to attend Johns Hopkins medical institutions after they provided funds that made possible the opening of the School of Medicine in 1893. Five African American women were among the first women enrolled in the Johns Hopkins University's undergraduate school in 1970. Furthermore Kelly Miller and Frederick Scott were the first persons of African descent to attend the Johns Hopkins University's graduate and undergraduate schools, respectively. Frederick Scott was the first graduate of African descent from Johns Hopkins University, and he, Robert Gamble, and Kenyan-born James Nabwangu were the first graduates of African descent from Johns Hopkins University's undergraduate school, and Johns Hopkins' medical schools respectively. Those employees holding jobs in the service sector are those of African descent who have the longest and most continuous history at the Johns Hopkins Institutions.

Legacy[link]

Johns Hopkins Monument

(at Johns Hopkins University)

Following Hopkins' death, the Baltimore Sun wrote a lengthy obituary which closed thus: "In the death of Johns Hopkins a career has been closed which affords a rare example of successful energy in individual accumulations, and of practical beneficence in devoting the gains thus acquired to the public." His contribution to the university that has become his greatest legacy was, by all accounts, the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to an American educational institution.

Johns Hopkins' Quaker faith and his early life experiences, in particular the 1807 emancipation, had a lasting influence throughout his life and his posthumous legacy as a businessman, railroad man, banker, investor, ship owner,^[29] philanthropist and a founder of several Institutions. From very early on, Johns Hopkins had looked upon his wealth as a trust to benefit future generations. He is said to have told his gardener that, "like the man in the parable, I have had many talents given to me and I feel they are in trust. I shall not bury them but give them to the lads who long for a wider education"; his philosophy quietly anticipated Andrew Carnegie's much publicized Gospel of Wealth by more than 25 years.^[30]

His philanthropy, banking and other business practices were founded neither on slavery nor on the separate but unequal racism of the post Civil War years of his life. In this vein, integral parts of his legacy, as an emancipator, a founder of an orphan asylum for African-American youths, a staunch advocate of abolitionism and of quality care not just for those physically ill, but also for the elderly, the poor, no matter their age, gender, or skin color, and the mentally ill, have by and large been overlooked, even in the institutions that carry his name.

In 1973 Johns Hopkins was cited prominently in the Pulitzer Prize winning book The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel Boorstin, former head of the Library of Congress. From November 14, 1975 to September 6, 1976 Hopkins portrait was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery in an exhibit on the democratization of America based on Boorstin's book. In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a $1 postage stamp in Johns Hopkins' honor, as part of the Great Americans series.^[31]

References[link]

External links[link]

	United States portal
	Maryland portal

• Genealogical Records on Marylanders
• Thom and Jacob discuss his love for his cousin and Quaker traditions
• In his 1887 memoir, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, George William Brown cites Johns Hopkins as a wealthy Union man in Baltimore, a city with strong Confederate and Southern leanings
• In The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter
• The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
• Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum", 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine BY Dr. P. Reynolds
• Grave site of Johns Hopkins
• Graveside ceremony for Johns Hopkins
• Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, the memoir of George William Brown then the mayor of Baltimore city, later a member of the university board of trustees of the Johns Hopkins University
• The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874 by John Thomas Scharf
• "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995", Mike Field, the author, contradicts this statement
• Chronology, Nursing school
• The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan
• Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum" By Dr. P. Reynolds
• "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995" by Mike Field a writer for the Johns Hopkins Gazette. Field, Thom, and Jacob called Johns Hopkins an abolitionist. See also The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43/ JSTOR
• Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives
• "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez.

Adam Riess
Adam Riess
Born	Adam Guy Riess December 1969 (age 42) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Residence	United States
Nationality	American
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Johns Hopkins University / Space Telescope Science Institute
Alma mater	Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, University of California, Berkeley
Known for	Accelerating universe / Dark energy
Notable awards	Shaw Prize in Astronomy (2006) Nobel Prize in Physics (2011)

Adam Guy Riess (born 16 December 1969) is an American astrophysicist at The Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute and is known for his research in using supernovae as cosmological probes. Riess shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Brian P. Schmidt for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

Education[link]

Riess was born in Washington, D.C., one of three children in a Jewish family.^[1][2] He grew up in Warren, New Jersey, where his father (a Naval engineer Michael Riess) owned a frozen-foods distribution company Bistro International and his mother (Doris Riess) worked as a clinical psychologist.^[3] Michael Riess (1931–2007) immigrated to the United States with his parents (journalist, war correspondent and author Curt Riess and Ilse Posnansky)^[4][5] from Germany on the ship SS Europa (1928) in 1936.^[6] Adam Riess has two sisters— Dr. Gail Michele Saltz, a psychiatrist, and Holly Hagerman, an artist.

He attended Watchung Hills Regional High School, graduating in the class of 1988.^[7] Riess then graduated from The Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992 where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He received his PhD from Harvard University in 1996; it resulted in measurements of over twenty new type Ia supernovae and a method to make Type Ia supernovae into accurate distance indicators by correcting for intervening dust and intrinsic inhomogeneities. Riess' PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Kirshner, and won the Robert J. Trumpler Award in 1999 for PhD theses of unusual importance to astronomy.^[8]

Work[link]

Adam Riess in Stockholm

Riess was a Miller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley before moving on to the Space Telescope Science Institute in 1999. He took up his current position at Johns Hopkins University in 2005.

Riess jointly led the study with Brian Schmidt in 1998 for the High-z Supernova Search Team which first reported evidence that the Universe's expansion rate is now accelerating though monitoring of Type 1a Supernova. The team's observations were contrary to the current theory that the expansion of the universe was slowing down; instead, by monitoring the color shifts in the light from the supernova from Earth, they discovered that these billion-year old nova were still accelerating.^[9] This result was also found nearly simultaneously by the Supernova Cosmology Project, led by Saul Perlmutter.^[9] The corroborating evidence between the two competing studies led to the acceptance of the accelerating universe theory, and initiated new research to understand the nature of the universe, such as the existence of dark matter.^[9] The discovery of the accelerating universe was named 'Breakthrough of the Year' by Science Magazine in 1998, and Riess was jointly awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Schmidt and Perlmutter for their groundbreaking work.^[9]

Riess leads the Higher-Z SN Search program which uses the Hubble Space Telescope to discover the most distant supernovae yet uncovered by humankind. His team has traced the Universe's expansion back more than 10 billion light years. The key finding has been the detection of an early phase of decelerating expansion causing the most distant supernovae to look relatively brighter and thus disfavoring significant astrophysical dimming of supernovae. This result thus confirms the dark energy-dark matter model as perceived from supernovae.

Awards[link]

Saul Perlmutter, Riess, and Brian P. Schmidt being awarded the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy. The trio would later be awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Riess received the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Trumpler Award in 1999 and Harvard University's Bok Prize in 2001. He won the American Astronomical Society's Helen B. Warner Prize in 2003 and the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in 2004 for the discovery of cosmic acceleration.

In 2006, he shared the $1 million Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Saul Perlmutter and Brian P. Schmidt for contributions to the discovery of the acceleration of the universe.^[10]

Schmidt and all the members of the High-Z Team (as defined by the co-authors of Riess et al. 1998) shared the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, a $500,000 award, with the Supernova Cosmology Project (the set defined by the co-authors of Perlmutter et al. 1999) for their discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe. Riess was the winner of MacArthur "Genius" Grant in 2008. He was also elected in 2009 to the National Academy of Sciences.^[11]

Along with Perlmutter and Schmidt, he was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the discovery of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe.^[10]

See also[link]

• List of Jewish Nobel laureates
• Cosmological constant
• Dark energy

References[link]

1. ^ "WEDDINGS; Nancy Schondorf And Adam Riess". New York Times. January 11, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/11/style/weddings-nancy-schondorf-and-adam-riess.html. 
2. ^ Wedding: Drs. Gail Michele Riess and Leonard Bruce Saltz. Nytimes.com (1989-06-18). Retrieved on 2012-04-02.
3. ^ Chasing the Great Beyond. Jhu.edu (1998-01-12). Retrieved on 2012-04-02.
4. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (May 21, 1993). "Curt Riess, Author And Journalist, 90; Expert on Nazi Era". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/21/obituaries/curt-riess-author-and-journalist-90-expert-on-nazi-era.html. 
5. ^ See also de:Curt Riess
6. ^ Obituary: Michael Riess. New York Times (2007-10-11). Retrieved on 2012-04-02.
7. ^ Spivey, Mark. "Watchung Hills graduate shares Nobel Prize in physics", Daily Record (Morristown), October 4, 2011. Accessed October 5, 2011. "Riess, who grew up in Warren, gave a shout-out to retired teacher Jeff Charney, saying his interest in science first was piqued at Watchung Hills."
8. ^ Panek, Richard (2011). The 4% Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0-618-98224-8|978-0-618-98224-8]]. , pg. 174
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Palmer, Jason (2011-10-04). "Nobel physics prize honours accelerating Universe find". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15165371. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
10. ^ ^{a b} "Nobel physics prize honours accelerating Universe find". BBC News. October 4, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15165371. 
11. ^ Newsroom. National-Academies.org (2009-04-28). Retrieved on 2012-04-02.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Adam Riess

• Dark Energy Co-Discoverer Adam Riess Shares Shaw Prize in Astronomy for 2006
• Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 Announcement
• Chasing the Great Beyond

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2012)

Sebastian Ingrosso
Sebastian Ingrosso at Germany 2010
Background information
Birth name	Sebastian Carmine Ingrosso
Born	(1983-04-20) 20 April 1983 (age 29) Stockholm, Sweden
Origin	Sweden
Genres	House
Occupations	DJ, Electronic musician, Remixer, Producer Instruments music sequencer, personal computer, synthesizers
Years active	1999-present
Labels	Refune, Size Matters, Ministry of Sound Australia
Associated acts	Swedish House Mafia, Axwell, Steve Angello, Laidback Luke, Alesso, Style of Eye, Kylie Minogue

Sebastian Ingrosso (born Sebastian Carmine Ingrosso on 20 April 1983) is a Swedish DJ and producer of Italian descent. Born in Nacka Sjukhus Stockholm, Sweden. Sebastian spent his teenage years in his father's studio learning how to make music, with his first official remix released on Mega Records in 1999. He was ranked #26 in 2011 on DJ Mag's Top 100 DJ list,^[1] and won the award for the highest new entry into the chart in 2009, a record beaten only by Deadmau5 into the 2008 Top 100 DJ list at #10.

Refune Record label

Sebastian Ingrosso is head of A&R for his own record label, Refune, which has pioneered many artists in recent years including AN21, Max Vangeli, Style of Eye and Alesso.

In Swedish House Mafia

Sebastian is also one third of DJ super-group the Swedish House Mafia, along with friends Axwell and Steve Angello.

Discography[link]

DJ mix albums[link]

• Mixmag presents Ibiza Closing (October issue, 2010)
• Sensation White – Celebrate Life Official compilation (CD1) (2010)
• Golden Wave (with Steve Angello) (2009)
• Mixmag compilation (August issue, 2008)
• Ministry of Sound presents Sessions 14 (2007)
• Mixmag presents Ibiza 4AM (with Steve Angello) (2005)
• Subliminal Sessions 8 (with Steve Angello) (2005)

Singles[link]

Charting singles[link]

Other releases[link]

As Swedish House Mafia

(Selective listing. For full list and chart positions, see Swedish House Mafia Discography section)

• 2010: "One" Swedish House Mafia)
• 2010: "One (Your Name)" Swedish House Mafia feat. Pharrell Williams)
• 2010: "Miami 2 Ibiza" Swedish House Mafia
• 2010: "Miami 2 Ibiza" (Swedish House Mafia) vs. Tinie Tempah
• 2011: "Save The World" Swedish House Mafia feat. John Martin (2011)
• 2011: "Antidote" Swedish House Mafia vs. Knife Party (2011)
• 2012: "Greyhound" Swedish House Mafia

Under various names

• 2001: "Freshly Squesed EP" (as Outfunk)
• 2002: "Echo Vibes" (as Outfunk)
• 2003: "Sin EP1" and "Sin EP2" (as The Sinners)
• 2003: "Lost in Music" (as Outfunk)
• 2004: "Swing Me Daddy" (as Mode Hookers)
• 2004: "Cross the Sky" (as General Moders)
• 2005: "Stockholm 2 Paris" (as First Optional Deal)
• 2005: "Breathe/Instrumental" (as Mode Hookers)
• 2006: "I Can't Get Enough" (as Fireflies, feat. Alexandra Prince)
• 2005: "For Sale" (as Buy Now with Steve Angello)
• 2008: "Body Crash" (as Buy Now! with Steve Angello)

Collaborations

• 2000: "Dreams of Beirut" (with Luciano Ingrosso)
• 2000: "Aero" (with Unless)
• 2002: "Moonflower" (with Luciano Ingrosso)
• 2004: "Yo Yo Kidz" (with Steve Angello)
• 2004: "Stockholm Disco" (EP) (with John Dahlback)
• 2005: "Yeah" (with Steve Angello)
• 2005: "83-83" (with Steve Angello)
• 2005: "Together" (with Axwell)
• 2006: "Click" (with Steve Angello)
• 2007: "Lick My Deck" (with John Dahlback)
• 2007: "Get Dumb" (with Axwell, Steve Angello & Laidback Luke)
• 2007: "Umbrella" (with Steve Angello)
• 2008: "IT" (with Steve Angello & Laidback Luke)
• 2008: "Partouze" (with Steve Angello)
• 2008: "555" (with Steve Angello) (2008)
• 2009: "Meich" (with Dirty South)
• 2012: "Eclipse (Why Am I Doing This)" (with Alesso & Steve Angello)
• 2012: "Calling" (feat.Ryan Tedder with Alesso)

Solo

• 2000: "Par Telephone"
• 2004: "Mode Machine" (EP)
• 2004: "Hook Da Mode" (EP)
• 2005: "Body Beat"
• 2005: "Walk Talk Acid"
• 2005: "Mode Machine"
• 2006: "Infatuation of a Dancing Belmun"
• 2006: "Stockholm Disco" (EP)
• 2008: "Chaa Chaa"
• 2008: "Fired UP"/"Click"
• 2009: "Kidsos"
• 2009: "Laktos"

Productions[link]

• 2008: Lazee - "Can't Change Me"
• 2008: Lazee - "Rock Away"
• 2009: Kid Sister - "Right Hand Hi"
• 2010: Kylie Minogue - "Cupid Boy"

Remixes[link]

2002

• Sheridan - Wants Vs. Needs
• Robyn - Keep This Fire Burnin

2003

• Arcade Mode - Your Love (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)

2004

• Dukes Of Sluca - Don't Stop: Remixes
• Steve Angello - Acid / Euro
• Eric Prydz - Call On Me (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• StoneBridge - Put 'Em High (Steve Angello & Sebastian Ingrosso Remix)

2005

• In-N-Out - EQ-Lizer (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• Steve Lawler - That Sound (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• Robbie Rivera & StoneBridge - One Eye Shut (Steve Angello & Sebastian Ingrosso Remix)
• Naughty Queen - Famous & Rich (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• Sahara - Everytime I Feel It (Steve Angello Remix)
• Full Blown - Some Kinda Freak
• Modern, The - Industry
• Joachim Garraud - Rock The Choice (Sebastian Ingrosso Remix)
• Moby - Dream About Me
• Tony Senghore - Peace (Sebastian Ingrosso Remix)
• Ernesto Vs Bastian - Dark Side Of The Moon (with Axwell)
• Deep Dish - Say Hello (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• Röyksopp - 49 Percent (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• Alex Neri - Housetrack
• DJ Flex And Sandy W - Love For You (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)

2006

• Ultra DJ's - Me & U (Steve Angello & Sebastian Ingrosso Edit)
• Justin Timberlake - My Love (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• Eric Prydz vs. Floyd - Proper Education
• Julien Jabre - Swimming Places (Sebastian Ingrosso Re-Edit)

2007

• Robbie Rivera - One Eye Shut (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)
• Hard-Fi - Suburban Knights (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)

2008

• Felix Da Housecat ft P Diddy - Jack U (Angello & Ingrosso Remix)

2010

• Mohombi - Bumpy Ride
• Miike Snow - Silvia (Sebastian Ingrosso & Dirty South Remix)

2011

• Benny Benassi feat. Chris Brown - Beautiful People (Sebastian Ingrosso Edit)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sebastian Ingrosso discography at Discogs
• Sebastian Ingrosso on Myspace
• Sebastian Ingrosso on Twitter