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Kedah
—  State  —
Kedah Darul Aman
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota (English:"God Save the Crowned Sultan")
Kedah in    Malaysia
Coordinates: 6°07′42″N 100°21′46″E / 6.12833°N 100.36278°E / 6.12833; 100.36278Coordinates: 6°07′42″N 100°21′46″E / 6.12833°N 100.36278°E / 6.12833; 100.36278
Capital	Alor Setar
Royal capital	Anak Bukit
Government
• Sultan	Sultan Abdul Halim
• Menteri Besar	Azizan Abdul Razak (PR)
Area[1]
• Total	9,500 km2 (3,700 sq mi)
Population (2010)[2]
• Total	1,890,098
• Density	199/km2 (520/sq mi)
Human Development Index
• HDI (2010)	0.670 (medium) (12th)
Postal code	02xxx 05xxx to 09xxx
Calling code	04
Vehicle registration	K (Mainland Kedah) KV (Langkawi Island)
British control	1909
Japanese occupation	1942
Accession into Federation of Malaya	1948
Website	http://www.kedah.gov.my

Kedah (also known by its honorific, Darul Aman, or "Abode of Peace"^{[citation needed]}) is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km², and it consists of the mainland and Langkawi. The mainland has a relatively flat terrain, which is used to grow rice. Langkawi is an archipelago of islands, most of which are uninhabited. Kedah was called Saiburi (Thai: ไทรบุรี) by the Siamese when it was under their influence.^[3]

Kedah borders the state of Perlis and shares an international boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand to the north. It also borders the state of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest.

The state's capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in Anak Bukit. Other major towns include Sungai Petani, and Kulim on the mainland, and Kuah on Langkawi.

History[link]

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Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of Bujang Valley.

Archaeological evidence found in Bujang Valley reveals that a Hindu–Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient Kedah possibly as early as 110 A.D. The discovery of temples, jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and clay brick monuments dating back to 110 A.D shows that a maritime trading route with south Indian Tamil kingdoms was already established since that time.^[4] The discoveries in Bujang Valley also made the ancient Kedah as the oldest civilization of Southeast Asia.^[5]

Reference to ancient Kedah was first mentioned in a Tamil poem Paṭṭiṉappālai written at the end of 2nd century A.D. It described goods from Kadaram "heaped together in the broad streets" of Chola capital. Other than Kadaram, Kedah was known with different names at varying times in Indian literature; Kataha-Nagara (in Kaumudi Mahotsava drama), Anda-Kataha (in Agni Purana), Kataha-Dvipa (in Samarāiccakahā), and Kataha (in Kathasaritsagara).^[6] In the middle eastern literature, ancient Kedah was referred as Qilah by Ibn Khordadbeh in Kitāb al Masālik w’al Mamālik, Kalah-Bar by Soleiman Siraf & Abu Zaid al Hassan in Silsilat-al-Tawarikh (travels in Asia), and Kalah by Abu-Dulaf Misa'r Ibn Muhalhil in Al-Risalah al-thaniyah.^[7] The famous Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk, Yi Jing who visited Malay archipelago between 688-695, also mentioned about a kingdom known as Ka-Cha in the northern part of Malay peninsular, which according to him was 30 days sail from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribogha (Srivijaya).^[8]

According to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or the Kedah Annals, Kedah was founded by a Hindu king named Merong Mahawangsa. According to the text further, the Sultanate of Kedah started in year 1136 when King Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam and adopted the name Sultan Mudzafar Shah.

In the 7th and 8th centuries, Kedah was under the loose control of Srivijaya,^[9]. In 1025, the city was conquered by Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, who occupied it for some time.^[10] It later under Siam, until it was conquered by the Malay sultanate of Melaka in the 15th century. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese after their conquest of Melaka, and by Aceh. In the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, the sultan handed over Penang and then Province Wellesley to the British at the end of the 18th century. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821,^[11] and it remained under Siamese control until transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.

In World War II, Kedah (along with Kelantan) was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan. The Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah was a reluctant addition to the Federation of Malaya in 1948.

Since 1958, the hereditary Sultan of Kedah has been Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah. The Kedah Sultanate began when the 9th Kedah Maharaja Derbar Raja AD) converted to Islam and changed his name to Sultan Mudzafar Shah I. Since then there have been 27 Sultans who ruled Kedah. The Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) is currently Datuk Seri Azizan Abdul Razak of (Pakatan Rakyat-PAS)

Kedah OnLine Kedah On Line KedahOnLine ©®™ Kedah Darulaman Kedah Darul Aman Malaysia www.kedahonline.com

Geography[link]

Menara Alor Setar is the tallest tower in Kedah.

Kedah is the 8th largest state by land area and 8th most populated state in Malaysia, with a total land area of 9,500 km² (3,700 sq mi),^[12] and a population of 1,890,098.^[13]

The Pedu Lake is the largest man-made lake in the state.

Demographics[link]

Kedah has a relatively heterogeneous populace constituted by the three major ethnic groups; the Malays, Chinese and Indians, similar to most of the other Malaysian states.

There are 1,336,352 Malays (who make up about 75.5% of the state's population), 252,987 Chinese (or 14.2%), 122,911 Indians (or 6.9%), 35,293 non-citizens (or 1.9%) and 27,532 people from other ethnic groups (or 1.5%) in the state.^{[citation needed]}

Government and politics[link]

Kedah's Constitution was promulgated by its Ruler in July 1950. The various provisions laid down in the Constitution include the role and powers of the Monarch, the State Parliament and the State's Civil Service.

The Sultan of Kedah is the constitutional ruler of the State. His position is hereditary and he holds office for life. The Ruler is the head of the religion of Islam in the State and the executive power of the state government is vested in him. The current Sultan is Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah, who has reigned since 1958.

The State Executive Council, which along with the Sultan is Kedah's executive branch of government. It is composed of the Menteri Besar, who is its chairman and Kedah's head of government, and ten other members. The Menteri Besar and other members of the council are appointed by the Sultan of Kedah from members of the Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Assembly). The current Menteri Besar is Dato' Seri Azizan Abdul Razak, of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (also referred to as Parti Islam Se-Malaysia or PAS).

List of Chief Ministers[link]

Kedah State Assembly[link]

• See Also:Breakdown of State Seats Representatives elected 2008

The state also has a legislative branch, called the State assembly. It is similar to the Parliament but is limited to making laws relating to the state. Its members are elected in elections which are usually held simultaneously with federal elections. The term of each state assembly member is limited to five years. The state assembly must be dissolved before or once it expires its term for a fresh election to elect its members.

1. Kedah Land dan Mineral Office

Administration[link]

Administrative divisions[link]

Modern Kedah is divided into 12 administrative districts or "daerah" in Malay. These 12 districts, are further divided into administrative Municipal councils (Majlis Bandaraya/Perbandaran and Daerah):

• Baling

1. Majlis Daerah Baling (MDB)

• Bandar Baharu contains Serdang

1. Majlis Daerah Bandar Baharu (MDBB)

• Kota Setar, contains Alor Setar

1. Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar (MBAS)

• Kuala Muda contains Sungai Petani

1. Majlis Perbandaran Sungai Petani (MPSPK)

• Kubang Pasu

1. Majlis Daerah Kubang Pasu (MDKP)

• Kulim

1. Majlis Perbandaran Kulim (MPK)
2. Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Perindustrian Hi-Tech Kulim (HI-TECH Kulim)

• Pulau Langkawi contains Kuah

1. Majlis Perbandaran Langkawi Bandaraya Pelancongan (MPLBP)

• Padang Terap

1. Majlis Daerah Padang Terap (MDPT)

• Pendang

1. Majlis Daerah Pendang (MDP)

• Pokok Sena

1. Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar (MBAS)

• Sik

1. Majlis Daerah Sik (MDS)

• Yan

1. Majlis Daerah Yan (MDY)

Economy[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Kedah is considered the "rice bowl" (Malay: Jelapang Padi) of Malaysia, accounting for one third of Malaysia's total production of rice.^{[citation needed]} Tourism, particularly on the island of Langkawi is of growing importance.

More recently, Kedah has forged its economy towards the automotive and aerospace industries with Modenas and Asian Composites setting up bases here. One of the main advantages is the low labour costs and the infrastructure in place with the North-South Expressway and the Penang International Airport close by. In 1996, the Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) was officially opened as the first high technology industrial park in Malaysia. The Park comprises a total land area of approximately 14.5 square kilometres (5.6 mi²). Many local and foreign companies, such as Intel, Fuji Electric, SilTerra, Infineon, First Solar, AIC Semiconductor, and Showa Denko are operating their manufacturing plants in the site since then.^{[citation needed]}

According to the Ninth Malaysia Plan, this economic area is part of the Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER). The Northern Corridor Economic Region is one of three development regions formed in Peninsular Malaysia; other development regions being the Iskandar Malaysia (or South Johor Economic Region) and the East Coast Development Region.

• Hi-techkulim.jpg

  Entrance to KHTP

• Khtpbusiness.JPG

  KHTP Business Centre

• Khtpbusiness2.JPG

  KHTP Business Centre

• Khtp business centre.jpg

  KHTP Business Centre

• Intelkulim.jpg

  Intel in KHTP

• Infinionkulim.jpg

  Infineon Technologies in KHTP

• FirstSolarKulim.jpg

  First Solar in KHTP

• Celestica.jpg

  Celestica in KHTP

• Inokom1.jpg

  Inokom Corporation Berhad in nearby Padang Meha, Padang Serai

• Inokom2.jpg

  Car manufacture/assembly by Inokom Corporation Berhad

Education[link]

Public universities and colleges[link]

The state has a campus of Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), which is located in Bandar Baru Sintok. It was formally incorporated on 16 February 1984. The University was established with the specific mission of providing a leadership role for management education in the country. The academic establishments in UUM include College of Business (COB), College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS) and College of Arts and Sciences (CAS).

Kedah also has several public universities and colleges such as Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) in Merbok, the Malaysian Spanish Institute of Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL MSI) and the Polytechnic Institute of Sultanah Bahiyah (PSB) in Kulim, the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST University) in Bedong, Kolej Universiti Insaniah (KUIN) in Mergong and the Polytechnic Institute of Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (POLIMAS) in Jitra.

There are 2 teacher training institution in Kedah, Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim (IPGKSAH) in Sungai Petani and Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Darul Aman (IPGKDA) in Bandar Darulaman that are set up by the government to provide teaching courses for trainee teachers.

Private universities and colleges[link]

Private universities and colleges that are located in Kedah include the Open University of Malaysia (OUM) Regional Learning Center for the state of Kedah and Perlis at Sungai Petani, the Albukhary International University in Alor Setar, Pusat Bahasa Titian Jaya the PTPL College and the Cosmopoint College.

Technical institutes[link]

Kedah houses three technical institutes that are affiliated with MARA, that is Institut Kemahiran MARA Sungai Petani, Institut Kemahiran MARA Alor Setar and Institut Kemahiran MARA Sik.

Boarding schools[link]

This state also has several boarding schools such as Sekolah Berasrama Penuh and MARA Junior Science College or MRSM.

Private and Public Schools[link]

Consists of several private and public primary school or secondary school. Public secondary school such as Keat Hwa Secondary School, Convent Secondary School (Formerly known as St. Nicholas Convent Secondary School), Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid,Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Badlishah, Sin Min Secondary School, Chio Min Secondary School,SMK Sultanah Asma, SMK Convent Father Barre, SMK Khir Johari, SMK Aman Jaya, SMK Bedong, SMK Bakar Arang, SMK Darulaman, SMK Ibrahim, SMK Jitra, SMK Mahsuri, SMK Tunku Panglima Besar, Keat Hwa Secondary School and etc. Private secondary school such as Keat Hwa High School, Sin Min High School and SM Sin Min.

Tourism[link]

Masjid Zahir built in 1912

Tourism is mainly concentrated on Langkawi Island, the largest island in the archipelago. There are some places of interest on the mainland as well.

Kedah Mainland[link]

• Balai Nobat
• Bukit Kayu Hitam
• Balai Seni Negeri
• Batu Hampar Waterfall
• Junjong Waterfall
• Kota Kuala Kedah
• Lata Mengkuang Waterfall
• Lembah Bujang Archaeological Park
• Rumah Merdeka
• Seri Perigi Waterfall
• Sungai Merbok Recreation Park
• Sungai Sedim Tree Top Walk
• Ulu Muda Eco Park
• Ulu Paip Recreational Forest
• Hutan Paya Laut
• Ulu Legong Hot Springs
• Titi Hayun Waterfall
• Kulim
• Gunung Jerai

Langkawi[link]

The Langkawi International Airport is located at Padang Matsirat and it is also considered a tourist attraction as the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition takes place every 2 years near the airport. The airport handled almost 1.2 million passengers and over 41,000 aircraft movements in 2008. It serves as the primary gateway into Langkawi.

In 2007, Langkawi Island was given a World Geopark status by UNESCO.^[14]

Sports[link]

In 2006, Kedah hosted the 11th Sukma Games. The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the Darul Aman Stadium in Alor Setar.

Sport Facilities

400 meters track
Darul Aman Stadium, Alor Setar, Kedah
SMK TATAR, Jitra, Kedah
UUM Sport Center, Sintok, Kedah
LADA Stadium, Langkawi, Kedah

Bibliography[link]

• James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (1985)

See also[link]

• 2005 Malaysian haze
• Kedah FA
• Breakdown of State Seats Representatives, elected in 2008

References[link]

	Perlis	Songkhla Province,  Thailand	Yala Province,  Thailand
	Straits of Malacca
		Kedah    East
	Penang		Perak

v t e Kedah Darul Aman Districts Baling Bandar Baharu Kota Setar Kuala Muda Kubang Pasu Kulim Langkawi Padang Terap Pendang Pokok Sena Sik Yan City Alor Setar (capital) Towns Anak Bukit Baling Bedong Bukit Kayu Hitam Bukit Selambau Changlun Guar Chempedak Gurun Jeniang Jitra Kepala Batas Kodiang Kota Sarang Semut Sungai Lalang Sungai Limau Kuah Kuala Kedah Kuala Ketil Kuala Pegang Kuala Nerang Kulim Langgar Lunas Merbok Padang Matsirat Padang Serai Pendang Pokok Sena Serdang Sik Sintok Sungai Petani Tokai Yan Townships Bandar Laguna Merbok Bandar Puteri Jaya Bandar Darulaman Lagenda Height Bandar Baru Mergong Tandop Baru Bandar Amanjaya Bandar Stargate Bandar Starcity Bandar Sejahtera Bandar Ambangan Islands Pulau Bidan Pulau Bunting Pulau Dayang Bunting Pulau Langkawi Pulau Payar Pulau Songsong Pulau Telor Pulau Tuba

v t e States and federal territories of Malaysia States Johor Kedah Kelantan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Perak Perlis Penang Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu Federal Territories Kuala Lumpur Labuan Putrajaya

The Bus Uncle is a Cantonese YouTube viral video clip of a quarrel between two men aboard a bus in Hong Kong on 27 April 2006. While the older man, who came to be nicknamed the Bus Uncle, scolded the man seated behind him, a nearby passenger used a camera phone to record the entire incident. The resulting six-minute video^[1] was uploaded to the Hong Kong Golden Forum, YouTube, and Google Videos. The clip became YouTube's most viewed video in May 2006,^[2] attracting viewers with its rhetorical outbursts and copious use of profanity by the older man, receiving 1.7 million hits in the first 3 weeks of that month.^[3]

The video became a cultural sensation in Hong Kong, inspiring vigorous debate and discussion on lifestyle, etiquette, civic awareness and media ethics within the city, eventually attracting the attention of the media around the world.

Incident[link]

The incident took place aboard a Kowloon Motor Bus route 68X bus en route to Yuen Long.

The video depicts the incident that took place on the upper deck of a double decker^[2] Kowloon Motor Bus, Route no. 68X^[4] en route to Yuen Long, Hong Kong at approximately 11:00 pm on 27 April 2006.^[5] It began when a young bespectacled male passenger tapped the shoulder of a middle-aged man in front of him who was chatting on his mobile phone, asking the man to lower his voice. The older man later claimed that when he was tapped on the shoulder, he was under stress from an argument with his girlfriend and was calling the Samaritans. However, the younger man said that he was in fact merely chatting with friends.^[6] The older man turned around^[3] and started a monologue, ranting about being unnecessarily provoked under stress.^[2] The younger man, who seldom talked back, expressed a desire to end the discussion. However, the middle-aged man insisted that the matter was not settled and requested an apology from him. The younger man apologised, reluctantly shook hands, and also warned the older man regarding the use of mother insults.^[7] This last warning resulted in more profanities from the older man.^[3] The video ends with the older man receiving a phone call.^[8]

Video[link]

The video was shot by a 21-year-old accountant and part-time psychology student identified as Jon Fong Wing Hang (Chinese: 方穎恆).^[4] In a radio station phone-in on 25 May 2006, Fong said he recorded the incident on a mobile phone in case the abusive man became violent. He claimed there was a second video yet to be posted online in which the younger man fought back by making fun of "Bus Uncle" with a friend on the phone.^[9] However, Fong "told reporters that he often takes videos as a hobby, and had just planned to share this one with friends."^[4] The video clip has English subtitles which, while erroneous in parts, never stray far from the general tenor of the Cantonese version.^[10]

The "Bus Uncle" title for the video was coined by members of an Internet forum in reference to the older man in the video. In Hong Kong, it is common to refer to an older man as "Uncle" (阿叔), hence the English translation "The Bus Uncle". Lam's name appears as part of the title of the original video.^[1] Contrary to reports in Western media,^[4][8][11] the word "Uncle" (阿叔) was not used.^[12]

On 28 May 2006, this incident was mentioned on the main evening news on TVB, as well as Cable TV news.^[13] News of the video clip has penetrated Western media and has been widely syndicated, and reported in prominent international journals in late May 2006, such as Channel NewsAsia, CNN, and The Wall Street Journal.^[2][7][14]

Characters[link]

As the video became well-known, reporters located the "Bus Uncle" near the end of the 68X bus route. He was found to be Roger Chan Yuet Tung (Chinese: 陳乙東; pinyin: Chén Yǐdōng), a 51-year-old restaurant worker who resides in Yuen Long.^[8][14] On 23 May 2006, 23-year-old property agent Elvis Ho Yui Hei (Chinese: 何銳熙; pinyin: Hé Ruìxī,^[8] previously misidentified as "Alvin" or "Elvin") called a talk show on Commercial Radio Hong Kong claiming to be the young man involved in the argument.^[15]

Roger Chan[link]

Chan lives by himself, with rare contact with his family, though he has a girlfriend in Mong Kok. He has been unemployed for more than ten years, living off welfare payments.^[16] After his identity was revealed, Chan was criticised for reportedly demanding remuneration for interviews.^[17]

Elvis Ho[link]

Ho often takes long bus rides home, frequently asking passengers to lower their voices so he can nap. Despite being threatened, Ho said he forgave "Bus Uncle" and sympathised with whatever stress the older man was suffering.^[5] He said his patience throughout the ordeal was inspired by t'ai chi ch'uan.^[7]

Aftermath[link]

Sing Tao Daily reported that Chan visited Ho's office on 31 May 2006 in Mong Kok to apologise for the dispute and to initiate a business proposal for the duo to hold a "Bus Uncle Rave Party". Chan was quickly rejected and expelled by Ho, who expressed outrage towards the journalists who arranged the meeting and threatened legal action against the press.^[18]

Ming Pao opined that the use of profanity by the "Bus Uncle" and threatening behaviour theoretically contravened the general code of conduct of bus passengers,^[19] and that he had violated two public order laws – Section 46(1)(a), (n)(ii)^[20] and 57(1)^[21] of the Road Traffic (Public Service Vehicles) Regulations,^[22] and Section 17B(2) of the Public Order Ordinance – which potentially carried financial penalties and imprisonment.^[23]

Next Magazine journalists interviewed Chan at his home in Yuen Long, and his interview became the magazine's cover story on 1 June 2006.^[24] On 7 June 2006, Chan, who had been hired as a Public Relations officer in the Steak Expert restaurant chain, was physically assaulted while on duty in front of witnesses by three unidentified masked men who then fled the scene.^[14] He sustained severe injuries to his eyes and face and was admitted to the emergency department for treatment. The restaurant owner, Mr. Lee, then faced pressure from his wife and daughter to fire Chan due to magazine allegations of Chan's exploits in a Shenzhen karaoke hostess bar. Chan resigned after the owner's wife took a drug overdose ostensibly to force the issue.^[25]

Social impact[link]

Effects on popular culture[link]

Some of Chan's phrases are now frequently used, mimicked, and parodied in Hong Kong, particularly by teenagers.^[28][29] 「你有壓力，我有壓力」 (You have pressure, I have pressure), 「未解決！」 (It's not settled!) have become catchphrases on Internet forums, posters, and radio programmes.^[7][30] Various music videos have been created using the catchphrases, including pop,^[4] karaoke, rap, dance and disco remixes.^[2] There have also been parodies of an apology, "re-enactments" of the incident with video game characters, composite pictures, movie posters, and versions involving Darth Vader and Adagio for Strings.^[4] Merchandise such as cartoon T-shirts and mobile phone ringtones have also been produced and sold on the Internet.^[7][30]

In June 2006, TVB television made a parody of the Bus Uncle video in promoting its coverage of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, featuring its sports commentator Lam Sheung Yee (林尚義), whose voice resembles Chan's, on a bus playing the role of the Bus Uncle. In the advertisement, a passenger sitting behind Lam Sheung Yee (played by Lam Man Chung) questions whether Lam Sheung Yee feels pressured for his responsibilities in the upcoming World Cup, which would be his last TV appearance before retirement. Turning around, Lam replies that there is no pressure and emphasises the issue (i.e. the viewers' demand for World Cup coverage) has been resolved. The passenger then offers to shake hands with Lam Sheung Yee, calling for a truce.^[31]

In addition, sitcoms of ATV and TVB imitated the video in argument scenes. In episode 67 of the TVB sitcom Welcome to the House (高朋滿座), the young bespectacled main character tried to stop a man from talking too loudly on the mobile phone in the cinema. As a result, he was harshly rebuked by the man. Once his family knew about the incident from a video uploaded on the Internet, they taught the character to be more assertive and not to allow himself to be bullied. In the end, he was able to stand up to the same man when they met again in the cinema and remove him from the premises.^[32]

Stress in Hong Kong[link]

Although many found the video humorous and entertaining, others warned that it hinted at a more alarming and sinister prognosis of life in stress-filled Hong Kong, particularly inside buses, nicknamed "flying cars of death"^[7] and other overcrowded areas. Lee Sing, director of the Hong Kong Mood Disorders Centre at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, warned that Hong Kong's high-stress working environments are spawning a city-full of "Bus Uncles". Lee estimated that one of every 50 Hongkongers suffers from intermittent explosive disorder,^[2] turning one into a "ticking time bomb" of rage and violence.^[33]

Journalism professor and Internet expert Anthony Fung Ying-him also attributed the popularity of the low-resolution video of a "trivial event" to the emotional climate of the city.^[33] While other viral videos are favoured by specific demographics, this one spread widely due to its universal^[34] expression of "the true feelings of ordinary people."^[2]

On the other hand, Ho Kwok Leung, an applied social science lecturer at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, held that attention surrounding the video reflected the boring lives of Hong Kong people. With few interesting topics to discuss, they savour the pleasure of spreading information to a vast audience and the creation of Internet memes. Furthermore, the banning of the use of some video catchphrases in certain schools made the incident more appealing. This lifestyle, according to Leung, is fertile ground for the cultivation of a "video clip culture".^[35]

Civic awareness concerns[link]

Ah Nong (阿濃, J: aa3 nung4, P: Ā Nóng), a popular literary figure and artist in Hong Kong, believed that the incident highlighted the apathy of the common Hong Kong people. He emphasised that during the heated exchange between Chan and Ho, not a single bystander came to Ho's aid. He recalled an incident a few years back where he confronted a man smoking on the lower deck of a bus and was scolded for the rest of the journey. He said it was useless to complain to the bus driver who would not bother to waste his time, let alone the other passengers. Ah Nong argued that in such a society, a person can be accused of wrongdoing despite good intentions.^[36]

There was support for Ho's desire for a lower volume as well as sympathy for the stress felt by the "Bus Uncle."^[37] Others maintained that Chan's actions were atypical of etiquette in Hong Kong.^[7] Apple Tse Ho Yi, minister of the Hong Kong Christian Service, carried out a survey of 506 students over the age of 12 following the incident. Of the respondents who claim they regularly encountered people speaking loudly on the phone on buses, only 47% said they would intervene by talking to the phone user or alerting the driver. Reasons for inaction include fear, apathy and inability to solve the problem. On civic awareness, the majority of the respondents did not consider chatting loudly on the phone to be wrong. Tse concluded that the current generation of Hong Kong young people have poor civic awareness, and it is natural that disputes often occur due to inconsideration.^[38][39] Speaking about the incident on Commercial Radio, Journalist Chip Tsao described Chan's behaviour as "noise raping" and said that the incident was a manifestation of underlying social tension as well as the mindset of a "common Hongkonger". He criticised Ho as being a stereotype of present-day Hong Kong youth – speechless and too weak.^[40]

The fact that Chan was runner-up "Person of the Year" announced by Radio Television Hong Kong indicated that it might have struck a chord with the general population.^[37] Ng Fung Sheung, a social science lecturer of the City University of Hong Kong, explained that Hong Kong people tend to chat loudly in public places. She attributed this phenomenon to the television screens found in many vehicles and trains, which broadcast programmes at high volumes. She suggested that the government should provide better civic education for the public to make them more considerate of others. When it comes to schools which banned the usage of catch phrases like "I'm stressed!" Ng stated that teachers must be able to distinguish whether the students really face pressure or are simply following the trend, and provide guidance if necessary.^[28]

Criticism of media ethics[link]

Some denied that any social insight could be gleaned from the video clip, arguing that the frenzy was artificially created by sensationalist newspapers in order to boost circulation and profits. Clement So York-kee, Director of the School of Journalism at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, warned that methods to uncover the incident between Chan and Ho "did not seem to ... [involve the] traditional practice of news reporting."^[34] For example, several media outlets offered rewards on unmasking Bus Uncle's identity. In late May 2006, a group of journalists and photographers initiated and followed Chan's second meeting with Ho. After Ho's refusal, they brought Bus Uncle to a dinner and karaoke session.^[26] Although the session was widely reported, many believed it was artificially created news and unworthy of front-page attention.^[41]

Ta Kung Pao stated that the Bus Uncle incident tested the professionalism of the Hong Kong mass media, its editorial noting that Chan sought remuneration for interviews and made many extraordinary claims about himself which were published without verification. The editorial concluded by advising journalists not to fabricate news, but instead to emphasise the verifiability of stories and consider carefully whether an incident is newsworthy.^[42]

Others held that the frenzy was not the product of a media conspiracy, but rather a reflection of the public's curiosity and Hong Kong's competitive consumer-driven media market.^[34] The situation also allowed camera phone marketers to highlight the potential comedic value and draw attention away from privacy concerns.^[26]

In the aftermath, other such videos appeared including a woman at Hong Kong's airport who was driven into a hysterical panic after missing her flight. That video was viewed 750,000 times in five days.^[43]

See also[link]

	Hong Kong portal
	Internet portal

• AC Transit Bus fight, a similar confrontation on a bus in Oakland, California

References[link]

External links[link]

• Fong, Wing Hang (29 April 2006). "X尚義聲線高壓呀叔搭巴士途中問候後生仔 (the original "Bus Uncle" video)" (in Cantonese). YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H20dhY01Xjk. 
• Fong, Wing Hang (11 May 2006). "巴士阿叔 – Bus Uncle (雙語字幕 – Bilingual Subtitles)" (in Cantonese and English subtitles). YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSHziqJWYcM. 
• 「巴士判官」的啟示．一^{[dead link]} (Chinese)
• 「巴士判官」的啟示．二^{[dead link]} (Chinese)
• 「巴士判官」的啟示．三^{[dead link]} (Chinese)

Baddrol Bakhtiar

Baddrol Bakhtiaar (Left) with Mohd Norhafiz Zamani Misbah (Right)
Personal information
Date of birth	(1988-02-01) February 1, 1988 (age 24)
Place of birth	Sabah, Malaysia
Height	1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)
Playing position	Winger/Attacking Midfielder
Number	7
Youth career
2005–2006	Kedah FA President Cup
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2006–	Kedah FA	112	(33)
National team‡
2005–2007	Malaysia U-20
2008–	Malaysia U-23	13	(5)
2009–	Malaysia	21	(6)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of June 29, 2011

Baddrol Bakhtiar (born February 1, 1988 in Sabah) is a Malaysian footballer who plays for Kedah FA in the Malaysia Super League. He is usually employed in the right side of the midfield role, although he has often been deployed as a left-sided midfielder. He also a member of Malaysia national, Malaysia U-23 and former Malaysia U-20 squad.

Career[link]

Baddrol started out playing for the Kedah FA President Cup squad. He was noticed by Kedah's scouts and joined the Canaries' SUKMA 2006 silver medalists starting eleven. After his performance in SUKMA, Baddrol signed his first professional contract with Kedah on November 2006.

Baddrol has been promoted to the senior team starting from the 2006/07 M.League season and established himself in Kedah's first team squad, competing with K. Soley as a right winger and Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri in the left side.

Nevertheless, after K. Soley left Kedah to join their local rivals, Perlis FA, he proved himself as one of the best young talent of the Kedah youth system. Starting from the 2007–08 season, Baddrol became a first team regular for Mohd Azraai Khor Abdullah's squad and performed well with his ability to terrorise defenders in the Super League with his pace and trickery with the ball.

In the 2007–08 season, he scored 14 goals throughout the season – eight goals in the Malaysian Super League, two goals in the Malaysia FA Cup, Malaysia Cup and AFC Cup.

For the 2011 season, Baddrol became the team top scorer with 9 goals. Baddrol also scored a powerful long range goal against Terengganu FA.

Trials[link]

On April 6, 2008, Gifted Group chairman Jonathan Price fulfilled his promise to let Baddrol and his former Kedah teammate Mohd Bunyamin Umar train for two weeks with Chelsea FC at Stamford Bridge alongside their youngsters and their more senior players such as Shaun Wright-Phillips, Tal Ben Haim, Steve Sidwell and Nicolas Anelka.

In August 2011, There was a rumours that the English Premier League club, Wigan Athletic FC has offered Baddrol a trial, but the trial is yet to be confirm by Wigan Official's.^[1][2] It was later confirmed that the trial was not true and only rumors.

National team[link]

Baddrol, alongside his teammates Abdul Hadi Abdul Hamid, Mohd Sabre Mat Abu and Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri, Muhammad Shafiq Jamal and Mohd Bunyamin Umar earned their first call-up in 2005 to the Malaysia U-20. He made his youth international match debut in AFC Youth Championship 2006 qualifying round on December 12, 2005 against Myanmar at Kuala Lumpur as Malaysia beat Myanmar 4–2. After qualifying to the final round in Bangalore, Baddrol however scored an own goal and Malaysia went down to Vietnam 1–2 in their opening match in October 30, 2006.

Baddrol was also a part of Malaysia U-19 squad for the 2007 Champions Youth Cup. His action in a match against Chelsea wooed the Chelsea coaching staff who gave him a chance to train at Stamford Bridge.

He made his full international debut against Kenya on August 12, 2009. He scored his first goal for the senior team in the match against Uzbekistan on November 18, 2009. He also part of the 2009 Southeast Asian Games winning squad.

Baddrol captained the Malaysia Olympic team and led them into winning the gold medal at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games.

International goals[link]

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	November 18, 2009	National Stadium, Bukit Jalil	Uzbekistan	1–3	1–3 (L)	2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification
2.	February 27, 2010	National Stadium, Bukit Jalil	Yemen	1–0	1–0 (W)	Friendly Match
3.	June 18, 2011	Sultan Mohammad IV Stadium	Myanmar	2–0	2–0 (W)	Friendly Match

Under-23 International goals[link]

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	October 21, 2011	My Dinh Stadium	Myanmar	2–1	2–1 (W)	2011 VFF CUP
2.	October 23, 2011	My Dinh Stadium	Vietnam	1–1	1–1 (D)	2011 VFF CUP
3.	November 9, 2011	Gelora Bung Karno Stadium	Thailand	2–1	2–1 (W)	2011 SEA Games
4.	November 13, 2011	Gelora Bung Karno Stadium	Cambodia	4–1	4–1 (W)	2011 SEA Games
5.	November 21, 2011	Gelora Bung Karno Stadium	Indonesia	1–1	5–4 (W)	2011 SEA Games

Personal life[link]

His parent from Negeri Sembilan, his father worked in Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (ATM), Baddrol was born in Sabah, after that his family moved to Sungai Petani Camp, now they stay at Sungai Petani until now.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Baddrol Bakhtiar at National-Football-Teams.com