The Bani Utbah (Arabic: بني عتبة‎ banī ʿUtbah) is a tribe, or tribal federation of Arab clans that originated from the region of Najd in central Arabia. The tribe is thought to have been formed when a group of disparate clans migrated from Najd to the Persian Gulf coast sometime in the late seventeenth century.Utub (Arabic: العتوب‎ ʿutūb) is the plural name and the singular is Al-Utbi (Arabic: العتبي‎ al-ʿUtbī ). The current ruling families of Bahrain the Al Khalifa and Kuwait (the Al-Sabah belong to the 'Utub, though genealogically they trace their descent to the 'Anizzah confederation. Other families of the 'Utub include Al-Fadhil, Al-Roumi, Al-Zayed, and Al-Jalahma are largely based in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The name has been traced to the Arabic "atab" meaning "wanderer", referring to their migration into the Gulf area in 1744.^[1] .

See also[link]

• Origin of the Bani Utbah tribe
• 1783 Bani Utbah Liberation of Bahrain
• History of Kuwait: The Anazia and Bani Utbah (Early Migration and Settlement)
• Zubarah
• Ahmed Al-Fateh
• Murair
• History of Bahrain
• History of Qatar

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Al Bin Ali website

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (January 2008)

Hind bint ‘Utbah (هند بنت عتبة) was an Arab woman who lived in the late 6th and early 7th centuries CE; she was the wife of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, a powerful man of Mecca, in western Arabia. Both Abu Sufyan and Hind originally opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was the mother of Muawiyah I, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, and of Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan, who was one of Muhammad's wives. Her status as a Sahaba (companion of Muhammad) remains questioned because of actions she took against the Muslim community before her conversion, particularly an incident of alleged battlefield cannibalism.

Life[link]

She was born in Mecca, daughter of one of the most prominent leaders of the Quraysh, Utba ibn Rabi'ah. She had two brothers: Abu-Hudhayfah ibn Utbah and Walid ibn Utba.

It is not known exactly when she married Abu Sufyan, one of the leading authorities in the tribe of Quraysh, but it is most probable that the marriage occurred in her early years of youth.

Controversies from Shia Sources[link]

Hind is infamous in Islamic history for her exultation at the defeat of the Muslims at the Battle of Uhud when she ate the liver of Muhammad's slain uncle Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib. Although she later converted to Islam, the founder of the Umayyad Caliphate was thus later slandered to be an illegitimate son of a cannibal. Even in the modern age, arguments continue to be raised about whether Hind bint ‘Utbah was a Sahaba or not because of her pre-Islamic actions.^{[citation needed]}

In the earlier Sunni reference Istīʻāb fī Maʻrifat al-Aṣḥāb, Islamic scholar Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr (978-1071) lists summaries for the biographies of the Sahaba, and Hind is indeed mentioned as one of Muhammad's Sahaba.^{[citation needed]}

Alleged claims about adultery[link]

Shīʻī scholars quote earlier sources which claim that Hind had relations with men other than her husband Abu Sufyan, and that her son Mu'awiya might have been the result of any of those illegitimate relations.

In relation to the birth of Muawiya, four men were viewed to have been his father Umar ibn Walid, Musafir Abu Umar, Abu Sufyan and another fourth individual.^[1]

Other scholars say that she became pregnant from Abu Sufyan out of wedlock and Abu Sufyan was bribed to marry her.^[1]

When in the time of Fath Makka (conquest of Mecca), Abu Sufyan's wife Hind went to Muhammad to embrace Islam, and she asked him what her duties as a Muslim woman would be. So among the others, Muhammad told her that a Muslim woman must not steal or commit adultery. Hind then replied in a shock "And do free women (wives who are not slaves) also steal and commit adultery?^[2]

Claims that Hind ate the liver of Hamza[link]

During the Battle of Uhud, Mūsá ibn ‘Uqbah narrated that Wahshi gouged out the liver of Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and took it to Hind bint ‘Utbah and she spat it out Ibn Kathir mentions this in his Al-Bid‘ayah wa n-Nihaayah (4/43).

Ibn Ishaq narrated with a broken isnād that Hind was the one who gouged the liver of Hamza.^[3]

Earlier hostility against Muslims[link]

From 613 to 622, Muhammad preached the message of Islam publicly, in Mecca. As he gathered converts, he and his followers faced increasing persecution. In 622 they emigrated to the distant city of Yathrib, now known as Medina. They were at war with the Meccans and attacked Meccan caravans.

The Meccans sent out a force to defend the caravans. The Meccans and the Muslims clashed at the Battle of Badr. The Muslims defeated the Meccans and Hind's father, brother and uncle were all slaughtered in that battle. Hind's anger at the Muslims was of the greatest and most intense; she kept wailing publicly in the open desert and pouring dust over her face and her clothes, while lamenting her deceased relatives; and she did not stop not until her husband Abu Sufyan urged her to weep no more and promised her to avenge the death of her father and brother.

She is claimed to have been the one responsible for inciting Wahshy ibn Harb to murder Muhammad's uncle Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, who was claimed responsible for the death of her father and brother, and she offered Wahshi his freedom and her jewelry in return if he managed to murder Hamza and bring back his heart to her.

Wahshi eventually did so by hiding behind a tree and striking Hamza with a spear which left him dead; Wahshi then split open Hamza's belly and took out his raw heart and brought it back to Hind as promised. Hind was claimed to have tasted the raw heart as a prominent sign of revenge, but was said to have not relished it and immediately spat it out.

One of the earliest chronicles of Islamic history, Ibn Ishaq's Sirah Rasul Allah, a life of Muhammad, says that Hind accompanied the Meccan forces that went to besiege the Muslims in Medina. At the Battle of Uhud, Hind and her women sang and danced, urging on their warriors. The Muslims were forced to flee and, according to Ibn Ishaq, Hind and the others mutilated the Muslim corpses, making garlands of ears and noses.

According to Ibn Ishaq, after the battle, Hind cut open the body of Muhammad's uncle Hamza, whom she believed responsible for the death of her relatives, cut out his heart, and gnawed on it. According to Ibn Ishaq, she couldn't swallow it and spat it out. Ibn ‘Abdu l-Barr states in his book "al-Istī‘āb" that she cooked Hamza's heart before eating it. This report has been widely copied by Muslim historians.

After the incident at the Battle of Uhud, however, Hind accepted the message of Islam and is now considered to be among the ranks of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad by Sunni muslims.

References[link]

Notes[link]

• Guillaume, A. -- The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
• Madelung, Wilferd -- The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997
• Watt, W. Montgomery -- Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956

External links[link]

• Answering Ansar - a Shi'a site [1]

Bảo Đại 保大
Emperor of Vietnam
Bảo Đại
Emperor of Vietnam
Reign	8 January 1926 – 25 August 1945 (&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000229000000229 days)
Predecessor	Khải Định
Heir-apparent	Bảo Long
Chief of State
Reign	13 June 1949 – 30 April 1955
Spouse	Nam Phương Phu Ánh Hoang Bùi Mộng Điệp Monique Vĩnh Thụy
Full name
Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 阮福永瑞
Era dates
Khải Ðịnh 保大 (1926–1945)
House	Nguyen dynasty
Father	Khải Định
Mother	Hoang Thi Cuc
Born	(1913-10-22)22 October 1913 Huế, French Indochina
Died	30 July 1997(1997-07-30) (aged 83) Paris, France
Burial	Passy Cemetery

Bảo Đại (lit. "keeper of greatness", 22 October 1913 – 30 July 1997), born Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy (阮福永瑞), was the 13th and last emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, which is the last dynasty of Vietnam. From 1926 to 1945, he was king of Annam under French ‘protection’. During this period, Annam was a protectorate within French Indochina, covering the central two-thirds of the present-day Vietnam. Bảo Đại ascended the throne in 1932. The Japanese ousted the French in March 1945 and then ruled through Bảo Đại. At this time, he renamed his country “Vietnam”. He abdicated in August 1945 when Japan surrendered. He was the chief of state of the State of Vietnam (South Vietnam) from 1949 until 1955. Bảo Đại was criticized for being too closely associated with France and spending much of his time outside of Vietnam. Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm ousted him in a fraudulent referendum vote in 1955.

Early life[link]

Bảo Đại was born Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy in the Palace of Doan-Trang-Vien, part of the compound of the Purple Forbidden City in Huế, the capital of Vietnam. He later was given the name Nguyễn Vĩnh Thụy. His father was King Khải Định of Annam. His mother was the king's second wife, Tu Cung, who was renamed Doan Huy upon her 1913 marriage. She held various titles over the years that indicated her advancing rank as a favored consort until she eventually became Empress Dowager in 1933, with style of Her Imperial Majesty added in 1945. Vietnam had been ruled from Huế by the Nguyễn Dynasty since 1802. The French government, which took control of the region in the late 19th century, split Vietnam into three areas: the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin and the colony of Cochinchina. The Nguyễn Dynasty was given nominal rule of Annam.^{[citation needed]}

At the age of nine, Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy was sent to France to be educated at the Lycée Condorcet and, later, the Paris Institute of Political Studies. In 1926 he was made the king after his father's death and took the name Bảo Đại ("Protector of Grandeur" or "Keeper of Greatness"). He did not ascend to the throne given his age and returned to France to continue his studies.^{[citation needed]}

Marriages[link]

On 20 March 1934, aged 20, at the imperial city of Huế, Bảo Đại married Marie-Thérèse Nguyễn Hữu Thị Lan (died 15 September 1963, Chabrignac, France), a commoner from a wealthy Vietnamese Roman Catholic family. She was renamed as Nam Phương (Southern Scent). The couple had five children: Crown Prince Bảo Long (born 4 January 1936), Princess Phuong Mai (born 1 August 1937), Princess Phuong Lien (born 3 November 1938), Princess Phuong Dung (born 5 February 1942), and Prince Bảo Thắng (born 9 December 1943). She was granted the title of Empress in 1945.

Bảo Đại and his followers on accession

Bảo Đại had four other wives, three of whom he wed during his marriage to Nam Phương:

• Phu Ánh, a cousin, whom he married c. 1935, and by whom he had one daughter, Princess Claire Phương Tao
• Hoang, a Chinese woman, whom he married in 1946
• Bùi Mộng Điệp, whom he married in 1955 and by whom he had two children, Princess Phương Minh (born 1949) and Prince Bảo An (born 1953)
• Monique Baudot, a French citizen whom he married in 1972, and who was styled "Imperial Princess" and renamed Monique Vĩnh Thụy. She was known as Empress Thai Phương after her husband's death in 1997.

One of his concubines was a dancer from Hanoi, Lý Lệ Hà

Independence and abdication[link]

In 1940, during the second World War, coinciding with their ally Germany's invasion of France, the Japanese invaded French Indochina. While they did not eject the French colonial administration, the occupation authorities directed policy from behind the scenes in a parallel of Vichy France.

The Japanese promised not to interfere with the court at Huế, but in 1945, after ousting the French, coerced Bảo Đại into declaring Vietnamese independence from France as a member of Japan's "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"; the country then became the Empire of Vietnam. The Japanese had a Vietnamese pretender, Prince Cường Để, waiting to take power in case the new emperor's "elimination" was required. Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945, and the Vietminh under the leadership of Hồ Chí Minh aimed to take power in a free Vietnam. Due to his recent Japanese associations, Hồ was able to persuade Bảo Đại to abdicate on 25 August 1945, handing power over to the Việt Minh — an event which greatly enhanced Hồ's legitimacy in the eyes of the Vietnamese people. Bảo Đại was appointed "supreme advisor" to Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi, which asserted its independence on 2 September 1945, but was ousted by the French in November 1946.

As Vietnam descended into armed conflict — rival factions clashed with each other and also with the remaining French — Bảo Đại left Vietnam after a year in his "advisory" role, living in both Hong Kong and China. The French persuaded him to return in 1949 to serve as "head of state" (quốc trưởng), not as "emperor" (Hoàng Đế). He soon returned to France, however, and showed little interest in the affairs of his own country when his own personal interests were not directly involved.

The communist victory in China in 1949 led to a revival of the fortunes of the Việt Minh. The United States extended diplomatic recognition to Bảo Đại's government in March 1950 soon after communist nations recognized Hồ's government. The outbreak of the Korean War in June led to U.S. military aid and active support of the French war effort in Indochina, now seen as anti-communist rather than colonialist.

But the war between the French colonial forces and the Việt Minh continued, ending in 1954 shortly after a major victory for the Việt Minh at Điện Biên Phủ. The 1954 peace deal between the French and the Việt Minh, known as the Geneva Accords, involved a Chinese-inspired, supposedly temporary partition of the country into "Northern" and "Southern" Vietnamese administrations. Bảo Đại moved to Paris, but remained "Head of State" of South Vietnam, appointing Ngô Đình Diệm as his prime minister.^[1]

In 1955, Diệm called for a referendum to remove Bảo Đại and establish a republic with Diệm as president. The referendum was widely regarded as fraudulent, showing some 98% in favor of a republic. Bảo Đại abdicated once again and remained in exile in France until his death.^{[citation needed]}

Life in exile[link]

Bảo Đại's burial place in the Cimetière de Passy, Paris

In 1972, Bảo Đại issued a public statement from exile, appealing to the Vietnamese people for national reconciliation, stating, "The time has come to put an end to the fratricidal war and to recover at last peace and accord". At times, Bảo Đại maintained residence in southern France, and in particular, in Monaco, where he sailed often on his private yacht, one of the largest in Monte Carlo harbor. He still reportedly held great influence among local political figures in the Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên provinces of Huế. The Communist government of North Vietnam sent representatives to France hoping that Bảo Đại would become a member of a coalition government which might reunite Vietnam, in the hope of attracting his supporters in the regions wherein he still held influence.^{[citation needed]}

As a result of these meetings, Bảo Đại publicly spoke out against the presence of American troops on the territory of South Vietnam, and he also criticized President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu's regime in South Vietnam. He called for all political factions to create a free, neutral, peace-loving government which would resolve the tense situation that had taken form in the country. In 1982, Bảo Đại, his wife, Vĩnh Thụy, and other members of the former imperial family of Vietnam visited the United States. His agenda was to oversee and bless Buddhist and Caodaiist religious ceremonies, in the Californian and Texan Vietnamese-American communities. While in the United States, Bảo Đại gauged Vietnamese-American opinion, hoping to find a route towards national reconciliation.^{[citation needed]}

Death[link]

Bảo Đại died in a military hospital in Paris, France, in 1997. He was interred in the Cimetière de Passy. After his death, his eldest son, Crown Prince Bảo Long, inherited the position of head of the Nguyễn Dynasty.

Portrayal on film[link]

Emperor Bảo Đại was portrayed by actor Huỳnh Anh Tuấn in the 2004 Vietnamese miniseries Ngọn nến Hoàng cung (A Candle in the Imperial Palace).

Bảo Đại coins[link]

The last cash coin ever produced in the world bears the name of Bảo Đại in Chinese characters.　There are three types of this coin. Large cast piece with 10 van inscription on the reverse, medium cast piece with no reverse inscription, and small struck piece. All were issued in 1933.

• 

  Bao Dai Thong Bao 10van Paul the Great reign (1925-1945)

• Bao Dai reign Xiaoping Qian.gif

  Bao Dai Thong Bao plain reverse

• 

  struck Bao Dai Thong Bao

Quotes[link]

• In 1945 when the Japanese colonel in charge of the Hue garrison told Bảo Đại that he had (in line with the orders of the Allied commander) taken measures ensuring the security of the Imperial Palace and those within it against a possible Việt Minh coup, Bảo Đại dismissed the protection declaring "I do not wish a foreign army to spill the blood of my people."^[2]
• He explained his abdication in 1945 saying "I would prefer to be a citizen of an independent country rather than Emperor of an enslaved one."^[2]
• When, after World War II, France attempted to counter Hồ Chí Minh's popularity and gain the support of the U.S. by creating a puppet government with him, he said "What they call a Bảo Đại solution turns out to be just a French solution."^[3]
• In a rare public statement from France in 1972, Bảo Đại appealed to the people of Vietnam for national reconciliation, saying "The time has come to put an end to the fratricidal war and to recover at last peace and accord."^[4]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Bảo Đại's memoirs have been published in French and in Vietnamese; the Vietnamese version appears considerably longer.

• Bảo Đại, Le dragon d'Annam. Paris: Plon, 1980. 381 pp.
  Bảo Đại, Con rong Viet Nam: hoi ky chanh tri 1913-1987. Los Alamitos, CA: Nguyen Phuoc Toc (distributed by Xuan Thu Publishing), 1990. 610 pp.

• Bruce McFarland Lockhart, The End of the Vietnamese Monarchy. Lac Viet Series, #15. New Haven: Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1993. 242 pp.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Emperor Bảo Đại

• Abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại
• Emperor Bảo Đại and Princess Vĩnh Thụy visit Thiên-Lý Bửu-Tòa's Cao Đài temple, 2 December 1982, San Martin, California
• On 20 May 2006, a ceremony at the inauguration of the monument raised in memory of Emperor Bảo Đại
• Emperor Bảo Đại and Princess Vĩnh Thụy meet supporters in France (in French)
• Emperor Bảo Đại's Rolex watch sells for record price at Geneva auction in USA Today
• [1]
• Biography and photos throughout Emperor Bảo Đại's life
• Emperor Bảo Đại MERCEDES 600 SEDAN LIMOUSINE

Photos of Bảo Đại's summer palaces[link]

• Dalat
• http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/7645/kinghse.jpg&date=2009-10-25+10:33:57
• http://image.pegs.com/images/VS/1744/1744_b1.jpg

v t e Pretenders to the Vietnamese throne since 1945 Emperor Bao Dai (1945 - 1997) Crown Prince Bao Long (1997 - 2007) Prince Bao Thang (2007 - )

v t e Post-World War II Heads of state of Vietnam North Vietnam (1945 – 1976) Ho Chi Minh Ton Duc Thang South Vietnam (1946 – 1976) Republic of Cochinchina (1946 – 48) Nguyen Van Thinh Nguyen Van Xuan Le Van Hoach Nguyen Van Xuan Central Government (1948 – 49) Nguyen Van Xuan State of Vietnam (1949–55) Bao Dai Ngo Dinh Diem1 Republic of Vietnam (1955 – 75) Presidents Ngo Dinh Diem Duong Van Minh2 Nguyen Khanh2 Duong Van Minh2 Nguyen Khanh2 Duong Van Minh2 Phan Khac Suu2 Nguyen Van Thieu2 Tran Van Huong1, 2 Duong Van Minh1, 2 PRG (1975 – 76) Huynh Tan Phat Vietnam (1976 – ) Ton Duc Thang Nguyen Huu Tho1 Truong Chinh Vo Chi Cong Le Duc Anh Tran Duc Luong Nguyen Minh Triet Truong Tan Sang 1acting 2military

v t e Prime Ministers of Vietnam Empire of Vietnam (1945 – 1945) Empire of Vietnam Tran Trong Kim Republic of Cochinchina (1946 – 1948) Nguyen Van Thinh Le Van Hoach Nguyen Van Xuan State of Vietnam (1949 – 1955) Bao Dai Nguyen Phan Long Tran Van Huu Nguyen Van Tam Nguyen Phuc Buu Loc Phan Huy Quat Ngo Dinh Diem Republic of Vietnam (1955 – 1975) Nguyen Ngoc Tho2 Nguyen Khanh2 Nguyen Xuan Oanh1, 2 Nguyen Khanh2 Tran Van Huong2 Nguyen Xuan Oanh1, 2 Phan Huy Quat2 Nguyen Cao Ky2 Nguyen Van Loc Tran Van Huong Tran Thien Khiem Nguyen Ba Can Vu Van Mau Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945 – 1976) Ho Chi Minh Pham Van Dong Republic of South Vietnam (1960 – 1976) Huynh Tan Phat Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976 – ) Pham Van Dong Pham Hung Vo Van Kiet1 Do Muoi Vo Van Kiet Phan Van Khai Nguyen Tan Dung 1acting 2head of a military government

Dato' Seri Haji Abdul Hadi bin Awang (Jawi: حاج عبدالهادي اوڠ, born 20 October 1947) is the current President of the Parti Islam SeMalaysia, an Islamist political party in Malaysia. He was Mentri Besar of Terengganu from 1999 to 2004, and he is the current state assemblyman for Rhu Rendang and Member of Parliament for Marang, both in Terengganu.

Hadi received his education in the neighbourhood schools before continuing his studies at the Islamic University of Madinah between 1969 to 1973, and later at Al-Azhar University.^[1] Upon his return to Malaysia he joined ABIM in 1977, where he quickly became the Selangor state chief for ABIM. A year later, Hadi joined PAS, under which he contested a parliamentary seat in the 1978 Malaysian General Elections.^[2] He quickly rose through the ranks. He became PAS deputy president in 1989, when Fadzil Noor was elected to the party presidency. In 2002, Hadi, then the PAS deputy President, became the party's president when Fadzil died of a heart attack. He was advocated by Adam Tudor of Carter-Ruck.^[3]

On 10 April 2008, he was hospitalised after suffering a mild stroke.^[4]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Farish Ahmad Noor, Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Democratic Action Party DAP, 1951-2003, Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 2004, ISBN 983-99866-8-6
• Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, Voll, John Obert, Esposito, John L., The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991, ISBN 0-313-24719-6
• Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Othman, Norani, Kessler, Clive S., Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003, ISBN 981-230-161-5
• Saw, Swee-Hock, K. Kesavapany, Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006, ISBN 981-230-339-1

External links[link]

• PAS website
• Harakahdaily (PAS newspaper-in English and Malay)