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Front, side and back view of a jockstrap

A jockstrap (also known as a jock, jock strap, strap, supporter, or athletic supporter) is an undergarment designed for supporting the male genitalia during sports or other vigorous physical activity. A jockstrap consists of a waistband (usually elastic) with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an impact resistant cup to protect the testicles and/or the penis from injury.

Etymology[link]

The word jockstrap has purportedly been in use at least since 1888, a likely contraction of 'jockey strap', as the garment was first designed for bicycle riders, or 'bike jockeys'. The Bike Jockey Strap was the first jockstrap manufactured in America in 1874.^[1][2]

Jockey meaning 'rider', primarily a race horse rider, has been in use since 1670.^[3] Jockey itself is the diminutive form of the Scots nickname Jock (for John) as Jackie is for the English nickname Jack. The nicknames Jack and Jackie, Jock and Jockey have been used generically for 'man, fellow, boy, common man'. From the period c.1650-c.1850, 'jock' was used as slang for penis.^[4]

The more recent slang term 'jock', meaning an athlete, is traced to 1959 and is itself derived from 'jockstrap'.^[4]

History[link]

Bike jockstrap and packaging, c. 1950

The jockstrap was invented in 1874 by C. F. Bennett of a Chicago sporting goods company, Sharp & Smith, to provide comfort and support for bicycle jockeys riding the cobblestone streets of Boston. In 1897 Bennett's newly-formed Bike Web Company patented and began mass-producing the Bike Jockey Strap. The Bike Web Company later became known as the Bike Company. Today, Bike is still the market leader in jockstrap sales.

The jockstrap was also influential in early 20th century medicine with the invention of the Heidelberg Electric Belt, a low-voltage electric powered jockstrap that claimed to cure kidney disorders, insomnia, erectile disfunction, and other ailments. Today, jockstraps are still being used for medical purposes and for resting from injury or surgery such as hematocele, hydrocele or spermatocele.

During the 1980s and 1990s, jockstraps slowly faded away to compression shorts and generally were not required by high schools and colleges. However, in recent years more and more athletes are turning back to the jockstrap for use in sports and athletic activities.^{[citation needed]} This is reflected in the fact that new brands and companies are beginning to introduce their own line of jockstraps, such as Calvin Klein and Under Armour.

There is also an increase in the number of fashion jockstraps as an alternative to regular underwear. Jockstraps provide support to keep the wearer comfortable while efficiently keeping the genitals covered. They are also cooler to wear as they allow sweat to evaporate more freely.

Due to the cooling benefits of the jockstrap, there are also links now^[when?] being identified between male fertility and the use of a jockstrap^{[citation needed]}. As the jockstrap is designed to lift the male genitalia away from the body, the temperature within the testicles is reduced enabling a more effective production and maintenance of sperm within the male^{[citation needed]}, thus reducing the risk of infertility.

Design[link]

Banana-style Cup

Traditional Cup

Jockstraps are fairly consistent in design with variations appearing in details like width of waistband and fabrics. Some jockstraps are designed for specific sports. Swim jocks, for example, have a narrow waistband and hockey jocks have adjustable elastic straps and garter clips that hold hockey socks in place while the bulky goalie protector has genital and abdominal foam padding. Windproof jockstraps have a special layer of fabric to protect the wearer from wind and cold in winter sports. Fashion jocks are manufactured in stylish designs with colorful fabrics. Others are made from exotic materials such as leather or chain mail for consumers of adult fantasy apparel.^[5]

Alternatives to jockstraps include the jock brief, or support briefs, which have the wide waistband of a jockstrap combined with a full seat and are made of an elastic supportive material. A thong style strap, sometimes called a dance belt, has one narrow elastic strap attached to the bottom of the pouch, passing between the legs and attaching to the waistband at the middle of the back. A strapless garment, called a jock sock or sometimes a slingshot,^[6] has only an elastic waist band with an elastic pouch that holds the genitals from the front. The suspensory is typically used after genital surgery and features a pouch which supports only the testicles to aid in post-operative healing.

Protective cup[link]

Optional cups offer additional protection for contact sports and are made of hard plastic or steel, perforated for ventilation.^[7] A more flexible and comfortable soft cup is also offered for low contact sports. A flex cup variation features a hard exterior melded with a soft lining.

A cup is usually inserted into the pouch of a jockstrap or Compression shorts designed to hold a cup. Cups for combat sports (i.e. Mixed Martial Arts, Kick Boxing) have a waistband and straps attached directly to the cup designed to be worn over a regular jockstrap or briefs. An oversized cup and jock combined into a single item which has layered foam padding that protects the groin, kidneys and abdomen is used in boxing and Muay Thai.

A similar piece of protective equipment in the sport of cricket is known as a box.

Gallery[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jockstraps

• 

  Vintage photograph of bodybuilder

• 

  Marpage jockstrap and packaging, circa 1930

• 

  Jockstrap ad, 1941

See also[link]

• Compression shorts
• Tinea cruris, more commonly-known as "jock itch"
• Pelvic protector, the equivalent for women

References[link]

Brent Corrigan
Brent Corrigan
Born	Sean Paul Lockhart (1986-10-31) October 31, 1986 (age 25)[1] Lewiston, Idaho, U.S.
Other names	Brent Corrigan Fox Ryder
Height	5'7[2]
Weight	125 lb[2]
No. of adult films	21 (9 nonpornographic)
Website
www.thenewbrentcorrigan.com

Sean Paul Lockhart (born October 31, 1986) is a model, actor and gay pornographic actor best known under his stage name Brent Corrigan^{[1][3][4][5][6]} or his pseudonym Fox Ryder.^[1][3] He is best known for his roles in Schoolboy Crush with Brent Everett and Velvet Mafia with Erik Rhodes. He has won six GayVN Awards including the "Best Bottom" award two consecutive years.

Corrigan started his career in pornography in 2004 at Cobra Video, as a young twink model in Every Poolboy's Dream. He quickly became one of Cobra's most famous performers, where his bare-back-themed movies were critically top rated and commercially top-selling.^[7] Corrigan's performing career has featured a diverse variety of sexual activity, including semen swallowing, rimming and Cobra Video's first double anal penetration ever by Chase McKenzie and Brent Everett.^[8]

In September 2005, Corrigan made the claim that he falsified his identification documents to make his first films, being under-age when these were filmed. This public statement resulted in much controversy, causing many of his films to be (voluntarily) pulled from distribution channels while concerns of paedopornography^[9] in many legal jurisdictions in the United States and abroad are settled. The statement has been a major part of a continuing legal dispute between Corrigan and Cobra Video, and of much debate among fans.

Both Corrigan and Cobra Video have created separate "official" websites promoting the performer.

Corrigan heads up his own production company and enjoys writing in his spare time.

Early life[link]

Corrigan was born in Lewiston, Idaho,^[10] raised in Seattle by his stepfather and moved to San Diego in 2003 to live with his mother.^[11]

When I moved originally, my biggest excuse was I had serious interest in film. I wanted to direct and I had a lot of interest in the artistic side of it. I figured if I'm going to do it anywhere, southern California is the fucking place to do it. That was my big lure so I thought I'd come here, do my two years in high school, get residency established then go to UCLA or something of that degree.^[12]

After arriving in San Diego, he further states that he was abandoned by his mother, forcing him to take care of himself.^[11]

At sixteen years, he says he met and began courting an older man who introduced him to what he referred to as an unhealthy social scene.

[My boyfriend] introduced me to a lifestyle that wasn’t very fitting of a sixteen-year-old. He was nothing but the worst influence on me. But I thought this is what gay people did. I didn’t know that most of the gay community isn’t into drugs and being evil to each other; that there is a side of the gay community that actually takes care of each other.^[11]

He further claims he never met his father.^[12]

Alleged underage videos[link]

Corrigan claims that shortly before his 17th birthday his older boyfriend (mentioned above)^[11] contacted a Cobra Video producer and showed a nude, sleeping Corrigan to Cobra Video by webcam. Corrigan then states that he agreed to get a fake ID in order to do video work for Cobra.^[13]

He stated in an interview that, at 16 years, he believed he "knew everything."^[11] He also believed his boyfriend's statements that fake identification was used "all the time" by underage performers and that he wasn't doing anything wrong.^[10][11]

Corrigan then went on to do two shoots with Cobra in 2004.^[10] The majority of these scenes were receptive, bareback, anal sex, with the exception of those starring both Corrigan and Brent Everett, where a condom was used for Corrigan's bottoming scenes. The scenes from these shoots were spread over four videos.^[10] Those videos were both critically and commercially a success, being consistently well reviewed as well as top sellers for Cobra video.^[7][10]

During the time these scenes were filmed, Corrigan stated that he developed a close relationship with Cobra Video owner Bryan Kocis and that the relationship eventually became sexual. Corrigan stated that he was afraid the business relationship would end unless he maintained the sexual part of the relationship.^[11]

Disclosure and its effects[link]

Corrigan's statement[link]

Corrigan's attorney announced publicly in 2005 that Corrigan was under-age when he filmed several scenes for Cobra Video.^[14] In a subsequent November 2005 AVN.com article, Corrigan stated that he had obtained a false ID to enter the porn industry and that he was seventeen years old when he filmed his early scenes.^[13]

In a July/August 2006 GayWebMonkey magazine interview, Corrigan stated that on several occasions he tried to explicitly state to this producer that he was under-age, but the producer was not interested in hearing the information or in having the information publicly disclosed. Corrigan states that "[The Cobra producer] hinted very strongly that if I was underage now or when filming the videos, I’d be the one in trouble, not him."^[11] Corrigan also stated that this Cobra video producer emailed him after the public disclosures to say that "traitors would be dealt with accordingly" and to expect lawsuits, embarrassment, and financial ruin.^[11]

Industry response[link]

A September 2005 press release from two private, nongovernmental organization, the Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection (ASACP) and the Free Speech Coalition (FSC)^[15] repeated Corrigan's statements. In the press releases, both organizations said that until the matter could be definitively settled, these videos should be removed from circulation due to the possibility of these videos being considered paedopornography in many jurisdictions.

On September 13, 2005, the four Cobra Video titles featuring these disputed scenes were pulled voluntarily from circulation by Cobra Video, through their distributor, Pacific Sun Entertainment.^[16] Though no prosecution or criminal charges have been filed regarding the alleged under-age scenes, copies of these disputed titles are no longer (as of 2007) available through official channels.

Cobra Video response[link]

An Adult Video News article quotes Cobra Video as stating that it was not aware of Corrigan's underage status and that it had been provided "color copies of the three State-issued forms of identification (that) Mr. Lockhart presented, including a birth certificate, all indicating a birth year of 1985." The article further quotes Cobra as stating that "all requests for a State-certified birth certificate of Mr. Lockhart from Mr. Lockhart's attorney have been rejected."^[13]

Lawsuits[link]

After the announcement and the subsequent recall of the titles in question, Corrigan and his business partners were then sued in federal court in San Diego, California, by Cobra Video, L.L.C. for trademark violations, cybersquatting, breach of contract, and other disputes. The suit, which sought damages of $1 million, also sought to prevent him from using the stage name of "Brent Corrigan" because of a claim that the name was/is a protected trademark.^[13] Kocis and Corrigan were reported to have reached a settlement on their legal dispute, with documentation to have been mailed on January 25, 2007.^[17] A final hearing in the matter was scheduled for February 21, 2007.^[18]

Kocis death[link]

Bryan Kocis, owner of Cobra Video for whom Corrigan worked while underage, was found dead at his home January 24, 2007. His throat had been slashed and he had been stabbed 28 times. The killers set his home on fire to hide the murder. Corrigan was one of several people to be questioned. His attorney, John Yates, said that Corrigan was part of the investigation and "fully" cooperating with authorities.^[19] Yates later said Corrigan had information about a man who met with Kocis that day, but they are looking for the services of a criminal lawyer before talking to police.^[20] Police then searched for a "person of interest" named in the investigation.^[21] On May 15, 2007; two Virginia Beach escorts and rival producers of gay pornography, Harlow Cuadra and Joseph Kerekes, were charged with Kocis' murder.^[22] The theory by investigators was that the two men murdered Kocis because they wanted to get Corrigan to work for them at their porn film company. However, police investigating the murder believe Corrigan didn't know these two men would actually go and kill Kocis to get him to work for their company.^[23][24]

On December 8, 2008, Kerekes pleaded guilty to the murder of Bryan Kocis and was subsequently sentenced to life in prison without parole, avoiding a potential death sentence.^[25]

Jury selection for Cuadra's trial began February 17, 2009, and the trial began February 24. On February 27, Sean Lockhart testified for the prosecution.^[26]

On March 12, 2009, Harlow Cuadra was found guilty and convicted of first degree murder in Kocis' death.^[27] On March 16, 2009, Cuadra was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.^[28] On April 7, 2009, Cuadra appealed his life sentence.^[29]

Current status[link]

Adult web-sites[link]

Corrigan's most recent official website is thenewBrentCorrigan.com. As he stated in his official Twitter account on November 7–8, 2009:

I'm not a part of Brent Corrigan Inc any longer. I'm doing my own thing now...Yes, [this is the] third website I've been a part of developing. The big difference is this one is ALL MINE — no business partners involved.

Corrigan maintained a blog and personal website at BrentCorriganINC.com. This web site began in July 2007. Corrigan aired the new web-site because of difficulty he was having with his old web-site.^[30]

Corrigan makes his views about his old and new web-sites known to his visitors:

"Here, you’ll get it all. Just be advised, from here on out, you have absolutely no reason to continue your regular visits to BrentCorriganOnline.com. I wash my hands of that filthy failure, and I beg the same of you. I want to prove to the thieves that BrentCorriganOnline.com is nothing without Brent Corrigan. I want to see the traffic on that website plummet to the depths of hell and never return. I can accomplish that with the help of you."^[30]

Corrigan maintained a web-log at his old web-site, BrentCorriganOnline.com. He started his own adult-video production company (which, he claims, makes him the youngest producer in the adult-video industry.) Cobra Video also created a website, Brentcorriganxxx.com, which offers free downloads of clips and pictures of Corrigan's post-2004 work.

On October 9, 2006, Corrigan's web-log announced the launch of the private, adult, pay-only section of BrentCorriganOnline.com. The entry provided a link to the pay site, discussed the delays and included a video celebrating the pay site's start. It was also revealed that his web-master, Jeremy Carrson, is his second business partner in this venture.^[31] On October 11, 2006, Corrigan also claimed that a major reason for the delay of the roll-out of the members-only site was due to his contracted online billing company at first, canceling the original billing contract under legal pressure from Cobra Video.

Non-pornographic works[link]

Corrigan has appeared in several nonpornographic films. He has a small role as "Skippy" in the short film Tell Me, a co-starring role (as Sean Lockhart) in the rock musical short Didn't This Used to Be Fun? and a starring role as "Press" in a short film directed by Jody Wheeler entitled In the Closet. In 2009, the film appeared on a gay short film compilation Boys on Film 3: American Boy released by Peccadillo Pictures,^[32] the company that also made it possible for Corrigan to record an album with songs by the Swedish songwriter and accordionist Roland Cedermark.

He plays "Stan the Merman" in the 2008 feature Another Gay Sequel: Gays Gone Wild,^[33] and as one of the people on the telephone tree in Gus Van Sant's Milk, based on Harvey Milk. He has a guest appearance in Casper Andreas' film The Big Gay Musical as "Hustler", and he plays "Chad" in the 2011 feature Sister Mary. He also starred as "Chris Wachowsky" in the gay coming-of-age fantasy Judas Kiss.^[34] Starred as "Ricky" in Chillerama (segment "I Was A Teenage Werebear") a musical, about a "closeted kid who meets these other closeted kids, who when aroused turn into leather daddy werebears".^[35] It was directed by Tim Sullivan and released in November 2011.

At the 2009 GayVN Awards in San Francisco, pornographic director Michael Lucas protested Corrigan's participation in the event. Later, he accused Corrigan's boyfriend of threats^[36] and filed a police report, but no charges were ever brought.

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

See also[link]

• List of male performers in gay porn films

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brent Corrigan

• Brent Corrigan at the Internet Movie Database
• Official website
• Brent Corrigan on Twitter

Sean Paul
Sean Paul at the International Reggae and World Music Awards.
Background information
Birth name	Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques
Born	(1973-01-09) January 9, 1973 (age 39) Kingston, Jamaica
Genres	Dancehall, reggae, R&B, ragga
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter, producer, actor
Years active	1996–present
Labels	VP, Atlantic
Website	allseanpaul.com

Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques^[1] (born January 9, 1973),^[1][2] who performs under stage name Sean Paul, is a Jamaican dancehall and reggae artist.

Life and career[link]

1973–96: Early life[link]

Sean Paul was born in Kingston and spent his early years in Upper Andrew Parish, a few miles north of Kingston.^[2] His parents, Garth and Frances, were both talented athletes, and his mother is a well-known painter.^[3] His paternal grandfather was a Sephardic Jew whose family emigrated from Portugal, and his paternal grandmother was Afro-Caribbean; his mother is of English and Chinese Jamaican descent.^[4][5] Sean Paul was raised as a Catholic.^[6] Many members of his family are swimmers. His grandfather was on the first Jamaican men's national water polo team. His father also played water polo for the team in the 1960s, and competed in long-distance swimming, while Sean Paul's mother was a backstroke swimmer. Sean Paul played for the national water polo team from the age of thirteen to twenty-one, when he gave up the sport in order to launch his musical career. He attended the Wolmers High School for Boys, Belair School, Hillel Academy High School, and the College of Arts, Science, and Technology, now known as the University of Technology, where he was trained in commerce with a view to pursuing an occupation in hotel management.

[edit] 1998–2000: Stage One

Sean Paul's manager and producer Jeremy Harding first heard about the singer when his brother told him about seeing someone at a small open mic event in Kingston who sounded a lot like the popular dancehall DJ and toaster Super Cat.^[7] Harding eventually met the singer when Sean Paul came by his studio to ask for some advice. During the meeting Paul recorded a vocal over Harding's rhythm track and in the process created the song "Baby Girl".^[7] Sean Paul began hanging out at the studio every day, and the pair collaborated on several more tracks. When they recorded "Infiltrate" they decided they had something good enough to get on the radio. As Sean Paul started to attract local attention, Harding began looking after his affairs. He later told HitQuarters that his support of Paul's fledgling career initially led him assuming the roles of "DJ, manager, road manager and security guard."^[7] Sean Paul made a quick cameo appearance in the 1998 film Belly on stage performing. He made a very successful collaboration with DMX & Mr. Vegas (Top Shotter) as a soundtrack of the film. In 2000, Sean Paul released his debut album, Stage One with VP Records.

[edit] 2001–02: Dutty Rock

In 2002, he began working extensively with a team of producers and choreographers from Toronto, namely Jae Blaze and Blaze Entertainment and announced the release of his second album, Dutty Rock. Pushed by the success of the singles "Gimme the Light" and the Billboard Hot 100 topper, "Get Busy", the album was a worldwide success, eventually selling over six million copies. Simultaneously, Sean Paul was heard on Beyoncé's U.S. #1 single "Baby Boy" and Blu Cantrell's "Breathe", a chart hit in Europe. Both helped to push his reputation further still in the United States. He appeared on Punk'd, 106 & Park, Sean Paul Respect, Making the Video ("Get Busy", "Gimme the Light", and "Like Glue") and his music videos have been broadcast on MTV and BET. Paul's biggest hits included "Get Busy", "Like Glue", "Gimme the Light", "Baby Boy", and "I'm Still in Love with You".

[edit] 2003–05: The Trinity

Sean Paul in September 2005.

Sean Paul's third album The Trinity was released in on September 27, 2005. The album produced five big hits, "We Be Burnin'", "Ever Blazin'", "Give It Up to Me", "Never Gonna Be The Same" and the U.S. chart-topping smash hit "Temperature". The video of "Give It Up to Me" (featuring Keyshia Cole) was also featured in the movie Step Up in 2006. He was nominated for four awards at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards, including male artist of the year, rap artist of the year, hot 100 single of the year, and pop single of the year for his hit "Temperature".^[8] He also won an American Music Award for "(When You Gonna) Give It Up To Me" beating Kanye West and Nick Lachey who were also nominated for the award. His song "Send It On" from "The Trinity" featured on the 2005 Vauxhall Corsa advert. Sean Paul often contributes his songs to various Riddim Driven albums (by VP Records). In March 2007, he returned to his native Jamaica to perform at the Cricket World Cup 2007 opening ceremony. Sean Paul appears on the game Def Jam: Fight for NY as part of Snoop Dogg's crew and again in the game's sequel, Def Jam Icon.

[edit] 2006–10: Imperial Blaze

The newest Sean Paul album entitled "Imperial Blaze" was released on August 18, 2009. The lead single, “So Fine”, which was produced by Stephen “Di Genius” McGregor, premiered on Sean Paul's official website on April 26, 2009.^{[9][dead link][10]} Speaking to Pete Lewis of 'Blues & Soul' magazine in August 2009, Sean Paul stated that 'Imperial Blaze' "Actually signifies 'The King's Fire'. It's that thing inside of you that gives you the desire to do whatever you do, and be the best in the world at it."^[11] The new album consists of 20 tracks including "So Fine", "Press it Up", "She Want Me", "Private Party" which are party tracks and also love songs such as "Hold My Hand" (feat Keri Hilson), "Lately", "Now That I've Got Your Love" among others. Producers on the album include Don Corleone, Jeremy Harding, and Sean's brother Jason 'Jigzagula' Henriques.^[11] All the full songs of the album have been added to Sean Paul's Myspace page^[12] on the day of release of the album.

Up until now there have been eight music videos: "Always On My Mind (with Da'Ville)", "Give It To You (with Eve)", "Watch Them Roll", "Back It Up" (with Left Side/Mr. Evil), "(I Wanna See You) Push It Baby" (with Pretty Ricky), "Hit 'Em" (with Fahrenheit and his brother Jason "Jigzagula" Henriques), "Come Over" with Estelle,^[13] and also the video of his first single, "So Fine" from the new album. He has recently been featured in Shaggy's video, "Save A Life", which also includes appearances from Elephant Man and Da'Ville, among others. In an effort to raise money for a children's hospital, Shaggy, Sean Paul and others will be having a benefit concert. All proceeds will go towards getting new equipment and technology 'For Aid to the Bustamante Hospital for Children'. In an interview in 2009 he says he is planning to release a new album in 2011. During the premiere for MNET's Big Brother Africa 5: All-Stars on July 18, 2010, he performed his songs "Temperature", "Hold My Hand", and "So Fine".

[edit] 2011–present: Tomahawk Technique

The first single Got 2 Luv U features vocals from American singer Alexis Jordan. It was released on the July 19, 2011 by Atlantic Records. The song was written by Sean Paul, Ryan Tedder and Stargate, and it was produced by Stargate.^[14][15][16]

She Doesn't Mind is the second single from the album. It was written by Sean Paul, Shellback and Benny Blanco and was produced by Shellback and Benny Blanco. It was released on the September 29, 2011 on NRJ & Skyrock (French radios), and to iTunes on October 31.^[17] Like its proceeder, "Got 2 Luv U", featuring Alexis Jordan, it topped the charts in Switzerland, but it debuted at that spot. Sean appeared on the Never Mind the Buzzcocks episode which aired on November 21, 2011.

Sean Paul is featured in the music video for the Simple Plan song Summer Paradise.

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• Stage One (2000)
• Dutty Rock (2002)
• The Trinity (2005)
• Imperial Blaze (2009)
• Tomahawk Technique (2012)

Mixtapes

• The Odyssey Mixtape (2009)

Filmography[link]

Paul Scott Lockhart
NASA Astronaut
Nationality	American
Status	Retired
Born	(1956-04-28) April 28, 1956 (age 56) Amarillo, Texas
Other occupation	Test pilot
Rank	Colonel, USAF
Time in space	27d 15h 23m
Selection	1996 NASA Group
Missions	STS-111, STS-113
Mission insignia

Colonel Paul Scott "Paco" Lockhart (born April 28, 1956) is a former American astronaut and a veteran of two Space Shuttle missions.

Lockhart, born and reared in Amarillo, Texas, earned degrees in mathematics and aerospace engineering from Texas Tech University and the University of Texas at Austin before being commissioned in 1981 into the United States Air Force. A test pilot for the F-16 aircraft, Lockhart was selected as an astronaut candidate in 1996. Lockhart's two space missions, STS-111 and STS-113, both in 2002, were missions to the International Space Station. He was assigned to STS-113 as pilot after the resignation of Christopher Loria from the NASA Astronaut Corps due to an injury.

After his service with NASA, Lockhart was assigned to and graduated in 2004 from the Royal College of Defence Studies in London, United Kingdom. His last military assignment was with the headquarters Air Force, A9, where he was a directorate chief for both the force structures and the analyses and assessments branch. Lockhart retired from the U.S. Air Force in January 2007 and returned to NASA in an administrative position.

Awards and decorations[link]

Recipient of the Defense Superior Service Medal, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Air Force Aerial Achievement Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal, Outstanding Unit Award with Valor, National Defense Service Medal, Air Force Achievement Medal, and numerous other service recognitions and ribbons.^[1]

He is also a distinguished graduate of both ROTC and the Air Force Squadron Officer School.

References[link]

External links[link]

• NASA biography
• Spacefacts biography of Paul Lockhart

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010)

This article is about the 1971 film. For the wrestler of a similar name, see Billy Jack Haynes.

Billy Jack is a 1971 action film. It is the second, the highest grossing, in a series of motion pictures centering on a character of the same name,which started with the movie The Born Losers(1967)) that played by Tom Laughlin who also directed and co-wrote the script. Filming began in Prescott, Arizona, in fall 1969, but the movie was not completed until 1971. American International Pictures pulled out of the production, halting filming. Twentieth Century Fox came in and filming eventually resumed, but when that studio refused to distribute the film, Warner Bros. took over.

The film lacked distribution, so Laughlin took it to theatres himself in 1971.^[1] The film died at the box office in its initial run but took in more than $40 million in its 1973 re-release, which was supervised by Laughlin.

Plot[link]

Billy Jack is a "Half-breed" American Cherokee Indian, a Green Beret Vietnam War veteran, and a hapkido master. The character made his début in The Born Losers (1967), a "biker film" about a motorcycle gang terrorizing a California town. Billy Jack rises to the occasion to defeat the gang by defending a college student who has evidence against them for gang rapes.

This changes with the second film, Billy Jack, in which the hero must defend the hippie-themed Freedom School and its students from townspeople who do not understand or like the counterculture students. The school is organized by Jean Roberts (Delores Taylor).

In one scene, a group of Indian children from the school go into town for ice cream and are refused service and then abused and humiliated by Bernard Posner and his gang. This prompts a violent outburst by Billy. Later, Billy's girlfriend Jean is raped and one of the Indian students is murdered by Bernard (David Roya), the corrupt son of the county's most successful (and ruthless) businessman (Bert Freed). Billy confronts Bernard and sustains a gunshot wound before killing him with a hand strike to the throat. After a climactic shootout with the police, and much pleading from Jean, he surrenders to the authorities and is arrested. As he is being driven away, a large crowd of supporters raise their fists into the air as a show of defiance and support. The plot continues in the sequel, The Trial of Billy Jack.

Box-office and critical reception[link]

Billy Jack holds a "Fresh" rating of 62% at Rotten Tomatoes.^[2]

In his Movie and Video Guide, film critic Leonard Maltin writes: "Seen today, its politics are highly questionable, and its 'message' of peace looks ridiculous, considering the amount of violence in the film."

Roger Ebert disagreed on what the message of the film was, saying "I'm also somewhat disturbed by the central theme of the movie. 'Billy Jack' seems to be saying the same thing as 'Born Losers,' that a gun is better than a constitution in the enforcement of justice."^[3]

Influence[link]

Although marketed as an action film, the story focuses on the plight of Native Americans during the civil rights movement. It attained a cult following among younger audiences due to its youth-oriented, anti-authority message combined with the then-novel martial arts fight scenes which predate the Bruce Lee/kung fu movie trend that soon followed.^[4] The centerpiece of the film features Billy Jack, enraged over the mistreatment of his Indian friends, fighting a gang of racist thugs using various hapkido techniques.

Billy Jack's wardrobe (black T-shirt, blue denim jacket, blue jeans, and a black hat with a beadwork band) would become nearly as iconic as the character. The film's theme song, "One Tin Soldier" by Coven, became a Top 40 hit in 1971, and featured the chorus:

<poem style="margin-left: 2em; font-style: italic;"> Go ahead and hate your neighbor; go ahead and cheat a friend. Do it in the name of heaven; you can justify it in the end. There won't be any trumpets blowin' come the judgment day On the bloody morning after, one tin soldier rides away </poem>

[edit] Billy Jack in popular culture

• In 1975, musician Curtis Mayfield recorded and released a song titled, "Billy Jack" on his album There's No Place Like America Today.
• In 1976 musician Paul Simon played "Billy Paul" (a parody of Billy Jack) in a sketch on the second season of the NBC comedy show Saturday Night Live, after the film Billy Jack aired earlier that same evening on NBC.
• In 1982, a professional wrestler, Billy Jack Haynes, debuted as "Billy Jack" while wearing a hat like Billy Jack. He changed his wrestling name from "Billy Jack" to "Billy Jack Haynes" after Tom Laughlin threatened to sue him.
• In the series Mystery Science Theater 3000, at least two episodes make reference to Billy Jack: on the episode Werewolf, after a fight breaks out between a racist dig supervisor and his Indian help, Tom Servo says, "This is where Billy Jack should come riding up."; on the episode Track of the Moon Beast, after the Native American professor finishes telling a story, Crow says, "Uh huh...do you know Billy Jack?"
• In an episode of The Simpsons ("Bart of War"), Bart joins a Boy Scouts of America-like group called the "Pre-Teen Braves", and they engage in a rivalry with "the Cavalry Kids". A montage of the two groups fighting each other is set to Coven's version of One Tin Soldier.
• Billy Jack is also referenced in an episode of Gilmore Girls ("Red Light on the Wedding Night") while Lorelai and Rory are watching the movie in their living room. At the line "Billy Jack, I'm gonna kill you if it's the last thing I do!", Lorelai responds, "Ugh, he so jinxed himself with that one." Rory replies, "Yeah, he should've said 'Billy Jack, I'm gonna kill you or buy myself a lovely chenille sweater.'"
• Upon first meeting serial killer Cary Stayner—then considered a possible material witness to a 1999 murder in Yosemite National Park—FBI Agent Jeff Rinek asked if Stayner had ever seen the movie Billy Jack, noting Stayner's close resemblance to the film's hero. Initially, Stayner denied ever seeing the movie.^[5] However, 90 minutes later, after building a rapport during the drive to the FBI headquarters in Sacramento from the nudist resort where he had been picked up, Stayner surprised Rinek by reciting several of Billy Jack's lines.^[6]
• In the motion picture Major Payne, Damon Wayans as the title character references the iconic fight scene quote "Now, what I'm goin' do is take this right foot and I'm 'a put it 'cross the left side your face."
• In season three of the television series Sabrina The Teenage Witch, the school principal Mr. Kraft reveals that Billy Jack is his favourite film.
• Billy Jack was referenced by Jim Carrey in Yes Man.
• Metal band Goblin Cock have a song entitled "Ode to Billy Jack" on their 2009 album Come With Me if You Want to Live, which is a tribute to him.
• In the movie Drillbit Taylor, actor Owen Wilson references Billy Jack by saying to another cast mate "I am gonna Billy Jack your ass."
• In the episode of the animated show Pinky and the Brain, titled "Brainy Jack," Brain assumes the role of the titular Brainy Jack to trick a commune of hippies into helping him take over the world. Brain's wardrobe is a direct reference to Billy Jack, especially the hat with a beaded hat-band. Likewise, the song that Pinky sings in the episode is a parody of "One Tin Soldier."
• British electro band Relaxed Muscle (fronted by Jarvis Cocker, from Pulp) released a song called "Billy Jack" on their one and only album A Heavy Nite With... in 2003. It was also released as a single with a music video that featured Cocker (as his alter ego, Darren Spooner) in Western garb reminiscent of Billy Jack's trademark outfit.
• In the book "The Berlin Blues", a play by Drew Hayden Taylor, the character named Trailer references Billy Jack when he says on page 92, "No Cirque du Billy Jack?" when the plan for Ojibway World which was supposed to be opening up on the reserve falls through.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Billy Jack, Laughlin's official Billy Jack web site
• Billy Jack at the Internet Movie Database
• The Man Who Made Billy Jack Go Berserk: A Conversation with David Roya Interview with Billy Jack co-star David "Bernard Posner" Roya
• DVD review of the Billy Jack series and production history
• A vision of American multiplicity Village Voice review August 19, 1971