Look up international in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

International mostly means something (a company, language or organization) that involves more than one country. The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries. For example, international law, which is applied by more than one country over the world, and international language which is a language spoken by residents of more than one country.

In American English, "International" is also commonly used as a euphemism for "foreign" or even "foreigner."^[1][2]

Origin of the word[link]

The term international was coined by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, which was printed for publication in 1780 and published in 1789. Bentham wrote: "The word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations.^[3] The word was adopted in French in 1801.^[4] Thomas Erskine Holland noted in his article on Bentham in the 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica that "Many of Bentham's phrases, such as 'international,' 'utilitarian,' 'codification,' are valuable additions to our language; but the majority of them, especially those of Greek derivation, have taken no root in it."

Meaning in particular fields[link]

• In team sports, "international" is a match between two national teams, or two players capped by a national team.

• In politics, "The International" may refer to a political international.

• In linguistics, an international language is one spoken by the people of more than one nation, usually by many. Also called world language. English, Spanish, French and Arabic are considered to be world languages.^[5]

• In interlinguistics, international often has to do with languages rather than nations themselves. An "international word" is one that occurs in more than one language. These words are collected from widely spoken source or control languages, and often used to establish language systems that people can use to communicate internationally, and sometimes for other purposes such as to learn other languages more quickly. The vocabulary of Interlingua has a particularly wide range, because the control languages of Interlingua were selected to give its words and affixes their maximum geographic scope.^[6] In part, the language Ido is also a product of interlinguistic research.

• In arts, an international art movement is an art movement with artists from more than one country, usually by many. Some international art movements are Letterist International, Situationist International, Stuckism International.

"International" is not the same as "global"; the latter implies "one world" as a single unit, while "international" recognizes the differences between different places.

See also[link]

• Globalization
• Multinational Corporation
• Multinational State
• Supranational
• United Nations
• World community

References[link]

External links[link]

• Meaning of international on The Free Dictionary
• Meaning of international on Cambridge dictionary.

Sources[link]

• Ankerl, Guy. Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010)

Chali 2na
Background information
Birth name	Charles Stewart
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper
Associated acts	Jurassic 5, Ozomatli

Charles Stewart (born in Chicago, Illinois), better known as Chali 2na is an American rapper and hip hop artist, formerly associated with the groups Jurassic 5 and Ozomatli.

Personal life[link]

Early life[link]

As a young boy, he moved to South Central Los Angeles, which was the home base of Jurassic 5 since the group's inception in 1993. He was raised by his grandmother and was brought up as a Muslim. His stage name is a reference to Charlie the Tuna, the deep-voiced animated mascot of StarKist Tuna. He and Cut Chemist became friends in high school. Together with Mark 7even, they were part of a seven-man group called Unity Committee. The Unity Committee crew would often spend Thursday nights performing at the Good Life Café, where rappers and spoken word poets showed off their skills in an open mic format. They were, along with another three-person troupe, called the Rebels of Rhythm, routinely chosen as the crowd's favourite performers. The two crews also appreciated one another's styles, and they teamed to record a 12" single, "Unified Rebelution", in 1995. The Rebels of Rhythm were MCs Akil and Zaakir (also known as Soup); the men banded together to form Jurassic 5. In 2006, Cut Chemist elected to split from the group to pursue a solo career, and the Jurassic 5 group split up altogether in 2007.^[1]

He is a founding member of the activist salsa funk band Ozomatli; although no longer an official member (having been replaced as resident MC by Jabu of 4th Avenue Jones), he continues to collaborate with them on occasion and maintains his friendships with them. Along with salsa, his music and theirs have been influenced by reggae and soul music; he is also a fan of house music.^[2]

Career[link]

Jurassic 5[link]

Was a founding member of Jurassic 5, which boasted that the four MCs sounded like one.

Solo album[link]

Fish Market, an official mix tape, was compiled and released October 25, 2004.^[3]

"Don't Stop", the would-be first single from Fish Outta Water, appeared in January 2006. It showcased 2na's familiar rapid-fire flow; in its lyrics, 2na professed his dedication to hip hop culture, insulting rappers who neglect to pay proper respect to pioneers like Kool Herc and Afrika Bambaataa. He also spoke deferentially of the beloved late rapper Tupac Shakur. This is a notable decision because Jurassic 5 are frequently criticized by a certain segment of the hip hop community, who believe they are preachy and too-traditionalist^{[citation needed]}. "Don't Stop"'s chorus was sung by neo-soul artist Anthony Hamilton. It was featured in the soundtrack of the video game NBA Live 06. A second Chali 2na solo song, "The Anchor Man", was featured on the Dan The Automator-curated soundtrack to the latest installment in the game series, NBA 2K7. Another song, "Something Different", was also featured on the All-Pro Football 2K8 soundtrack.

5 years after Fish Market, a solo album, titled Fish Outta Water, was released. The album received generally positive reviews, holding a score of 70 on Metacritic.^[5] 2na delves into some of the formative experiences in his life, including a tragic incident in which his cousin, Be-Be, was killed in The Station nightclub fire. Collaborators on the album include Beenie Man (with whom he recorded "International"), Raphael Saadiq, his longtime friend Rakaa Iriscience, Talib Kweli, Anthony Hamilton, Damian Marley and Ming Xia (on the final track 4 Be Be).

Another mixtape was released in 2010, Fish Market Part 2. Much like the first Fish Market album, this is mainly filled with collaborations 2na has completed throughout his career with famous artists such as Linkin Park.

Collaborations[link]

Chali 2na collaborated several times with fellow MCs. Many, but not all of his featured guest appearances are catalogued on the Fish Market albums, mixtapes he released to give his collaborations to "people [who] might not have wanted to buy that album just to hear that song or whatever."

He is a good friend of and frequent collaborator with British hip hop star Roots Manuva, having worked with him on a number of songs (including "Revolution 5", which appears on Fish Market and Dub Come Save Me, and "Join The Dots", which appears on Roots Manuva's second proper album, Run Come Save Me). He has also referenced his friend in the lyrics.

He has worked with Linkin Park on the song "Frgt/10" on the album Reanimation, also featured on Fish Market, Part 2. He worked with Ozomatli on their first album and toured with New Orleans funk band Galactic. He is also featured on Galactic's 2007 release From the Corner to the Block on the cut "Think Back".

Fatlip's 2005 "Today's Your Day (Whachagonedu)" from the acclaimed album The Loneliest Punk features a verse from 2na.

Chali 2na was also featured on Lyrics Born's Everywhere at Once album, performing on "Hott 2 Deff". Lyrics Born was also the MC for The Deadliest Catch Tour 2009. This hip hop tour featured Chali 2na, Gift of Gab and Mr. Lif.

On K'naan's 2009 album, Troubadour, Chali was featured on "America" together with Mos Def.

On Long Beach Dub Allstars 2001 album Wonders of the World Chali was featured on "Life Goes On" also featuring Half-Pint, Ives (of Delinquent Habits), and Tippa Irie. In 2008 Chali 2Na recored with Ditch for Ditch's Cd "Public Intoxication" on the song "All Comes Down To Money" which he also co wrote with Ditch.

Furthermore Chali 2Na recorded a track together with Dutch rap artist Jerome XL in 2008. The track "King Sh#t" was released on JXL's solo debut album The Last Day in the first quarter of 2010.

In June 2010 British dubstep star Rusko released a collaboration with Chali 2na entitled "Gadget GoGo". The track was released as a bonus track to accompany the release of Rusko's debut solo record OMG. The track was also featured on Fish Market, Part 2.

Most recently Chali 2na appeared on the track "Speaking in Tongues" from the album "Drinking From the Sun", the 2012 release from Australian hip hop artists Hilltop Hoods.

Film[link]

Chali 2na is featured prominently in the award-winning documentary This Is the Life, chronicling the music movement that was birthed at The Good Life Cafe in South Central Los Angeles. The Good Life is the open-mic workshop where he first performed with Unity Committee in the early 1990s and founded Jurassic 5.

Chali 2na is also featured in the documentary Freestyle - Art of Rhyme^{[citation needed]}. Chali 2na is also featured in the movie Never Been Kissed as a part of Ozomatli, performing in a club.

Chali 2na is interviewed in documentary RASH ^[6] on his passion for graffiti as he paints his signature Tuna fish in murals with Australian artists including Phibs. The session involved painting murals on Smith St and Brunswick St in Melbourne, Chali was taking a short breather while on the bands 2005 Australian tour.

Discography[link]

Solo albums[link]

• Fish Market (mixtape) (2004)
• Fish Outta Water (2009)
• Fish Market Part 2 (mixtape) (2010)

With Jurassic 5[link]

• Jurassic 5 (1998)
• Quality Control (2000)
• Power in Numbers (2002)
• Feedback (2006)

With Dino 5[link]

• Baby Loves Hip Hop (2008)

With Ozomatli[link]

• Ozomatli (1998)

With Supernatural[link]

• S.P.I.T. (2005)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chali 2na

• Chali 2na on Myspace
• Chali2na Official Site

Beenie Man
Beenie Man performing in August 2008
Background information
Birth name	Anthony Moses Davis
Also known as	Ras Moses, The Doctor, The Girls Dem Sugar[1]
Born	(1973-08-22) August 22, 1973 (age 38)
Origin	Kingston, Jamaica
Genres	Reggae, dancehall, reggae fusion, ragga-soca
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, deejay, producer
Years active	late 1970s–present
Labels	Brookland Universal Republic Island Jamaica/PolyGram Records Virgin/EMI Records
Associated acts	Don Omar, Snow (musician), Talib Kweli, Memphis Bleek, YoungBloodZ, Pastor Troy, Johnny J , T.I.
Website	www.beeniemanmusic.com

Anthony Moses Davis (August 22, 1973),^[2] better known by his stage name Beenie Man, is a Grammy award winning Jamaican reggae artist. He is the self-proclaimed "King of the Dancehall".

Biography[link]

Davis was born in the Waterhouse district of Kingston in 1973.^[2][3][4] He was involved in the music industry from a young age, starting toasting at the age of five, and was encouraged by his uncle Sydney Wolfe, who played drums for Jimmy Cliff.^[5][6] He won the Tastee Talent contest in 1981,^[3][7] and Radio DJ Barry G introduced him to local sound system operators, who helped to establish the popularity of the young deejay, who became known as Beenie Man.^[5] He recorded his debut single, "Too Fancy", with record producer Henry "Junjo" Lawes in 1981, with Lawes also including him on the 1983 album Junjo Presents Two Big Sounds alongside established stars such as Dillinger, Fathead, and Ringo.^[3] His debut album, The Invincible Beenie Man: The Ten Year Old DJ Wonder was produced by Bunny Lee and released in 1983,^[8] his first hit single following the same year with the Winston Holness-produced "Over the Sea".^[3] In 1984 Beenie Man recorded some material with Barrington Levy (released ten years later), but his music career was put on hold while he finished school, and spent time travelling to the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada.^[3]

1990s return[link]

Beenie Man continued performing and honed his craft beside the then dominant dancehall figures including Ninjaman, Admiral Bailey and Shabba Ranks. He found his artistic home at the Shocking Vibes studio where he continued to record singles with only moderate success in the early 1990s. His career gained momentum after a performance at the Reggae Sunsplash festival in 1992, and a rivalry with Bounty Killer began the following year after Beenie Man was accused of stealing Bounty Killer's style and catch phrases.^[3] The rivalry was captured on the 1994 album Guns Out, with the two artists settling the feud with a soundclash.^[3] Beenie Man had his first number one single in Jamaica in 1993 with "Matie", and he won the DJ of the Year Award the same year, the first of eight consecutive awards.^[7]

International stardom[link]

Partially as a result of prodding from his producers, Sly and Robbie, with whom he recorded cover versions of Bob Marley's "Crazy Baldhead" and "No Woman No Cry" in 1994, the latter a Jamaican chart-topper, Beenie Man converted to the Rastafari movement, as did several of his contemporaries at the time, although in 2005 he stated "I have not converted. I was baptised an Ethiopian Orthodox and at the age of 10 I became a Judah Coptic."^[3][6] In 1994, he was signed by Island Records and released the critically acclaimed album Blessed, which established his reputation internationally.^[3] In 1995 he toured the UK and joined up again with Barrington Levy to record an updated jungle version of Levy's "Under Mi Sensi".^[3]

In 1995, Beenie Man collaborated with Dennis Brown and Triston Palmer to release Three Against War and Mad Cobra and Lieutenant Stitchie on Mad Cobra Meets Lt. Stitchie & Beenie Man. He also collaborated with Lady Saw on "Healing", Sanchez on "Refugee", and Michael Prophet on "Gun 'n' Bass", further establishing his reputation.^[3] He took another step up the ladder in 1996, releasing the seminal Maestro, produced by Patrick Roberts and shot him to UK fame. During the period from the mid to late 1990s, Beenie Man dominated the Jamaican charts to the extent that he perhaps had a good claim to the crown of "Dancehall King", a title only bestowed previously on Yellowman in the early 1980s. Beenie Man's first real break into the United States came in 1997. He heard an instrumental rhythm by an unknown producer named Jeremy Harding, and demanded to add his voice to the rhythm. So this was the birth of his first international hit; he recorded "Who Am I" and the single quickly went Gold. It opened the doors for the world to see a new reggae star in the pages of Newsweek and other major media outlets. The same year, Beenie Man topped the Jamaican singles chart with seven different singles.^[3]

Beenie Man appeared as himself in the 1997 film Dancehall Queen.

In 1998, Beenie Man headlined Reggae Sunsplash and signed to Virgin Records to release albums in the United States. His first American offering was The Doctor (1998). During the late 1990s, Beenie Man began his conquest of America with the hits, "Romie", "Who Am I", and "Girls Dem Sugar", which featured American R&B singer, Mýa. During this time he received an impressive number of international music awards including a MOBO Award for Best International Reggae Act in 1998,^[9] while remaining at the top of the local charts. In 2000, Beenie Man released Art & Life, which featured Arturo Sandoval and Wyclef Jean (The Fugees), for which received a Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album.^[3] In the same year he co-produced (with Wyclef Jean) the debut album by actor Steven Seagal.^[3] Beenie Man, like many dancehall artists is outspoken on a number of social issues, as exemplified by songs such as "Steve Biko" and "Murderer".^[10][11][12]

In 2002, he had a sizeable hit with a duet with Janet Jackson called "Feel It Boy", but his biggest break in America came in early 2004 with the release of a remix of "Dude", featuring guest vocals by fellow Jamaican Ms. Thing, as well as rhymes by Shawnna. He thus cemented his fan base on both sides of the Atlantic.

He had hits in the UK in 1998 with "Who am I" (#10), in 2003 with "Street Life" (#13) and "Feel It Boy" (UK #9), a duet with Janet Jackson, and in 2004 with "Dude" (#7) and "King of the Dancehall" (#14).^[13]

He was also a judge for the 6th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.^[14]

In April 2008 it was announced that Beenie Man was to co-write and star in the film Kingston.^[15] In October 2010 Beenie Man came out with the EP "I'm Drinking Rum and Red Bull", which included 4 songs, "Im drinking Rum and Red Bull", "I'm Okay", and two versions of "Stack and Pile". He later relaased the full album on February 28, 2011. "Im Drinking Rum and Red Bull" features Future Fambo. In September 2008 Beenie Man was cleared of charges of tax evasion.^[16][17]

In April 2009, Beenie Man signed with Brookland Entertainment, a new record label formed by Eric Nicks and The Trackmasters, in preparation to release his new album, "The Legend Returns". The music video for the release of his new single “Gimme Gimme” will be shot in Canada on April 18, 2009. The song "Let's Go" was released on the Overproof Riddim compilation album in 2011.

Personal life[link]

Beenie Man married Michelle "D'Angel" Downer on August 22, 2006. Downer was previously known as long-time girlfriend to Bounty Killer. They have a son together, Marco Dean,^[18] born in November 2006. In June 2007, Beenie Man separated from his wife due to her alleged infidelity. In March 2010, they released a duet single titled "You Are My First", although at the time they were separated.^[18] The couple divorced in 2011.^[19]

Controversy[link]

The lyrics to some of his songs have been criticized for inciting the murder of homosexuals.^[20] He was removed from the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards after protests by gay-rights activists.^[21] That same year, Beenie Man was stopped by police at Heathrow Airport in London, after the cancellation of a concert in England.^[22] He then issued an apology for the lyrics through his record company.^[23] In 2005, gay rights group OutRage! suspended their opposition to Beenie Man after he agreed not to play songs featuring homophobic lyrics, and he performed in London that year.^[24] The following year, he claimed his lyrics were anti-pedophilia, not against consensual homosexual relationships.^[25]

In 2007, it was reported that Beenie Man, along with several other artists, had signed the Reggae Compassionate Act, an agreement to cease performances of anti-gay material.^[26] He later denied that he had signed the act.^[27] As of 2010, protests have continued to cause cancellations of his concerts in some countries, including New Zealand, Belgium and the Netherlands.^[28][29][30]

In 2012, Beenie Man apologized to the gay community for his earlier 'homophobic' lyrics: "Let me make this clear and straight.^[31] I have nothing against no one. I respect each and every human being, regardless of which race or creed, regardless of which religious belief you believe in, and regardless of which sexual preference you are, including gays and lesbian people. I respect all human...Please I am begging you do not have me up for some songs I wrote a long time ago. I love each and every one and am just begging each and everyone to do the same."^[32][33]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 1983: The Invincible Beenie Man: The Incredible Ten Year Old DJ Wonder - Bunny Lee
• 1992: Cool Cool Rider - VP
• 1994: Dis Unu Fi Hear - High Tone
• 1994: Defend It VP
• 1994: Guns Out with Bounty Killer - Greensleeves
• 1995: Blessed - Island
• 1995: Maestro - Greensleeves & VP
• 1995: Mad Cobra Meets Lt. Stitchie & Beenie Man - VP
• 1997: Many Moods Of Moses - VP
• 1999: Y2K - Artists Only
• 1999: Ruff n Tuff
• 1999: The Doctor - VP
• 2000: Art and Life - Virgin
• 2001: Black Liberty
• 2001: Youth Quake
• 2002: Tropical Storm
• 2004: Back to Basics
• 2006: Concept of Life
• 2006: Hundred Dollar Bag
• 2006: Undisputed
• 2007: Monsters of Dancehall
• 2009: The Legend Returns
• 2012: TBA

Compilations[link]

• 1995: All the Best
• 2000: Best of Beenie Man
• 2002: Gold - The Very Best of - Charm
• 2005: Kingston to King of the Dancehall
• 2005: Greatest Hits So Far

Live albums[link]

• 2004: Live in San Francisco

Mixtapes and unofficial releases[link]

• 2000: Trendsetter
• 2004: Cool Cool Rider - The Roots of a Dancehall Don
• 2006: Its Ah! Beenie (riddim mixtape)
• 2007: Monsters of Dancehall

Singles[link]

• 1981: "Too Fancy"
• 1983: "Over the Sea"
• 1993: "Matie" (PROD by Dave and Donovan Mills and Efraim Barrett on the Shelly Power label)
• 1995: "Slam"
• 1995: "Romie"
• 1995: "Old Dog"
• 1995: "Healing" (with Lady Saw)
• 1997: "Dancehall Queen" (with Chevelle Franklin)
• 1998: "Who Am I (Sim Simma)"
• 1998: "Tell Me"
• 2000: "Jungle Boogie" (featuring Sly and Robbie)
• 2000: "Love Me Now" (featuring Wyclef Jean)
• 2000: "Girls Dem Sugar" (featuring Mýa)
• 2002: "Fresh from Yard" (featuring Lil' Kim)
• 2002: "Feel It Boy" (featuring Janet Jackson)
• 2002: "Red Red Red" (with Robyn)
• 2003: "Street Life" (featuring Assia)
• 2003: "Bossman" (featuring Sean Paul and Lady Saw)
• 2004: "Dude" (featuring Ms. Thing and Shawnna)
• 2004: "King of the Dancehall"
• 2005: "Specialists" (featuring Vybz Kartel)
• 2006: "Girls" (featuring Akon)
• 2006: "Hmm Hmm"
• 2006: "Dreaming of You" (featuring Alaine)
• 2007: "Give It Up" (featuring Barbee)
• 2008: "Wine Gyal"
• 2008: "Pickney Nah Hold Yah Dung"
• 2008: "Gimme Gimme"
• 2010: "I'm Drinking/Rum & Red Bull"
• 2012: "Let's Go"

Featured singles[link]

• 1996: "Sound Clash" (Dream Warriors featuring Beenie Man)
• 1996: "Hands In the Air" (Doug E. Fresh featuring Beenie Man)
• 1999: "Outa Space (UFOs)" (Machel Montano featuring Beenie Man); album Any Minute Now
• 2000: "Money" (Jamelia featuring Beenie Man)
• 2001: "I'm Serious" (T.I. featuring Beenie Man)
• 2004: "Compton" (Guerilla Black featuring Beenie Man)
• 2005: "Soul on Fire" (KMC featuring Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Belly Danza" (Don Omar featuring Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Zingy" (Ak'Sent featuring Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Flow Natural" (Tito El Bambino featuring Deevani and Beenie Man)
• 2006: "Heaven Baby" (Brooke Hogan featuring Beenie Man)
• 2007: "Back It Up"
• 2008: "Better than Dem" (Natasja featuring Beenie Man)
• 2008: "Scorpion" (Nisha B. featuring Beenie Man)
• 2008: "Burnin' Burnin" (Ms. Triniti featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Get It On" (Rasun featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Giggle" (Busta Rhymes featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Woman"
• 2009: "International" (Chali 2na featuring Beenie Man)
• 2009: "Pleasure" (2G featuring Beenie Man and Chris S)
• 2012: "Gun Shot" (Nicki Minaj featuring Beenie Man)

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Thompson, Dave (2002). Reggae & Caribbean Music. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-87930-655-6. 
• Larkin, Colin (1998). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0242-9. 

Further reading[link]

• Wray, Milton: Who Am I?: The Untold Story of Beenie Man, 2008, Great House/Omnimedia, Kingston, Jamaica, ISBN 978-9769519930

External links[link]

• Official website
• Beenie Man discography at MusicBrainz

Claude Kelly is an American singer-songwriter. He has a prolific discography, well known for writing for artists such as Britney Spears, Akon, Jason Derulo, Christina Aguilera, Toni Braxton, Tamia, Whitney Houston, Jordin Sparks, Kelly Clarkson, Jay Sean, Adam Lambert, The Wanted, Jessie J and Charice.

Career[link]

He began playing the piano at the age of 3 and by middle school was playing the flute. He attended Riverdale Country School and then Boston's Berklee College of Music. He then returned to New York City. Through networking and word of mouth, Kelly met as many producers as he could, and by 2002 had written a song that ended up a compilation by A Bathing Ape. "It was a lucky break," he said. "It boosted my confidence."

Kelly got his big break when he wrote the song, "Daddy’s Little Girl" for Frankie J’s 2006 album, Priceless. Although it didn’t chart well, he said, watching his song go from recording to mixing to mastering to music video was the confirmation that he needed to press on. Kelly’s work so impressed Akon that in late 2007, the singer suggested Kelly write to some of his music, one of which was "Forgive Me", written for Leona Lewis’ debut album and produced by Akon respectively. Another song he wrote was "Hold My Hand" which was set to feature on Akon’s third album, however the song leaked and it was decided not to be included in the album. The song, which features Michael Jackson, is the first single to be released from Michael (Jackson's first posthumous studio album). At present, he’s working with Whitney Houston; and Christina Aguilera .

Kelly has written songs for Kelly Clarkson ("My Life Would Suck Without You")^[1] Britney Spears ("Circus") from Circus and ("Gasoline) from Femme Fatale^[2] and the K-pop girl group Wonder Girls ^[3]

Kelly has also written songs for Leona Lewis ("Forgive Me"),^[4] Whitney Houston and Fantasia Barrino.

Kelly has since been tapped to write songs for R. Kelly, the Backstreet Boys, Christina Aguilera, Toni Braxton, as well as Melanie Fiona, Adam Lambert and Miley Cyrus' "Party in the U.S.A.", which debuted at #2 on Billboard Hot 100.

Kelly co-wrote Jessie J's "Price Tag", for which he received credit as "Moonhead".

Selected discography[link]

2006

• "Daddy's Little Girl" - Frankie J
• "Say Something" - Frankie J

2007

• "In The End" - Kat DeLuna
• "Love Confusion" - Kat DeLuna
• "Love Me, Leave Me" - Kat Deluna

2008

• "Forgive Me" - Leona Lewis
• "Circus" - Britney Spears
• "Shattered Glass" - Britney Spears
• "If She Knew" - Lemar
• "Camouflage" - Brandy
• "True" - Brandy
• "Told You So" - Jesse McCartney
• "Not Your Enemy" - Jesse McCartney
• "Oxygen" - Jesse McCartney

2009

• "My Life Would Suck Without You" - Kelly Clarkson
• "Tonight" - Jay Sean
• "Party in the U.S.A." - Miley Cyrus
• "Moments That Matter" - Corbin Bleu
• "Speed of Light" - Corbin Bleu
• "Paralyzed" - Corbin Bleu
• "Fear of Flying" - Corbin Bleu
• "Champion" - Corbin Bleu
• "Rock 2 It" - Corbin Bleu
• "Whatever It Takes" - Corbin Bleu
• "My Everything" - Corbin Bleu
• "Angel Cry" - Corbin Bleu
• "Close" - Corbin Bleu
• "The Cure" - Jordin Sparks
• "For Your Entertainment" - Adam Lambert
• "Priceless" - Melanie Fiona
• "In My Head" - Jason Derülo
• "Love Hangover" - Jason Derulo
• "Queen of Hearts" - Jason Derulo
• "We Don't Care" - Akon
• "Over The Edge" - Akon
• "Symphony" - Marié Digby
• "The Time of Our Lives" - Miley Cyrus
• "If I Knew Then" - Backstreet Boys
• "Bye, Bye Love" - Backstreet Boys
• "Alone" - E.M.D.
• "Like I Never Left" - Whitney Houston
• "For The Lovers" - Whitney Houston
• "I Got You" - Whitney Houston
• "Notebook" - Chrisette Michele
• "Blame It on Me"- Chrisette Michele
• "Playin' Our Song" - Chrisette Michele
• "Fragile" (featuring Wale) - Chrisette Michele
• "Mr. Right" - Chrisette Michele
• "I Hate Love" - Toni Braxton

2010

• "Woohoo" - Christina Aguilera featuring Nicki Minaj
• "Desnudate" - Christina Aguilera
• "Glam" - Christina Aguilera
• "Prima Donna" - Christina Aguilera
• "Vanity" - Christina Aguilera
• "Express" - Christina Aguilera
• "Show Me How You Burlesque" - Christina Aguilera
• "Little Miss Perfect" - Sugababes
• "Kissin' U" - Miranda Cosgrove
• "In This Song" - Charice
• "Falling Stars" - David Archuleta
• "Complain" - David Archuleta
• "What A Night" - Lil Jon
• "Ms. Chocolate" - Lil Jon
• "Bittersweet"- Fantasia
• "I'm Doin' Me" - Fantasia
• "Permanent December" - Miley Cyrus
• "Take It Off" - Ke$ha
• "Stuttering" - Fefe Dobson
• "Music Sounds Better With You" - Alexandra Burke
• "Please Don't Let Me Go" - Olly Murs
• "Falling Up" - The Cab
• "Grenade" - Bruno Mars
• "Maze" - Jessica Mauboy
• "The Worst Part Is Over" - Fantasia Barrino
• "Hold My Hand" - Michael Jackson featuring Akon
• "Who Dat Girl" - Flo Rida featuring Akon

2011

• "International Love" - Pitbull ft. Chris Brown
• "Price Tag" - Jessie J ft. B.o.B
• "Nobody's Perfect" - Jessie J
• "Abracadabra" - Jessie J
• "Gasoline" - Britney Spears
• "Don't Turn Out The Lights" - NKOTBSB
• "Summer Rain" - Matthew Morrison
• "Hypnotico" - Jennifer Lopez
• "Yes" - Musiq Soulchild
• "Pieces of Me" - Ledisi
• "Bravo" - Ledisi
• "Shine" - Ledisi
• "As Long As You're There" - Glee ft. Charice
• "Four Letter Word" - David Cook
• "Loser of the Year" - Simple Plan
• "Domino" - Jessie J^[5]
• "Be Careful" - Jason Derulo
• "Make You Mine" - Joe Jonas
• Dance With Me Tonight" - Olly Murs
• "In Case You Didn't Know" - Olly Murs
• "This Song Is About You" - Olly Murs
• "Honestly" - Hot Chelle Rae
• "Right By Your Side" - James Morrison
• "One Night" - Martina McBride

2012

• "Better Than I Know Myself" - Adam Lambert
• " Brokenhearted" - Karmin
• "Hello" - Karmin
• "Walking On The Moon" - Karmin
• "Beautiful Surprise" - Tamia
• "Gold Forever" - The Wanted
• "Open All Night"" - Jay Sean featuring Lil Jon

References[link]

External links[link]

• Interview, HitQuarters May 2010

Susan Raye (born October 8, 1944 in Eugene, Oregon, United States) is an American country music singer. She enjoyed great popularity during the early and mid 1970's and chalked up seven top 10 and nineteen top 40 country hits Susan Raye discography, most notably the song "L.A. International Airport", an international crossover pop hit in 1971.

Raye was a protegee of country music singer Buck Owens. Owens and Raye recorded a number of hit albums and singles together, and were one of the most successful country duet acts of the era, in addition to their solo careers.

Early life[link]

Years before success[link]

Raye was born in 1944 in Eugene, Oregon. She first began singing with a high-school rock group, but after the band called it quits, she auditioned for a local country station. Not only did she begin performing on the radio, she also landed work as a disc jockey, eventually becoming the host of a Portland TV program called Hoedown.^[1] It was at one of Raye's performances at an area nightclub where she met Jack McFadden, Owens' manager. McFadden was so impressed with her vocal talents that he persuaded Owens to fly her to his home in Bakersfield, California, for an audition.^[1]

Rise to success[link]

She moved to Bakersfield and began singing with Owens in 1968, and soon after she cut her first recordings. One of these songs, "Put a Little Love in Your Heart," made the Top 30 in 1970.^[2] At about the same time, she began a nine-year stint as a featured performer on the program Hee Haw.^[1]

Country music career[link]

1970–1975: Breakthrough into the industry[link]

Susan Raye's first sessions as Buck Owens's duet partner were released in 1970. The albums We're Gonna Get Together and The Great White Horse^[1] were Top 20 hits that year, as were the title tracks to each album and a third single, "Togetherness". The song "The Great White Horse" peaked at #8 and was the most successful Owens-Raye duet.

Raye's biggest year as a solo artist came in 1971, when she issued three consecutive Top Ten hits: "L.A. International Airport", "Pitty, Pitty, Patter", and "(I've Got A) Happy Heart". The title track of 1972's My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own also reached the Top Ten.^[3]

Although not her biggest country hit, "L.A. International Airport" became Raye's signature song, peaking at #9 on the Billboard Country Chart and a minor hit on the Billboard Pop Top 100, peaking at #54. The record was a major international pop hit in several countries, however, enjoying its greatest success in New Zealand where it hit #1 for two weeks, and in Australia where it hit #2 and ranked as the #5 best-selling pop record of the year, outselling not only Lynn Anderson's country crossover international smash "Rose Garden" but the first chart-topping hits of Australian natives Olivia Newton-John and Helen Reddy.^[4] Raye earned gold records from both countries.

Susan Raye became the first woman to become a major country artist without recording in Nashville, a feat previously accomplished only by male stars like Owens and Merle Haggard. Raye was nominated for five Academy of Country Musicawards, three times as "Top Female Vocalist". [1]

Raye married Owens' drummer Jerry Wiggins in 1972. They have been married for over 30 years and are the parents of six children.

Raye had an additional two Top 20 Country hits in 1972 from separate albums, "Wheel of Fortune" and "Love Sure Feels Good in My Heart". In 1973 Raye's next album, Cheating Game, spawned two singles, one of which (the title track) reached #18 on the Billboard Country Chart that year. The second single, "When You Get Back from Nashville", was not as successful and peaked outside Country's Top 40. That same year, Raye and Owens reunited for an album, The Good Old Days (Are Again), and together they had a Top 40 hit from the album. In 1974, Raye's album Singing Susan Raye also released a Top 20 hit, a remake of "Stop the World (And Let Me Off)".^[5]

Raye's 1975 release "Whatcha Gonna Do With a Dog Like That", became her seventh Top 10 on the Billboard Country Chart and a duet single with Buck Owens, "Love is Strange", placed in the Top 20 that year. In 1976 however, Owens severed his ties with Capitol Records and closed down his Bakersfield unit for the label. Susan Raye released her final album on Capitol in 1976, Honey Toast and Sunshine, her first recording session in Nashville.

1977–1984: Later Career[link]

Raye signed with United Artists Records at the end of 1976 and released one album on the label produced by George Richey which spawned four charting singles, the most successful of which peaked at #51. It was Raye's last studio album issued from a major record label. In the late 70s, Raye dropped out of the music business, citing family and religion as her reasons.^[2]

Returning to the recording studio for the first time in eight years, Susan Raye released the album There and Back in 1985, which produced two more chart singles on Billboard.^[3] 1986 saw an additional album, Then and Now. The A-side of the album featured updated rerecordings of Raye's biggest hits. The songs on the B-side were gospel/contemporary Christian songs. This album is Raye's last recording to date.

Other careers since music[link]

Susan Raye is a devoted Christian. She went to college to obtain a degree in psychology in the early 1980s. She decided to continue her studies rather than build on her chart return and became a successful Christian psychologist. She has been completely retired from show business since 1986.

Susan Raye returned to LAX on August 6, 2003 during the 75th anniversary year of LAX. She performed the song with a Bakersfield band and backup vocalists for an enthusiastic outdoor crowd from the airport community.^[6]

Awards and Nominations[link]

Discography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Susan Raye At Bakersfield.com
• Susan Raye at LAX.org Performing in 2003