Factory (from Latin facere, meaning "to do"; German "Faktorei", Portuguese "Feitoria", Dutch "Factorij") was the English term for the trading posts system originally established by Europeans in foreign territories, first within different states of medieval Europe, and later in their colonial possessions. Factories served simultaneously as market, warehouse, customs, defense and support to the navigation or exploration, headquarters or de facto government of local communities, with the head of the factory being called a factor. This system was adopted by Americans to exchange goods with local non western societies. Examples in America include those in Native American Indian territory, created for the purpose of enhancing Indian trade with European colonists and, later, the United States.

European medieval factories[link]

Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League

The Oostershuis, a Kontor in Antwerp

Although European colonialism traces its roots to ancient Carthage^{[citation needed]} - a trading settlement of Phoenician colonists - and almost every major city of the world once started as a trading post (Venice, Naples, Rotterdam, New York, Shanghai, Lisbon, etc.), "factories" were a unique institution born in medieval Europe.

Originally, factories were organizations of European merchants from a state, meeting in a foreign place. These organizations sought to defend their common interests, mainly economic (as well as organized insurance and protection), enabling the maintenance of diplomatic and trade relations within the foreign state where they were set.

The factories were established from 1356 onwards in the main trading centers, usually ports or central hubs that have prospered under the influence of the Hanseatic League and its guilds and kontors. The Hanseatic cities had their own law system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. The Hanseatic League maintained factories among others in England (Boston, King's Lynn), Norway (Tønsberg) and Finland (Åbo). Later, cities like Bruges and Antwerp, actively tried to take over the monopoly of trade from the Hansa, inviting foreign merchants to join in.

Because foreigners were not allowed to buy land in these cities, merchants joined around "factories", like the Portuguese in their Bruges factory: the Factor(s) and his officers rented the housing and warehouses, arbitrated trade and even managed insurance funds, working both as an association and an embassy, even administering justice within the merchant community.^[1]

Portuguese Feitorias (c.1445)[link]

During the territorial and economic expansion of the Age of Discovery the factory was adapted by the Portuguese and spread throughout from West Africa to Southeast Asia.^[2] The Portuguese "feitorias" were mostly fortified trading posts settled in coastal areas, built to centralize and thus dominate the local trade of products with the Portuguese kingdom (and thence to Europe). They served simultaneously as market, warehouse, support to the navigation and customs and were governed by a "Feitor" (factor) responsible for managing the trade, buying and trading products on behalf of the king and collecting taxes (usually 20%).

Elmina Castle viewed from the sea in 1668. Notice European shipping in foreground and African houses/town shown in left hand corner and in various areas around the fort.

The first Portuguese feitoria overseas was established by Henry the Navigator in 1445 on the island of Arguin, off the coast of Mauritania. It was built to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in the routes traveled in North Africa. It served as a model for a chain of African feitorias, Elmina Castle being the most notorious.

Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a chain of about 50 Portuguese forts either housed or protected feitorias along the coasts of West and East Africa, the Indian Ocean, China, Japan, and South America. The main Portuguese factories were in Goa, Malacca, Ormuz, Ternate, and Macau. They were mainly driven by the trade of gold on the coast of Guinea, spices in the Indian Ocean, and slaves to the new world. They were also used for local triangular trade between several territories, like Goa-Macau-Nagasaki, trading products such as sugar, pepper, coconut, timber, horses, grain, feathers from exotic Indonesian birds, precious stones, silks and porcelain from the East, among many other products. In the Indian Ocean the trade in Portuguese factories was enforced and increased by a merchant ship licensing system: the cartazes.^[3]

From the feitorias the products went to the main outpost in Goa, then to Portugal where they were traded in the Casa da Índia, which also managed exports to India.^[4] There they were sold, or re-exported to the Royal Portuguese Factory in Antwerp, where they were distributed to the rest of Europe.

Easily supplied and defended by sea, the factories worked as independent colonial bases. They provided safety, both for the Portuguese, and at times for the territories in which they were built, protecting against constant rivalries and piracy. They allowed Portugal to dominate trade in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, establishing a vast empire with scarce human and territorial resources. Over time, the feitorias were sometimes licensed to private entrepreneurs, giving rise to some conflict between abusive private interests and local populations, such as in the Maldives.

Dutch Factorij and other European Factories (1600s)[link]

Dutch V.O.C. factory in Hugli-Chuchura, Bengal, in 1665

Dejima island in Nagasaki Bay, first Portuguese and then Dutch factory during Japan's self-imposed isolation (sakoku), from 1641 until 1853.

Canton "Thirteen Factories", c. 1820, with flags of Denmark, Spain, the U.S., Sweden, Britain, and the Netherlands

The establishment of Factories by other European powers along the trade routes explored by Portugal and Spain started in the 17th century, first by Dutch and then by England. They went on to establish in conquered Portuguese Feitorias and further enclaves, as they explored the coasts of Africa, Arabia, India and South East Asia, in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade.

Factories were then explored by Chartered companies like the Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded in 1602 and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621. These factories provided for the exchange of products between European companies and local populations and, increasingly, the colonies that often started as a factory and a few warehouses. Usually these factories had larger warehouses to fit the products resulting from the increasing agricultural development of colonies, which had boosted in the New World with the Atlantic slave trade.

In these factories the products were checked and got their first rough treatment, being weighed and packaged to suit for the long sea voyage. In particular, spices, cocoa, tea, tobacco, coffee, sugar, porcelain and fur were well protected against the salty sea air and against deterioration. The factor was there, as the representative of the trading partners in all matters, reporting to the headquarters and being responsible for the products logistics (proper storage and shipping). Given that information took a long time to reach the company headquarters, this was dependent on an absolute trust.

Some of the Dutch factories were in Cape Town (South Africa), Calicut, Ambon, Coromandel Coast, Colombo (city), Formosa, Canton, Mocha (Yemen) and Fort Orange (New York), Dejima, from 1641 to 1859 on an artificial island in the port of Nagasaki, Japan.

North American factories (1697 to 1822)[link]

The American factories often played a strategic role as well, sometimes operating as forts, providing a degree of protection for Indians and allied colonists from enemy Indians and colonists. Later factories established by the United States often served to protect Indians from American citizens.

York Factory, Manitoba, in 1853

The factory trading post building at Fort Clark on the left which in turn was within a walled fort

York Factory was founded by the chartered Hudson's Bay Company in 1697. For a longtime it was headquarters of the company, that was once the de facto government in parts of North America, like Rupert's Land, before European-based colonies and nation states existed. It controlled the fur trade throughout much of British-controlled North America for several centuries, undertaking early exploration. Its traders and trappers forged early relationships with many groups of First Nations/Native Americans and a network of trading posts formed the nucleus for later official authority in many areas of Western Canada and the United States.

The early coastal factory model contrasted with the system of the French, who established an extensive system of inland posts and sent traders to live among the tribes of the region. After war broke out in Europe between France and England in the 1680s, the two nations regularly sent expeditions to raid and capture each other's fur trading posts. In March 1686, the French sent a raiding party under Chevalier des Troyes over 1,300 km (810 mi) to capture the company's posts along James Bay. In 1697, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, commander of the company's captured posts defeated three ships of the Royal Navy in the Battle of the Bay on his way to capture York Factory by a ruse. York Factory changed hands several times in the next decade and was finally ceded permanently in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. After the treaty, the Hudson Bay Company rebuilt York Factory as a brick star fort at the mouth of the nearby Hayes River, its present location.

The United States government sanctioned a factory system from 1796 to 1822, with factories scattered through the mostly territorial portion of the country.

The factories were officially intended through a series of legislation called the Indian Intercourse Acts to protect Native Americans from exploitation. However, in practice numerous tribes conceded extensive territory in exchange for the trading posts as happened in the Treaty of Fort Clark in which the Osage Nation ceded most of Missouri at Fort Clark.

Usually a blacksmith was assigned to the factory to repair utensils and build or maintain plows. Frequently the factories had some sort of milling operation associated with them.

The factories marked the United States' attempt to continue a process originally pioneered by the French and then by the Spanish to officially license the fur trade in Upper Louisiana.

Factories were frequently referred to as "forts" and often had numerous unofficial names. Legislation was often passed calling for military garrisons at the fort but their de facto purpose was a trading post.

Examples[link]

York Factory was founded by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1697.

In the United States factories under the Superintendent of Indian Trade:[1]

• Creek:

Colerain, 1795-97

Fort Wilkinson, 1797-1806

Ocmulgee Old Fields, 1806-9

Fort Hawkins, 1809-16

Fort Mitchell, 1816-20

• Cherokee:

Fort Tellico, 1795-1807

Fort Hiwassee, 1807-10

Fort Wayne, 1802-12

• Choctaw:

Fort St. Stephens, 1802-15

Fort Confederation, 1816-22

• Fort Chickasaw Bluffs, 1802–18
• Fort Detroit, 1802-5
• Fort Arkansas, 1805–10
• Fort Chicago, 1805–22
• Fort Belle Fontaine, 1805-9

Natchitoches—Sulphur Fork

Fort Natchitoches, 1805-18

FortSulphur Fork, 1818-22

• Fort Sandusky, 1806–12
• Fort Madison, Iowa 1808-15
• Fort Osage, 1808–22
• Fort Mackinac (Michilimackinac), 1808–12
• Fort Green Bay, 1815–22
• Fort Praire du Chien, 1815–22
• Fort Edwards, 1818–22
• Fort Spadre Bluffs (Illinois Bayou), 1818–22

References[link]

Volkswagen factory in Wolfsburg, Germany

A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial building, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another. Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production. Typically, factories gather and concentrate resources: laborers, capital and plant.

Factories may either make discrete products or some type of material continuously produced such as chemicals, pulp and paper or refined oil products. Discrete products may range from parts to components and assemblies which are made into final products elsewhere or they may make final products. Factories may start from parts supplied from elsewhere or may make parts from raw materials. Industries making continuous materials, sometimes called process industries, typically use energy, usually heat, electricity or both, to transform raw materials into finished product.

History[link]

Entrance to the Venetian Arsenal by Canaletto, 1732.

The oldest known production facility that might be called a factory was discovered at Blombos Cave, a cave on the south coast of South Africa some 200 miles (320 km) east of Cape Town, where 100,000-year-old tools and ingredients were found with which early modern humans mixed an ochre-based paint.^[1] Although large mills and workshops were established in ancient China, Rome and the Middle East, the Venice Arsenal provides one of the first examples of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Republic of Venice, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, it mass-produced ships on assembly lines using manufactured parts. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day and, at its height, employed 16,000 people.^{[verification needed]}

Industrial Revolution[link]

Adolph von Menzel: Moderne Cyklopen

Many historians regard Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory (established in 1761 in Birmingham) as the first modern factory. (Other claims might be made for John Lombe's silk mill in Derby (1721), or Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mill (1771)—purpose built to fit the equipment it held and taking the material through the various manufacturing processes.) One historian, Jack Weatherford, contends that the first factory was in Potosí, for processing silver ingot slugs into coins, because there was so much silver being mined close by.^[2] See City and Factory Life for more background concerning factory conditions.

British colonies in the late 18th century built factories simply as buildings where a large number of laborers gathered to perform hand labor, usually in textile production. This proved more efficient—for administration and for the distribution of raw materials to individual laborers—than earlier methods of manufacturing such as cottage industries or the putting-out system.^{[verification needed]}

Cotton mills used inventions such as the steam engine and the power loom to pioneer the industrial factory of the 19th century, where precision machine tools and replaceable parts allowed greater efficiency and less waste.^{[verification needed]}

Between 1820 and 1850, the non-mechanized factories supplanted the traditional artisan shops as the predominant form of manufacturing institution. Even though the theory on why and how the non-mechanized factories gradually replaced the small artisan shops is still ambiguous, what is apparent is that the larger-scale factories enjoyed technological gains and advance in efficiency over the small artisan shops.^{[verification needed]} In fact, the larger scale forms of factory establishments were more favorable and advantageous over the small artisan shops in terms of competition for survival.^{[verification needed]}

New England factories in the 19th century[link]

In New England in the early to mid-19th century, many cotton and textile factories employed large numbers of female adolescent laborers from the New England area.^[3] The girls came from families of middling farmers. Factory employment offered an alternative to rural lifestyle, and many women labored, not only to send money back home, but to gain greater social & economic independence. They were able to earn enough at the factory to cover their living expenses and still have spending money and savings for dowries.^[4]

In 1834 New England textile factory owners decided to cut the wages of these young women in order to save money.^[5] In response, the young factory laborers organized turnouts (strikes) in an attempt to force their employers to raise wages again. These young women viewed themselves as equals to their managers. They saw their wage reductions as attempts to take away their economic independence and force them to become completely dependent upon factory employment for survival—to make them "slaves" to their employers. Because of bad timing and poor organization their 1834 factory turnout was unsuccessful, but it did lay the foundation for successful strikes that helped shape factory life in the future.^[6]

20th century[link]

The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation at Wheatfield, New York, United States, 1944

A factory worker in 1940s Fort Worth, Texas, United States.

Henry Ford further revolutionized the factory concept in the early 20th century, with the innovation of the mass production. Highly specialized laborers situated alongside a series of rolling ramps would build up a product such as (in Ford's case) an automobile. This concept dramatically decreased production costs for virtually all manufactured goods and brought about the age of consumerism.^{[verification needed]}

In the mid- to late 20th century, industrialized countries introduced next-generation factories with two improvements:

1. Advanced statistical methods of quality control, pioneered by the American mathematician William Edwards Deming, whom his home country initially ignored. Quality control turned Japanese factories into world leaders in cost-effectiveness and production quality.
2. Industrial robots on the factory floor, introduced in the late 1970s. These computer-controlled welding arms and grippers could perform simple tasks such as attaching a car door quickly and flawlessly 24 hours a day. This too cut costs and improved speed.

Some speculation^{[citation needed]} as to the future of the factory includes scenarios with rapid prototyping, nanotechnology, and orbital zero-gravity facilities.

Historically significant factories[link]

• Soho Manufactory
• Portsmouth Block Mills
• Slater Mill Historic Site
• Lowell Mills
• Springfield Armory
• Harpers Ferry Armory
• Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company also called the Bridgewater Foundry
• Baldwin Locomotive Works
• Highland Park Ford Plant
• Ford River Rouge Complex

Siting the factory[link]

Before the advent of mass transportation, factories' needs for ever-greater concentrations of laborers meant that they typically grew up in an urban setting or fostered their own urbanization. Industrial slums developed, and reinforced their own development through the interactions between factories, as when one factory's output or waste-product became the raw materials of another factory (preferably nearby). Canals and railways grew as factories spread, each clustering around sources of cheap energy, available materials and/or mass markets. The exception proved the rule: even greenfield factory sites such as Bournville, founded in a rural setting, developed its own housing and profited from convenient communications systems.^{[verification needed]}

Regulation curbed some of the worst excesses of industrialization's factory-based society, a series of Factory Acts leading the way in Britain. Trams, automobiles and town planning encouraged the separate development of industrial suburbs and residential suburbs, with laborers commuting between them.

Though factories dominated the Industrial Era, the growth in the service sector eventually began to dethrone them:^{[verification needed]} the focus of labor in general shifted to central-city office towers or to semi-rural campus-style establishments, and many factories stood deserted in local rust belts.

The next blow to the traditional factories came from globalization. Manufacturing processes (or their logical successors, assembly plants) in the late 20th century re-focussed in many instances on Special Economic Zones in developing countries or on maquiladoras just across the national boundaries of industrialized states. Further re-location to the least industrialized nations appears possible as the benefits of out-sourcing and the lessons of flexible location apply in the future.^{[verification needed]}

Governing the factory[link]

Much of management theory developed in response to the need to control factory processes.^{[verification needed]} Assumptions on the hierarchies of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled laborers and their supervisors and managers still linger on; however an example of a more contemporary approach to handle design applicable to manufacturing facilities can be found in Socio-Technical Systems (STS).

Shadow factories[link]

A shadow factory is a term given to dispersed manufacturing sites in times of war to reduce the risk of disruption due to enemy air-raids and often with the dual purpose of increasing manufacturing capacity. Before World War II Britain had built many shadow factories.

British shadow factories[link]

Production of the Supermarine Spitfire at its parent company's base at Woolston, Southampton was vulnerable to enemy attack as a high profile target and was well within range of Luftwaffe bombers. Indeed on 26 September 1940 this facility was completely destroyed by an enemy bombing raid. Supermarine had already established a plant at Castle Bromwich; this action prompted them to further disperse Spitfire production around the country with many premises being requisitioned by the British Government.^[7]

Connected to the Spitfire was production of its equally important Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, Rolls-Royce's main aero engine facility was located at Derby, the need for increased output was met by building new factories in Crewe and Glasgow and using a purpose-built factory of Ford of Britain in Trafford Park Manchester.^[8]

See also[link]

Business and economics portal

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
• Thomas, Dublin(1995). "Transforming Women’s Work page: New England Lives in the Industrial Revolution 77, 118" Cornell University Press.
• Price, Alfred. The Spitfire Story: Second edition. London: Arms and Armour Press Ltd., 1986. ISBN 0-85368-861-3.
• Pugh, Peter. The Magic of a Name — The Rolls-Royce Story — The First 40 Years. Cambridge, England. Icon Books Ltd, 2000. ISBN 1-84046-151-9
• Thomas, Dublin(1981). "Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826–1860: Page 86–107" New York: Columbia University Press.
• Biggs, Lindy (1996). The rational factory: architecture, technology, and work in America's age of mass production. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5261-9. 

Further reading[link]

• Christian, Gallope, D (1987) 'Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial processes?' Academy of Management Review. v 12 n 1, p38–51.
• Peterson, T (2004) 'Ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz: an updated typology of management skills', Management Decision. v 42 n10, p1297–1308.
• Mintzberg, H (1975) 'The manager's job: Folklore and fact', Harvard Business Review, v 53 n 4, July – August, p49–61.
• Hales, C (1999) 'Why do managers do what they do? Reconciling evidence and theory in accounts of managerial processes', British Journal of Management, v 10 n4, p335–350.
• Mintzberg, H (1994) 'Rounding out the Managers job', Sloan Management Review, v 36 n 1 p 11–26.
• Rodrigues, C (2001) 'Fayol’s 14 principles then and now: A plan for managing today’s organizations effectively', Management Decision, v 39 n10, p 880–889
• Twomey, D. F. (2006) 'Designed emergence as a path to enterprise', Emergence, Complexity & Organization, Vol. 8 Issue 3, p12–23.
• McDonald, G (2000) Business ethics: practical proposals for organisations Journal of Business Ethics. v 25(2) p 169–185

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2010)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2006)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Factory

Look up factory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

A recreation of a typical trading post for trade with the Plains Indians.

A trading post (or trading fort) was a place or establishment in historic Northern America where the trading of goods took place. The preferred travel route to a trading post or between trading posts, was known as a trade route. Mainly specific things such as pie or tacos for that matter were found in these location points on local trading routes

Trading posts were also places for people to meet and exchange the news of the world or simply the news from their home country (many of the world's trading posts were located in places which were popular destinations for emigration) in a time when not even newspapers existed.

Trading posts in general were of great importance to the history of currency. Though barter has been used for millennia and continues to be used, almost from the start of trading post history, the need occurred to have something as a payment medium. Soon trade tokens and eventually coins were produced from precious metals like gold, silver and copper for the use of buying and selling goods instead of simply exchanging them. After the introduction of currency, the first banks occurred in Genoa and Venice almost immediately.

European colonialism traces its roots to ancient Carthage. Originally a trading settlement of Phoenician colonists, Carthage grew into a vast economic and political power throughout the Mediterranean, accumulating wealth and influence through its economic (trading) prowess. Almost every city of importance of the world once started its history as a trading post: Venice, New York, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Naples, Rotterdam etc.

The annexation of trading posts along ancient trade routes took place in the 16th and 17th century by European powers like the Dutch and English. It began with the capture of Ceuta (a terminus of the trans-Saharan trade route) by the Portuguese in 1415. They went on to establish further enclaves as they explored the coasts of Africa, Arabia, India and South East Asia in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade. Trading posts were also very common in the early settlements of Canada and the United States for the trade of such things as fur. They were also used in many camps across America as places to buy snacks, items and souvenirs.

The Hudson's Bay Company set up trading posts around Hudson Bay during the fur trade. Goods were traded for beaver pelts amongst the Europeans and the Native Americans. In the United States in the early 19th century, trading posts used by Native Americans were licensed by the federal government and called "factories". Tribes were to concede substantial territory to the United States in order to access the "factories" as happened at Fort Clark in the Treaty of Fort Clark in which the Osage Nation conceded most of Missouri in order to access the trading post.

Other uses[link]

• In the context of Scouting, trading post usually refers to a camp store where snacks, craft materials and general merchandise are sold.
• A "trading post" can also be referred to as the place where securities listed on the New York Stock Exchange are traded (bought and sold).
• In recent years, many people have developed their own trading posts such as the Front Range Trading Post in Colorado Springs, CO. Trades include handmade and hand grown/raised items, baked goods and more. Cash is not accepted, only bartering is allowed.

Look up post or post- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Post or POST may refer to:

Mail[link]

• Mail, the postal system, especially in Commonwealth of Nations countries
• Hotel post, a service offered by remote Swiss hotels for the carriage of mail to the nearest official post office
• Local post, a mail service that operates only within a limited geographical area, typically a city or a single transportation route
• Parcel post, a service for sending parcels through the post
• Prague pneumatic post, the world's last preserved municipal pneumatic post system
• Wine post, also known as New Zealand Wine Post, is a privately owned postal service in New Zealand
• Post, an entry in a blog or internet forum – see posting style
• Anonymous post, an entry in a blog or internet forum without a screen name or more commonly by using a non-identifiable pseudonym
• Sponsored post, a post to any community-driven notification-oriented website which is explicitly sponsored as an advertisement

Newspapers and magazines[link]

• New York Post, USA
• The Washington Post, USA
• Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, USA
• The Christian Post, USA
• The Jerusalem Post, Israel
• The Sunday Post, Scotland
• National Post, Canada
• The Sunday Business Post, Ireland
• Australasian Post, Australia
• Post Magazine, British magazine first published in 1840
• Post Newspapers, Australia
• South China Morning Post, Hong Kong
• The Kathmandu Post, Nepal

Music[link]

• Post (Björk album), the third studio album by Icelandic singer-songwriter and musician Björk, released in June 1995
• Post (Paul Kelly album), the first solo album by Australian singer-songwriter rock musician, Paul Kelly
• Post Records, record label

Organisations and companies[link]

• Post Foods, brand name
• Post University, a university in Connecticut USA
• Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, UK

Places[link]

• Post, Texas, the county seat of Garza County, US
• Post, Oregon, a community at the geographic center of the state of Oregon, US
• Post Lake, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, US

Sports[link]

• Posting system, transfer system for baseball players moving from a Japanese baseball team to a Major League Baseball team
• Post (route), route run by a receiver in American Football

Technology[link]

• Structural post: Column (architecture)
• Power-on self-test, start-up routines on electronic devices, typically on computers
• POST (HTTP), an HTTP request method
• Pillar (car), structural element of a car body
• .post the internet top-level domain

Other[link]

• Post, a way of riding a horse trot
• Military base, an assigned station or a guard post
• Post (surname)
• Part-of-speech tagging, the process of marking up a word in a text (corpus) as corresponding to a particular part of speech, based on both its definition, as well as its context—i.e. relationship with adjacent and related words in a phrase, sentence, or paragraph
• POST Certification (Peace Officer Standards and Training), a program nationwide for Law enforcement officers

See also[link]

• Pole (disambiguation)
• Posting (laundering process), or postadh, a traditional Scottish method of washing clothes
• Hitching post (disambiguation)
• All pages beginning with "Post"
• All pages with titles containing "Post"

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Robert Young "Rob" Cornilles ( /kɔrˈnɪlɪs/ kor-NIL-iss; born April 17, 1964) is an American businessman and aspiring politician in the U.S. state of Oregon. He is the founder of Game Face, which develops sales training programs for sports executives, and is also Director of Marketing for SRO Partners. Cornilles has twice been an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the United States House of Representatives, attempting to represent Oregon's 1st congressional district.

Early life and career[link]

Born in Portland, Cornilles grew up in neighboring Washington and Yamhill counties, and graduated from Newberg High School in Newberg, Oregon. He went on to earn a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University.^[1][2][3] He started Game Face in 1995.^[3][4]

Political career[link]

Cornilles ran as the Republican nominee in the 2010 election for Oregon's 1st congressional district against incumbent, Democrat, David Wu, and was defeated by a margin of 55% to 43%. Wu resigned from Congress in August 2011, and in the 2012 special election to fill the vacant seat, Cornilles was again defeated, this time by Democrat Suzanne Bonamici^[2][5]

Personal[link]

Cornilles and his wife Allison live in Tualatin. They have three sons.^[3][4][6]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Campaign website