published: 09 Feb 2009
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![MEAT IN YOUR MOUTH [BANNED COMMERCIAL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/CqGB11V0yYg/default.jpg "BLOOPERS & BEHIND THE SCENES: bit.ly GET THE SONG: goo.gl We were asked to make a music video for a new sausage-like product. Here it is. PS: If you think this song is gross, you are a pervert. This is a serious song about meat. Beat created by Taylor Lipari: youtube.com ------------------------------------ Hey it's our very own website: smosh.com Oh and our Facebook page facebook.com Want to know when we're filming and/or pooping? Now you can: twitter.com ===LYRICS=== You're playing games and need something to chew You're super hungry, so what do I do? I put the meat in your mouth, I put the meat in your mouth You know you love it when you get that meat in your mouth. You're out on a date, macking on some stew Your girl's super picky, so what do you do? You put the meat in her mouth, you put the meat in her mouth, First dates are great when you put the meat in her mouth Her mom got mad 'cause you were out too late Said be back by midnight, now she's really irate Put that meat in her mouth, put that meat in her mouth, Moms always love getting that meat in their mouths. You're chilling with the dudes and the game's almost through The pizza never came, so what do you do? You put the meat in their mouths, you put the meat in their mouths, Dudes love other dudes putting meat in their mouths. When you're home all alone and want to try something new You look down at your meat and what do you do? Put that meat in your mouth, put that meat in your mouth You know you love it when <b>...</b>")
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Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Buddhism
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Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either. Up to 80% of the food is obtained by gathering.
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Indigenous peoples
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Sandwich
A sandwich is a food item, often consisting of two or more slices of bread with one or more fillings between them, or one slice of bread with a topping or toppings, commonly called an open sandwich. Sandwiches are a widely popular type of lunch food, typically taken to work or school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. They generally contain a combination of salad vegetables, meat, cheese, and a variety of sauces. The bread can be used as it is, or it can be coated with any condiments to enhance flavor and texture. They are widely sold in restaurants and cafes.
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Meat & Potatoes
Cast
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: Between the Buns
Host Rahm Fama explores some of the country's best tasting meats between buns. The Smoked Meat Sandw...
-
Episode 2: BBQ Madness
Rahm Fama goes mad for barbecue and searches for the country's best. On a trip to Lambert's Downtown...
-
Episode 3: Steakhouse Wars
Rahm Fama sinks his teeth into succulent steak, seeking out the juiciest in the country. In Fort Lee...
-
Episode 4: Supersized Meat
In this super sized episode, Rahm Fama tracks down El-Gigante, an infamous burrito layered with 8 po...
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Episode 5: Affordable Gourmet Meals
With just a few dollars in his pocket, Rahm Fama goes on a journey for affordable gourmet meat. He s...
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Episode 6: Midnight Meat
Rahm Fama finds the best meat after midnight to satisfy his late-night carnivorous cravings. In New ...
- Season 2
-
Episode 1: All American Meat
USA:14 March 2011...
-
Episode 2: Meat with Heat
USA:21 March 2011...
-
Episode 3: (#2.3)
- Episode 4: Burger Mania
If there's one meat dish that all Americans love its burgers and in this episode Rahm Fama tracks do...- Episode 5: Breakfast Meats
USA:11 April 2011...- Episode 6: Comfort Meats
USA:18 April 2011...- Episode 7: Meat on the Go
USA:16 May 2011...- Episode 8: Meat on the Bone
USA:30 May 2011...- Episode 9: Cheap Meats...
USA:23 May 2011...- Episode 10: With Fries...
USA:6 June 2011...- Episode 11: Italian Meats
USA:13 June 2011...- Episode 12: Meat for Lunch
USA:20 June 2011...- Episode 13: Meat on a Stick
USA:27 June 2011...
Lean Meat
A series of failed lessons and attempts at doing well in life by the man you all hate to love, Lean Meat.
Cast
- Nolan Janssens
- Bam Bourdeau D'Hui
- Nicole Friesen
- Joakim Ottander
- Austin Williams
- Yano Janssens
- Kenny Heinz
- Dom Brusciano
- Logan Hembling
- Artin John Tsambazis
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: How to Get Ready in the Morning
USA:7 March 2012...
-
Episode 2: How to Pick Up a Girl in the Elevator
USA:14 March 2012...
-
Episode 3: How to Properly Make Breakfast
USA:21 March 2012...
-
Episode 4: How to Apologize
USA:28 March 2012...
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Episode 5: How to Raise a Little Brother
USA:4 April 2012...
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Episode 6: How to Pick a Wingman: Part 1
Canada...
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Episode 7: How to Pick a Wingman: Part 2
USA:25 April 2012...
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Episode 8: How to Text Girls
USA:2 May 2012...
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Episode 9: How to Not Be a Pushover
Canada...
-
Episode 10: How to Talk to Gay People
Canada...
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Episode 11: How to Throw a Party
Canada...
Fresh Meat
Cast
- Kimberley Nixon
- Charlotte Ritchie
- Zawe Ashton
- Greg McHugh
- Joe Thomas
- Jack Whitehall
- Robert Webb
- Tony Gardner
- Jack Fox
- Ben McGregor
- Gemma Chan
- Adam Gillen
- Adrian Lukis
- Emma Rigby
- Anjana Vasan
- James Musgrave
- Sara Stewart
- Dan Mersh
- Joe Van Moyland
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: (#1.1)
Five new students arrive at Manchester University to share a house. The girls are the sweet-natured ...
-
Episode 2: (#1.2)
After catching J.P. putting his weights in the empty room supposedly occupied by unseen student Paul...
-
Episode 3: (#1.3)
After an encounter with the seductive Ruth Kingsley swaps Geology,upsetting Dan in the process,for t...
-
Episode 4: (#1.4)
J.P.: I'll probably end up being Prime Minister or something one day. I don't want to be. It's just,...
-
Episode 5: (#1.5)
The household goes on a protest against student cuts in London though J.P. is using it as an excuse ...
-
Episode 6: (#1.6)
Oregon and JP both hear bad news - her horse is dying and his father has serious health issues. Afte...
-
Episode 7: (#1.7)
Dave moves into the house,to the annoyance of everybody - until he proves himself useful by mending ...
-
Episode 8: (#1.8)
Vod: Yeahh, I really wanna stay, [cough] seein' as it's total kak and full of dirty old pervs who in...
- Season 2
-
Episode 1: (#2.1)
UK:1 September 2012...
Meat Men
Cast
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: White Label Burger
USA:9 April 2012...
-
Episode 2: The Prime Rib
USA:16 April 2012...
-
Episode 3: Burger Remix
USA:23 April 2012...
-
Episode 4: Steak on a Plane!
USA:30 April 2012...
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Episode 5: Grandpa's Secret Sausage Recipe
USA:7 May 2012...
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Episode 6: Emergency Steaks
USA:14 May 2012...
- Episode 4: Burger Mania
- Linea 77
- Confessions Of Obscurity
- Wargasm
- Brotha Lynch Hung
- Abaddon Incarnate
- Skin
- Ruiner
- Robyn Hitchcock
- Phish
- Autopsy
- Aardvarks
- Denis Leary
karaoke
Now i'm confused But the fly continue to fight against the screen
I watch but the head start to go around cause nwo there's silence here
Now there's a new box on your bed I 'm feeling free no w i'm feeling different
Watch me cause my blood has done my meat So sweet
Now i'm here driving my car faster than everyone
Now my head is so clear like your eyes eat me Swallow me then eat me now
Please let's take my hand and lick my head " how is clear"
With your anger-tears eat my bones eat my bones eat my bones
So where's my god fear i can see your eyes
Meeaaaaaaaaaaaat.....
If I told you what's inside of your mind
Would you face it or tell me that I'm being unkind
Can you see just how your instincts are ruling your head
Do you know that if you follow them you're soon to end up dead
There is more to us than I'll kill you before you can kill me
It's there in each of us
I know it's here inside of me
I know fear way down deep
I smell fear, fresh meat
I'm not like you
I use what's in my head
I think
I know which side comes out ahead
I think
Anger bringing you down like an animal
Crawling around on the ground
I see you hanging there another helpless piece of meat
Unthinking empty head for all the other animals to eat
They smell your fear rabid dogs nipping at your feet
They will tear you down
Your brainless head will taste so sweet
I know fear way down deep
I smell fear, fresh meat
I'm not like you
I use what's in my head
I think
I know which side comes out ahead
I think
In your mind you draw that line
Are you gonna shine or will you flatline
Which side, you decide
Is it a gift, a curse, or is it something worse
A weapon, a tool, you a hero or a fool
I know fear way down deep
I smell fear, fresh meat
I'm not like you
I use what's in my head
I think
I know which side comes out ahead
Intro: *Alarm Sounds*
Damn alarm clock
I hate alarms clocks
Hey babe I gotta get up
Wake him up, take him to school
Ima have that talk wit him
Ima have that talk wit him
Alright, yeah, Heeeeeey
Real shit y'all.
Verse:
I only got enough money for some hamburger
meat
but I still aint trippin that's the shit I like to eat
but my son he like "Daddy this is all we got to
eat?"
I'm like son I'm bout to sign big time I'm
downloadin beats
and I'm bout to start writing to em
and if the fans don't buy (fuck em)
Ima kill em in they sleep
Bring that extra cheese
We gon eat some how
Like Vietnamese (somehow)
Chinese, Japanese
Gettin dirty knees (fuck!)
Make us a fuckin sack o G
With the AR
Automatic Uzi Machine
All ya gotta do is wash it off and then put it in
the freeze then we good for another couple o'
weeks (MEAT!)
When you get older like me
You be tuckin the heat
And if not, you
You be stuck in the streets
I wanna say ya mom love you but that's up to
And we gon do what we gotta do and that's get
the meat
Strange Music got my back there hopefully
But if not see there really ain't no hope for me
That mean we goin through the same situations
That mean we gon keep go n do the same shit
you hatin
Chorus:
MEAT
We gotta find somethin to eat
Even if we gotta go do it on the street
Even if we gotta go shootin wit the heat
Even if we lie to you
We gon get the meat
Verse2:
I only got enough money for some Top Ramen
Noodles
My son lookin at me like he dont wanna come
too close
He saw me in the bathroom cryin, it was too
late
I couldn't even keep a straight face like a 2face
All them mothafuckas around me, they was too
fake
I ain't got a album out, now they call me 'Too
Late'
Barbeque yesterday; Where da fuck was I at??
Football Game; Where's my mothafuckin Hi at?!
I remember Lizmore Drive, even afta that
Starin at my strange change, thinkin I ain't goin
back
I got a new life
Ima get a new wife
Ima get a new Nine
I think it was due time
No matter who's wrong or who's right
Life is like shakin em up n rollin two dice, a thin
slice
And my old school homie like "Where you been
Ice?"
Marinatin, Stomach achin, shit ain't been right
Chorus extended
(Hey Kev wake up x2)
Verse3:
Lil Kevin wake up its school time, getcha clothes
Don't nobody love you like me, we in the O zone
Twilight zone
All we got to eat today is bullshit
Time for you to pray but I don't pray I carry full
clips
You can't be like me cause I'm a fuck up
And if we both fuckin up
You gon be just like me
It's gon be a tight squeeze
We can get through this
You my lil nigga
So nigga we gon do dis (shit)
I can count it on one hand
Old as I am
I can still count it on one hand
We both Kevin Mann
We both gotta stretch it out like a rubba band
I got anotha plan
I got a million of em
Ima still come wit em
Ima still run wit em
We gotta keep it goin
And then I'm done wit it
Ima wash my hands
Im hella broke but I don't dance
Chorus
Outro:
Alright son
what time you get outta school?
what? 2:30
Alright, you meet me down the street
Where we usually meet at..
Im, I'm goin to get someone
You just getcha fuckin ass in that fuckin class
Scum who sit high, emanating bullshit
Empty vessels look up waiting to be sated.
With a callous disregard of human life
It grinds us up like meat.
Filled to the brim, going of like warheads
Exploding in hate, create our own extinction
With a callous disregard of human life
It grinds us up like meat.
With no foundation, no fools to hold high
Those who controlled us alongside us shall grind
Cheat us of a chance used up and spat out
Obeying scumbags
You taste what you want from me
You taste all of the gristle from the bones I need
To stand up to you, to live up to fools
It's too troubling
Can't take what you like from me
Can't take all of the vision that your money thieves
Don't be careless now, just a pretty babe
A cool covering
You can't hide, no
You can't hide the way you feel
You're just dead inside this meat
That you're smothering
You can't run, no
You just stumble, crash and cry
Without asking questions why
It's all crumbling
Dark eyes, beauty's never cheap
Dark hair, dark lips maybe that I want to cheat
See my sorry face in this love that fails
It's all good for me
Slick baby, that ain't worrying
Slick rage, strong is the ego that I want to test
In your head of lies, cut me down to size
It's all credible
You can't hide, no
You can't hide the way you feel
You're just dead inside this meat
That you're smothering
You can't run, no
You just stumble, crash and cry
Without asking questions why
Pure fear that you're falling for
These tears, thick in the sadness that was running before
Welling up in dread for a softer bed
I'm not worrying
Oh, you're so sane, all the lines you shed
So cool, so good, the picture for those crazy hoods
Got this gun for keeps, stick it in this meat
I'm not hurrying, hurrying
You can't hide, no
You can't hide the way you feel
You're just dead inside this meat
That you're smothering
You can't run, no
You just stumble, crash and cry
Without asking questions why
It's all crumbling
You can't hide, no
You can't hide the way you feel
You're just dead inside this meat
That you're smothering
That you're smothering
In a minute now I'll be feeling like a cold front cut through the room
You kindly wave I awkwardly smile not sure what to say
But it’s inevitable you bat yours eyes I crumble I always crumble
How are you you will say I exchange politely
Not again, no
I can’t do it I won’t do it Alright I’m so pathetic
No matter how far I distance myself
one glance you can pull me back in
In an instant my knees weaken my hands sweat and I begin to break
I'll give in when you pop the question your place or mine
How I wish I had the confidence to tell you I can’t be what you need
I can’t always be the skin that you wear
When you are cold at night
When no one else is there to make you alive
I know we are both one and the same.
But when it’s over the satisfactions gone
It don't feel much like a home without a dog
It don't feel much like a pool without a frog
It don't feel much like a world without a girl
It don't feel much like a girl without a human being
It don't feel much like a fish without a pond
It don't feel much like a fence with no beyond
It don't feel much like a church without a god inside
It don't feel much like a bank without a lot of money
Oh come on baby give me your meat
It don't feel much like a foot without a shoe
It don't feel much like a me without a you
It don't feel much like a train without a buffet car
It don't feel much like a bed when there's nobody on it
Ah swallow it
It don't feel much like a bath without a plug
It don't feel much like a hole without a drug
It don't feel much like a drug without a side effect
It don't feel much like an effect if you don't love nobody
I am a prince I have it all
I hear your footsteps through the wall
I wait in silence for your call
Then take a shot and watch you fall
I am a ghost but I cannot fly
I'm stuck here as the years slide by
I need a resting place 'cause i
Already felt my body die
If I had a host of ghosts
Living on my street
I'd jive and strive to stay alive
And offer them some meat
I need a different life I think
Perhaps I'd be the missing link
And treasure moments as I drink
Let Us Feast
The smell of cooked flesh
Last scent of sweet death
Peeled from the bone of the kill
I sink my teeth in
I tear the steaming flesh
The blood runs down my throat
Desecrating what was once alive
[Lead D.C]
The resistance you put up
Was feeble to say the least
I only wanted your sweet meat
You struggled for your life
Scanning the crowd for a beauty
My vision’s prepared by my lust
my senses are searching for signs
the only thing that I can trust
The scent of musk fills my nose
Hot eyes staring deep into mine
the steaming curves of her flesh
hit me right into my spine
Roaming through alleys in darkness
in search for pulsing blood
the smell of the living surrounds me
exciting my undead heart
The centuries building my memory
are wiped away by my greed
in the face of my paralysed prey
my cold brain is sceaming for meat
Meat to feed my body
Blood to fill my vein
Carnal need corrupts control
just to keep me sane
Meat to cause existance
Flesh to please my soul
Carnal greed reflects the hunger
that I can’t control
Feeling the hunger inside me
wakening savage desire
grabbing the fat-dripping pieces
roasted on hot glowing fire
biting and chewing the lumps
swallowing what used to live
achieving the sweet satisfaction
a well-filled stomache can give
Meat to feed my body
Blood to fill my vein
Carnal need corrupts control
just to keep me sane
Meat to cause existance
Flesh to please my soul
Carnal greed enjoys the hunger
I love to smoke. I love to smoke and I love to eat red meat. I love to eat raw fucking red meat. Nothing I like better than sucking down a hot steaming cheese burger and a butt at the same time. I love to smoke. I love to eat red meat. I'll only eat red meat that comes from cows who smoke, ok!? Special cows they grow in Virginia with voice boxes in their necks. "[VB] Moo"
I tried eating vegetarian. I feel like a wimp going into a restaurant. "What do you want to eat sir? Brocolli?" Brocolli's a side dish, folks. Always was, always will be, ok? When they ask me what I want, I say, "What do you think I want!? This is America. I want a bowl of raw red meat right now. Forget about that. Bring me a live cow over to the table. I'll carve off what I want and ride the rest home! [Making riding noises]"
I gonna open up my own place. Open my own restaurant and get away from you people. I gonna open up a restaurant with two smoking sections; Ultra and Regular, ok? And we're not gonna have any tables or any chairs or any napkins. None of that pussy shit. Just a big wide open black space. And all we're gonna serve is raw meat, right on the bone! And only men are going to eat there, naked men, sitting around a big giant camp fire, and no men's room either. You have to piss, you mark your territory like a wolf! And if some guy has a heart attack from eating too much meat, fuck him, we throw him in the fire! More meat for the other meat-eaters! Yeah!
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Meat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:46
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
By www.weebls-stuff.com Hey everyone. Let's eat meat.
http://wn.com/Meat
Meat Glue Secret
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
This white powder sold by the kilo, is the meat industry's dirty little secret. It's called "meat glue." It makes pieces of beef, lamb, chicken or fish that would normally be thrown out stick together so closely that it looks like a solid piece of meat.FAIR USE NOTICE: These pages may contain copyrighted (© ) material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available to advance understanding of ecological, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues, etc. It is believed that this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 USC Section 107, this material is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior general interest in receiving similar information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: www.law.cornell.edu If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. This site is for informational purposes only; it is not for referrals to programs. We are not funded directly or indirectly by any treatment programs.
http://wn.com/Meat_Glue_Secret
MEAT IN YOUR MOUTH [BANNED COMMERCIAL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
BLOOPERS & BEHIND THE SCENES: bit.ly GET THE SONG: goo.gl We were asked to make a music video for a new sausage-like product. Here it is. PS: If you think this song is gross, you are a pervert. This is a serious song about meat. Beat created by Taylor Lipari: youtube.com ------------------------------------ Hey it's our very own website: smosh.com Oh and our Facebook page facebook.com Want to know when we're filming and/or pooping? Now you can: twitter.com ===LYRICS=== You're playing games and need something to chew You're super hungry, so what do I do? I put the meat in your mouth, I put the meat in your mouth You know you love it when you get that meat in your mouth. You're out on a date, macking on some stew Your girl's super picky, so what do you do? You put the meat in her mouth, you put the meat in her mouth, First dates are great when you put the meat in her mouth Her mom got mad 'cause you were out too late Said be back by midnight, now she's really irate Put that meat in her mouth, put that meat in her mouth, Moms always love getting that meat in their mouths. You're chilling with the dudes and the game's almost through The pizza never came, so what do you do? You put the meat in their mouths, you put the meat in their mouths, Dudes love other dudes putting meat in their mouths. When you're home all alone and want to try something new You look down at your meat and what do you do? Put that meat in your mouth, put that meat in your mouth You know you love it when ...
http://wn.com/MEAT_IN_YOUR_MOUTH_BANNED_COMMERCIAL_
Rat meat sold to public in London market
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
"Cane rats" "Rat meat" "Ridley Road Market" "East London" "UK news" "Rat meat sold" "Breaking news" "News" "breaking today" Cane rats and "shocking" quantities of illegal and "potentially unsafe" meat have been sold to the public in east London, BBC London has found. Secret filming showed meat that broke food safety laws being prepared. West African and environmental health officer sources said Ridley Road Market, in Dalston, was a known hotbed of illicit meat activity. Traders have denied the claims while Hackney Council said it had only received one complaint since 2009. BBC London's Guy Lynn spoke to chartered environmental health consultant Dr Yunes Teinaz, environmental health officer Paul Povey and African Health Policy Network chief Francis Kaikumba.
http://wn.com/Rat_meat_sold_to_public_in_London_market
Throwback Thursday - Massive Meat Log
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Journey with us through the wormhole and enjoy a trip of greasy knowledge! LIKE/FAVORITE this video! original video link: www.youtube.com BUY HATS, HOODIES and T-SHIRTS!!! shop.epicmealtime.com http www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Throwback_Thursday_Massive_Meat_Log
The Unbalanced Breakfast - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
LIKE/FAV this video EpicMealTime is going to help you start your day off with a grotesquely unbalanced breakfast! We take some of our favourite snacks and give them upgrades that are guaranteed to help you do well in school. GET OUR NEW APP!!! AppStore: itunes.apple.com Google Play (For Android): play.google.com BUY HATS, HOODIES and T-SHIRTS!!! shop.epicmealtime.com http www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/The_Unbalanced_Breakfast_Epic_Meal_Time
Lab-Grown Meat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Hank brings us the strange story of in vitro meat - muscle tissue grown in laboratories with the hope that someday we will eat it. Like SciShow: www.facebook.com Follow Scishow: www.twitter.com References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: dft.ba scishow, science, meat, laboratory, in vitro meat, vegetarian, vegan, cultured meat, test-tube meat, hydroponic, schmeat, stem cells, embryo, satellite cell, petri dish, collagen, muscle fiber, muscle tissue, electrical impulse, PETA, health, food, eat, winston churchill, lab meat, alternative, netherlands, gross, environment, resource, greenhouse gas, emission, land use, cost, artificial
http://wn.com/Lab-Grown_Meat
Massive Meat Log - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
This cute girl handles our epic meat stick like a pro! Buy TSHIRTS!! Click Here! epicmealtime.com Like on Facebook! www.facebook.com Follow on Twitter! www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Massive_Meat_Log_Epic_Meal_Time
Meat Salad - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Salad. Except none of the bad stuff. Buy TSHIRTS!! Click Here! epicmealtime.com Like on Facebook! www.facebook.com Follow on Twitter! www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Meat_Salad_Epic_Meal_Time
Meat America - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Happy 4th of July from Epic Meal Time and Assassin's Creed 3 Check out the Assassin's Creed 3 trailer here: bit.ly LIKE/FAV this video EpicMealTime celebrates the 4th of July by putting together a revolutionary masterpiece. To mark the festivities, we use tomahawks to throw down a ton of game meat brought to us by our good friend Connor. Bison steaks, deer meat and a side order of rabbit carcass have never looked so real. BUY AWESOME TSHIRTS!!! shop.epicmealtime.com http www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Meat_America_Epic_Meal_Time
Meat Loaf - I would do anything for love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:36
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
clip video
http://wn.com/Meat_Loaf_I_would_do_anything_for_love
Meat Sub - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
LIKE/FAV!! For MusclesGlasses: Step 1: www.ordinaryball.com Step 2: Click ANY link on that website Step 3: Tell EVERYONE what you saw! EpicMealTime is tired of eating sandwiches with bread. So we go big on the filet mignon when we make our subs. Packed with bacon, pulled pork and Jack Daniels meatballs, we're taking classic subs to the next level. BUY AWESOME TSHIRTS!!! shop.epicmealtime.com FACEBOOK www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Meat_Sub_Epic_Meal_Time
Vegan vs. Meat Eater
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
As a hunter, the question comes up all the time: how can I justify the killing of animals for food? My reply varies according to the circumstances, particularly to whether or not the person is actually willing to hear my response. Recently, I was posed this question while promoting my new book, Meat Eater: Adventures from the Life of an American Hunter, at a Greenlight Bookstore event in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. Here's what happened. -Steven Rinella
http://wn.com/Vegan_vs_Meat_Eater
Meat Cereal - Epic Meal Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
LIKE/FAV this video EpicMealTime puts together a ridiculous video for a ridiculous meal: bowls of cereal made entirely out of meat and covered in gravy instead of milk. BUY AWESOME TSHIRTS!!! shop.epicmealtime.com http www.twitter.com Thanks to Lar for the picture of Geordi La Forge! Follow him on Twitter @lartist
http://wn.com/Meat_Cereal_Epic_Meal_Time
Meat Loaf - I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:45
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Music video by Meat Loaf performing I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That).
http://wn.com/Meat_Loaf_I'd_Do_Anything_For_Love_But_I_Won't_Do_That
WWE: Ryback New Theme Song - "Meat On The Table" (iTunes Released) + Download Link ᴴᴰ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
"Meat On The Table" Composed by Jim Johnston Album: WWE: Meat On the Table (Ryback) - Single Genre: Soundtrack, Rock Time: 02:48 Released: Sep 1, 2012 ↓ ● Download Links ● ↓ ►bit.ly (mp3 - 320 Kbps) ►bit.ly (m4a) Lyrics: FEED ME! FEED ME MORE!...FEED ME MORE!...FEED ME MORE! HEY! Meat on the table, yeah, that's what you are! Yeah, you can run but you won't get too far! You're in my jungle and I'll make the kill! Meat on the table and I will get my fill! HEY! (HEY!) HEY! (HEY!) HEY! (HEY!) HEY! (HEY!) You're so damn weak man, and you dont belong... Your only purpose is to feed the strong... You are the hunted so lay down and pray.. I'm always hungry and I get my way! I GET (I GET, I GET) MY WAY! Meat on the table, yeah, that's what you are! Yeah, you can run but you won't get too far! You're in my jungle and I'll make the kill! Meat on the table and I will get my fill! Meat on the table... HEY! Meat on the table... HEY! Meat on the table... HEY! Meat on the table... HEY! HEY! HEY! HEY! HEY! Like Me!: www.facebook.com | ●SUSCRIBE TO MY CHANNEL! & ADD ME FRIEND :) ●▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬● All WWE programming, talent names, images, likenesses, slogans, wrestling moves, trademarks, logos and copyrights are the exclusive property of WWE, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, logos and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. © 2012 WWE, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/WWE_Ryback_New_Theme_Song_Meat_On_The_Table_iTunes_Released_+_Download_Link_ᴴᴰ
Meat the Soldier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Sun Tzu was a busy man.
http://wn.com/Meat_the_Soldier
Meat and Potato Grub recipe by the BBQ Pit Boys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:11
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Any good woman knows, feed a man a big bowl of bacon cheeseburger grub and then all is good! Check out this classic BBQ Pit Boys meat and mashed potatoes, loaded with chuck beef, bacon, cheese, and grill baked mashed potatoes. Oh, baby...! To print out this barbecue recipe and 100's more check out our Website www.bbqpitboys.com
http://wn.com/Meat_and_Potato_Grub_recipe_by_the_BBQ_Pit_Boys
Intelligent meat slicer uses 3D imaging to cut perfect slices every time #DigInfo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Intelligent meat slicer uses 3D imaging to cut perfect slices every time www.diginfo.tv DigInfo TV - diginfo.tv 7 FOOMA JAPAN 2012 Nantsune Libra 165C
http://wn.com/Intelligent_meat_slicer_uses_3D_imaging_to_cut_perfect_slices_every_time_DigInfo
MEAT SHIELD (The Hidden)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
►►► Enjoy the video? Subscribe! bit.ly ◄◄◄ Download Here: www.hidden-source.com What is The Hidden? "In the early 1950s human genetics experimentation was taking its first, tentative steps. Amongst many other black projects, a team of British scientists working at an Infinitum Research experimental station stumbled across some remarkable phenomena involving DNA manipulation. This led to deeper research with dangerously unpredictable results, often leading to human patients losing their lives in irresponsible and immoral experiments. Time passed on, and by the mid 1990s the failure rate of the experiments had been reduced from 75% to a mere 15%, enough for Infinitum to move onto the next stage Biological Light Refraction. The British team were hoping to unravel the possibilities of light manipulation to create the perfect covert military agent. Early into the new millennium, due to a gross miscalculation, a series of tests on Subject 617 led to a massive synaptic trauma leaving the patient with multiple genetic anomalies. The subject was left in constant pain and with unstable DNA. The subject escaped captivity, killing anyone that got in its way. The IRIS (Infinitum Research Interception Squad) team have been deployed to return the subject to a maximum security Infinitum Research facility for further study and dissection. The entire project was considered a failure: all funding ceased and development was discontinued while all records and traces of the experiments ...
http://wn.com/MEAT_SHIELD_The_Hidden
Melanie Joy - Carnism: The Psychology of Eating Meat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:44
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Melanie Joy presents "Carnism: The Psychology of Eating Meat" at the McDougall Advanced Study Weekend, February 2012. More at: www.drmcdougall.com
http://wn.com/Melanie_Joy_Carnism_The_Psychology_of_Eating_Meat
Meat Loaf Serenades (not very well) Mitt Romney With 'America the Beautiful'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Meat_Loaf_Serenades_not_very_well_Mitt_Romney_With_'America_the_Beautiful'
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![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 1я часть [Лес]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/FdXdlaRcBxQ/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 1я часть [Лес]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 1я часть [Лес]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:26
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_1я_часть_Лес_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 2я часть [Госпиталь]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/zqiBVfBbCyU/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 2я часть [Госпиталь]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 2я часть [Госпиталь]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_2я_часть_Госпиталь_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 3я часть [Соляная фабрика]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2QhrZR0O_rs/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 3я часть [Соляная фабрика]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 3я часть [Соляная фабрика]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_3я_часть_Соляная_фабрика_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 4я часть [Ад]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1znLKIhQJoU/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 4я часть [Ад]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 4я часть [Ад]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_4я_часть_Ад_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 5я часть [Восторг]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/AzUaZ_EkF5s/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 5я часть [Восторг]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 5я часть [Восторг]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:45
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_5я_часть_Восторг_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 6я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/2tQI2mzs4iQ/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 6я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.1]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 6я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.1]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_6я_часть_Восторг-Портал_Ч1_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 7я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ko0n9s9-iu4/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 7я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.2]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 7я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.2]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_7я_часть_Восторг-Портал_Ч2_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 8я часть [Конец...?]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kgWSH4ikZJ4/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 8я часть [Конец...?]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 8я часть [Конец...?]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_8я_часть_Конец?_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 9я часть [Смерть Лысого Бича]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/t-N7Moiz2U0/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 9я часть [Смерть Лысого Бича]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 9я часть [Смерть Лысого Бича]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:24
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_9я_часть_Смерть_Лысого_Бича_
![Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 10я часть [Пластыревая девочка]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121113181351im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pBmlkjYLP6M/default.jpg "Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 10я часть [Пластыревая девочка]")
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 10я часть [Пластыревая девочка]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:38
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Прохождение_Super_Meat_Boy_10я_часть_Пластыревая_девочка_
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Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--Title and World Select Screen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme of the title screen and of the screen where you select a chapter. I combined them because they're both very short and have the same melody, anyway. Personally, I find them annoying XD
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Super Meat Boy!"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--Title_and_World_Select_Screen
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1 Map Screen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 1, The Forest. I included both the light and dark world versions.
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?3cg6oqoi496cxul
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_1_Map_Screen
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during all of the light world levels of Chapter 1. Not one of my favorites, but it does have a nice beat going for it.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Forest Funk"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_1-The_Forest
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest (Dark World)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays in the dark world levels of Chapter 1. I like this one a lot more than the light world version, especially the part at 0:44.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Ballad of the Burning Squirrel"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_1-The_Forest_Dark_World
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest (Warp Zone)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the first chapter.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Forest Funk RETRO"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_1-The_Forest_Warp_Zone
Klagmar's Top VGM #354-Super Meat Boy-The Battle of Lil' Slugger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
System: Xbox 360 (Xbox LIVE Arcade), Nintendo Wii (WiiWare), Mac, Windows
Game: Super Meat Boy
Song Title: The Battle of Lil' Slugger (Forest Boss)
A list of my favorite video game music. Many of these will be from Nintendo games, because those are the systems I own. I do also own a 360, though, so expect variation. Also note that I would like to include the Guess that VGM videos as my top VGMs, so please check those out too.
http://wn.com/Klagmar's_Top_VGM_354-Super_Meat_Boy-The_Battle_of_Lil'_Slugger
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2 Map Screen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 2, The Hospital. I included both the light and dark versions.
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?kqelqqwc6i4b1nx
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_2_Map_Screen
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 2. An appropriately creepy song. I have never before played a game where hypodermic needles acted as a hazard.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Betus Blues"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_2-The_Hospital
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital (Dark World)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the dark world levels of Chapter 2, as well as the "Sewers of Dross" levels of Teh Internets. I don't like it as much as the light world version, but it does have some awesome guitar riffs.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "C.H.A.D.'s Broken Wind"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_2-The_Hospital_Dark_World
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital (Warp Zone)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the second chapter.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Betus Blues RETRO"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_2-The_Hospital_Warp_Zone
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--C.H.A.D.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the second boss, C.H.A.D. Anyone have any guesses what C.H.A.D. stands for?
According to the OST, the name of this song is "C.H.A.D.'s Lullaby"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--CHAD
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3 Map Screen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 3, The Salt Factory. I included both the light and dark versions.
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?xmc2j4a9ou6cy47
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_3_Map_Screen
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 3. A little calmer than your average SMB song.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Can o' Salt"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_3-The_Salt_Factory
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory (Dark World)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the dark world levels of Chapter 3.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Rocket Rider"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_3-The_Salt_Factory_Dark_World
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory (Warp Zone)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the third chapter.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Can o' Salt RETRO"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_3-The_Salt_Factory_Warp_Zone
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--Brownie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the third boss, Brownie. I have two questions: why are the bosses of this game so easy and why is a turd a boss?
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Fast Track to Browntown"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--Brownie
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4 Map Screen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 4, Hell. I included both the light and dark versions. Anyone notice that, on the dark world map screen, the lava in the background is on fire?
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?i59vwvlgbkhgavk
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_4_Map_Screen
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4-Hell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 4. This song makes Hell awesome.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Hot Damned"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_4-Hell
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4-Hell (Dark World)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the dark world levels of Chapter 4.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Devil N' Bass"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_4-Hell_Dark_World
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4-Hell (Warp Zone)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the fourth chapter, as well as the glitch world in the sixth chapter. The warp zones here are hidden very well, so look closely.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Hot Damned RETRO"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_4-Hell_Warp_Zone
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--Little Horn
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during the fourth boss, Little Horn. He doesn't have any horns...
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Meat Golem"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--Little_Horn
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 5 Map Screen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 5, Rapture. I included both the light and dark versions. That face really creeps me out.
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/download.php?qjz8c75ajj4h9hq
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_5_Map_Screen
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 5-Rapture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The theme that plays during all of the light world levels of Chapter 5. Definitely one of my favorites, if not my very favorite.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "It Ends"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
http://wn.com/Super_Meat_Boy_Soundtrack--World_5-Rapture
10:26
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 1я часть [Лес]
...
published: 02 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 1я часть [Лес]
21:35
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 2я часть [Госпиталь]
...
published: 03 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 2я часть [Госпиталь]
15:58
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 3я часть [Соляная фабрика]
...
published: 03 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 3я часть [Соляная фабрика]
33:36
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 4я часть [Ад]
...
published: 05 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 4я часть [Ад]
59:45
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 5я часть [Восторг]
...
published: 06 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 5я часть [Восторг]
39:04
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 6я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.1]
...
published: 08 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 6я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.1]
45:04
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 7я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.2]
...
published: 08 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 7я часть [Восторг-Портал Ч.2]
35:48
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 8я часть [Конец...?]
...
published: 11 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 8я часть [Конец...?]
23:24
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 9я часть [Смерть Лысого Бича]
...
published: 11 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 9я часть [Смерть Лысого Бича]
64:38
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 10я часть [Пластыревая девочка]
...
published: 14 Feb 2012
author: PomodorkaZR
Прохождение Super Meat Boy: 10я часть [Пластыревая девочка]
Vimeo results:
4:06
Matta - Release The Freq
Official video for "Matta - Release The Freq", from the album "Prototype".
Credits
Direc...
published: 08 Mar 2011
author: Kim Holm
Matta - Release The Freq
Official video for "Matta - Release The Freq", from the album "Prototype".
Credits
Direction, Design, Cinematography, Editing, 3D & Animation by Kim Holm.
www.kimholm.com
Artist: Matta
Track: Release The Freq
Album: Prototype
Label: Ad Noiseam
Release date: November 9th, 2010
Cat#: ADN138
Format: CD
www.soundcloud.com/matta-music
www.adnoiseam.net/adn138
www.adnoiseam.net
Thanks to Magne for professional deer management.
3:09
edicisum
directed by Candas Sisman - http://csismn.com
soundtrack by Isambard Khroustaliov
you ca...
published: 21 Nov 2008
author: candas sisman
edicisum
directed by Candas Sisman - http://csismn.com
soundtrack by Isambard Khroustaliov
you can look the interview about edicisum from here http://middlemindproject.com/?p=431
http://www.not-applicable.org/?page_id=6
http://www.not-applicable.org/
http://www.differance.org/
1:40
Hotdog Hustle
Meat vs. Man
Animation by Tom Hunter http://mrbuffalo.tumblr.com/
Sound Design by James F...
published: 08 Dec 2011
author: Tom Hunter
Hotdog Hustle
Meat vs. Man
Animation by Tom Hunter http://mrbuffalo.tumblr.com/
Sound Design by James Ferguson http://soundcloud.com/l-2-3
2:09
TOBACCO - Super Gum
Super Gum from TOBACCO's "Mystic Thickness" CDR and "Fucked Up Friends 2" Blu-Ray+DVD via ...
published: 11 Jun 2010
author: TOBACCO
TOBACCO - Super Gum
Super Gum from TOBACCO's "Mystic Thickness" CDR and "Fucked Up Friends 2" Blu-Ray+DVD via Rad Cult. The album "Maniac Meat" is out now! Get one at http://www.blackmothsuperrainbow.com/disco1.htm
0:51
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--Title and World Select Screen
The theme of the title screen and of the screen where you select a chapter. I combined the...
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--Title and World Select Screen
The theme of the title screen and of the screen where you select a chapter. I combined them because they're both very short and have the same melody, anyway. Personally, I find them annoying XD
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Super Meat Boy!"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 16538
1:29
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 1, The Forest. I included both the ...
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 1, The Forest. I included both the light and dark world versions.
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?3cg6oqoi496cxul
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 25986
2:46
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest
The theme that plays during all of the light world levels of Chapter 1. Not one of my favo...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest
The theme that plays during all of the light world levels of Chapter 1. Not one of my favorites, but it does have a nice beat going for it.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Forest Funk"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 42109
2:41
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest (Dark World)
The theme that plays in the dark world levels of Chapter 1. I like this one a lot more tha...
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest (Dark World)
The theme that plays in the dark world levels of Chapter 1. I like this one a lot more than the light world version, especially the part at 0:44.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Ballad of the Burning Squirrel"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 30907
2:53
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest (Warp Zone)
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the first chapter.
Ac...
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 1-The Forest (Warp Zone)
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the first chapter.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Forest Funk RETRO"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 21282
2:19
Klagmar's Top VGM #354-Super Meat Boy-The Battle of Lil' Slugger
System: Xbox 360 (Xbox LIVE Arcade), Nintendo Wii (WiiWare), Mac, Windows
Game: Super Mea...
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Klagmar's Top VGM #354-Super Meat Boy-The Battle of Lil' Slugger
System: Xbox 360 (Xbox LIVE Arcade), Nintendo Wii (WiiWare), Mac, Windows
Game: Super Meat Boy
Song Title: The Battle of Lil' Slugger (Forest Boss)
A list of my favorite video game music. Many of these will be from Nintendo games, because those are the systems I own. I do also own a 360, though, so expect variation. Also note that I would like to include the Guess that VGM videos as my top VGMs, so please check those out too.
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 15205
1:10
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 2, The Hospital. I included both th...
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 2, The Hospital. I included both the light and dark versions.
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?kqelqqwc6i4b1nx
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 29900
3:03
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 2. An appropriately creepy s...
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 2. An appropriately creepy song. I have never before played a game where hypodermic needles acted as a hazard.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Betus Blues"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 23 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 106143
3:43
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital (Dark World)
The theme that plays during the dark world levels of Chapter 2, as well as the "Sewers of ...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital (Dark World)
The theme that plays during the dark world levels of Chapter 2, as well as the "Sewers of Dross" levels of Teh Internets. I don't like it as much as the light world version, but it does have some awesome guitar riffs.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "C.H.A.D.'s Broken Wind"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 39481
3:02
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital (Warp Zone)
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the second chapter.
A...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 2-The Hospital (Warp Zone)
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the second chapter.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Betus Blues RETRO"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 11358
2:18
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--C.H.A.D.
The theme that plays during the second boss, C.H.A.D. Anyone have any guesses what C.H.A.D...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--C.H.A.D.
The theme that plays during the second boss, C.H.A.D. Anyone have any guesses what C.H.A.D. stands for?
According to the OST, the name of this song is "C.H.A.D.'s Lullaby"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 39277
1:10
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 3, The Salt Factory. I included bot...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 3, The Salt Factory. I included both the light and dark versions.
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?xmc2j4a9ou6cy47
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 23161
3:11
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 3. A little calmer than your...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 3. A little calmer than your average SMB song.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Can o' Salt"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 38050
2:52
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory (Dark World)
The theme that plays during the dark world levels of Chapter 3.
According to the OST, the...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory (Dark World)
The theme that plays during the dark world levels of Chapter 3.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Rocket Rider"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 42779
Vimeo results:
4:06
Matta - Release The Freq
Official video for "Matta - Release The Freq", from the album "Prototype".
Credits
Direc...
published: 08 Mar 2011
author: Kim Holm
Matta - Release The Freq
Official video for "Matta - Release The Freq", from the album "Prototype".
Credits
Direction, Design, Cinematography, Editing, 3D & Animation by Kim Holm.
www.kimholm.com
Artist: Matta
Track: Release The Freq
Album: Prototype
Label: Ad Noiseam
Release date: November 9th, 2010
Cat#: ADN138
Format: CD
www.soundcloud.com/matta-music
www.adnoiseam.net/adn138
www.adnoiseam.net
Thanks to Magne for professional deer management.
3:09
edicisum
directed by Candas Sisman - http://csismn.com
soundtrack by Isambard Khroustaliov
you ca...
published: 21 Nov 2008
author: candas sisman
edicisum
directed by Candas Sisman - http://csismn.com
soundtrack by Isambard Khroustaliov
you can look the interview about edicisum from here http://middlemindproject.com/?p=431
http://www.not-applicable.org/?page_id=6
http://www.not-applicable.org/
http://www.differance.org/
1:40
Hotdog Hustle
Meat vs. Man
Animation by Tom Hunter http://mrbuffalo.tumblr.com/
Sound Design by James F...
published: 08 Dec 2011
author: Tom Hunter
Hotdog Hustle
Meat vs. Man
Animation by Tom Hunter http://mrbuffalo.tumblr.com/
Sound Design by James Ferguson http://soundcloud.com/l-2-3
2:09
TOBACCO - Super Gum
Super Gum from TOBACCO's "Mystic Thickness" CDR and "Fucked Up Friends 2" Blu-Ray+DVD via ...
published: 11 Jun 2010
author: TOBACCO
TOBACCO - Super Gum
Super Gum from TOBACCO's "Mystic Thickness" CDR and "Fucked Up Friends 2" Blu-Ray+DVD via Rad Cult. The album "Maniac Meat" is out now! Get one at http://www.blackmothsuperrainbow.com/disco1.htm
Youtube results:
3:03
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory (Warp Zone)
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the third chapter.
Ac...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 3-The Salt Factory (Warp Zone)
The theme that plays in all four warp zones and the glitch world in the third chapter.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Can o' Salt RETRO"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 14213
2:14
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--Brownie
The theme that plays during the third boss, Brownie. I have two questions: why are the bos...
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--Brownie
The theme that plays during the third boss, Brownie. I have two questions: why are the bosses of this game so easy and why is a turd a boss?
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Fast Track to Browntown"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 24 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 48130
1:10
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 4, Hell. I included both the light ...
published: 26 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4 Map Screen
The theme that plays when selecting a level in Chapter 4, Hell. I included both the light and dark versions. Anyone notice that, on the dark world map screen, the lava in the background is on fire?
These songs are not in the OST.
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Here is a download for this song: http://www.mediafire.com/?i59vwvlgbkhgavk
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 26 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 20920
2:42
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4-Hell
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 4. This song makes Hell awes...
published: 26 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
Super Meat Boy Soundtrack--World 4-Hell
The theme that plays during the light world levels of Chapter 4. This song makes Hell awesome.
According to the OST, the name of this song is "Hot Damned"
The OST is available for purchase here: http://dbsoundworks.bandcamp.com/album/super-meat-boy-soundtrack
Super Meat Boy is an amazing platformer, with exceptional gameplay and of course, an awesome soundtrack. Consequently, I've taken it upon myself to gradually upload all of the music from the game. Please, enjoy!
published: 26 Oct 2010
author: Klagmar
views: 58092
Photo: AP / Mohammad Hussain
11 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Acts of terror that strikes fear in the hearts and minds of people, such as unexpected and secretive deadly drone strikes, are always wars against hope....
Photo: AP / Lefteris Pitarakis
12 Nov 2012
As the Euro group of finance ministers meet in Brussels on Monday to decide whether to grant Greece a further tranche of aid that could prevent imminent financial catastrophe for Greece, one economist...
Photo: AP / Mónica G. Prieto
12 Nov 2012
NATO is ready to help member state Turkey as the 20-month conflict in Syria is increasingly spilling across the border, the alliance's chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen has said. "Turkey can rely on NATO...
Photo: US Army / by Pfc. Cameron Boyd
11 Nov 2012
KABUL (Reuters) - Pakistan hopes to persuade Afghan insurgent groups, including the lethal Haqqani network, to pursue peace but worries resistance from political factions opposed to the Taliban could...
Photo: USAF
12 Nov 2012
The amount of ice in the Arctic may be at a record low but Antarctic sea ice is increasing, according to a new study. Antarctic sea ice cover has increased under the effects of climate...
Straight talk from a girl who raises chickens
13 Nov 2012
WorldNetDaily
(DENVER POST) Over the past year I have been trying to earn money. I have been doing this by helping plant a big garden and then selling lettuce and...(size: 1.0Kb)
Fresno Bee
Preliminary toxicology tests on Lawrence Nathaniel Jones, 42, found no street drugs in his...(size: 0.6Kb)
The News Tribune
VANCOUVER, Wash. — Audrey and Connor Williams are living on a food budget of $8 a day. For both of them. The young couple has accepted the SNAP Challenge, a weeklong exercise in living on food stamps. SNAP stands for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. It pays a little over $4 per...(size: 3.2Kb)
The Guardian
Michelin-starred chef's Brasserie Blanc restaurant banned from serving dish after undercooked meat leaves two diners ill Raymond Blanc's recently opened restaurant in Covent Garden, London, was accused of flouting food protection rules. Photograph: Donald Maclellan/Getty Images...(size: 3.8Kb)
Target sets July opening for Tamarac store
13 Nov 2012
The Business Review
Denver Business Journal by Dennis Huspeni, Reporter Date: Tuesday, November 13, 2012, 10:35am MST...(size: 8.9Kb)
Daily Press
A Smithfield Foods subsidiary is partnering with Cracker Barrel to sell the restaurant chain's products on grocery store shelves. Cracker Barrel and John Morrell Food Group announced the multi-year licensing agreement Tuesday, which they said would bring the Lebanon, Tenn.,-based home-style...(size: 4.9Kb)
Warren Harding's Fatal Quest for Normalcy
13 Nov 2012
Bloomberg
“Ohio again is the big political state,” the Cincinnati Post said. “It may be pivotal as well as political. It may decide the election.” It was June 1920, and the newspaper had good reason to boast. A few days earlier, the Republican convention in Chicago had nominated Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding...(size: 6.8Kb)
Huffington Post
Highlands, N.J., a small fishing town, is starting to piece back together its tight-knit community after being dealt a huge blow by Superstorm Sandy....(size: 6.7Kb)
Business Journal
Tom Demeropolis Digital Producer- Business Courier Email | Twitter Metropole, the restaurant located in the soon-to-open 21c Museum Hotel Cincinnati, opened Monday night. Executive chef Michael Paley, who previously served as executive chef at Proof in Louisville, has cooked up a menu centered...(size: 12.6Kb)
Cracker Barrel food to be sold in supermarkets
13 Nov 2012
The Business Review
Nashville Business Journal by Jamie McGee, Staff Writer Date: Tuesday, November 13, 2012, 11:04am CST...(size: 10.0Kb)
Gulf News
Despite the best efforts of the Vikings, who chose its inviting name to hoodwink prospective settlers, no one expects Greenland to be lushly hospitable. Its bleak magnificence had been laid out beneath my plane window for half the morning: a frosted, monochrome enormity of granite and glaciers...(size: 32.2Kb)
Sporting News
Early aggressiveness might be the key to victory Tuesday night in the Champions Classic at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, where Kansas seeks a more consistent effort against a Michigan State squad trying to regroup from a loss largely due to a slow start. The seventh-ranked Jayhawks opened their...(size: 4.3Kb)
Huffington Post
According to Hypervocal, a man named Thomas Peter is running for office in Bern, Switzerland as a labor party candidate. But the internet hasn't been able to ignore the fact that he looks a whole lot like David Cross' "Arrested Development" character, Tobias Funke....(size: 5.3Kb)
For other uses, see Meat (disambiguation).
Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food.[1] Generally, this means the skeletal muscle and associated fat and other tissues, but it may also describe other edible tissues such as offal.[1] Often, meat is used in a more restrictive sense—the flesh of mammalian species (pigs, cattle, lambs, etc.) raised and prepared for human consumption, to the exclusion of fish and other seafood, poultry, and other animals. Usage varies worldwide by culture, and some countries such as India have large populations that avoid the consumption of all or most kinds of meat. Game or bush meat is also generally distinguished from that produced by agriculture.
The consumption of meat has various traditions and rituals associated with it in different cultures such as kosher and halal and its production is generally regulated by state authorities as well. This article is mainly focused on that process from primary production to consumption.
Etymology[link]
The word meat comes from the Old English word mete, which referred to food in general. The term is related to mad in Danish, mat in Swedish and Norwegian, and matur in Icelandic, which also mean 'food'. The word "mete" also exists in Old Frisian (and to a lesser extent, modern West Frisian) to denote important food, differentiating it from "swiets" (sweets) and "dierfied" (animal feed).
One definition that refers to meat as not including fish developed over the past few hundred years and has religious influences. The distinction between fish and "meat" is codified by the Jewish dietary law of kashrut, regarding the mixing of milk and meat, which does not forbid the mixing of milk and fish. Modern Jewish legal practice (halakha) on kashrut classifies the flesh of both mammals and birds as "meat"; fish are considered to be parve, neither meat nor a dairy food. The Catholic dietary restriction on "meat" on Fridays also does not apply to the cooking and eating of fish.
The Latin word carō "meat" (also the root of 'carnal', referring to the 'pleasures of the flesh') is often a euphemism for sexual pleasure, effected from the function performed by fleshy organs. Thus 'meat' may refer to the human body in a sensual, or sexual, connotation. A meat market, in addition to simply denoting a market where meat is sold, also refers to a place or situation where humans are treated or viewed as commodities, especially a place known as one where a sexual partner may be found.
"Meat" may also be used to refer to humans humorously or indifferently . In military slang, "meat shield" refers to soldiers sent towards an enemy to draw fire away from another unit.
History[link]
See also: History of agriculture
Paleontological evidence suggests that meat constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of even the earliest humans.[2] Early hunter-gatherers depended on the organized hunting of large animals such as bison and deer.[2]
The domestication of animals, of which we have evidence dating back to the end of the last glacial period (c. 10,000 years BP),[2] allowed the systematic production of meat and the breeding of animals with a view to improving meat production.[2] The animals which are now the principal sources of meat were domesticated in conjunction with the development of early civilizations:
- Sheep, originating from western Asia, were domesticated with the help of dogs prior to the establishment of settled agriculture, likely as early as the eighth millennium BC.[3] Several breeds of sheep were established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt by 3500–3000 BC.[3] Presently, more than 200 sheep breeds exist.
- Cattle were domesticated in Mesopotamia after settled agriculture was established about 5000 BC,[4] and several breeds were established by 2500 BC.[5] Modern domesticated cattle fall into the groups Bos taurus (European cattle) and Bos indicus (zebu), both descended from the now-extinct aurochs.[4] The breeding of beef cattle, cattle optimized for meat production as opposed to animals best suited for draught or dairy purposes, began in the middle of the 18th century.[6]
- Domestic pigs, which are descended from wild boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BC in modern-day Hungary and in Troy; earlier pottery from Jericho and Egypt depicts wild pigs.[7] Pork sausages and hams were of great commercial importance in Greco-Roman times.[7] Pigs continue to be bred intensively as they are being optimized to produce meat best suited for specific meat products.[8]
Other animals are, or have been raised or hunted for their flesh. The type of meat consumed varies much in different cultures, changes over time, and depends on different factors such as the availability of the animals and traditions.
- Horses are commonly eaten in countries such as France[9] or Japan.[10] Horses (and other large mammals as reindeers) were hunted during the Late Paleolithic in western Europe.[11]
- Dogs are widely consumed in China,[12] Vietnam,[13] the Philippines[14] and South Korea.[15] Dogs are also occasionally eaten in the Arctic regions.[16] Historically, dog meat has been consumed in various part of the world, such as Hawaii,[17] Japan,[18] Switzerland[19] and Mexico.[20]
- Cats are consumed in Southern China and Peru.[21]
- Guinea pigs are raised for their flesh in the Andes.[22]
- Whales and dolphins are hunted, partly for their flesh, by aboriginal communities in Japan, Alaska, Siberia, Canada, by the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and by two small communities in Indonesia.[citation needed]
Modern agriculture employs a number of techniques, such as progeny testing, to make animals evolve rapidly towards having the qualities desired by meat producers.[23] For instance, in the wake of well-publicised health concerns associated with saturated fats in the 1980s, the fat content of UK beef, pork and lamb fell from 20–26 percent to 4–8 percent within a few decades, both due to selective breeding for leanness and changed methods of butchery.[23] Methods of genetic engineering aimed at improving the meat production qualities of animals are now also becoming available.[24]
Even though it is a very old industry, meat production continues to be shaped strongly by the rapidly evolving demands of customers. The trend towards selling meat in pre-packaged cuts has increased the demand for larger breeds of cattle, which are better suited to producing such cuts.[25] Even more animals not previously exploited for their meat are now being farmed, especially the more agile and mobile species, whose muscles tend to be developed better than those of cattle, sheep or pigs.[25] Examples include the various antelope species, the zebra, water buffalo and camel,[26] as well as nonmammals, such as the crocodile, emu and ostrich.[27] Another important trend in contemporary meat production is organic farming which, while providing no organoleptic benefit to meat so produced,[28] meets an increasing demand for numerous reasons.
Growth and development of meat animals[link]
Agricultural science has identified several factors bearing on the growth and development of meat in animals.
Genetics[link]
| Trait | Heritability[29] |
|---|---|
| Reproductive efficiency | 2–10% |
| Meat quality | 15–30% |
| Growth | 20–40% |
| Muscle/fat ratio | 40–60% |
Several economically important traits in meat animals are heritable to some degree (see the table to the right) and can thus be selected for by breeding. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by recessive genes which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding.[30] One such trait is dwarfism; another is the doppelender or "double muscling" condition, which causes muscle hypertrophy and thereby increases the animal's commercial value.[30] Genetic analysis continues to reveal the genetic mechanisms that control numerous aspects of the endocrine system and, through it, meat growth and quality.[31]
Genetic engineering techniques can shorten breeding programmes significantly because they allow for the identification and isolation of genes coding for desired traits, and for the reincorporation of these genes into the animal genome.[32] To enable such manipulation, research is ongoing (as of 2006[update]) to map the entire genome of sheep, cattle and pigs.[32] Some research has already seen commercial application. For instance, a recombinant bacterium has been developed which improves the digestion of grass in the rumen of cattle, and some specific features of muscle fibres have been genetically altered.[33]
Experimental reproductive cloning of commercially important meat animals such as sheep, pig or cattle has been successful. The multiple asexual reproduction of animals bearing desirable traits can thus be anticipated,[33] although this is not yet practical on a commercial scale.
Environment[link]
Heat regulation in livestock is of great economic significance, because mammals attempt to maintain a constant optimal body temperature. Low temperatures tend to prolong animal development and high temperatures tend to retard it.[33] Depending on their size, body shape and insulation through tissue and fur, some animals have a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one.[34] Static magnetic fields, for reasons still unknown, also retard animal development.[34]
Nutrition[link]
The quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animal's plane of nutrition, i.e., whether it is over- or underfed. Scientists disagree, however, about how exactly the plane of nutrition influences carcase composition.[35]
The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is also an important factor regulating animal growth.[36] Ruminants, which may digest cellulose, are better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess.[37] Because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive (see also Environmental impact below), several techniques are employed or experimented with to ensure maximum utilization of protein. These include the treatment of feed with formalin to protect amino acids during their passage through the rumen, the recycling of manure by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the partial conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons to protein through microbial action.[38]
In plant feed, environmental factors influence the availability of crucial nutrients or micronutrients, a lack or excess of which can cause a great many ailments.[39] In Australia, for instance, where the soil contains limited phosphate, cattle are being fed additional phosphate to increase the efficiency of beef production.[40] Also in Australia, cattle and sheep in certain areas were often found losing their appetite and dying in the midst of rich pasture; this was at length found to be a result of cobalt deficiency in the soil.[39] Plant toxins are also a risk to grazing animals; for instance, fluoracetate, found in some African and Australian plants, kills by disrupting the cellular metabolism.[39] Certain man-made pollutants such as methylmercury and some pesticide residues present a particular hazard due to their tendency to bioaccumulate in meat, potentially poisoning consumers.[38]
Human intervention[link]
Meat producers may seek to improve the fertility of female animals through the administration of gonadotrophic or ovulation-inducing hormones.[41] In pig production, sow infertility is a common problem, possibly due to excessive fatness.[42] No methods currently exist to augment the fertility of male animals.[42] Artificial insemination is now routinely used to produce animals of the best possible genetic quality, and the efficiency of this method is improved through the administration of hormones that synchronize the ovulation cycles within groups of females.[43]
Growth hormones, particularly anabolic agents such as steroids, are used in some countries to accelerate muscle growth in animals.[43] This practice has given rise to the beef hormone controversy, an international trade dispute. It may also decrease the tenderness of meat, although research on this is inconclusive,[44] and have other effects on the composition of the muscle flesh.[45] Where castration is used to improve control over male animals, its side effects are also counteracted by the administration of hormones.[43]
Sedatives may be administered to animals to counteract stress factors and increase weight gain.[46] The feeding of antibiotics to certain animals has been shown to improve growth rates also.[46] This practice is particularly prevalent in the USA, but has been banned in the EU, partly because it causes antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms.[46]
Biochemical composition[link]
Numerous aspects of the biochemical composition of meat vary in complex ways depending on the species, breed, sex, age, plane of nutrition, training and exercise of the animal, as well as on the anatomical location of the musculature involved.[47] Even between animals of the same litter and sex there are considerable differences in such parameters as the percentage of intramuscular fat.[48]
Main constituents[link]
Adult mammalian muscle flesh consists of roughly 75 percent water, 19 percent protein, 2.5 percent intramuscular fat, 1.2 percent carbohydrates and 2.3 percent other soluble non-protein substances. These include nitrogenous compounds, such as amino acids, and inorganic substances such as minerals.[49]
Muscle proteins are either soluble in water (sarcoplasmic proteins, about 11.5 percent of total muscle mass) or in concentrated salt solutions (myofibrillar proteins, about 5.5 percent of mass).[50] There are several hundred sarcoplasmic proteins.[51] Most of them – the glycolytic enzymes – are involved in the glycolytic pathway, i.e., the conversion of stored energy into muscle power.[52] The two most abundant myofibrillar proteins, myosin and actin,[53] are responsible for the muscle's overall structure. The remaining protein mass consists of connective tissue (collagen and elastin) as well as organelle tissue.[49]
Fat in meat can be either adipose tissue, used by the animal to store energy and consisting of "true fats" (esters of glycerol with fatty acids),[54] or intramuscular fat, which contains considerable quantities of phospholipids and of unsaponifiable constituents such as cholesterol.[54]
Red and white meat[link]
Meat can be broadly classified as "red" or "white" depending on the concentration of myoglobin in muscle fibre. When myoglobin is exposed to oxygen, reddish oxymyoglobin develops, making myoglobin-rich meat appear red. The redness of meat depends on species, animal age, and fibre type: Red meat contains more narrow muscle fibres that tend to operate over long periods without rest,[55] while white meat contains more broad fibres that tend to work in short fast bursts.[55]
The meat of adult mammals such as cows, sheep, goats, and horses is generally considered red, while domestic chicken and turkey breast meat is generally considered white.
Meat nutritional information[link]
| Source | calories | protein | carbs | fat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fish | 110–140 | 20–25 g | 0 g | 1–5 g |
| chicken breast | 160 | 28 g | 0 g | 7 g |
| lamb | 250 | 30 g | 0 g | 14 g |
| steak (beef top round) | 210 | 36 g | 0 g | 7 g |
| steak (beef T-bone) | 450 | 25 g | 0 g | 35 g |
- Further information: Nutrition, Foodborne illness, Health concerns associated with red meat
All muscle tissue is very high in protein, containing all of the essential amino acids, and in most cases is a good source of zinc, vitamin B12, selenium, phosphorus, niacin, vitamin B6, choline, riboflavin and iron.[56] Several forms of meat are high in vitamin K2,[57] which is only otherwise known to be found in fermented foods[citation needed], with natto having the highest concentration.[57] Muscle tissue is very low in carbohydrates and does not contain dietary fiber.[58] The fat content of meat can vary widely depending on the species and breed of animal, the way in which the animal was raised, including what it was fed, the anatomical part of the body, and the methods of butchering and cooking. Wild animals such as deer are typically leaner than farm animals, leading those concerned about fat content to choose game such as venison. Decades of breeding meat animals for fatness is being reversed by consumer demand for meat with less fat.
Red meat, such as beef, pork, and lamb, contains many essential nutrients necessary for healthy growth and development in children. Nutrients in red meat include iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and protein.[56]
The table in this section compares the nutritional content of several types of meat. While each kind of meat has about the same content of protein and carbohydrates, there is a very wide range of fat content. It is the additional fat that contributes most to the calorie content of meat, and to concerns about dietary health.[citation needed]
Production[link]
Meat is produced by killing the animal in question and cutting the desired flesh out of it. These procedures are called slaughter and butchery, respectively.
Attesting to the long history of meat consumption in human civilizations, ritual slaughter has become part of the practice of several religions. These rituals, as well as other pre-industrial meat production methods such as these used by indigenous peoples, are not detailed here. This section will instead provide an overview of contemporary industrialized meat production in dedicated slaughterhouses from cattle, sheep and pigs.
Transport[link]
Upon reaching a predetermined age or weight, livestock are usually transported en masse to the slaughterhouse. Depending on its length and circumstances, this may exert stress and injuries on the animals, and some may die en route.[59] Unnecessary stress in transport may adversely affect the quality of the meat.[59] In particular, the muscles of stressed animals are low in water and glycogen, and their pH fails to attain acidic values, all of which results in poor meat quality.[60] Consequently, and also due to campaigning by animal welfare groups, laws and industry practices in several countries tend to become more restrictive with respect to the duration and other circumstances of livestock transports.
Slaughter[link]
Animals are usually slaughtered by being first stunned and then exsanguinated (bled out). Death results from the one or the other procedure, depending on the methods employed. Stunning can be effected through asphyxiating the animals with carbon dioxide, shooting them with a gun or a captive bolt pistol, or shocking them with electric current.[61] In most forms of ritual slaughter, stunning is not allowed.
Draining as much blood as possible from the carcase is necessary because blood causes the meat to have an unappealing appearance and is a very good breeding ground for microorganisms.[62] The exsanguination is accomplished by severing the carotid artery and the jugular vein in cattle and sheep, and the anterior vena cava in pigs.[63]
Dressing and cutting[link]
After exsanguination, the carcase is dressed; that is, the head, feet, hide (except hogs and some veal), excess fat, viscera and offal are removed, leaving only bones and edible muscle.[64] Cattle and pig carcases, but not those of sheep, are then split in half along the mid ventral axis, and the carcase is cut into wholesale pieces.[64] The dressing and cutting sequence, long a province of manual labor, is progressively being fully automated.[64]
Conditioning[link]
Under hygienic conditions and without other treatment, meat can be stored at above its freezing point (–1.5 °C) for about six weeks without spoilage, during which time it undergoes an aging process that increases its tenderness and flavor.[65]
During the first day after death, glycolysis continues until the accumulation of lactic acid causes the pH to reach about 5.5. The remaining glycogen, about 18 g per kg, is believed to increase the water-holding capacity and tenderness of the flesh when cooked.[66] Rigor mortis sets in a few hours after death as ATP is used up, causing actin and myosin to combine into rigid actomyosin and lowering the meat's water-holding capacity,[67] causing it to lose water ("weep").[68] In muscles that enter rigor in a contracted position, actin and myosin filaments overlap and cross-bond, resulting in meat that is tough on cooking[69] – hence again the need to prevent pre-slaughter stress in the animal.
Over time, the muscle proteins denature in varying degree, with the exception of the collagen and elastin of connective tissue,[70] and rigor mortis resolves. Because of these changes, the meat is tender and pliable when cooked just after death or after the resolution of rigor, but tough when cooked during rigor.[70] As the muscle pigment myoglobin denatures, its iron oxidates, which may cause a brown discoloration near the surface of the meat.[68] Ongoing proteolysis also contributes to conditioning. Hypoxanthine, a breakdown product of ATP, contributes to the meat's flavor and odor, as do other products of the discomposition of muscle fat and protein.[71]
Spoilage and preservation[link]
Main articles: Meat spoilage and Meat preservation
The spoilage of meat occurs, if untreated, in a matter of hours or days and results in the meat becoming unappetizing, poisonous or infectious. Spoilage is caused by the practically unavoidable infection and subsequent decomposition of meat by bacteria and fungi, which are borne by the animal itself, by the people handling the meat, and by their implements. Meat can be kept edible for a much longer time – though not indefinitely – if proper hygiene is observed during production and processing, and if appropriate food safety, food preservation and food storage procedures are applied. Without the application of preservatives and stabilizers, the fats in meat may also begin to rapidly decompose after cooking or processing, leading to an objectionable taste known as warmed over flavor.
[edit] Methods of preparation
Fresh meat can be cooked for immediate consumption, or be processed, that is, treated for longer-term preservation and later consumption, possibly after further preparation. A common additive to processed meats, both for preservation and because it prevents discoloring, is sodium nitrite, which, however, is also a source of health concerns, because it may form carcinogenic nitrosamines when heated.[72]
Meat is prepared in many ways, as steaks, in stews, fondue, or as dried meat like beef jerky. It may be ground then formed into patties (as hamburgers or croquettes), loaves, or sausages, or used in loose form (as in "sloppy joe" or Bolognese sauce). Some meat is cured, by smoking, pickling, preserving in salt or brine (see salted meat and curing). Other kinds of meat are marinated and barbecued, or simply boiled, roasted, or fried. Meat is generally eaten cooked, but there are many traditional recipes that call for raw beef, veal or fish (tartare). Meat is often spiced or seasoned, as in most sausages. Meat dishes are usually described by their source (animal and part of body) and method of preparation.
Meat is a typical base for making sandwiches. Popular varieties of sandwich meat include ham, pork, salami and other sausages, and beef, such as steak, roast beef, corned beef, pepperoni, and pastrami. Meat can also be molded or pressed (common for products that include offal, such as haggis and scrapple) and canned.
Issues with meat consumption[link]
Ethics[link]
Main article: Ethics of eating meat
Ethical issues regarding the consumption of meat can include objections to the act of killing animals or the agricultural practices surrounding the production of meat. Reasons for objecting to the practice of killing animals for consumption may include animal rights, environmental ethics, religious doctrine, or an aversion to inflicting pain or harm on other sentient creatures. The religion of Jainism has always opposed eating meat, and there are also many schools of Buddhism and Hinduism that condemn the eating of meat. Some people, while not vegetarians, refuse to eat the flesh of certain animals, such as cats, dogs, horses, or rabbits, due to cultural or religious taboo. In some cases, specific meats (especially from pigs and cows) are forbidden within religious traditions. Some people eat only the flesh of animals which they believe have not been mistreated, and abstain from the meat of animals reared in factory farms or from particular products such as foie gras and veal.
Health[link]
- See also: Vegetarianism and Veganism
A 1999 metastudy combined data from five studies from western countries. The metastudy reported mortality ratios, where lower numbers indicated fewer deaths, for fish eaters to be 0.82, vegetarians to be 0.84, occasional meat eaters to be 0.84. Regular meat eaters and vegans shared the highest mortality ratio of 1.00. The study reported the numbers of deaths in each category, and expected error ranges for each ratio, and adjustments made to the data. However, the "lower mortality was due largely to the relatively low prevalence of smoking in these [vegetarian] cohorts".[73]
In recent years, health concerns have been raised about the consumption of meat increasing the risk of cancer.[74] In particular, red meat and processed meat were found to be associated with higher risk of cancers of the lung, esophagus, liver, and colon, among others, although also a reduced risk for some minor type of cancers.[74] Another study found an increase risk of pancreatic cancer for red meat and pork.[75] That study also suggests that fat and saturated fat are not likely contributors to pancreatic cancer. Animal fat, particularly from ruminants, tends to have a higher percentage of saturated fat vs. monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat when compared to vegetable fats, with the exception of some tropical plant fats;[76] consumption of which has been correlated with various health problems. The saturated fat found in meat has been associated with significantly raised risks of colon cancer,[77][78] although evidence suggests that risks of prostate cancer are unrelated to animal fat consumption.[79] However, many research papers do not support significant links between meat consumption and various cancers. Key et al. found that "There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer or all other causes combined."[80] Truswell reviewed numerous studies, concluding that the relationship of colorectal cancer with meat consumption appeared weaker than the "probable" status it had been given by the World Cancer Research Foundation in 1997.[81] A study by Chao et al. (2005) found an apparent association of colorectal cancer with red meat consumption after adjustment for age and energy intake. However, after further adjustment for body mass index, cigarette smoking and other covariates, no association with red meat consumption was found.[82] Alexander conducted a meta-analysis which found no association of colorectal cancer with consumption of animal fat or protein. [83] Based on European data (EPIC-Oxford study), Key et al. found that incidence of colorectal cancer was somewhat lower among meat eaters than among vegetarians.[84] A study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition found that association between esophageal cancer risk and total and processed meat intake was not statistically significant.[85] The dissimilar findings indicate that caution is needed in considering claims of dietary links to cancer occurrence.
The correlation of meat consumption to increased risk of heart disease is controversial. Some studies fail to find a link between red meat consumption and heart disease[86] (although the same study found statistically significant correlation between the consumption of processed meat and cancer), while another study, a survey, conducted in 1960, of 25,153 California Seventh-Day Adventists, found that the risk of heart disease is three times greater for 45-64 year old men who eat meat daily, versus those who did not eat meat.[87][88] in 2010 involving over one million people who ate meat found that only processed meat had an adverse risk in relation to coronary heart disease. The study suggests that eating 50g (less than 2oz) of processed meat per day increases risk of coronary heart disease by 42%, and diabetes by 19%. Equivalent levels of fat, including saturated fats, in unprocessed meat (even when eating twice as much per day) did not show any deleterious effects, leading the researchers to suggest that "differences in salt and preservatives, rather than fats, might explain the higher risk of heart disease and diabetes seen with processed meats, but not with unprocessed red meats."
A 2009 study by the National Cancer Institute revealed a correlation between the consumption of red meat and increased mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases.[89] This study has been criticized for using an improperly validated food frequency questionnaire,[90] which has been shown to have low levels of accuracy.[91][92]
In response to changing prices as well as health concerns about saturated fat and cholesterol, consumers have altered their consumption of various meats. A USDA report points out that consumption of beef in the United States between 1970–1974 and 1990–1994 dropped by 21%, while consumption of chicken increased by 90%. During the same period of time, the price of chicken dropped by 14% relative to the price of beef. In 1995 and 1996, beef consumption increased due to higher supplies and lower prices.
A recent study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that nearly half (47%) percent of the meat and poultry in U.S. grocery stores were contaminated with S. aureus, with more than half (52%) of those bacteria resistant to antibiotics.[93]
Cooking[link]
Meat can transmit certain diseases, but complete cooking and avoiding recontamination reduces this possibility.[94]
Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking muscle meat creates heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute published results of a study which found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done.[95] While eating muscle meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below 212 °F (100 °C) creates "negligible amounts" of HCAs. Also, microwaving meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90%.[96]
Nitrosamines, present in processed and cooked foods, have been noted as being carcinogenic, being linked to colon cancer. Also, toxic compounds called PAHs, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, present in processed, smoked and cooked foods, are known to be carcinogenic.[97]
In vitro and imitation[link]
- Main articles: Imitation meat, In vitro meat
Various forms of imitation meat have been created for people wishing to reduce or eliminate meat consumption for health, environmental, or ethical considerations, but who still wish to taste the flavor and texture of meat. They are typically some form of processed soybean, (tofu, tempeh), but they can also be based on wheat gluten or even fungus (quorn).
In vitro meat, also known as cultured meat, is animal flesh that has never been part of a complete, living animal. Several research projects are currently experimentally growing in vitro meat, but no meat has yet been produced for public consumption.[98] The goal is to grow fully developed muscle organs, but the first generation will most likely be minced meat products.
Environmental impact[link]
Main article: Environmental effects of meat production
Various environmental effects are associated with meat production. Among these are greenhouse gas emissions, fossil energy use, water use, water quality changes, and effects on grazed ecosystems. The occurrence, nature and significance of these effects varies among livestock production systems.[99] Grazing of livestock can be beneficial for some wildlife species, but not for others.[100][101] Targeted grazing of livestock is used as a food-producing alternative to herbicide use in some vegetation management.[102] Meat-producing livestock can provide environmental benefits through waste reduction, e.g. conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops.[103][104] Manure from meat-producing livestock is used as fertilizer; it may be composted before application to food crops. Substitution of animal manures for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 MJ of fossil fuel energy are used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.[105].
Religious traditions and meat consumption[link]
Meat consumption within Jewish religious traditions are controlled by the set of Jewish dietary laws Kashrut which allows meat that may be consumed according to halakha (Jewish law) and termed kosher and meat that is not in accordance with Jewish law and called treif. But further within the Judeo-Christian traditions lay Christianity where some followers of Christ within the exercise of that faith hold the consumption of meat as being divinely ordained within that faith and a part of being within their faith "For one believeth that he may eat all things: but he that is weak, let him eat herbs." "For every creature of God is good, and nothing to be rejected that is received with thanksgiving" "And every thing that moveth and liveth shall be meat for you: even as the green herbs have I delivered them all to you:"(Douay–Rheims Bible)
| The largest meat consumers (2003)[106] | |||
| Rank | Country | Consumption per capita (in kg) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 123 | |
| 2 | Spain | 121 | |
| 3 | Australia | 118 | |
| 4 | Austria | 112 | |
| 5 | Denmark | 111 | |
| 6 | New Zealand | 109 | |
| 7 | Cyprus | 108 | |
| 8 | Ireland | 102 | |
| 9 | Canada | 98 | |
| 10 | France | 98 | |
See also[link]
References[link]
- Lawrie, R. A.; Ledward, D. A. (2006). Lawrie’s meat science (7th ed.). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84569-159-2.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b Lawrie, 1.
- ^ a b c d Lawrie, 2.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 3.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 5.
- ^ Lawrie, 6.
- ^ Lawrie, 7.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 8.
- ^ Lawrie, 9.
- ^ Chrisafis, Angelique "France's horsemeat lovers fear US ban The Guardian, June 15th 2007, London.
- ^ Alan Davidson (2006). Tom Jaine, Jane Davidson and Helen Saberi. ed. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280681-5, pp. 387-388
- ^ Turner, E. 2005. "Results of a recent analysis of horse remains dating to the Magdalenian period at Solutre, France," pp 70-89. In Mashkour, M (ed.). Equids in Time and Space. Oxford: Oxbow
- ^ Rupert Wingfield-Hayes (29 June 2002). "China's taste for the exotic". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2074073.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ^ "Vietnam's dog meat tradition". BBC News. 31 December 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1735647.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-15."Vietnam's dog meat tradition". BBC News. 31 December 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1735647.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ^ Desiree Caluza (2006-01-17). "Dog meat eating doesn’t hound Cordillera natives". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://news.inq7.net/regions/index.php?index=2&story_id=63272&col=36. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
- ^ Podberscek, A. L. (2009). "Good to Pet and Eat: The Keeping and Consuming of Dogs and Cats in South Korea" (PDF). Journal of Social Issues 65 (3): 615. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01616.x. http://www.animalsandsociety.org/assets/265_podberscek.pdf. edit
- ^ Francis H. Fay (June 1960) "Carnivorous walrus and some arctic zoonoses". Arctic 13, no.2: 111-122. http://arctic.synergiesprairies.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/viewFile/3691/3666
- ^ Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). Unmentionable cuisine. University of Virginia Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8139-1162-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=SiBntk9jGmoC.
- ^ Hanley, Susan B. (1999). Everyday things in premodern Japan: the hidden legacy of material culture. University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-520-21812-4. http://books.google.com/?id=f7E5a9CIploC&pg=PA66&dq=dog#v=onepage&q=dog.
- ^ Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). Unmentionable cuisine. University of Virginia Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8139-1162-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=SiBntk9jGmoC.
- ^ Alan Davidson (2006). Tom Jaine, Jane Davidson and Helen Saberi. ed. The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280681-5, pp. 491
- ^ "Carapulcra de gato y gato a la parrilla sirven en fiesta patronal". Cronica Viva. http://www.cronicaviva.com.pe/index.php/regional/costa/3749-carapulcra-de-gato-y-gato-a-la-parilla-sirven-en-fiesta-patronal-. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ^ "A Guinea Pig for All Times and Seasons". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/node/2926169. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 10.
- ^ Lawrie, 14.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 11.
- ^ Lawrie, 11 et seq.
- ^ Lawrie, 13.
- ^ Lawrie, 11, citing Ollson, V., Andersson, I., Ranson, K., Lundström, K. (2003) Meat Sci. 64, 287 and noting also that organically reared pigs "compare unfavourably" with conventionally reared ones "in some respects."
- ^ Table adapted from Lawrie, 17.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 18.
- ^ Lawrie, 19.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 21.
- ^ a b c Lawrie, 22.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 23.
- ^ Lawrie, 25.
- ^ Lawrie, 26.
- ^ Lawrie, 27.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 30.
- ^ a b c Lawrie, 29.
- ^ Lawrie, 28.
- ^ Lawrie, 31.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 32.
- ^ a b c Lawrie, 33.
- ^ Lawrie, 35.
- ^ Lawrie, 36 et seq.
- ^ a b c Lawrie, 39.
- ^ Lawrie, 94–126.
- ^ Lawrie, 126.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 76.
- ^ Lawrie, 75.
- ^ Lawrie, 77.
- ^ Lawrie, 78.
- ^ Lawrie, 79.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 82.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 93.
- ^ a b http://www.beef.org/uDocs/whatyoumisswithoutmeat638.pdf
- ^ a b Schurgers, L. J.; Vermeer, C. (2000). "Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food. Effect of food matrix on circulating vitamin K concentrations". Haemostasis 30 (6): 298–307. PMID 11356998. edit
- ^ "Dietary Fiber". Ext.colostate.edu. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09333.html. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 129.
- ^ Lawrie, 130.
- ^ Lawrie, 134 et seq.
- ^ Lawrie, 134.
- ^ Lawrie, 137.
- ^ a b c Lawrie, 138.
- ^ Lawrie, 141.
- ^ Lawrie, 87.
- ^ Lawrie, 90.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 146.
- ^ Lawrie, 144.
- ^ a b Lawrie, 142.
- ^ Lawrie, 155.
- ^ Ronald B. Pegg; Fereidoon Shahidi (2004). Nitrite Curing of Meat: The N-Nitrosamine Problem and Nitrite Alternatives. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-917678-50-8.
- ^ Timothy J Key, Gary E Fraser, Margaret Thorogood, Paul N Appleby, Valerie Beral, Gillian Reeves, Michael L Burr, Jenny Chang-Claude, Rainer Frentzel-Beyme, Jan W Kuzma, Jim Mann and Klim McPherson (September 1999). "Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (3): 516S–524S. PMID 10479225. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/516S. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ a b Cross, Amanda; Leitzmann, MF; Gail, MH; Hollenbeck, AR; Schatzkin, A; Sinha, R (2007). "A Prospective Study of Red and Processed Meat Intake in Relation to Cancer Risk". PLoS Medicine (the Public Library of Science) 4 (12): e325. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040325. PMC 2121107. PMID 18076279. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2121107.
- ^ Nothlings, U.; Wilkens, L. R.; Murphy, S. P.; Hankin, J. H.; Henderson, B. E.; Kolonel, L. N.. "Meat and Fat Intake as Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Study - Nöthlings et al. 97 (19): 1458 - JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Jnci.oxfordjournals.org) 97 (19): 1458. DOI:10.1093/jnci/dji292. http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/97/19/1458?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=pancreatic+red+meat&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Nutrients, Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Information". Nutristrategy.com. http://www.nutristrategy.com/nutritioninfo2.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "What You Eat May Influence Colon Cancer Relapse". American Cancer Society. 2007-08-21. Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20080419131054/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_What_You_Eat_May_Influence_Colon_Cancer_Relapse.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
- ^ Taylor, E F; Burley, V J; Greenwood, D C; Cade, J E. "Meat consumption and risk of breast cancer in the UK Women's Cohort Study". British Journal of Cancer 96 (7): 1139–46. DOI:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603689. PMC 2360120. PMID 17406351. http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v96/n7/full/6603689a.html. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ Park, S. Y.; Murphy, S. P.; Wilkens, L. R.; Henderson, B. E.; Kolonel, L. N. (2007). "Fat and meat intake and prostate cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort study". International Journal of Cancer 121 (6): 1339–1345. DOI:10.1002/ijc.22805. PMID 17487838. edit
- ^ Key, T. J. , G. E. Fraser, M. Thorogood, P. N. Appleby, V. Beral, G. Reeves, M. L. Burr, J. Chang-Claude, R. Frentzel-Beyme, J. W. Kuzma, J. Mann and K. McPherson. 1999. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 (suppl.): 516S-524S
- ^ Truswell, A. S. 2002. Meat consumption and cancer of the large bowel. E. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: S19-S24.
- ^ Chao, A., M. J. Thun, C. J. Connell, M. L. McCullough, E. J. Jacobs, W. D. Flanders, C. Rodriguez, R. Sinha and E. E. Calle. 2005. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 293: 172-182
- ^ Alexander, D. D., C. A. Cushing, K. A. Lowe, B. Sceurman and M. A. Roberts. 2009. Meta-analysis of animal fat or animal protein intake and colorectal cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1402-1409
- ^ Key, T. J., P. N. Appleby, E. A. Spencer, R. C. Travis, A. W. Roddam and N. E. Allen. 2009. Cancer incidence in vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89 (suppl.): 1620S-1626S
- ^ Gonzalez, C. A. et al. 2006. Meat Intake and Risk of Stomach and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J. National Cancer Inst. 98: 345-354
- ^ http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977v1
- ^ Snowdon, D. A.; Phillips, R. L.; Fraser, G. E. (1984). "Meat consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease". Preventive medicine 13 (5): 490–500. PMID 6527990. edit
- ^ major Harvard University study
- ^ Sinha, R.; Cross, A. J.; Graubard, B. I.; Leitzmann, M. F.; Schatzkin, A. (Mar 2009). "Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people". Archives of Internal Medicine 169 (6): 562–571. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.6. ISSN 0003-9926. PMC 2803089. PMID 19307518. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2803089. edit
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- ^ Salvini, S.; Hunter, D. J.; Sampson, L.; Stampfer, M. J.; Colditz, G. A.; Rosner, B.; Willett, W. C. (Dec 1989). "Food-based validation of a dietary questionnaire: the effects of week-to-week variation in food consumption". International Journal of Epidemiology 18 (4): 858–867. DOI:10.1093/ije/18.4.858. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 2621022. edit
- ^ Rosner, B.; Gore, R. (Nov 2001). "Measurement error correction in nutritional epidemiology based on individual foods, with application to the relation of diet to breast cancer" (Free full text). American Journal of Epidemiology 154 (9): 827–835. DOI:10.1093/aje/154.9.827. ISSN 0002-9262. PMID 11682365. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11682365. edit
- ^ US Meat and Poultry Is Widely Contaminated With Drug-Resistant Staph Bacteria
- ^ Corpet, Denis; Yin, Y; Zhang, X; Rémésy, C; Stamp, D; Medline, A; Thompson, L; Bruce, W et al. (1995). "Colonic protein fermentation and promotion of colon carcinogenesis by thermolyzed casein". Nutr Cancer (Nutr Cancer.) 23 (3): 271–81. DOI:10.1080/01635589509514381. PMC 2518970. PMID 7603887. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2518970.
- ^ "National Cancer Institute - Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats". Cancer.gov. 2004-09-15. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats - National Cancer Institute". Cancer.gov. 2004-09-15. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/heterocyclic-amines. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "PAH - Occurrence in foods, dietary exposure and health effects" (PDF). http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out154_en.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ Siegelbaum, D.J. (2008-04-23). "In Search of a Test-Tube Hamburger". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1734630,00.html?imw=Y. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
- ^ Steinfeld, H. et al. 2006, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Livestock, Environment and Development, FAO.
- ^ Holechek, J. L. et al. 1982. Manipulation of grazing to improve or maintain wildlife habitat. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 10:204-210.
- ^ Strassman, B. I. 1987. Effects of cattle grazing and haying on wildlife conservation at National Wildlife Refuges in the United States. Environmental Mgt. 11: 35-44
- ^ Launchbaugh, K. (ed.) 2006. Targeted Grazing: a natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement. American Sheep Industry. 199 pp.
- ^ Anderson, D. C. 1978. Use of cereal residues in beef cattle production systems. J. Anim. Sci. 46: 849-861.
- ^ Elferink, E. V., S. Nonhebel and H. C. Moll. 2008. Feeding livestock food residue and the consequences for the environmental impact of meat. J. Cleaner Prod. 16: 1227-1233.
- ^ Shapouri, H. et al. 2002. The energy balance of corn ethanol: an update. USDA Agricultural Economic Report 814.
- ^ FAO (2009): FAOSTAT. Rom.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the singer. For the prepared food, see meatloaf.
| Meat Loaf | |
|---|---|
 Meat Loaf (2009) |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Marvin Lee Aday |
| Born | (1947-09-27) September 27, 1947 (age 64) Dallas, Texas |
| Genres | Hard rock, rock, rock and roll, rock opera, Heavy Metal |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, keyboards, saxophone |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Labels | Rare Earth, Cleveland International, Epic, RCA, Arista, MCA, Polydor, Sanctuary, Mercury, Virgin, Loud & Proud |
| Associated acts | Jim Steinman, Neverland Express, Floating Circus, Stoney & Meatloaf, Steve Vai, Trace Adkins, Lil Jon, Brian May, Ted Nugent |
| Website | meatloaf.net |
Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27, 1947), better known by his stage name, Meat Loaf, is an American hard rock musician and actor. He is noted for the Bat Out of Hell album trilogy consisting of Bat Out of Hell, Bat Out of Hell II: Back Into Hell and Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster is Loose. Bat Out of Hell has sold more than 43 million copies.[1] After more than 30 years, it still sells an estimated 200,000 copies annually and stayed on the charts for over nine years, making it one of the best selling albums of all time.[2][3]
Although he enjoyed success with Bat Out of Hell and Bat Out of Hell II: Back Into Hell and earned a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo for the song "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" on the latter album, Meat Loaf experienced some initial difficulty establishing a steady career within his native US. However, he has retained iconic status and popularity in Europe, especially the UK, where he ranks 23rd for the number of weeks overall spent on the charts. He ranked 96th on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".
Meat Loaf has also appeared in over 50 movies and television shows,[4] sometimes as himself or as characters resembling his stage persona. His most notable roles include Eddie in the American premiere of The Rocky Horror Show and The Rocky Horror Picture Show and Robert "Bob" Paulson in Fight Club.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Meat Loaf was born in Dallas, Texas.[5] He was the first child of Wilma Artie (née Hukel), a school teacher and a member of the Vo-di-o-do Girls gospel quartet, and Orvis Wesley Aday, a police officer. His father was an alcoholic who would go on drinking binges for days at a time.[6] Aday and his mother would drive around to all the bars in Dallas, looking for Orvis to take him home. Because of this, Aday often stayed with his grandmother, Charlsee Norrod.[6]
Meat Loaf relates a story in his autobiography, To Hell and Back, about how he, a friend, and his friend's father drove out to Love Field to watch John F. Kennedy land. After watching him leave the airport, they went to Market Hall, which was on Kennedy's parade route. On the way they heard that Kennedy had been shot, so they headed to Parkland Hospital, where they saw Jackie Kennedy get out of the car and Governor John Connally get pulled out, although they never saw the president taken out.
In 1965, Aday graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School, having already started his acting career via school productions such as Where's Charley? and The Music Man.[7] After attending college at Lubbock Christian College, he transferred to North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas in Denton).
After Aday received his inheritance from his mother's death, he rented an apartment in Dallas and isolated himself for three and a half months. Eventually a friend found him. Aday bought a car and drove to California.[8]
Music career[link]
In Los Angeles, Aday formed his first band, "Meat Loaf Soul".[9] During the recording of their first song, he hit a note so high that he managed to blow a fuse on the recording monitor.[10] He was immediately offered three recording contracts, which he turned down.[6] Meat Loaf Soul's first gig was in Huntington Beach at the Cave, opening for Them, Van Morrison's band. While performing their cover of the Howlin' Wolf song "Smokestack Lightning," the smoke machine they used made too much smoke and the club had to be cleared out. Later, the band was the opening act at Cal State Northridge for Renaissance, Taj Mahal and Janis Joplin. The band then underwent several changes of lead guitar, changing the name of the band each time. The new names included Popcorn Blizzard and Floating Circus.[9] As Floating Circus, they opened for The Who, The Fugs, The Stooges, MC5, Grateful Dead, and The Grease Band. Their regional success led them to release a single, "Once Upon a Time," backed with "Hello." Meat Loaf joined the Los Angeles production of Hair.[9] During an interview with New Zealand radio station ZM, Meat Loaf stated that the biggest life struggle he had to overcome was not being taken seriously in the music industry. He compared his treatment to that of a "circus clown".[11]
Stoney & Meatloaf[link]
With the publicity generated from Hair, Meat Loaf was invited to record with Motown. They suggested he do a duet with Shaun "Stoney" Murphy, who had performed with him in Hair, to which he agreed. The Motown production team in charge of the album wrote and selected the songs while Meat Loaf and Stoney came in only to lay down their vocals. The album, titled Stoney & Meatloaf (Meatloaf being shown as one word), was completed in the summer of 1971 and released in September of that year. A single released in advance of the album, What You See Is What You Get, reached number thirty six on the R&B charts and seventy-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. To support their album, Meat Loaf and Stoney toured with Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers, opening up for Richie Havens, The Who, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Alice Cooper and Rare Earth. Meat Loaf left soon after Motown replaced his and Stoney's vocals from the one song he liked, "Who Is the Leader of the People?" with new vocals by Edwin Starr. The album has been re-released after Meat Loaf's success, with Stoney's vocals removed. Meat Loaf's version of "Who Is the Leader of the People?" was released, but the album failed.
[edit] More Than You Deserve
After the tour, Meat Loaf rejoined the cast of Hair, this time on Broadway. After he hired an agent, he auditioned for the Public Theater's production of More Than You Deserve. It was during the audition that Meat Loaf first met his future collaborator Jim Steinman. He sang a former Stoney and Meatloaf favorite of his, "(I'd Love to Be) As Heavy as Jesus" (On VH1 Storytellers, Meat Loaf shares his first introduction with Jim Steinman. Meat would revive Steinman's reaction to his intimate audience, "Well, I think you're heavy as two Jesuses to be a matter of fact!"), and with that, got the part of Rabbit, a maniac that blows up his fellow soldiers so they can "go home." Also in the show were Ron Silver and Fred Gwynne. After it closed, he appeared in As You Like It with Raúl Juliá and Mary Beth Hurt.
He recorded a single of "More Than You Deserve" and had a cover of "In the Presence of the Lord" as its B-side. He was only able to save three copies of it because the record company would not allow its press release. With those three copies he released many rare CDs featuring the two songs, which can occasionally be spotted at CD outlets.[citation needed] He later recorded it again (1981) in a slightly rougher voice.
[edit] The Rocky Horror Picture Show
Main articles: The Rocky Horror Show and The Rocky Horror Picture Show
During the winter of 1973, after returning from a short production of Rainbow in New York in Washington, D.C., Meat Loaf received a call asking him to be in The Rocky Horror Show asking him to play the parts of Eddie and Dr. Everett Scott.[12] The success of the play led to the filming of The Rocky Horror Picture Show where Meat Loaf played only Eddie, a decision he said made the movie not as good as the play.[13] About the same time, Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman started work on Bat out of Hell. Meat Loaf convinced Epic Records to shoot videos for four songs, "Bat Out Of Hell," "Paradise by the Dashboard Light," "You Took the Words Right out of My Mouth" and "Two out of Three Ain't Bad." He then convinced Lou Adler, the producer of Rocky Horror, to run the "Paradise" video as a trailer to the movie. Meat Loaf's final show in New York was Gower Champion's Rockabye Hamlet, a Hamlet musical. It closed two weeks into its initial run. Meat would later return occasionally to perform Hot Patootie for a special Rocky Horror reunion or convention and rarely at his own live shows (one performance of which was released in the 1996 Live Around the World CD set).
During his recording of the soundtrack for Rocky Horror, Meat Loaf recorded two more songs: "Stand By Me" (a Ben E. King cover), and "Clap Your Hands." They remained unreleased until 1984, when they appeared as B-sides to the "Nowhere Fast" single.
In 1976, Meat Loaf recorded lead vocals for Ted Nugent's Free-for-All album when regular Nugent lead vocalist Derek St. Holmes quit the band. Meat Loaf sang lead on five of the album's nine tracks.
Major success[link]
[edit] Bat Out of Hell
Meat Loaf and friend/songwriter Jim Steinman started Bat Out of Hell in 1972, but did not get serious about it until the end of 1974. Meat Loaf decided to leave theatre, and concentrate exclusively on music. Then, the National Lampoon Show opened on Broadway, and it needed an understudy for John Belushi, a close friend of Meat Loaf since 1972. It was at the Lampoon Show that Meat Loaf met Ellen Foley, the co-star who sang "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" with him on the album Bat Out of Hell.
After the Lampoon show ended, Meat Loaf and Steinman spent time seeking a record deal. Their approaches were rejected by each record company, because their songs did not fit any specific recognized music industry style. Finally, they performed the songs for Todd Rundgren, who decided to produce the album, as well as play lead guitar on it (other members of Todd's band Utopia also lent their musical talents).[14] They then shopped the record around, but still had no takers until Cleveland International Records decided to take a chance. On October 21, 1977, Bat Out of Hell was released.
Meat Loaf and Steinman formed the band The Neverland Express to tour in support of Bat Out of Hell. Their first gig was opening for Cheap Trick in Chicago. He gained national exposure as musical guest on Saturday Night Live on March 25, 1978. Guest host Christopher Lee introduced him by saying, "And now ladies and gentlemen I would like you to meet Loaf. (pauses, looks dumbfounded) I beg your pardon, what? (he listens to the director's aside) Oh! Why...why I'm sorry, yes, of course...ah... Ladies and gentlemen, Meat Loaf!" The huge success of the album caused a rift to open up between Meat Loaf and Steinman: the group, named after Meat Loaf for ease of labeling, seemed to Steinman to sideline his work as creator, and Steinman started to resent the attention that his partner was getting.[citation needed]
During a show in Ottawa, Meat Loaf fell off the stage and broke his leg. He toured with the broken leg, performing from a wheel chair. During this time, Meat Loaf began heavy use of cocaine, had a nervous breakdown and threatened to commit suicide by jumping off the ledge of a building in New York. In the middle of recording his second album, Bad for Good, Meat Loaf lost the ability to sing; it is unclear as to the exact cause - the tour was a punishing one, and the vocals are energy intense. However, his doctors said that physically he was fine and that his problem was psychological. Nevertheless, Steinman decided to keep recording Bad for Good without Meat Loaf.
Bat Out of Hell has sold over 43 million copies worldwide,[1] making it one of the highest selling albums of all time. In the UK alone, its 2.1 million sales put it in 38th place. Despite peaking at #9 and spending only two weeks in the top ten in 1981, it has now clocked up 474 weeks on the UK album chart, a figure bettered only by Rumours by Fleetwood Mac - 478 weeks. In Australia, it knocked the Bee Gees off the number #1 spot and went on to become the biggest-selling Australian album of all time for several years. It is now second on the list. Bat Out of Hell is also one of only two albums that has never exited the Top 200 in the UK charts;[citation needed] this makes it the longest stay in any music chart in the world, although the published chart contains just 75 positions.
[edit] Life after Bat Out of Hell
In 1976, Meat Loaf appeared in the short-lived Broadway production of the rock musical Rockabye Hamlet. In 1980, he started working on Dead Ringer. Steinman wrote all of the songs, but had little else to do with the album. The tour they planned, to support the album, was cancelled after one show, because they ran out of the money that the studio advanced them. Sonnenberg also convinced CBS to advance more money for the making of the movie Dead Ringer, which was shown at the Toronto Film Festival and won some favorable reviews, but was poorly considered after Sonnenberg re-edited the movie.
On December 5, 1981, Meat Loaf and the Neverland Express were the musical guests for Saturday Night Live where he was reunited with fellow Rocky Horror Picture Show alum Tim Curry. Curry and Meat Loaf teamed up in a skit depicting a One-Stop Rocky Horror Shop. Later, Tim Curry performed "The Zucchini Song" and Meat Loaf & The Neverland Express performed "Bat Out of Hell" and "Promised Land." In 1983, he released the self written Midnight at the Lost and Found. Meat Loaf, a poor songwriter by his own admission, did not care for the songs he wrote for the album.[citation needed]
In 1984, Meat Loaf went to England, to record the album Bad Attitude, which included a duet with Roger Daltrey and two songs written by Jim Steinman; the recording of the album was rushed. During the tour to support the album, Leslie (Meat Loaf's girlfriend) had a nervous breakdown and had to check into the Silver Hill Hospital rehab facility in Connecticut. Things finally looked like they were going to turn around in 1986, when Meat Loaf found a new writer, John Parr, and started recording a new album, Blind Before I Stop. Unfortunately, the producer put a dance beat underneath every song, which resulted in critical failure and Meat Loaf going bankrupt, eventually losing everything. His relationships with lifelong friend Jim Steinman and Leslie also deteriorated. In 1985, Meat Loaf did some comedy sketches in England with Hugh Laurie. At some point, Meat Loaf tried stand-up comedy, appearing several times in Connecticut.[15]
Meat Loaf performed "Thrashin" for the soundtrack of the 1986 skateboarding cult classic film Thrashin' (directed by David Winters and starring Josh Brolin).[16]
To try to get his career back off the ground, Meat Loaf started touring small venues, such as pubs and clubs. Slowly, he developed a faithful following which grew to the point where they were unable to fit into the venues that Meat Loaf was playing, and then they too began to grow. This carried on until the late 1980s, where he began to sell out arenas and stadiums again, including over 10,000 tickets at Ohio State University. Leslie studied to be a travel agent, so they could save on travel expenses, and they toured all over the United States, Germany, England, Scandinavia, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Greece, Abu Dhabi, Oman and Bahrain. With the help of his New York collection of musicians — John Golden, Richard Raskin and Paul Jacobs — his European tours enjoyed immense popularity in the 1980s. Because of the success of the touring, Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman began to work on Bat Out Of Hell II which was finally released in 1993, sixteen years after Bat Out Of Hell. The album was a huge success and is considered one of the greatest comebacks in music history.
[edit] Dead Ringer
Songwriter Jim Steinman started to work on Bad for Good, the album that was supposed to be the follow-up to 1977's Bat out of Hell, in 1979. During that time, a combination of touring, drugs and exhaustion had caused Meat Loaf to lose his voice. Without a singer, and pressured by the record company, Steinman decided that he should sing on Bad for Good himself, and write a new album for Meat Loaf; the result was Dead Ringer, which was later released in 1981, after the release of Steinman's Bad for Good.
After playing the role of Travis Redfish in the movie Roadie, Meat Loaf's singing voice returned, and he started to work on his new album in 1980. Steinman had written five new songs which, in addition to the track "More Than You Deserve" (sung by Meat Loaf in the stage musical of the same name) and a reworked monologue, formed the album Dead Ringer, which was produced by Meat Loaf and Stephan Galfas, with backing tracks produced by Todd Rundgren, Jimmy Iovine, and Jim Steinman. (In 1976, Meat Loaf appeared on the track "Keeper Keep Us", from the Intergalactic Touring Band's self-titled album, produced by Galfas.) The song "Dead Ringer for Love" was the pinnacle of the album, and launched Meat Loaf to even greater success after it reached #5 in the UK and stayed in the charts for a surprising 19 weeks. Cher provided the lead female vocals in the song, which contributed to the success of the single.
The album reached #1 in the UK, and three singles were released from the album: "Dead Ringer for Love" (with Cher), "I'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us," and "Read 'Em and Weep".
Struggle[link]
[edit] Midnight at the Lost and Found
Following a dispute with his former songwriter Jim Steinman, Meat Loaf was contractually obliged to release a new album. Struggling for time, and with no resolution to his arguments with Steinman seemingly on the horizon (eventually, Steinman would sue Meat Loaf, who subsequently sued Steinman as well), he was forced to find songwriters wherever he could. The resulting album was Midnight at the Lost and Found.
According to Meat Loaf, Steinman had given the songs "Total Eclipse of the Heart" and "Making Love (Out of Nothing At All)" to Meat Loaf for this album. However, Meat Loaf's record company refused to pay for Steinman.[17] This was hard luck for Meat Loaf, as Bonnie Tyler's version of "Eclipse" and Air Supply's version of "Making Love" would top the charts together, holding #1 and #2 for a period during 1983.
Meat Loaf is credited with being involved in the writing of numerous tracks on the album, including the title track, "Midnight at the Lost and Found". However, when the album was released in 1983, it was regarded by many as being poor. Fans were disappointed to see that the iconic pictures on the covers of Bat out of Hell and Dead Ringer were replaced by a black-and-white photograph of Meat Loaf (on some later re-releases, a color image of a screaming Meat Loaf was used as the cover image).[citation needed]
The title track still regularly forms part of Meat Loaf concerts, and was one of very few 1980s songs to feature on the 1998 hit album The Very Best of Meat Loaf. This was the last album that Meat Loaf did with the record label Epic until the 'best of' album.
[edit] Bad Attitude
Bad Attitude, released 1984, features two songs by Jim Steinman, both previously recorded, and was mainly an attempt to keep Meat Loaf from going bankrupt during this period of lawsuits. It concentrated more on the hard rock side of Meat Loaf, was a minor success around the globe and released a few hit singles, the most successful being "Modern Girl". It also holds some of Meat Loaf's favorite songs that include "Jumpin' the Gun" and "Piece of the Action". It was recorded in England. The US release on RCA Records was on April 1985 and features a slightly different track list, as well as alternate mixes for some songs.
"Modern Girl" was taken from this album and was the biggest hit. "Piece of the Action", "Sailor to a Siren" is the b side and "Nowhere Fast" were also released singles with extended mixes and exclusive songs: "Take a Number", "Stand by Me" (a Ben E. King cover) and "Clap Your Hands". The latter two songs were recorded during the sessions for the Rocky Horror Picture Show soundtrack. On the cover of this album there is a note that this album was recorded in Munich and it is produced by Mack - known as Queen producer from 80s
[edit] Blind Before I Stop
Blind Before I Stop was released in 1986. It features production, mixing, and general influence by Frank Farian. Meat Loaf gave songwriting another shot with this album and wrote three of the songs on the album. Released as a single (in the UK) was "Rock 'n' Roll Mercenaries," which was a duet with rock singer John Parr. another single released on the UK was, 'Special Girl'.
According to Meat Loaf's 1998 autobiography, the album sold poorly because of the production of the album. Meat Loaf would have preferred to cancel the project and wait to work with more Steinman material. The album, however, has gained a cult following over the years, citing the songs "Execution Day" and "Standing on the Outside" as standout tracks on the record. "Standing on the Outside" was also featured during the third season of the 1980s TV show Miami Vice; it was used several times during the episode titled "Forgive Us Our Debts" (first aired December 12, 1986).
The song "Masculine" was the only song off the record to be a Live Show mainstay from 1987 to 1992. This then was omitted in favor of "Life is a Lemon And I Want My Money Back" with the success of Bat Out Of Hell II: Back Into Hell.
Return to popularity[link]
[edit] Bat Out of Hell II: Back Into Hell
Because of the success of Meat Loaf's touring in the eighties, he and Steinman began work during the Christmas of 1990 on the sequel to Bat out of Hell. After two years, Bat out of Hell II: Back into Hell was finished. The artist's then manager, Tommy Manzi, later told HitQuarters that music industry insiders were wholly unenthusiastic about the idea of a comeback, and considered the project "a joke".[18] The immediate success of "Bat out of Hell II" quickly proved any doubters wrong, with the album going on to sell over 15 million copies, and the single "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" reaching number one in 28 countries. Meat Loaf won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo in 1994 for "I'd Do Anything for Love."[19] This song stayed at #1 in the UK charts for seven consecutive weeks. The single features a female vocalist who was credited only as "Mrs. Loud." Mrs. Loud was later identified as Lorraine Crosby, a performer from North East England.[20] Meat Loaf promoted the song with American vocalist Patti Russo who performed lead female vocals on tour with him. In Germany, Meat Loaf became notably popular following the release of Bat out of Hell II but has enjoyed most of his success among pop/rock fans.
Also in 1994, he was honored by singing "The Star Spangled Banner" at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, something he says was one of the two biggest highlights of his career. Meat Loaf attempted to follow the success of "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" by releasing "Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through" as a follow-up; this song reached #13 in the US.
[edit] Welcome to the Neighborhood
In 1995, Meat Loaf released his seventh studio album, Welcome to the Neighborhood. The album went platinum in the United States and the UK. It released three singles which all hit the top 40, including "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)" (which reached #13 in the US and #2 in the UK charts) and "Not a Dry Eye in the House" (which reached #7 in the UK charts). "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)" was a duet with Patti Russo (who had been touring with Meat Loaf and singing on his albums since 1993).
Of the twelve songs on the album, two are written by Jim Steinman. Both are covers, the "Original Sin" from Pandora's Box's Original Sin album (it was also heard in the movie The Shadow, where it was performed by Taylor Dayne) and "Left in the Dark" first appeared on Steinman's own Bad for Good. The video, which had a bigger budget than any of his previous videos, helped the single in its success. Other big hits, namely "I'd Lie for You" and "Not a Dry Eye in the House", were written by Diane Warren.
[edit] The Very Best of Meat Loaf
In 1998, Meat Loaf released The Very Best of Meat Loaf. Although not reaching the top ten in the UK, it recently[when?] went platinum, and was already platinum around the rest of the world just after its release. The album featured all of Meat Loaf's best-known songs, a few from his less popular albums from the 1980s, and three new songs. The music on the two Steinman songs was written and composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The single from the album was "Is Nothing Sacred", written by Jim Steinman with lyrics by Don Black. The single version of this song is a duet with Patti Russo, whereas the album version is a solo song by Meat Loaf. The album did not feature any songs from his 1986 album Blind Before I Stop.
[edit] Couldn't Have Said It Better
In 2003, Meat Loaf released his album Couldn't Have Said It Better. Only for the third time in his career, Meat Loaf released an album without any songs written by Jim Steinman (not counting live bonus tracks on special edition releases). Although Meat Loaf claimed that Couldn't Have Said It Better was "the most perfect album [he] did since Bat out of Hell", it was not quite as successful. However, the album was a minor success worldwide and reached #4 in the UK charts, accompanied by a sellout world tour which was used to promote the album and some of Meat Loaf's biggest hits. One such performance on his world tour was at Sydney's 2003 NRL grand final.[21] There were many writers for the album including Diane Warren and James Michael, who were both asked to contribute his 2006 album Bat out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose. Diane Warren has written for Meat Loaf in the past and had some very big hits. James Michael had never written for Meat Loaf before and it was only his songs that were released as singles from the album. The album featured duets with Patti Russo and Meat Loaf's daughter Pearl Aday.
Hair of the Dog and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra[link]
From February 20 to 22, 2004, during an Australian tour, Meat Loaf performed his classics with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, titled Bat out of Hell: Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. He went as far as to bring in the Australian Boys' Choir to do back-up on a Couldn't Have Said It Better track, "Testify". The show went on to spawn a DVD and a CD called Meat Loaf and The Neverland Express featuring Patti Russo Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. The CD had few edited songs from the concert on it.
Meat Loaf sold out over 160 concerts during his 2005 tour, "Hair of the Dog". On November 17, 2003, during a performance at London's Wembley Arena, on his Couldn't Have Said It Better tour, he collapsed of what was later diagnosed as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The following week, he underwent a surgical procedure intended to correct the problem.[22] As a result, Meat Loaf's insurance agency did not allow him to perform for any longer than one hour and 45 minutes.
As well as singing all the classics, Meat Loaf sang a cover version of the hit single "Black Betty". During this tour he also sang "Only When I Feel", a song meant to appear on his then-upcoming album Bat out of Hell III. The song subsequently turned into "If It Ain't Broke (Break It)".
[edit] Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster is Loose
Meat Loaf and Steinman had begun to work on the third installment of Bat out of Hell when Steinman suffered some health setbacks, including a heart attack. According to Meat Loaf, Steinman was too ill to work on such an intense project while Steinman's manager said health was not an issue.[23] Steinman had registered the phrase "Bat Out Of Hell" as a trademark in 1995.[24] In May 2006, Meat Loaf sued Steinman and his manager in federal District Court in Los Angeles, seeking $50 million and an injunction against Steinman's use of the phrase.[25] Steinman and his representatives attempted to block the album's release.[26] An agreement was reached in July 2006. According to Virgin, "the two came to an amicable agreement that ensured that Jim Steinman's music would be a continuing part of the 'Bat Out Of Hell' legacy."[27]
The album was released on October 31, 2006, and was produced by Desmond Child. The first single from the album, "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" (featuring Marion Raven) was released on October 16, 2006. It entered the UK singles chart at #6, giving Meat Loaf his highest UK chart position in nearly 11 years. The album debuted at #8 on the Billboard 200 and sold 81,000 copies in its opening week, but after that did not sell well in the U.S. and yielded no hit singles, although it was certified gold. The album also featured duets with Patti Russo and Jennifer Hudson.
In the weeks following the release of Bat III, Meat Loaf and the NLE (The Neverland Express) did a brief tour of America and Europe, known as the Bases Loaded Tour. In 2007, a newer, bigger worldwide tour began, the Seize the Night tour, with Marion Raven, serving as a supporting act, throughout the European and US tour. Portions of the tour in February 2007 were featured in the documentary Meat Loaf: In Search of Paradise, directed by Bruce David Klein. The film was an official selection of the Montreal World Film Festival in 2007. It opened in theaters in March 2008 and was released on DVD in May 2008.
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Wikinews has related news: Singer Meat Loaf falls ill during concert |
During a performance at the Metro Radio Arena in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK on October 31, 2007, at the opening of "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" he suggested that the crowd of thousands should enjoy the performance as it was the last of his career. He attempted to sing the first line of the song, but instead said "Ladies and gentlemen, I love you, thank you for coming, but I can no longer continue." Removing the jacket he was wearing, he thanked the audience for 30 years, said "goodbye forever" and left the stage. His tour promoter, Andrew Miller, denied that this was the end for Meat Loaf and said he would continue touring after suitable rest.[28] The next two gigs in the tour, at the NEC and Manchester Evening News Arena were cancelled because of "acute laryngitis" and were rescheduled for late November.[29] The concert scheduled for November 6, 2007 at London's Wembley Arena was also cancelled. Meat Loaf cancelled his entire European tour for 2007 after being diagnosed with a cyst on his vocal cords. After releasing a statement he said "It really breaks my heart not to be able to perform these shows" adding "I will be back".[30]
On June 27, 2008, Meat Loaf returned to the stage in Plymouth, England for the first show of his Casa de Carne Tour alongside his longtime duet partner Patti Russo,[31] who debuted one of her own original songs during his show.[32] The tour continued through July and August with twenty dates throughout England, Ireland, Germany, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Six U.S. showdates were also added for October and December 2008.[33]
Later Years[link]
[edit] Hang Cool Teddy Bear
In May 2009, Meat Loaf began work on the album Hang Cool Teddy Bear in the studio with Green Day's American Idiot album producer Rob Cavallo, working with such writers as Justin Hawkins, Rick Brantley, Tommy Henriksen and Jon Bon Jovi.[34] Though not much was revealed officially to begin with, Meat Loaf gave away some information through videos he posted on Twitter and YouTube. The album is based on the story of a fictional soldier, whose "story" furnishes the theme. During his March 19, 2011 concert held outside of Vancouver, BC, Canada, Meat explained that he had wanted an insert put with the album to explain what the premise of the album was, but he said there were too many "bleeping" record label politics and it did not get done. He went on to tell the audience that the story was of a soldier who being wounded, had his life flash forward before his eyes, and the songs were telling the story of his life.
The album is based on a short story by L.A.-based screenwriter and director Kilian Kerwin, a long-time friend of the singer. Hugh Laurie and Jack Black both perform on the album, Laurie plays piano on the song "If I Can't Have You", while Black sings a duet with Meat Loaf on "Like A Rose". Patti Russo and Kara DioGuardi also duet on the album. Meat Loaf himself describes the album as the "most important of his career", not as good as Bat out of Hell but in the same ball park. The guests, he says were not planned but he says the idea of using his friends came only when he saw them fit in a song and not as a commercial gimmick. Queen's Brian May features on guitar along with Steve Vai. It received positive reviews from critics and fans alike.[35][36][37] The first single from the album, "Los Angeloser", was released for download on April 5 with the album charting at number 4 in the official UK album chart on April 25, 2010.
The Hang Cool Tour followed in the US, UK and Canada with rave reviews from fans and critics. Patti Russo accompanied him on the tour, continuing through the summer of 2011.[38]
[edit] Hell in a Handbasket
In May 2011, Meat Loaf confirmed in a video on his YouTube account, that he was in the process of recording a new album called Hell In A Handbasket.[39] According to Meat, the album is being recorded and produced by Paul Crook; Dough McKean will mix with input from Rob Cavallo. The album will feature songs called "All of Me", "Blue Sky", "The Giving Tree", and a duet with Patti Russo called "Our Love And Our Souls".[40] On July 6, the album had to be finished for the record company. It is scheduled for release in October 2011 for Australia/New Zealand, and February 2012 for the rest of the world.[41]
Future albums[link]
Meat Loaf has eight songs for an intended album after Hell in a Handbasket and is planning to release a Christmas album in 2012 called Hot Holidays.[citation needed] He has said that he is intending to work with Jim Steinman again, but that Steinman "doesn't know it yet".[42]
In media[link]
- In 2000, he appeared as the viral meningitis addled Confederate Colonel Angus Devine in the sixth season episode "Gettysburg" of The Outer Limits who is accidentally transported forward in time 150 years in a failed attempt to prevent the assassination of the President in 2013.
- He also appeared in the South Park episode "Chef Aid". In a flashback, Meat Loaf claims that he started out as an unsuccessful artist named Cous-cous. After being booed off stage and almost deciding to quit, Chef tells him that his name might be the problem, and then hands him a plate of meatloaf to cheer him up.
- Meat Loaf appears (uncredited) as Jack Black's father in the 2006 film Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, providing vocals on the film's opening song Kickapoo. In the special features and commentary of the film's DVD release, it is noted that this is the first time Meat Loaf has sung for a movie soundtrack since The Rocky Horror Picture Show.
- Meat Loaf appeared, credited as Meat Loaf Aday, in the Season 5 episode of House M.D., "Simple Explanation".
- Along with his daughter Pearl Aday, and longtime duet partner Patti Russo, he taped an episode of the FOX game show Don't Forget the Lyrics! which aired on May 22, 2009.[43][44]
- On October 26, 2010, Meat Loaf appeared (credited as "Meat Loaf Aday") on the Fox show Glee, in "The Rocky Horror Glee Show," their tribute episode to The Rocky Horror Picture Show.[45]
- Meat Loaf recorded a song, Stand in the Storm, with country singer John Rich, rapper Lil Jon, and rocker Mark McGrath with whom he appeared on Celebrity Apprentice. The song is being sold on iTunes, with proceeds going to charity.
- The 2011 Australian Football League grand final was headlined by a 12 minute medley performed by Meat Loaf at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The performance was panned as the worst AFL pre-game entertainment in the 34 year history of performances preceding VFL and AFL grand finals in a multitude of online reviews by football fans and Australian sport commentators.[46][47][48] Meat Loaf responded by calling online critics "butt-smellers",[49] and the AFL "jerks", saying "I will go out of my way to tell any artist, 'Do not play for them,'"[50][51] but similar criticisms of his performance followed for the entire Australian tour.
- On February 29, 2012, he was due to appear on ITV talk show "Loose Women" to promote his new album, but was taken seriously ill during the broadcasting of the show.
Personal life[link]
In 2001 Meat Loaf changed his first name to Michael.[52][53]
Meat Loaf is a baseball fan and supporter of the New York Yankees.[54] He is an avid fantasy baseball player and participates in multiple leagues every season.[55]
Meat Loaf is a supporter of the northern English football team Hartlepool United and, in 2003, the BBC reported he was seeking a residence in the nearby area.[56] Meat Loaf currently resides just outside of Calabasas, California, near Saddle Peak and Calabasas Peak.
He also does a considerable amount of charity work, and in June 2008, he took part in a football penalty shootout competition on behalf of two cancer charities in Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK. He auctioned shots to the 100 highest bidders and then took his place between the goal posts.[57] He also participates in celebrity golf tournaments.
Repeating his criticism of the court-ordered removal of a school prayer banner in Cranston, Rhode Island, he was quoted by Providence Journal on March 23, 2012: "I just said the world is going to hell in a handbasket because there are a lot more things to worry about than whether there is a prayer on the wall that's been on the wall for 50 years that you think needs to come down."[58]
Family[link]
In December 1978, he went to Woodstock to work with Steinman. It was at the Bearsville studio that Meat Loaf met his future wife, Leslie G. Edmonds; they were married within a month. Leslie had a daughter, Pearl, from a previous marriage; Pearl later married Scott Ian.[59]
Aday and his family moved to Stamford, Connecticut in 1979. In 1981, Leslie gave birth to Amanda Aday, now a television actress.[15] For a brief time after Amanda's birth, they moved to nearby Westport. According to Meat Loaf, Pearl, then in the fifth grade, came home crying "because she had the wrong type of jeans and I said, 'That's it. We're gone.'" The family then moved to Redding, Connecticut, "which is much more of a blue-collar, working-class kind of town, and it really didn't make any difference what kind of jeans you were wearing. I really liked it there." Meat Loaf coached children's baseball or softball in each of the Connecticut towns in which he lived.[15] In 1998, Meat Loaf relocated to California. Meat and Leslie divorced in 2001.[60]
Near-death experiences[link]
Meat Loaf is said to have cheated death on numerous occasions, crashing in a car which rolled over,[61] being struck on the head with a shot during a shot put event,[61] jumping off a stage during a concert and breaking both of his legs, and being afflicted with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.[61] In October 2006, his private jet had to make an emergency landing at London's Stansted Airport after his plane's forward landing gear failed.[62] Meat Loaf also fainted on stage while performing in Pittsburgh.[63]
Tribute[link]
Meat Loaf has had many tribute acts and in 2010 the first, "So You Think You Know Meat Loaf" competition was held in Grossglockner, Austria. Tribute acts from all over the world sent in tapes of them performing their favorite Meat Loaf songs and from the thousands that entered it was whittled down to 14. Over the 16 day event the chosen 14 had to perform set Meat Loaf songs and signature moves. The 2010 winner was a "Steven P" from Great Britain who goes under the stage name of "Malt Loaf". When announced as the winner, Steven declared that he would change his name by deed poll.
Tours[link]
- Bat Out Of Hell Tour 1977-1979
- Dead Ringer Tour 1981
- Meat Loaf & The NLE Euro Tour '82
- Meat Loaf World Tour 1983
- Bad Attitude Tour 1984-1985
- 20/20 Tour 1987-1988
- Lost Boys & Golden Girls 1988-1989
- 1990 Tour
- 1991-1992 Tour
- Everything Louder Tour 1993-1995
- Born To Rock Tour 1996
- The Very Best Of Tour 1999
- Storytellers Tour 1999-2000
- Night Of The Proms Tour 2001
- Just Having Fun Tour 2002
- Couldn't Have Said It Better 2003-2004
- The Hair Of The Dog Tour 2005
- The Three Bats Tour 2006-2007
- The Casa de Carne Tour 2008
- The Hang Cool Tour 2010-2011
- The Guilty Pleasure Tour 2011-2012
- Mad, Mad World Summer Tour 2012
Discography[link]
Main article: Meat Loaf discography
Filmography[link]
| Title | Release Year | Character |
|---|---|---|
| The Rocky Horror Picture Show | 1975 | Eddie "An ex-delivery boy" |
| Americathon | 1979 | Oklahoma Devil, Roy Budnitz |
| Scavenger Hunt | 1979 | Scum |
| Roadie | 1980 | Travis W. Redfish |
| Dead Ringer | 1981 | Meat Loaf, Marvin |
| Out of Bounds | 1986 | Gil |
| The Squeeze | 1987 | Titus |
| Motorama | 1991 | Vern |
| Wayne's World | 1992 | Tiny |
| Leap of Faith | 1992 | Hoover |
| To Catch a Yeti | 1993 | Big Jake Grizzly |
| Angels in the Outfield | 1993 | Angel |
| Bean | 1997 | Cameo |
| Spiceworld: The Movie | 1997 | Dennis |
| Black Dog | 1998 | Red |
| The Mighty | 1998 | Iggy Lee |
| Crazy in Alabama | 1999 | Sheriff John Doggett |
| Fight Club | 1999 | Robert 'Bob' Paulson |
| Blacktop | 2000 | Jack |
| The Ballad of Lucy Whipple | 2001 | Amos "Rattlesnake Jake" Frogge |
| Face to Face | 2001 | Driver |
| Rustin | 2001 | Coach Trellingsby |
| Focus | 2001 | Fred |
| The 51st State | 2002 | The Lizard |
| Wishcraft | 2002 | Detective Sparky Shaw (as Michael Aday) |
| The Salton Sea | 2002 | Bo |
| A Hole in One | 2004 | Billy |
| BloodRayne | 2005 | Leonid |
| The Pleasure Drivers | 2005 | Dale (as Meat Loaf Aday) |
| Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny | 2006 | JB's father |
| Crazylove | 2005 | John (as Meat Loaf Aday) |
| Pelts Masters of Horror | 2006 | Jake Feldman |
| History Rocks | 2007 | Himself |
| Meat Loaf: In Search of Paradise | 2008 | Himself |
| Tiger Force Forever: Unleashed | 2009 | |
| Burning Bright | 2010 | Howie |
| Beautiful Boy | 2010 |
Television[link]
| Title | Episode Title | Release Year | Character |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strike Force | "MIA" | 1985 | Adams Family 1971 |
| The Equalizer | "Bump and Run" | 1985 | |
| Tales from the Crypt | "What's Cookin'?" | 1992 | |
| The Dead Man's Gun | "The Mail Order Bride" | 1997 | |
| Nash Bridges | "Wild Card" | 1997 | |
| South Park | "Chef Aid" | 1998 | Cameo |
| The Outer Limits | "Gettysburg" | 2000 | |
| Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve | 2007 | ||
| Private Sessions | 2007 | ||
| Go-Phone Commercial | 2007 | Singing Father | |
| The F Word | 2008 | Himself | |
| Hannity | 2009 | Member of Panel | |
| Tiger Force Forever: Unleashed | 2009 | ||
| Masters of Horror | "Pelts" | 2009 | Jake |
| House, M.D. | "Simple Explanation" | 2009 | Patient |
| Bookaboo (TV Series) | 2009 | ||
| Don't Forget the Lyrics | 2009 | ||
| Ghost Hunters | "Bat Out of Hell" | 2009 | Himself |
| Monk | "Mr. Monk and the Voodoo Curse" | 2009 | Reverend Hadley Jorgensen |
| Citizen Jane | 2009 | Detective Jack Morris | |
| Popstar to Operastar | 2010 | Judge | |
| WWE Raw | 2010 | Himself | |
| Glee | "The Rocky Horror Glee Show" | 2010 | Barry Jeffries (Credited as: Meat Loaf Aday) |
| Ghost Hunters | "Sloss Furnaces" | 2010 | |
| This Week | 2010 | Himself | |
| The Celebrity Apprentice | 2011 | Himself | |
| Fairly Legal[64] | "Kiss Me, Kate" | 2012 | Charlie DeKay |
References[link]
- ^ a b "News And Notes". Jim Steinman. 2007-02-28. http://www.jimsteinman.com/newsnotes.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
- ^ BBC - radio 2 - Sold on Song - Top 100 - no 8 - 'Bat Out Of Hell '. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ^ Bat Out Of Hell - The Story Behind The Album. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ^ Meat Loaf at IMDB.COM. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Meat Loaf (Entertainer) - Dallas". Dallasobserver.com. http://www.dallasobserver.com/related/to/Meat+Loaf+%28Entertainer%29/. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
- ^ a b c Barnard, Sarah. "The Biography Channel - Meat Loaf Biography". http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/609:578/1/Meat_Loaf.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ Chamberlain, Adrian. Meat Loaf, reheated: Singer says energy and voice are back, thanks to exercise and vocal coach The Ottawa Citizen, March 13, 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ^ Meat's autobiography To Hell and Back (1999)
- ^ a b c Bozzo, Rick. "Meat Loaf and Me". http://www.rickbozzo.com/meatandme.html. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ To Hell and Back (1999)
- ^ Meat Loaf interview with ZM's Polly Gillespie[dead link]
- ^ RHPS Official Fan Site > History. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
- ^ The Rocky Horror Show documentary interview footage. This particular line can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFqmLvxORzQ#t=1m38s
- ^ Roger Powell, keyboardist for Utopia. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ a b c Spillane, Sean, "Meat Loaf: Not done yet and back in Connecticut for Mohegan Sun concert", article, "Go" entertainment supplement, The Advocate of Stamford, Connecticut (also in The News-Times of Danbury, Connecticut Post of Bridgeport and Greenwich Time newspapers), July 8, 2010
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092085/soundtrack
- ^ Adams, Cameron (2006-10-26). "Meat Loaf's a Hell raiser". Herald Sun. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/meat-loafs-a-hell-raiser/story-e6frf9hf-1111112415532. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Interview With Tommy Manzi". HitQuarters. May 7, 2001. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_TManzi.html. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ "GRAMMY AWARDS: BEST ROCK VOCAL SOLO PERFORMANCE". Rock on the Net. http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/rocksolo.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
- ^ "LORRAINE CROSBY in concert". dixon-agency.com. http://www.dixon-agency.com/lorraine.html. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
- ^ Alex Brown, Malcolm Brown and Jacqueline Maley (6 October 2003). "Fairytale of the year: Panthers pluck Roosters". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/05/1065292479504.html. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ "Meat Loaf recalls stage collapse". BBC News. November 28, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3247268.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ "Meat Loaf goes through 'Hell' again" (cnn.com). Reutuers. 2006-10-30. http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/10/30/music.meatloaf.reut/index.html. Retrieved 2006-11-14. [dead link]
- ^ Butler, Susan. "Meat Loaf Sues Over 'Bat Out Of Hell'". Billboard. http://www.neverlandhotel.dk/news/index.php?nr=155. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
- ^ "MEAT LOAF BATTLES FOR BAT OUT OF HELL TRADEMARK". contactmusic.com. 2006-06-06. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/meat%20loaf%20battles%20for%20bat%20out%20of%20hell%20trademark_06_06_2006. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
- ^ Othman, Zul (October 26, 2006). "Man out of hell". ChannelNews Asia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/entertainment/view/237668/1/.html. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
- ^ "Meatloaf Reaches Agreement Over Bat Out of Hell". contactmusic.com. 2006-08-01. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/meatloaf%20reaches%20agreement%20over%20bat%20out%20of%20hell_1004104. Retrieved 2006-11-14.
- ^ "'Stressed' Meat Loaf abandons gig". BBC.co.uk. 2007-11-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7072828.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ "Meat Loaf calls off another show". BBC.co.uk. 2007-11-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7077734.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Ill Meat Loaf scraps Europe tour". BBC.co.uk. 2007-11-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7080957.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
- ^ Meat Loaf News. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "STILL GOING LIKE A BAT OUT OF HELL". thisisplymouth.co.uk. 2008-06-28. http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/GOING-LIKE-BAT-HELL/article-199927-detail/article.html. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- ^ Last Night: Meat Loaf at Pompano Beach Amphitheatre. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Sullivan, Caroline (2010-04-15). "Meat Loaf: Hang Cool, Teddy Bear". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/apr/15/meat-loaf-cd-review.
- ^ "Meat Loaf Hang Cool Teddy Bear". The Times (London). 2010-04-17. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article7096419.ece.
- ^ Gill, Andy (2010-04-16). "Album: Meat Loaf, Hang Cool Teddy Bear (Mercury)". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-meat-loaf-hang-cool-teddy-bear-mercury-1946190.html.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Answers to some of your Facebook questions: Volume 1". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Di3nMLpdZw&feature=youtu.be.
- ^ "Facebook Q&A: Volume 15". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2oydb-ddnI&feature=channel_video_title.
- ^ "Facebook Q&A: Volume 10". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmjiFhHdp7w&feature=related.
- ^ "Facebook Q&A: Volume 17". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hi52TlrEIoo.
- ^ Meatloaf to Appear on "Don’t Forget The Lyrics". Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ^ Don't Forget the Lyrics: Episode 208 episode on TV.com. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ^ Dos Santos, Kristin (2010-09-10). "Exclusive: Rocky Horror Original Castmembers to Appear in Glee's Tribute Episode". E!. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b199812_exclusive_rocky_horror_original.html. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ "Meat Loaf baked as AFL's worst". Retrieved 2011-10-5.
- ^ "Looking just like Meat Loaf, only older." Retrieved 2011-10-5.
- ^ "Meat Loaf blasted for AFL shocker." Retrieved 2011-10-5.
- ^ "Meat Loaf blasts the AFL and 'butt smellers'". Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ "AFL are 'jerks', Meatloaf says" Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ "No butts about it, Meat Loaf goes off"
- ^ CANOE - JAM! Music - Artists - Meat Loaf: A new day for Meat Loaf. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Meat Loaf casserole on evalu8.org. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ [3].Retrieved 2011-05-04
- ^ [4] Retrieved 2011-05-04
- ^ BBC NEWS | UK|England|Tees|Meat Loaf heads for Hartlepool. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Meat Loaf to match charity penalty shoot-out total - ChronicleLive. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Freethought Today, Theocracy Alert, April 2012.
- ^ ANTHRAX Guitarist Welcomes First Child on blabbermouth.net. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Banger and Mashed
- ^ a b c Meat Loaf - Meat Loaf Cheated Death Three Times.
- ^ Meat Loaf halts gig to say: I quit. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Meat Loaf collapses onstage
- ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (February 22, 2012). "Exclusive: USA's Fairly Legal Serves Up a Savory Helping of Meat Loaf". TV Line. http://www.tvline.com/2012/02/meat-loaf-cast-fairly-legal-season-2/. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Books[link]
- Meat Loaf (1999). To Hell and Back: An Autobiography. ReganBooks. ISBN 0-06-039293-2.
External links[link]
|
Wikinews has related news: Singer Meat Loaf falls ill during concert |
- Official website
- Meat Loaf on Twitter
- Meat Loaf's channel on YouTube
- Meat Loaf at Allmusic
- Meat Loaf at VH1
- Meat Loaf at the Internet Movie Database
- Meat Loaf talks about meeting John Lennon, new album 'Hang Cool Teddy Bear' and more on The Rock radio station
- Behind The Music: Meat Loaf on VH1classic.com
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Loaf, Meat |
| Alternative names | Michael Lee Aday, Marvin Lee Aday |
| Short description | American musician and actor |
| Date of birth | 1947-09-27 |
| Place of birth | Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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"Romney" redirects here. For other uses, see Romney (disambiguation).
| Mitt Romney | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 70th Governor of Massachusetts | |
| In office January 2, 2003 – January 4, 2007 |
|
| Lieutenant | Kerry Healey |
| Preceded by | Jane Swift (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Deval Patrick |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Willard Mitt Romney (1947-03-12) March 12, 1947 (age 65) Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Ann Romney (m. 1969) «start: (1969)»"Marriage: Ann Romney to Mitt Romney" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Mitt_Romney) |
| Children | Taggart (b. 1970) Matthew (b. 1971) Joshua (b. 1975) Benjamin (b. 1978) Craig (b. 1981) |
| Residence | Belmont, Massachusetts Wolfeboro, New Hampshire San Diego, California |
| Alma mater | Brigham Young University (BA) Harvard University (MBA, JD) |
| Religion | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) |
| Positions | Co-founder, Bain Capital (1984–1999) CEO, Bain & Company (1991–1992) CEO, 2002 Winter Olympics Organizing Committee (1999–2002) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | MittRomney.com |
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This article is part of a series about Mitt Romney |
Mitt Romney
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2012 Presidential campaign |
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Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 2002 but did not seek re-election in 2006. During his term he presided over a series of spending cuts and increases in fees that eliminated a projected $1.5 billion deficit. He also signed into law the Massachusetts health care reform legislation, the first of its kind in the nation, which provided near-universal health insurance access via state-level subsidies and individual mandates.
Romney ran for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, winning several primaries and caucuses but losing the nomination to John McCain. In the following years, he gave speeches and raised campaign funds on behalf of his fellow Republicans. In June 2011, he announced that he would seek the 2012 Republican presidential nomination; as of May 2012, he has won enough caucuses and primaries to become the party's presumptive nominee.
Contents
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Early life and education[link]
See also: Romney family
Heritage and youth[link]
Willard Mitt Romney[1] was born at Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan,[2] the youngest child of George W. Romney, a self-made man who by 1948 had become an automobile executive, and Lenore Romney (née LaFount), an aspiring actress turned homemaker.[3][4][5] His mother was a native of Logan, Utah, and his father was born in a Mormon colony in Chihuahua, Mexico, to American parents.[6][7] He is of primarily English descent, and also has more distant Scottish and German ancestry.[8][9][10] He is a fifth-generation member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[11][12] A great-great-grandfather, Miles Romney, converted to the faith in its first decade, and another great-great-grandfather, Parley P. Pratt, was an early leader in the church during the same time.[13]
He was preceded in birth by three siblings: Margo Lynn, Jane LaFount, and G. Scott. Mitt followed after a gap of nearly six years. He was named after family friend, hotel magnate J. Willard Marriott, and his father's cousin Milton "Mitt" Romney, a former quarterback for the Chicago Bears.[14][nb 1] In 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of Bloomfield Hills.[16] In 1954, his father became the chairmen and CEO of American Motors, a company he helped avoid bankruptcy, and return to profitability.[16] By the time Mitt was twelve, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television,[17] and Mitt idolized him.[18]
He attended public elementary schools[15] until the seventh grade, when he began commuting to Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, a traditional private boys' preparatory school where he was one of only a few Mormons and where many students came from backgrounds even more privileged than he.[19][20] He was not particularly athletic and at first did not excel academically.[18] During his sophomore year he participated in the 1962 campaign in which his father was elected Governor of Michigan.[nb 2] When his parents moved to the state capitol as part of George Romney taking office, Mitt took up residence at Cranbrook's Stevens Hall.[19] George Romney was re-elected twice; Mitt worked for him as an intern in the governor's office, and was present at the 1964 Republican National Convention when his moderate father battled conservative party nominee Barry Goldwater over issues of civil rights and ideological extremism.[18][22] During these years, Romney had a steady set of chores and summer jobs, including working as a security guard at a Chrysler plant.[23]
At Cranbrook he was a manager for the ice hockey team and a member of the pep squad,[19] and during his final year joined the cross country running team.[15] He belonged to eleven school organizations and school clubs, and started the Blue Key Club boosters group.[19] During his final year at Cranbook, Romney improved academically, but was still not a star pupil.[18][20] He won an award for those "whose contributions to school life are often not fully recognized through already existing channels".[20] Romney was involved in many pranks.[nb 3]
In March of his senior year, he began dating Ann Davies, two years his younger, whom he had first met in elementary school; she attended the private Kingswood School, the sister school to Cranbrook.[27][20] The two informally agreed to marriage around the time of his June 1965 graduation.[18]
University, France mission, marriage and children: 1965–1975[link]
Romney attended Stanford University for a year,[18][nb 4] where he worked as a night security guard in order to pay for trips home to see Ann.[28] Although the campus was becoming radicalized with the beginnings of 1960s social and political movements, he kept a well-groomed appearance and participated in pre-Big Game actions designed to protect the Stanford Axe.[18] In May 1966, he was part of a counter-protest against a group staging a sit-in in the university administration building in opposition to draft status tests.[18][29]
"As you can imagine, it's quite an experience to go to Bordeaux and say, 'Give up your wine! I've got a great religion for you!'"
—Mitt Romney in 2002 reflecting upon his missionary experience.[30]
In July 1966, he left for a thirty-month stay in France as a Mormon missionary,[18][31] a traditional rite of passage that his father and many other relatives had volunteered for.[nb 5] He arrived in Le Havre with ideas about how to change and promote the French Mission, while facing physical and economic deprivation in their cramped quarters.[33][13] Rules against drinking, smoking, and dating were strictly enforced.[13] Most individual Mormon missionaries do not gain many converts,[35] and Romney was no exception:[33] he later estimated ten to twenty for his entire mission.[36] The nominally Catholic but secular, wine-loving French people were especially resistant to a religion that prohibits alcohol.[18][13][30] He became demoralized, and later recalled it as the only time when "most of what I was trying to do was rejected."[33] In Nantes, he suffered a bruised jaw while defending two female missionaries who were being bothered by a group of local rugby players.[13] He continued to work hard; having grown up in Michigan rather than the more insular Utah world, Romney was better able to interact with the French than other missionaries.[37][13] He was promoted to zone leader in Bordeaux in early 1968, then in the spring of that year became assistant to the mission president in Paris, the highest position for a missionary.[33][13][38] In the Mission Home in Paris he enjoyed palace-like accommodations.[38] Romney's support for the U.S. role in the Vietnam War was only reinforced when the French greeted him with hostility over the matter and he debated them in return.[13][33] He witnessed the May 1968 general strike and student uprisings and was upset by the breakdown in social order.[39]
In June 1968, an automobile he was driving in southern France was hit by another vehicle, seriously injuring him and killing one of his passengers, the wife of the mission president.[nb 6] Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,[nb 6] became co-acting president of a mission demoralized and disorganized by the May civil disturbances and by the car accident.[37] He rallied and motivated the others and they met an ambitious goal of 200 baptisms for the year, the most for the mission in a decade.[37] By the end of his stint in December 1968, he was overseeing the work of 175 fellow members.[33][40] Romney developed a lifelong affection for France and its people, and speaks French.[42] The experience in the country instilled in him a belief that life is fragile and that he needed seriousness of purpose.[18][37][13] It also represented a crucible, after having been an indifferent Mormon growing up: "On a mission, your faith in Jesus Christ either evaporates or it becomes much deeper ... For me it became much deeper."[33]
While he was away, Ann Davies had converted to the Mormon faith, guided by George Romney, and had begun attending Brigham Young University (BYU).[18] Mitt was nervous that she had been wooed by others while he was away, and she had indeed started dating popular campus figure Kim S. Cameron and had sent Romney in France a "Dear John letter", greatly upsetting him; he wrote to her to in an attempt to win her back.[43][15] At their first meeting following Romney's return they reconnected, and decided to get married immediately but agreed to wait three months to appease their parents.[44] At Ann's request, Romney began attending Brigham Young too, in February 1969.[43][nb 4] The couple were married on March 21, 1969, in a civil ceremony at Ann's family's home in Bloomfield Hills that was presided over by a church elder.[46][47][48] The following day, the couple flew to Utah for a wedding ceremony at the Salt Lake Temple.[46][47]
Romney had missed much of the tumultuous American anti-Vietnam War movement while away, and was surprised to learn that his father had turned against the effort during his unsuccessful 1968 presidential campaign.[33] Regarding the military draft, Romney had initially received a student deferment, then, like most Mormon missionaries, a ministerial deferment while in France, and then a student deferment.[33][49] When those ran out, his high number in the December 1969 draft lottery (300) ensured he would not be selected.[33][49][50]
At culturally conservative BYU, he remained isolated from much of the upheaval of the era, and did not join in protests against the war, or the LDS Church's policy at the time of denying full membership to blacks.[24][33][43] He became president of, and an innovative fundraiser for, the all-male Cougar Club booster organization and showed a new-found discipline in his studies.[33][43] In his senior year, he took leave to work as driver and advance man for his mother Lenore Romney's eventually unsuccessful 1970 campaign for U.S. Senator from Michigan.[24][46] He earned a Bachelor of Arts in English with highest honors in 1971,[43] and gave commencement addresses to both the College of Humanities and to the whole of BYU.[nb 7]
The Romneys' first son, Taggart, was born in 1970[46] while they were undergraduates at Brigham Young[52] and living in a basement apartment.[33][43] Ann subsequently gave birth to Matt (1971), Josh (1975), Ben (1978), and Craig (1981).[46] Her work as a homemaker would enable her husband to pursue his career.[53]
Romney still wanted to pursue a business path, but his father, by now serving in President Richard Nixon's cabinet as U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, advised him that a law degree would be valuable to his career.[54][55] Thus he became one of only fifteen students to enroll at the recently created joint Juris Doctor/Master of Business Administration four-year program coordinated between Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School.[56] Fellow students considered him guilelessly optimistic, noting his solid work ethic and buttoned-down demeanor and appearance.[56][57] He readily adapted to the business school's pragmatic, data-driven case study method of teaching, participated in class well, and led a study group whom he pushed to get all A's.[55] He had a different social experience from most of his classmates, since he lived in a Belmont, Massachusetts, house with Ann and two children.[46][55] He was non-ideological and did not involve himself in the political or social issues of the day.[46][55] He graduated in 1975 cum laude from the law school, in the top third of that class, and was named a Baker Scholar for graduating in the top five percent of his business school class.[51][56]
Business career[link]
Management consulting[link]
Romney was recruited by several firms and chose to remain in Massachusetts to work for Boston Consulting Group (BCG), reasoning that working as a management consultant to a variety of companies would better prepare him for a future position as a chief executive.[54][58][nb 8] He was part of a 1970s wave of top graduates who chose to go into consulting rather than join a major company directly.[60] His legal and business education proved useful in his job[54] while he applied BCG principles such as the growth-share matrix.[61] He was viewed as having a bright future there.[54][62]
In 1977, he was hired away by Bain & Company, a management consulting firm in Boston that had been formed a few years earlier by Bill Bain and other former BCG employees.[61][54][63] Bain would later say of the thirty-year-old Romney, "He had the appearance of confidence of a guy who was maybe ten years older."[64] With Bain & Company, Romney learned what writers and business analysts have dubbed the "Bain way",[54][63][65] which consisted of immersing the firm in each client's business,[54][64] and not just issuing recommendations but staying with the company until changes were put into place.[61][63][66] Romney became a vice president of the firm in 1978,[15] and worked with clients such as the Monsanto Company, Outboard Marine Corporation, Burlington Industries, and Corning Incorporated.[58] Within a few years, he was one of Bain & Company's best consultants and was sought after by clients over more senior partners.[54][67]
Private equity[link]
File:Bain Capital.png
Logo of Bain Capital, the private equity firm Romney co-founded in 1984
Romney was restless for a company of his own to run, and in 1983, Bill Bain offered him the chance to head a new venture that would buy into companies, have them benefit from Bain techniques, and then reap higher rewards than consulting fees.[54][61] He initially refrained from accepting the offer, and Bain re-arranged the terms in a complicated partnership structure so that there was no financial or professional risk to Romney.[54][64][68] Thus, in 1984, Romney left Bain & Company to co-found the spin-off private equity investment firm, Bain Capital.[66] In the face of skepticism from potential investors, Bain and Romney spent a year raising the $37 million in funds needed to start the new operation, which had fewer than ten employees.[58][64][69] As general partner of the new firm, Romney spent little money on costs such as office appearance, and saw weak spots in so many potential deals that by 1986, few had been done.[54] At first, Bain Capital focused on venture capital opportunities.[54] Their first big success was a 1986 investment to help start Staples Inc., after founder Thomas G. Stemberg convinced Romney of the market size for office supplies and Romney convinced others; Bain Capital eventually reaped a nearly sevenfold return on its investment, and Romney sat on the Staples board of directors for over a decade.[54][69][70]
Romney soon switched Bain Capital's focus from startups to the relatively new business of leveraged buyouts: buying existing firms with money mostly borrowed against their assets, partnering with existing management to apply the "Bain way" to their operations (rather than the hostile takeovers practiced in other leverage buyout scenarios), and selling them off in a few years.[54][64] Existing CEOs were offered large equity stakes in the process, owing to Bain Capital's belief in the emerging agency theory that CEOs should be bound to maximizing shareholder value rather than other goals.[70] Bain Capital lost most of its money in many of its early leveraged buyouts, but then started finding deals that made large returns.[54] The firm invested in or acquired Accuride, Brookstone, Domino's Pizza, Sealy Corporation, Sports Authority, and Artisan Entertainment, as well as lesser-known companies in the industrial and medical sectors.[54][64][71] He ran Bain Capital for fourteen years, during which time the firm's average annual internal rate of return on realized investments was 113 percent.[58] Much of this profit was earned from a relatively small number of deals; Bain Capital's overall success–to–failure ratio was about even.[nb 9]
Less an entrepreneur than an executive running an investment operation,[67][72] Romney was skilled at presenting and selling the deals the company made.[68] The firm initially gave a cut of its profits to Bain & Company, but Romney persuaded Bain to give that up.[68] Within Bain Capital, Romney spread profits from deals widely within the firm to keep people motivated, often keeping less than ten percent for himself.[73] Viewed as a fair manager, he received considerable loyalty from the firm's members.[70] Romney's wary instincts were still in force at times, and he was generally data-driven and averse to risk.[54][70] He wanted to drop a Bain Capital hedge fund that initially lost money, but other partners prevailed and it eventually gained billions.[54] He also personally opted out of the Artisan Entertainment deal, not wanting to profit from a studio that produced R-rated films.[54] Romney was on the board of directors of Damon Corporation, a medical testing company later found guilty of defrauding the government; Bain Capital tripled its investment before selling off the company, and the fraud was discovered by the new owners (Romney was never implicated).[54] In some cases, Romney had little involvement with a company once acquired.[69]
"Sometimes the medicine is a little bitter but it is necessary to save the life of the patient. My job was to try and make the enterprise successful, and in my view the best security a family can have is that the business they work for is strong."
—Mitt Romney in 2007, commenting on job losses at companies that Bain Capital executed leveraged buyouts of.[68]
Bain Capital's leveraged buyouts sometimes led to layoffs, either soon after acquisition or later after the firm had left.[61][68][69] How jobs added compared to those lost due to these investments and buyouts is unknown, due to a lack of records and Bain Capital's penchant for privacy on behalf of itself and its investors.[74][75][76] In any case, maximizing the value of acquired companies and the return to Bain's investors, not job creation, was the firm's fundamental goal, as it was for most private equity operations.[69][77] Bain Capital's acquisition of Ampad exemplified a deal where it profited handsomely from early payments and management fees, even though the subject company itself ended up going into bankruptcy.[54][70][77] Dade Behring was another case where Bain Capital received an eightfold return on its investment, but the company itself was saddled with debt and laid off over a thousand employees before Bain Capital exited (the company subsequently went into bankruptcy, with more layoffs, before recovering and prospering).[74] Bain was among the private equity firms that took the most fees in such cases.[64][70]
In 1990, Romney was asked to return to Bain & Company, which was facing financial collapse.[66] He was announced as its new CEO in January 1991[78][79] but drew only a symbolic salary of one dollar.[66] He managed an effort to restructure the firm's employee stock-ownership plan, real-estate deals and bank loans, while rallying the firm's thousand employees, imposing a new governing structure that included Bain and the other founding partners giving up control, and increasing fiscal transparency.[54][58][66] Within about a year, he had led Bain & Company through a turnaround and returned the firm to profitability without further layoffs or partner defections.[58] He turned Bain & Company over to new leadership and returned to Bain Capital in December 1992.[54][79][80]
Romney took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in February 1999 to serve as the President and CEO of the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games Organizing Committee.[54][81] By that time, Bain Capital was on its way to being one of the top private equity firms in the nation,[68] having increased its number of partners from 5 to 18, with 115 employees overall, and $4 billion under its management.[64][69] Bain Capital's approach of applying consulting expertise to the companies it invested in became widely copied within the private equity industry.[25][69] Economist Steven Kaplan would later say, "[Romney] came up with a model that was very successful and very innovative and that now everybody uses."[70]
Personal wealth[link]
In August 2001, Romney announced that he would not return to Bain Capital.[81] He transferred his ownership to other partners and negotiated an agreement that allowed him to receive a passive profit share as a retired partner in some Bain Capital entities, including buyout and investment funds.[73][82] Because the private equity business continued to thrive, this deal brought him millions of dollars in annual income.[73] As a result of his business career, by 2007, Romney and his wife had a net worth of between $190 and $250 million, most of it held in blind trusts since 2003.[82] In 2012, it was estimated that he had amassed twice the net worth of the last eight presidents combined,[83] and would rank among the four richest in American history if elected.[83][84]
An additional blind trust existed in the name of the Romneys' children and grandchildren that was valued at between $70 and $100 million as of 2007.[85] The couple's net worth remained in the same range as of 2011, and was still held in blind trusts.[86] In 2010, Romney and his wife received $21.7 million in income, almost all of it from investments, of which about $3 million went to federal income taxes (a rate of 13.9 percent, based upon the beneficial rate accorded investment income by the U.S. tax code) and almost $3 million to charity, including $1.5 million to the LDS Church.[87] Romney has always tithed to the church, including stock from Bain Capital holdings.[13][88][89] In 2010, the Romney family's Tyler Charitable Foundation gave out about $650,000, with some of it going to organizations that fight specific diseases such as cystic fibrosis and multiple sclerosis.[90]
Local LDS Church leadership[link]
During his years in business, Romney also served in the local lay clergy (consisting of all Mormon men over the age of 12).[13] Around 1977, he became a counselor to the president of the Boston Stake.[91] He later served as bishop of the ward (leader of the congregation) at Belmont, Massachusetts, from 1981 to 1986, acting as the ecclesiastical and administrative head of his congregation.[92][93] As such, in addition to home teaching, he also formulated Sunday services and classes using LDS scriptures to guide the congregation.[94] He forged bonds with other religious institutions in the area when the Belmont meetinghouse was destroyed by a fire of suspicious origins in 1984; the congregation rotated its meetings to other houses of worship while it was rebuilt.[88][93]
From 1986 to 1994, he presided over the Boston Stake, which included more than a dozen wards in eastern Massachusetts with about 4,000 church members altogether.[67][94][95] He organized a team to handle financial and management issues, sought to counter anti-Mormon sentiments, and tried to solve social problems among poor Southeast Asian converts.[88][93] An unpaid position, his local church leadership often took 30 or more hours a week of his time,[94] and he became known for his tireless energy in the role.[67] He generally refrained from overnight business travel owing to his church responsibilities.[94]
He took a hands-on role in general matters, helping in maintenance efforts in- and outside homes, visiting the sick, and counseling troubled or burdened church members.[92][93][94] A number of local church members later credited him with turning their lives around or helping them through difficult times.[88][93][94] Some others were rankled by his leadership style and desired a more consensus-based approach.[93] Romney tried to balance the conservative dogma insisted upon by the church leadership in Utah with the desire of some Massachusetts members to have a more flexible application of doctrine.[67] He agreed with some modest requests from the liberal women's group Exponent II for changes in the way the church dealt with women, but clashed with women whom he felt were departing too much from doctrine.[67] In particular, he counseled women not to have abortions except in the rare cases allowed by LDS doctrine, and also in accordance with doctrine, encouraged prospective mothers who were not in successful marriages to give up children for adoption.[67] Romney later said that the years spent as an LDS minister gave him direct exposure to people struggling in economically difficult circumstances, and empathy for those going through problematic family situations.[96]
1994 U.S. senatorial campaign[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994
By 1993, Romney had been thinking about entering politics, partly based upon Ann's urging and partly to follow in his father's footsteps.[46] He decided to challenge incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy, who was seeking re-election for the sixth time. Kennedy was potentially vulnerable that year – in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole, and in part because this was Kennedy's first election since the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida, in which Kennedy had suffered some negative public relations regarding his character.[97][98][99] Romney changed his affiliation from Independent to Republican in October 1993 and formally announced his candidacy in February 1994.[46] He took a leave of absence from Bain Capital in November 1993, and stepped down from his church leadership role during 1994, due to the campaign.[100][94]
Radio personality Janet Jeghelian took an early lead in polls among candidates for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat, but Romney proved the most effective fundraiser.[101][102] He won 68 percent of the vote at the May 1994 Massachusetts Republican Party convention; businessman John Lakian finished a distant second and Jeghelian was eliminated.[103] Romney defeated Lakian in the September 1994 primary with over 80 percent of the vote.[15][104]
In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious re-election challenger of his career in the young, telegenic, and well-funded Romney.[97] Romney ran as a fresh face, as a businessperson who stated he had created ten thousand jobs, and as a Washington outsider with a solid family image and moderate stances on social issues.[97][105] When Kennedy tried to tie Romney's policies to those of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, Romney responded, "Look, I was an independent during the time of Reagan-Bush. I'm not trying to take us back to Reagan-Bush."[106] Romney stated: "Ultimately, this is a campaign about change."[107] After two decades out of public view, his father George re-emerged during the campaign.[108][109]
Romney's campaign was effective in portraying Kennedy as soft on crime, but had trouble establishing its own positions in a consistent manner.[110] By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be approximately even.[97][111][112] Kennedy responded with a series of attack ads, which focused on Romney's seemingly shifting political views on issues such as abortion and on the treatment of workers at the Ampad plant owned by Romney's Bain Capital.[97][113][114] The latter was effective in blunting Romney's momentum.[70] Kennedy and Romney held a widely watched late October debate without a clear winner, but by then, Kennedy had pulled ahead in polls and stayed ahead afterward.[115] Romney spent $3 million of his own money in the race and more than $7 million overall.[116][nb 10] In the November general election, despite a disastrous showing for Democrats overall, Kennedy won the election with 58 percent of the vote to Romney's 41 percent,[54] the smallest margin in Kennedy's eight re-election campaigns for the Senate.[119]
2002 Winter Olympics[link]
Romney returned to Bain Capital the day after the election, but the loss had a lasting effect; he told his brother, "I never want to run for something again unless I can win."[46][120] When his father died in 1995, Mitt donated his inheritance to BYU's George W. Romney Institute of Public Management and joined the board and was vice-chair of the Points of Light Foundation (which had incorporated his father's National Volunteer Center).[45][81] His mother died in 1998. Romney felt restless as the decade neared a close; the goal of simply making more money was losing its appeal to him.[46][120] He no longer had a church leadership position, although he still taught Sunday School.[92] During the long and controversial approval and construction process for the $30 million Mormon temple in Belmont, he feared that as a political figure who had opposed Kennedy, he would become a focal point for opposition to the structure.[93] He thus kept to a limited, behind-the-scenes role in attempts to ease tensions between the church and local residents, but locals nonetheless sometimes referred to it as "Mitt's Temple".[88][92][93]
Ann Romney was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1998; Mitt described watching her fail a series of neurological tests as the worst day of his life.[46] After two years of severe difficulties with the disease, she found while living in Park City, Utah (where the couple had built a vacation home) a mixture of mainstream, alternative, and equestrian therapies that gave her a lifestyle mostly without limitations.[53] When the offer came for him to take over the troubled 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, to be held in Salt Lake City in Utah, she urged him to take it, and eager for a new challenge, he did.[120][121] On February 11, 1999, Romney was hired as the president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002.[122]
Before Romney came on, the event was running $379 million short of its revenue benchmarks.[122] Plans were being made to scale back the Games to compensate for the fiscal crisis, and there were fears the Games might be moved away entirely.[123] The Games had also been damaged by allegations of bribery involving top officials, including prior Salt Lake Olympic Committee president and CEO Frank Joklik. Joklik and committee vice president Dave Johnson were forced to resign.[124] Romney was chosen by Utah figures looking for someone with expertise in business and law and with connections to the state and the LDS Church.[125] The appointment faced some initial criticism from non-Mormons, and fears from Mormons, that it represented cronyism or gave the Games too Mormon an image.[30]
Romney ran the planning for the Games like a business.[126] He revamped the organization's leadership and policies, reduced budgets, and boosted fundraising, alleviated the concerns corporate sponsors and recruited many new ones.[120][125] He appealed to Utah's citizenry with a message of optimism that helped restore confidence in the effort.[120][126] He worked to ensure the safety of the Games following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks by coordinating a $300 million security budget.[121] Overall, he oversaw a $1.32 billion budget, 700 employees, and 26,000 volunteers.[122] The federal government provided between approximately $400 million[125][127][128] and $600 million[126][129] of that budget, much of it a result of Romney's having aggressively lobbied Congress and federal agencies.[129][130][131] It would prove to be a record level of federal funding for the staging of a U.S. Olympics, a fact Romney would cite as a selling point during his campaign for the Massachusetts governorship.[128][130] An additional federal $1.1 billion was spent on indirect support in the form of highway and transit projects.[132]
Romney emerged as the public face of the Olympic effort, appearing in photographs, news stories and Olympics pins.[120] Robert H. Garff, the chair of the organizing committee, later said that "It was obvious that he had an agenda larger than just the Olympics,"[120] and that Romney wanted to use the Olympics to propel himself into the national spotlight and a political career.[125][133] Garff believed the initial budget shortfall was not as bad as Romney portrayed, given there were still three years to reorganize.[125] Utah Senator Bob Bennett said that much of the needed federal money was already in place and an analysis by The Boston Globe stated that the committee already had nearly $1 billion in committed revenues.[125] Olympics critic Steve Pace, who led Utahns for Responsible Public Spending, thought Romney exaggerated the initial fiscal state in order to lay the groundwork for a well-publicized rescue.[133] Kenneth Bullock, another board member of the organizing committee and also head of the Utah League of Cities and Towns, often clashed with Romney at the time, and later said that Romney deserved some credit for the turnaround but not as much as he claimed:[120] Bullock said: "He tried very hard to build an image of himself as a savior, the great white hope. He was very good at characterizing and castigating people and putting himself on a pedestal."[125]
Despite the initial fiscal shortfall, the Games ended up clearing a profit of $100 million.[134] His performance as Olympics head was rated positively by 87 percent of Utahns.[135] Romney and his wife contributed $1 million to the Olympics, and he donated to charity the $1.4 million in salary and severance payments he received for his three years as president and CEO.[136]
Romney was widely praised for his efforts with the 2002 Winter Olympics[121] including by President George W. Bush,[25] and it solidified his reputation as a turnaround artist.[125] Harvard Business School taught a case study based around his actions.[61] He wrote a book about his experience titled Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games, published in 2004. The role gave Romney experience in dealing with federal, state, and local entities, a public persona he had previously lacked, and the chance to re-launch his political aspirations.[120] He was mentioned as a possible candidate for statewide office in both Massachusetts and Utah, and also as possibly joining the Bush administration.[121][137][138]
Governor of Massachusetts[link]
2002 gubernatorial campaign[link]
Main article: Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 2002
In 2002, Republican Acting Governor Jane Swift's administration was plagued by political missteps and personal scandals.[135] Many Republicans viewed her as a liability and considered her unable to win a general election.[139] Prominent party figures – as well as the White House – wanted Romney to run for governor,[137][140] and the opportunity appealed to him for its national visibility.[141] One poll taken at that time showed Republicans favoring Romney over Swift by more than 50 percentage points.[142] On March 19, 2002, Swift announced she would not seek her party's nomination, and hours later Romney declared his candidacy,[142] for which would face no opposition in the primary.[143] In June 2002, Massachusetts Democratic Party officials contested Romney's eligibility to run for governor, citing residency issues involving his time in Utah for the Olympics.[144] That same month, the bipartisan Massachusetts State Ballot Law Commission unanimously ruled that he was an eligible candidate.[145]
He again ran as a political outsider,[135] saying he was "not a partisan Republican" but rather a "moderate" with "progressive" views.[146] Supporters of Romney hailed his business success, especially with the Olympics, as the record of someone who would be able to bring a new era of efficiency into Massachusetts politics.[143] The campaign was the first to use microtargeting techniques, in which fine-grained groups of voters were reached with narrowly tailored messaging.[147] Nevertheless, Romney initially had difficulty connecting with voters and fell behind his Democratic opponent, Massachusetts State Treasurer Shannon O'Brien, in polls before rebounding.[148] During the election he contributed over $6 million – a state record at the time – to the nearly $10 million raised for his campaign overall.[149][150] Romney was elected governor on November 5, 2002, with 50 percent of the vote to O'Brien's 45 percent.[151]
Tenure, 2003–2007[link]
Main article: Governorship of Mitt Romney
When Romney was sworn in as the 70th governor of Massachusetts on January 2, 2003, [152] both houses of the Massachusetts state legislature held large Democratic majorities.[153] He picked his cabinet and advisors more on managerial abilities than partisan affiliation.[23] Upon entering office in the middle of a fiscal year, he faced an immediate $650 million shortfall and a projected $3 billion deficit for the next year.[138] Unexpected revenue of $1.0–1.3 billion from a previously enacted capital gains tax increase and $500 million in unanticipated federal grants decreased the deficit to $1.2–1.5 billion.[154][155] Through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and removal of corporate tax loopholes,[154] the state ran surpluses of around $600–700 million for the last two full fiscal years Romney was in office, although it began running deficits again after that.[nb 11]
Romney supported raising various fees by more than $300 million, including those for driver's licenses, marriage licenses, and gun licenses.[138][154] He increased a special gasoline retailer fee by two cents per gallon, generating about $60 million per year in additional revenue.[138][154] (Opponents said the reliance on fees sometimes imposed a hardship on those who could least afford them.)[154] Romney also closed tax loopholes that brought in another $181 million from businesses over the next two years and over $300 million for his term.[138][160] Romney did so in the face of conservative and corporate critics that considered them tax increases.[160]
The state legislature, with Romney's support, also cut spending by $1.6 billion, including $700 million in reductions in state aid to cities and towns.[161] The cuts also included a $140 million reduction in state funding for higher education, which led state-run colleges and universities to increase tuition by 63 percent over four years.[138][154] Romney sought additional cuts in his last year as governor by vetoing nearly 250 items in the state budget, but all were overridden by the heavily Democratic legislature.[162]
The cuts in state spending put added pressure on localities to reduce services or raise property taxes, and the share of town and city revenues coming from property taxes rose from 49 to 53 percent.[138][154] The combined state and local tax burden in Massachusetts increased during Romney's governorship but remained below the national average.[138]
Romney sought to bring near-universal health insurance coverage to the state. This came after Staples founder Stemberg told him at the start of his term that doing so would be the best way he could help people,[163][164][165] and after the federal government, owing to the rules of Medicaid funding, threatened to cut $385 million in those payments to Massachusetts if the state did not reduce the number of uninsured recipients of health care services.[23][163][166] Although he had not campaigned on the idea of universal health insurance,[165] Romney decided that because people without insurance still received expensive health care, the money spent by the state for such care could be better used to subsidize insurance for the poor.[164][165]
After positing that any measure adopted not raise taxes and not resemble the previous decade's failed "Hillarycare" proposal, Romney formed a team of consultants from diverse political backgrounds.[23][163][166] Beginning in late 2004, they came up with a set of proposals more ambitious than an incremental one from the Massachusetts Senate and more acceptable to him than one from the Massachusetts House of Representatives that incorporated a new payroll tax.[23][163][166] In particular, Romney pushed for incorporating an individual mandate at the state level.[21] Past rival Ted Kennedy, who had made universal heath coverage his life's work and who, over time, had developed a warm relationship with Romney,[167] gave the plan a positive reception, which encouraged Democratic legislators to cooperate.[163][166] The effort eventually gained the support of all major stakeholders within the state, and Romney helped break a logjam between rival Democratic leaders in the legislature.[163][166]
"There really wasn't Republican or Democrat in this. People ask me if this is conservative or liberal, and my answer is yes. It's liberal in the sense that we're getting our citizens health insurance. It's conservative in that we're not getting a government takeover."
—Mitt Romney upon passage of the Massachusetts health reform law in 2006.[163]
On April 12, 2006, Romney signed the resulting Massachusetts health reform law, commonly called "Romneycare", which requires nearly all Massachusetts residents to buy health insurance coverage or face escalating tax penalties, such as the loss of their personal income tax exemption.[168] The bill also establishes means-tested state subsidies for people who do not have adequate employer insurance and whose income is below a threshold, with funds that were previously used to compensate for the health costs of the uninsured.[169][170][171] He vetoed eight sections of the health care legislation, including a controversial $295-per-employee assessment on businesses that do not offer health insurance and provisions guaranteeing dental benefits to Medicaid recipients.[168][172] The legislature overrode all eight vetoes, but the governor's office said the differences were not essential.[172] The law was the first of its kind in the nation and became the signature achievement of Romney's term in office.[166][nb 12]
At the beginning of his governorship, Romney opposed same-sex marriage and civil unions, but advocated tolerance and supported some domestic partnership benefits.[166][174][175] Faced with the dilemma of choosing between same-sex marriage or civil unions after the November 2003 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision legalizing same-sex marriages (Goodridge v. Department of Public Health), Romney reluctantly backed a state constitutional amendment in February 2004 that would have banned same-sex marriage but still allow civil unions, viewing it as the only feasible way to ban same-sex marriage in Massachusetts.[176] In May 2004, Romney instructed town clerks to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, but citing a 1913 law that barred out-of-state residents from getting married in Massachusetts if their union would be illegal in their home state, no marriage licenses were to be issued to out-of-state same-sex couples not planning to move to Massachusetts.[174][177] In June 2005, Romney abandoned his support for the compromise amendment, stating that the amendment confused voters who oppose both same-sex marriage and civil unions.[174] Instead, Romney endorsed a petition effort led by the Coalition for Marriage & Family that would have banned same-sex marriage and made no provisions for civil unions.[174] In 2004 and 2006, he urged the U.S. Senate to vote in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment.[178][179]
In 2005, Romney revealed a change of view regarding abortion, moving from the "unequivocal" pro-choice position expressed during his 2002 campaign to a pro-life one in opposition to Roe v. Wade.[166] He subsequently vetoed a bill on pro-life grounds that would expand access to emergency contraception in hospitals and pharmacies[180] (the veto was overridden by the legislature).[181]
Romney generally used the bully pulpit approach towards promoting his agenda, staging well-organized media events to appeal directly to the public rather than pushing his proposals in behind-doors sessions with the state legislature.[166] Romney dealt with a public crisis of confidence in Boston's Big Dig project – that followed a fatal ceiling collapse in 2006 – by wresting control of the project from the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority.[166]
During 2004, Romney spent considerable effort trying to bolster the state Republican Party, but it failed to gain any seats in the state legislative elections that year.[138][182] He was given a prime-time appearance at the 2004 Republican National Convention, and was already being discussed as a potential 2008 presidential candidate.[183] Midway through his term, Romney decided that he wanted to stage a full-time run for president,[184] and on December 14, 2005, announced that he would not seek re-election for a second term.[185][186] As chair of the Republican Governors Association, Romney traveled around the country, meeting prominent Republicans and building a national political network;[184] he spent part or all of more than 200 days out of state during 2006, preparing for his run.[187]
He had a 61 percent job approval rating in public polls after his initial fiscal actions in 2003, but it began to sink after that.[188] His frequent out-of-state travel contributed to a decline in his approval rating towards the end of his term;[189][188] at 34 percent in November 2006, his rating level ranked 48th of the 50 U.S. governors.[190] Dissatisfaction with Romney's administration and the weak condition of the Republican state party were among several factors that led to Democrat Deval Patrick's lopsided win over Republican Kerry Healey, Romney's Lieutenant Governor, in the 2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election.[191][189]
Romney filed to register a presidential campaign committee with the Federal Election Commission on his penultimate day in office as governor.[192] His term ended January 4, 2007.
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2008
Romney formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president on February 13, 2007, at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.[193] In his speech, he frequently invoked his father and his own family and stressed experiences in the private, public, and voluntary sectors that had brought him to this point.[193][194] He said, "Throughout my life, I have pursued innovation and transformation,"[194] and casting himself as a political outsider, said, "I do not believe Washington can be transformed from within by a lifelong politician."[195]
Romney's campaign initially emphasized his résumé of a highly profitable career in the business world and his stewardship of the Olympics.[184][196][nb 13] He also had political experience as governor, together with a political pedigree courtesy of his father, and had a reputation for a strong work ethic and energy level.[184][196][65] Ann Romney, who had become an outspoken advocate for those with multiple sclerosis,[199] was in remission and would be an active participant in his campaign,[200] helping to soften his political personality.[65] Moreover, a number of commentators noted that with his square jaw and ample hair graying at the temples, the 6-foot-2-inch (1.88 m)[201] Romney – referred to as handsome in scores of media stories[202] – physically matched one of the common images of what some believed a president should look like.[66][203][204][205] Romney's liabilities included having run for senator and served as governor in one of the nation's most liberal states, having taken some positions there that were opposed by the party's conservative base, and subsequently shifting those positions.[184][196][200] His religion was also viewed with suspicion and skepticism by some in the Evangelical portion of the party.[206]
Romney assembled for his campaign a veteran group of Republican staffers, consultants, and pollsters.[196][207] He was little-known nationally, though, and stayed around the 10 percent range in Republican preference polls for the first half of 2007.[184] He proved the most effective fundraiser of any of the Republican candidates;[208] his Olympics ties helped him with fundraising from Utahns and from sponsors and trustees of the games.[136] He also partly financed his campaign with his own personal fortune.[196] These resources, combined with the mid-year near-collapse of nominal front-runner John McCain's campaign, made Romney a threat to win the nomination and the focus of the other candidates' attacks.[209] Romney's staff suffered from internal strife and the candidate himself was indecisive at times, constantly asking for more data before making a decision.[196][210]
During all of his political campaigns, Romney has generally avoided speaking publicly about specific Mormon doctrines, referring to the U.S. Constitution prohibition of religious tests for public office.[211] But persistent questions about the role of religion in Romney's life in this race, as well as Southern Baptist minister and former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee's rise in the polls based upon an explicitly Christian-themed campaign, led to the December 6, 2007, "Faith in America" speech.[212] He said should neither be elected nor rejected based upon his religion,[213] and echoed Senator John F. Kennedy's famous speech during his 1960 presidential campaign in saying, "I will put no doctrine of any church above the plain duties of the office and the sovereign authority of the law."[212] Instead of discussing the specific tenets of his faith, he said that he would be informed by it and that, "Freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom. Freedom and religion endure together, or perish alone."[212][213] Academics would later study the role religion had played in the campaign.[nb 14]
In the January 3, 2008, Iowa Republican caucuses, the first contest of the primary season, Romney received 25 percent of the vote and placed second to the vastly outspent Huckabee, who received 34 percent.[216][217] Of the 60 percent of caucus-goers who were evangelical Christians, Huckabee was supported by about half of them while Romney by only a fifth.[216] Two days later, Romney won the lightly contested Wyoming Republican caucuses.[218]
At a Saint Anselm College debate, Huckabee and McCain pounded away at Romney's image as a flip flopper.[216] Indeed, this label would stick to Romney through the campaign[196] (but was one that Romney rejected as unfair and inaccurate, except for his acknowledged change of mind on abortion).[65][219] Romney seemed to approach the campaign as a management consulting exercise, and showed a lack of personal warmth and political feel; journalist Evan Thomas wrote that Romney "came off as a phony, even when he was perfectly sincere."[65][220] Romney's staff would conclude that competing as a candidate of social conservatism and ideological purity rather than of pragmatic competence had been a mistake.[65]
Romney finished in second place by 5 percentage points to the resurgent McCain in the next-door-to-his-home-state New Hampshire primary on January 8.[216] Romney rebounded to win the January 15 Michigan primary over McCain by a solid margin, capitalizing on his childhood ties to the state and his vow to bring back lost automotive industry jobs which was seen by several commentators as unrealistic.[nb 15] On January 19, Romney won the lightly contested Nevada caucuses, but placed fourth in the intense South Carolina primary, where he had effectively ceded the contest to his rivals.[225] McCain gained further momentum with his win in South Carolina, leading to a showdown between him and Romney in the Florida primary.[226][227]
For ten days, Romney campaigned intensively on economic issues and the burgeoning subprime mortgage crisis, while McCain repeatedly, and inaccurately, asserted that Romney favored a premature withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq.[nb 16] McCain won key last-minute endorsements from Florida Senator Mel Martinez and Governor Charlie Crist, which helped push him to a 5 percentage point victory on January 29.[226][227] Although many Republican officials were now lining up behind McCain,[227] Romney persisted through the nationwide Super Tuesday contests on February 5. There he won primaries or caucuses in several states, including Massachusetts, Alaska, Minnesota, Colorado, and Utah, but McCain won more, including large states such as California and New York.[229] Trailing McCain in delegates by a more than two-to-one margin, Romney announced the end of his campaign on February 7 during a speech before the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington.[229]
Altogether, Romney had won 11 primaries and caucuses,[230] received about 4.7 million total votes,[231] and garnered about 280 delegates.[232] He spent $110 million during the campaign, including $45 million of his own money.[233]
Romney endorsed McCain for president a week later.[232] He became one of the McCain campaign's most visible surrogates, appearing on behalf of the GOP nominee at fundraisers, state Republican party conventions, and on cable news programs.[234] His efforts earned McCain's respect and the two developed a warmer relationship; he was on the nominee's short list for the vice presidential running mate slot, where his economic expertise would have balanced one of McCain's weaknesses.[235] McCain, behind in the polls, opted instead for a high-risk, high-reward "game changer", and selected Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[236] McCain lost the election to Democratic Senator Barack Obama.
Activity between presidential campaigns[link]
Following the election, Romney paved the way for a possible 2012 presidential campaign by using his Free and Strong America political action committee (PAC) to raise money for other Republican candidates and to pay his existing political staff's salaries and consulting fees.[237][238] An informal network of former staff and supporters around the nation were eager for him to run again.[239] He continued to give speeches and raise funds for Republicans,[240] but turned down many potential media appearances, fearing overexposure.[219] He also spoke before business, educational, and motivational groups.[241] He served on the board of directors of Marriott International from 2009 to 2011 (having earlier served on it from 1993 to 2002).[242]
In 2009, the Romneys sold their primary residence in Belmont and their ski chalet in Utah, leaving them an estate along Lake Winnipesaukee in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, and an oceanfront home in the La Jolla district of San Diego, California, which they had bought the year before.[219][243][244] The San Diego home was beneficial in location and climate for Ann Romney's multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her late 2008 diagnosis and lumpectomy for mammary ductal carcinoma in situ.[243][245][246] Both it and the New Hampshire location were near some of their grandchildren,[243] who by 2011 numbered sixteen.[247] Romney maintained his voting registration in Massachusetts, however, and bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010.[245][248][nb 17] In February 2010, Romney had a minor altercation with LMFAO member Skyler Gordy, known as Sky Blu, on an airplane flight.[nb 18]
Romney's book, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, was released in March 2010; an 18-state book tour was undertaken.[255] The book, which debuted atop The New York Times Best Seller list,[256] avoided anecdotes about his personal or political life in favor of a presentation of his economic and geopolitical views.[257][258] Earnings from the book were donated to charity.[86]
In nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Presidential primaries, Romney led or placed in the top three with Palin and Huckabee. A January 2010 National Journal survey of political insiders found that a majority of Republican insiders, and a plurality of Democratic insiders, predicted Romney would be the party's 2012 nominee.[259] Romney campaigned heavily for Republican candidates in the 2010 midterm elections,[260] raising more money than the other prospective 2012 Republican presidential candidates.[261] Beginning in early 2011, Romney presented a more relaxed visual image, including rarely wearing a necktie.[262][263]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012
See also: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012 , Results of the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, and Republican Party vice presidential candidates, 2012
On April 11, 2011, Romney announced in a video taped outdoors at the University of New Hampshire that he had formed an exploratory committee for a run for the Republican presidential nomination.[264][265] A Quinnipiac University political science professor stated, "We all knew that he was going to run. He's really been running for president ever since the day after the 2008 election."[265]
Romney stood to gain from the Republican electorate's tendency to nominate candidates who had previously run for president and appeared to be "next in line" to be chosen.[239][266][267] The early stages of the race found him as the apparent front-runner in a weak field, especially in terms of fundraising prowess and organization.[268][269][270] Perhaps his greatest hurdle in gaining the Republican nomination was party opposition to the Massachusetts health care reform law that he had shepherded five years earlier.[263][265][267] As many potential Republican candidates decided not to run (including Mike Pence, John Thune, Haley Barbour, Mike Huckabee, and Mitch Daniels), Republican party figures searched for plausible alternatives to Romney.[268][270]
On June 2, 2011, he formally announced the start of his campaign. Speaking on a farm in Stratham, New Hampshire, he focused on the economy and criticized President Obama's handling of it.[271] He said, "In the campaign to come, the American ideals of economic freedom and opportunity need a clear and unapologetic defense, and I intend to make it – because I have lived it."[267]
Romney raised $56 million during 2011, far more than any of his Republican opponents,[272] and refrained from spending any of his own money on his campaign.[273] He initially ran a low-key, low-profile campaign.[274] Michele Bachmann staged a brief surge in polls, then by September 2011, Romney's chief rival in polls was a recent entrant, Texas Governor Rick Perry.[275] Perry and Romney exchanged sharp criticisms of each other during a series of debates among the Republican candidates.[276] The October 2011 decisions of Chris Christie and Sarah Palin not to run finally settled the field.[277][278] Perry faded after poor performances in those debates, while Herman Cain's long-shot bid gained popularity until allegations of sexual misconduct derailed him.[279][280]
Romney continued to seek support from a wary Republican electorate; at this point in the race, his poll numbers were relatively flat and at a historically low level for a Republican frontrunner.[277][281][282] After the charges of flip-flopping that marked his 2008 campaign began to accumulate again, Romney declared in November 2011 that "I've been as consistent as human beings can be."[283][284][285] In the final month before voting began, Newt Gingrich enjoyed a major surge, taking a solid lead in national polls and in most of the early caucus and primary states,[286] before settling back into parity or worse with Romney following a barrage of negative ads from Restore Our Future, a pro-Romney Super PAC.[287]
In the initial 2012 Iowa caucuses of January 3, Romney was announced as the victor on election night with 25 percent of the vote, edging out a late-gaining Rick Santorum by eight votes (with an also-strong Ron Paul finishing third),[288] but sixteen days later, Santorum was certified as the winner by a 34-vote margin.[289] Romney decidedly won the New Hampshire primary the following week with a total of 39 percent; Paul finished second and Jon Huntsman third.[290]
In the run-up to the South Carolina Republican primary, Gingrich launched attack ads criticizing Romney for causing job losses while at Bain Capital, Perry referred to Romney's role there as "vulture capitalism", and Sarah Palin questioned whether Romney could prove his claim that 100,000 jobs were created during that time.[291][292] Many conservatives rallied in defense of Romney, rejecting what they inferred as criticism of free-market capitalism.[291] However, during two debates, Romney fumbled questions about releasing his income tax returns, while Gingrich gained support with audience-rousing attacks on the debate moderators.[293][294] Romney's double-digit lead in state polls evaporated and he lost to Gingrich by 13 points in the January 21 primary.[293] Combined with the delayed loss in Iowa, Romney's admitted bad week represented a lost chance to end the race early, and he decided to release his tax returns quickly.[293][295] The race turned to the Florida Republican primary, where in debates, appearances, and advertisements, Romney unleashed a concerted, unrelenting attack on Gingrich's past record and associations and current electability.[296][297] Romney enjoyed a big spending advantage from both his campaign and his aligned Super PAC, and after a record-breaking rate of negative ads from both sides, Romney won Florida on January 31, gaining 46 percent of the vote to Gingrich's 32 percent.[298]
There were several caucuses and primaries during February, and Santorum won three in a single night early in the month, propelling him into the lead in national and some state polls and positioning him as Romney's main rival.[299] Romney won the other five, including a closely fought contest in his home state of Michigan at the end of the month.[300][301] In the Super Tuesday primaries and caucuses of March 6, Romney won six of ten contests, including a narrow victory in Ohio over a greatly outspent Santorum, and although he failed to win decisively enough to end the race, still held a more than two-to-one edge over Santorum in delegates.[302] Romney maintained his delegate margin through subsequent contests,[303] and Santorum stopped his campaign on April 10.[304] Following a sweep of five more contests on April 24, the Republican National Committee put its resources behind Romney as the party's presumptive nominee.[305] Romney clinched a majority of the delegates with a win in the Texas primary on May 29.
Political positions and public perceptions[link]
For more details on specific Romney positions on many issues, see Political positions of Mitt Romney.
For much of his business career, Romney did not take public political positions.[306][307] While he had kept abreast of national politics during college,[33] and the circumstances of his father's presidential campaign loss would irk him for decades,[24] his early philosophical influences were often non-political, as during his missionary days when he read Napoleon Hill's pioneering self-help tome Think and Grow Rich, and encouraged his colleagues to do the same.[13][61] Until his 1994 U.S. Senate campaign, he was registered as an Independent.[46] In the 1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he voted for the Democratic former senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas.[306][308]
In the 1994 Senate race, Romney aligned himself with Republican Massachusetts Governor William Weld, saying "I think Bill Weld's fiscal conservatism, his focus on creating jobs and employment and his efforts to fight discrimination and assure civil rights for all is a model that I identify with and aspire to."[309] As a gubernatorial candidate in 2002, and then initially as Governor of Massachusetts, he generally operated in the mold established by Weld and followed by Weld's two other Republican successors, Paul Cellucci and Jane Swift: restrain spending and taxing, be tolerant or permissive on social issues, protect the environment, be tough on crime, try to appear post-partisan.[308][310]
Later during his time as governor, Romney's position on abortion changed in conjunction with a similar change of position on stem cell research.[166][nb 19] Also during that time, his position or choice of emphasis on some aspects of gay rights,[nb 20] and some aspects of abstinence-only sex education,[nb 21] moved in a more conservative direction. The change in 2005 on abortion was the result of what he described as an epiphany experienced while investigating stem cell research issues.[166] He later said, "Changing my position was in line with an ongoing struggle that anyone has that is opposed to abortion personally, vehemently opposed to it, and yet says, 'Well, I'll let other people make that decision.' And you say to yourself, but if you believe that you're taking innocent life, it's hard to justify letting other people make that decision."[166]
This increased alignment with traditional conservatives on social issues coincided with Romney's becoming a candidate for the 2008 Republican nomination for President.[317][318] He joined the National Rifle Association and portrayed himself as a lifelong hunter.[nb 22] He downplayed the Massachusetts health care law,[21][308][318] became a convert on signing an anti-tax pledge,[61][21] and backed away from further closings of corporate tax loopholes.[160] There was a display of aggressiveness on foreign policy matters, such as wanting to double the number of detainees at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[318] Skeptics, including some Republicans, charged Romney with opportunism and having a lack of core principles.[166][196][308] The fervor with which Romney adopted his new stances and attitudes contributed to the perception of inauthenticity which hampered that campaign.[61][262]
While there have been many biographical parallels between the lives of George and Mitt Romney,[nb 23] one particular difference is that while George was willing to defy political trends, Mitt has been much more willing to adapt to them.[21][23] Mitt Romney has said that learning from experience and changing views accordingly is a virtue, and that, "If you're looking for someone who's never changed any positions on any policies, then I'm not your guy."[324] Romney responded to criticisms of ideological pandering with the explanation that "The older I get, the smarter Ronald Reagan gets."[200]
Journalist Daniel Gross sees Romney as approaching politics in the same terms as a business competing in markets, in that successful executives do not hold firm to public stances over long periods of time, but rather constantly devise new strategies and plans to deal with new geographical regions and ever-changing market conditions.[308] Political profiler Ryan Lizza notes the same question regarding whether Romney's business skills can be adapted to politics, saying that "while giving customers exactly what they want may be normal in the corporate world, it can be costly in politics".[61] Writer Robert Draper holds a somewhat similar perspective: "The Romney curse was this: His strength lay in his adaptability. In governance, this was a virtue; in a political race, it was an invitation to be called a phony."[65] Writer Benjamin Wallace-Wells sees Romney as a detached problem solver rather than one who approaches political issues from a humanistic or philosophical perspective.[70] Journalist Neil Swidey views Romney as a political and cultural enigma, "the product of two of the most mysterious and least understood subcultures in the country: the Mormon Church and private-equity finance," and believes that has led to the continued interest in a 1983 episode in which Romney kept his family dog on the roof of his car during a long road trip.[nb 24] Political writer Joe Klein views Romney as actually more conservative on social issues than he portrayed himself during his Massachusetts campaigns and less conservative on other issues than his presidential campaigns have represented, and concludes that Romney "has always campaigned as something he probably is not."[328]
Immediately following the March 2010 passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Romney attacked the landmark legislation as "an unconscionable abuse of power" and said the act should be repealed.[329] The antipathy Republicans felt for it created a potential problem for the former governor, since the new federal law was in many ways similar to the Massachusetts health care reform passed during Romney's term; as one Associated Press article stated, "Obamacare ... looks a lot like Romneycare."[329] While acknowledging that his plan was an imperfect work in progress, Romney did not back away from it, and has consistently defended its underpinning state-level health insurance mandate.[329][330] He has focused on its bipartisan support in the state legislature, the absence of Congressional Republican support for Obama's plan,[329] and has contended that it was the right answer to Massachusetts' specific problems at the time.[329][331] While Romney has not explicitly argued for a federally imposed mandate, and as of 2010 explicitly opposes one, during his 1994 Senate campaign he indicated he would vote for an overall health insurance proposal that contained one.[332][333] He suggested during his time as governor and during his 2008 presidential campaign that the Massachusetts plan was a model for the nation and that, over time, mandate plans might be adopted by most or all of the nation.[334][335][336]
Romney's foreign policy views are rooted in a firm belief in American exceptionalism and the need to preserve American supremacy in the world.[257] This parallels the Mormon belief that the United States Constitution is divinely inspired and that the U.S. was selected by God to play a special part in human history.[337] Indeed, Romney's political beliefs regarding a limited role for government, a need for self-reliance, and requirements for welfare recipients, often reflect Mormon tenets adapted for the secular world.[337][338]
Throughout his business, Olympics, and political career, Romney's instinct has been to apply the "Bain way" towards problems.[65][318][339] Romney has said, "There were two key things I learned at Bain. One was a series of concepts for approaching tough problems and a problem-solving methodology; the other was an enormous respect for data, analysis, and debate."[339] He has written, "There are answers in numbers – gold in numbers. Pile the budgets on my desk and let me wallow."[61] Romney believes the Bain approach is not only effective in the business realm but also in running for office and, once there, in solving political conundrums such as proper Pentagon spending levels and the future of Social Security.[318][339] Former Bain and Olympics colleague Fraser Bullock has said of Romney, "He's not an ideologue. He makes decisions based on researching data more deeply than anyone I know."[25] Romney's technocratic instincts have thus always been with him; in his public appearances during the 2002 gubernatorial campaign he sometimes gave PowerPoint presentations rather than conventional speeches.[340] Upon taking office he became, in the words of The Boston Globe, "the state's first self-styled CEO governor".[138] During his 2008 presidential campaign, he constantly asked for data, analysis, and opposing arguments,[318] and has been decribed by Slate magazine as a potential "CEO president".[308]
Awards and honors[link]
Romney has received five honorary doctorates, including one in Business from the University of Utah in 1999,[341] in Law from Bentley College in 2002,[342] in Public Administration from Suffolk University Law School in 2004,[343] in Public Service from Hillsdale College in 2007,[344] and in Humanities from Liberty University in 2012.[345]
People magazine included him in its 50 Most Beautiful People list for 2002,[346] and in 2004, he received the inaugural Truce Ideal Award for his role in the 2002 Winter Olympics.[347] The Cranbrook School gave him their Distinguished Alumni Award in 2005.[19] In 2008 he shared with his wife Ann, the Canterbury Medal from The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, for "refus[ing] to compromise their principles and faith" during the presidential campaign.[348] In 2012 Romney was named to the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.[349]
Writings[link]
- With Timothy Robinson (2004). Turnaround: Crisis, Leadership, and the Olympic Games. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-084-0.
- No Apology: The Case for American Greatness. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-312-60980-1.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ He was called "Billy" until kindergarten, when he indicated a preference for "Mitt".[15]
- ^ Mitt's campaigning for his father included working the phone banks and appearing at county fairs where he manned a booth and exclaimed over a loudspeaker, "You should vote for my father for Governor. He's a truly great person. You've got to support him. He's going to make things better."[21]
- ^ Such pranks included sliding down golf courses on large ice cubes, dressing as a police officer and tapping on the car windows of teenage friends who were making out, and staging an elaborate formal dinner on the median of a busy street.[18][20] The golf course escapade apparently got Romney and Ann Davies arrested, or otherwise detained, by the local police.[24][25] Romney was also arrested in 1981 while at a family outing at Lake Cochituate in Massachusetts. According to Romney, a ranger from Cochituate State Park told him his motorboat had an insufficiently visible license number and he would face a $50 fine if he took the boat onto the lake. Disagreeing about the license and wanting to continue the outing, Romney took it out anyway, saying he would pay the fine. The angry officer then arrested him for disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped several days later after Romney threatened to sue the officer and the state for false arrest.[26]
- ^ a b When initially considering colleges after high school, Romney had not wanted to go to BYU.[43] He later recounted that he had planned to attend BYU to convince Ann to marry him, then the couple planned to transfer together back to Stanford, but in the end, they enjoyed BYU and decided to stay.[45]
- ^ Romney's great-grandfather, grandfather, father, and two uncles had been missionaries,[32] as had his older brother.[33] All five of Romney's sons later served as missionaries as well.[34]
- ^ a b On June 16, 1968, Romney was driving fellow missionaries on dangerous roads in southern France.[18][37][40] As they drove through the village of Bernos-Beaulac, a Mercedes that was passing a truck missed a curve and swerved into the opposite lane hitting the Citroën DS Romney was driving in a head-on collision.[18][41] Trapped between the steering wheel and door, the unconscious and seriously injured Romney had to be pried from the car; a French police officer mistakenly wrote Il est mort in his passport.[18][24][40] The wife of the mission president was killed and other passengers were seriously injured as well.[40] George Romney relied on his friend Sargent Shriver, the U.S. Ambassador to France, to go to the local hospital and discover that his son had survived.[24] Romney, who was not at fault in the accident,[33][40] had suffered broken ribs, a fractured arm, a concussion, and facial injuries, but recovered quickly without needing surgery.[37][40] The French police say that they have no records of the incident because such records are routinely destroyed after 10 years.[40]
- ^ Some sources incorrectly report that Romney graduated BYU as valedictorian. Romney himself has corrected this notion, saying that he was not. While he believes he did have the highest grade point average for his BYU years in the College of Humanities, he did not if his Stanford year was factored in, and he did not among the graduating class university-wide.[51][45]
- ^ Romney sat for the bar exam in his home state of Michigan in July 1975, passed it and was admitted to practice law there, but never worked as a lawyer and only considered in case his business career did not work out.[59]
- ^ One study of 68 deals that Bain Capital made during Romney's time there found that the firm lost money or broke even on 33 of them.[67] Another study that looked at the eight-year period following 77 deals during Romney's time found that in 17 cases the company went bankrupt or out of business, and in 6 cases Bain Capital lost all its investment. But 10 deals were very successful and represented 70 percent of the total profits.[72]
- ^ Kennedy spent $10.5 million overall, including a $1.5 million loan to himself.[117] This was the second-most expensive race of the 1994 election cycle, after the Dianne Feinstein–Michael Huffington Senate race in California.[118]
- ^ Official state figures for fiscal year 2005 (July 1, 2004 – June 30, 2005) declared a $594.4 million surplus.[138][156] For fiscal 2006, the surplus was $720.9 million.[156] During fiscal 2007, Romney cut $384 million in spending that the legislature wanted; in January 2007, midway through the fiscal year, incoming Governor Deval Patrick restored that amount,[157] and also declared that the state faced a "looming budget shortfall" of $1 billion for fiscal 2008.[158] Patrick consequently proposed a budget for fiscal 2008 that included $515 million in spending cuts and $295 million in new corporate taxes.[159] As it happened, the state ended fiscal 2007 with a $307.1 million deficit and fiscal 2008 with a $495.2 million deficit.[156]
- ^ Within four years, the Massachusetts law had achieved its primary goal of expanding coverage: in 2010, 98% of state residents had coverage, compared to a national average of 83%. Among children and seniors the 2010 coverage rate was even higher, 99.8% and 99.6% respectively. Approximately two-thirds of residents received coverage through employers; one-sixth each received it through Medicare or public plans.[173]
- ^ American political opinion periodically looked towards industry for business managers who it was thought could straighten out what was held to be wrong in the nation's capital. The track record of such efforts was at best mixed, with Lee Iacocca declining to run, Romney's father George and Steve Forbes failing to get far in the primaries, and Ross Perot staging one of the more successful third-party runs in American history.[197][198]
- ^ Regarding the role of Romney's religion in the 2008 campaign, one academic study, based upon research conducted throughout the 2008 primaries, showed that a negative perception of Mormonism was widespread during the election, and that perception was often resistant to factual information that would correct mistaken notions about the religion or Romney's relationship to it.[214] The authors concluded that, "For Romney ... religion is the central story."[214] Another study, analyzing a survey conducted during January 2008 (when an African American, a woman, and a Mormon all had realistic chances of becoming the first president from that group), found that voters had internally accepted the notion of black equality, paving the way for Barack Obama's election; had partially established but not fully internalized the notion of gender equality, making Hillary Rodham Clinton's task somewhat more difficult; but had only selectively internalized the notion of religious equality, and in particular not extended it to Mormons, thus making Romney's run significantly more difficult.[215] Those authors concluded that, "for a Mormon candidate, the road to the presidency remains very rough ... The bias against a Mormon candidate is substantial."[215]
- ^ Romney proposed a $20 billion "workout, not a bailout" of the U.S. auto industry. It was termed unrealistic or "pandering" by several news reports.[221][222][223][224]
- ^ Previously, Romney had proposed a private timetable for gradually reducing U.S. forces. McCain's statements regarding this were termed dishonest or misleading by several news reports.[226][227][228]
- ^ Following the August 2009 death of his past rival and sometime ally Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Romney declared that he had no interest in running in the special January 2010 election to replace him.[249] Romney was an early supporter of Scott Brown, the successful Republican candidate in that race. Some of Romney's former aides were used by Brown's campaign and Romney raised funds for Brown.[250][251]
- ^ After having attended the 2010 Winter Olympics, Romney and wife were on board an Air Canada plane waiting to take off on a flight from Vancouver to Los Angeles when he got into a physical altercation with Sky Blu, sitting in front of him, over Sky Blu's seat not being in the upright position. Romney said that Sky Blu became physically violent and that he did not retaliate, while Sky Blu said that Romney gave him a "Vulcan grip" first and that he responded physically to that. Sky Blu was escorted off the aircraft by Canadian police but Romney did not press charges and Sky Blu was released.[252][253][254]
- ^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney expressed support for embryonic stem cell research, and said he would lobby President Bush (who had banned most federal funding for such research) to support it. In early 2005, Romney announced his position on therapeutic cloning, saying he was against it – and vetoing a funding bill for stem cell research because it allowed it – but still in favor of research on unused embryos from fertility treatments. In early 2007, he said he was now against expanded federal funding for such excess embryo research (but still thought private funding for such research was ethical, to the dismay of some conservative Republicans).[311]
- ^ As described. While Romney has consistently rejected same-sex marriage throughout his political career, there was a rhetorical shift in emphasis during his time as governor. The shift culminated in Romney avoiding discussions about the protection of gays from bias and instead characterizing himself as a conservative stalwart in the battle against same-sex marriage and in support of heterosexual families. The shift is even greater if compared to Romney's pledges from his 1994 senatorial campaign.[312][313]
- ^ During his 2002 campaign, Romney said he backed age-appropriate, comprehensive sex education in public schools. In 2005, he accepted federal funding to a faith-based organization to teach abstinence-only education in public schools. Romney said such programs would supplement rather than replace existing ones, while opponents feared that funding pressure would lead to schools dropping comprehensive programs for the freely available abstinence-only ones.[314][315][316]
- ^ Romney joined the National Rifle Association as a life member in August 2006. In December 2007, he cited a past endorsement from them, which he later said was unofficial support.[21][206][319][320] In April 2007, he said, "I've been a hunter pretty much all my life," but then said he had only gone hunting twice and did not own guns, and "I'm not a big-game hunter. I've made that very clear. I've always been a rodent and rabbit hunter. Small varmints, if you will. I began when I was 15 or so and I have hunted those kinds of varmints since then. More than two times."[321]
- ^ Biographical parallels between George and Mitt Romney include: Both served as Mormon missionaries in Europe and considered the experiences formative. Both pursued high school sweethearts singlemindedly until the women agreed to marry them several years later, then had families with four or five children. Both had very successful careers in business and became known for turning around failing companies or organizations. Both presided over a stake in the LDS Church. Both achieved their first elected position at age 55, as Republican governor of a Democratic-leaning state. The two bear a close physical resemblance at similar ages and both have been said to "look like a president". Both staged their first presidential run in the year they turned 60. Both were considered suspect by ideological conservatives within the Republican Party.[21][322] There are also obvious differences in their paths, including that George had a hardscrabble upbringing while Mitt's was affluent, and that Mitt far exceeded George's accomplishments in formal education. Another is that Mitt's personality is more reserved, private, and controlled than his father's was, traits he got from his mother Lenore.[323]
- ^ In summer 1983, Romney and his family embarked on a 12-hour drive from Boston to his parents' cottage on the Canadian side of Lake Huron. Seamus, the family Irish setter, was put up on the station wagon's roof rack, inside a dog carrier with its own attached windshield, but after some hours the dog suffered gastrointestinal distress, evidence of which was readily seen on the rear window. With his five children loudly expressing revulsion, Romney calmly stopped off at a service station, hosed off the dog, carrier, and car, put the dog back in the carrier and completed the journey.[46][325] Since becoming public in 2007, the story has been the source of complaints from animal lovers, a point of psychological study regarding Romney's emotion-free crisis management, an obsession to New York Times columnist Gail Collins, and the occasional target of news stories, talk show hosts and political rivals.[325][206][326][327]
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- ^ An April 2012 Google News archive search for the period of Romney's 2007–2008 campaign. Among those describing Romney as handsome was another presidential candidate, Senator Barack Obama.
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- Thomas, Evan (2009). "A Long Time Coming": The Inspiring, Combative 2008 Campaign and the Historic Election of Barack Obama. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-607-5.
Further reading[link]
- Foster, Craig (2008). A Different God?: Mitt Romney, the Religious Right, and the Mormon Question. Draper, Utah: Greg Kofford Books. ISBN 978-1-58958-117-3.
- Hines, Phillip (2012). Mitt Romney in His Own Words. New York: Threshold Editions. ISBN 978-1-4516-8780-4.
- Scott, Ronald B. (2011). Mitt Romney: An Inside Look at the Man and His Politics. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-7927-7.
- Turner, Lisa Ray; Field, Kimberly (2007). Mitt Romney: The Man, His Values, and His Vision. Silverton, Idaho: Mapletree Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60065-109-0.
External links[link]
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- Official
- Other
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Mitt Romney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Biography at the National Governors Association
- Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
- Mitt Romney at the Open Directory Project
| Business positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| New office | Chief Executive Officer of Bain Capital 1984–1999 |
Succeeded by Joshua Bekenstein |
| Preceded by Bill Bain |
Chief Executive Officer of Bain & Company Acting 1991–1992 |
Succeeded by Steve Ellis as Worldwide Managing Director |
| Succeeded by Orit Gadiesh as Chairman of the Board |
||
| Sporting positions | ||
| Preceded by Makoto Kobayashi |
President of Organizing Committee for Winter Olympic Games 2002 |
Succeeded by Valentino Castellani |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Jane Swift Acting |
Governor of Massachusetts 2003–2007 |
Succeeded by Deval Patrick |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Joe Malone |
Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (Class 3) 1994 |
Succeeded by Jack Robinson |
| Preceded by Paul Cellucci |
Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 2002 |
Succeeded by Kerry Healey |
| Preceded by John McCain |
Republican Party presidential candidate Presumptive 2012 |
Most recent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Romney, Willard Mitt |
| Alternative names | Romney, Mitt |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | March 12, 1947 |
| Place of birth | Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
