- published: 28 Apr 2010
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- author: votolatino
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Arizona
Arizona (
i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Dallas
Dallas (
/ˈdæləs/) is the third-largest city in the state of Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex is the largest metropolitan area in the South and fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Divided between Collin, Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties, the city had a population of 1,197,816 in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau.
The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area (the DFW MSA) that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of 6,371,773. The metroplex economy is the sixth largest in the United States, with a 2010 gross metropolitan product of $374 billion.
Dallas was founded in 1841 and was formally incorporated as a city in February 1856. The city's economy is primarily based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, computer technology, energy, healthcare and medical research, transportation and logistics. The city is home to the third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas and a major city in the American South, Dallas is the main core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States that lacks any navigable link to the sea.
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Denver
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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El Salvador
El Salvadori/ɛl ˈsælvədɔr/ (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the west, and the countries of Guatemala to the north and Honduras to the east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca, opposite Nicaragua. As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos.
The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar.
In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization. In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20 percent from the year 1992 to 2010. Making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
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Garnet Coleman
Garnet F. Coleman (born 1961) is a U.S. politician and a member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 147 since 1991. He is the son of John B. Coleman, M.D. (a prominent Third Ward physician and businessman).
Coleman graduated from Jack Yates High School in Houston, and the University of Saint Thomas in Houston.
His district includes Downtown Houston, the Hobby Airport area, Midtown Houston, Sagemont, and the Third Ward.
Coleman has been named Texas Monthly Ten Best Legislators List on two occasions. Most recently he received the 2005 Reintegration Award presented by Eli Lilly and Company, a national award given in acknowledgment of efforts to increase services and decrease the stigma associated with mental illness. Representative Coleman has also been recognized by the Congressional Black Caucus as he was named Outstanding Black Caucus Chair for 2004 for his advocacy of voting rights of African Americans.[citation needed]
Representative Coleman has served as the Chair of the Legislative Study Group, a non-partisan house caucus since 2003 when he was elected to the position by more than 40 of his colleagues. In addition, Rep. Coleman is a past chair of the Texas Legislative Black Caucus. As Chairman, Rep. Coleman coordinated efforts among members of the Caucus to help preserve the Top Ten Percent Rule, which assists historically-underrepresented minority students in gaining admission to Texas' top institutions of higher learning.[citation needed]
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Kris Kobach
Kris W. Kobach (born March 26, 1966) is the Secretary of State of Kansas. He is also currently of counsel with the Immigration Law Reform Institute in Washington, D.C.
He is a former chairman of Kansas Republican Party and city councilman in Overland Park, Kansas. He ran unsuccessfully for Kansas's 3rd congressional district in 2004. In May 2009, he announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for Secretary of State. In August 2010, he won the Republican nomination for Secretary of State in a three-way race, carrying 50 percent of the vote, and was elected Secretary of State in the general election in a 59–37 percent vote.
Kobach graduated from Washburn Rural High School in Topeka, Kansas in 1984. Four years later, he earned an A.B. (summa cum laude) in Government from Harvard University, graduating first in his class in the Government Department. Subsequently, the Court of St. James awarded him a Marshall Scholarship, which allowed him to earn M.A. and D.Phil. degrees in Politics from Oxford University (in 1990 and 1992, respectively). He then returned to the United States and attended the Yale Law School, where he earned his J.D. in 1995 and served as an editor on the Yale Law Journal. During this time, he published two books: The Referendum: Direct Democracy in Switzerland (Dartmouth, 1994), and Political Capital: The Motives, Tactics, and Goals of Politicized Businesses in South Africa (University Press of America, 1990).
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Kyrsten Sinema
Kyrsten Sinema (born July 12, 1976) is a Democratic politician from Phoenix, Arizona. A former member of both the Arizona House of Representatives and the Arizona State Senate, she is a candidate for Congress in 2012.
Born in Tucson, Arizona, to conservative Mormon parents, Sinema moved to Phoenix in 1995. After graduating from Walton High School in DeFuniak Springs, Florida, at the age of 16, she attended Brigham Young University on a Benson Scholarship and earned a bachelor's degree in social work in 1994. She then attended Arizona State University where she earned a masters degree in social work in 1999 and then a Juris Doctor in 2004. She was a social worker in the Washington Elementary School District before becoming a criminal defense lawyer. In 2001, she ran for the Phoenix City Council District 8. In a nine candidate race, she ranked last with just 2% of the vote.
Sinema first ran for the Arizona House of Representatives in 2002, as an independent. She ranked last, got only 8% of the vote, and lost the general election to Ken Clark and Wally Straughn.
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Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Milwaukee
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
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Minneapolis
Minneapolis (pronunciation:i/ˌmɪniːˈæpəlɪs/), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City", is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
As of the 2010 Census, the population of the city of Minneapolis is 382,578. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with approximately 3.3 million residents. The city is abundantly rich in water, with over twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi river, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Among cities of similar densities, Minneapolis has the most dedicated parkland. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing the fifth highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. It has cultural organizations that draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing, and music. The community's diverse population has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and VOLAGs, as well as private and corporate philanthropy.
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Minnesota
Minnesota (i/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
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Operation Babylift
Operation Babylift was the name given to the mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other countries (including Australia, France, and Canada) at the end of the Vietnam War (see also the Fall of Saigon), from April 3–26, 1975. By the final American flight out of South Vietnam, over 3,300 infants and children had been evacuated, although the actual number has been variously reported. Along with Operation New Life, over 110,000 refugees were evacuated from South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. Thousands of children were airlifted from Vietnam and adopted by families around the world.
The end of the Vietnam War precipitated increased adoptions of Vietnamese children by American families. In April 1975, two years after the Americans signed a cease-fire accord with Vietnam, North Vietnamese troops spread through the South. The war's end caused hundreds of thousands of citizens to flee the country, fearing for their lives.
With the central Vietnamese city of Da Nang having fallen in March, and with Saigon under attack and being shelled, on April 3, 1975, U.S. President Gerald Ford announced that the U.S. government would begin evacuating orphans from Saigon on a series of 30 planned flights aboard C-5A Galaxy cargo aircraft.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Portal Arizona
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
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Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ (
listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Sonora
Sonora (Spanish pronunciation: [so̞ˈno̞ɾa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Sonora (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is located in Northwest Mexico, bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U.S.–Mexico border with the states of Arizona and New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California.
Sonora's natural geography is divided into three parts: the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state; plains and rolling hills in the center; and the coast on the Gulf of California. It is primarily arid or semi-arid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation.
Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the Yaqui and the Seri. It has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef) and mining since the colonial period, and for its status as a border state since the Mexican–American War. After the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory. From the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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Steve Montenegro
Steve Montenegro is an American politician from Litchfield Park, Arizona who has served as a member of the Arizona House of Representatives since January 2003. He is a Hispanic Republican politician and current Speaker Pro Tempore. He was first elected in 2008.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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Zócalo
The Zócalo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsokalo], plinth) is the main plaza or square in the heart of the historic center of Mexico City. The plaza used to be known simply as the "Main Square" or "Arms Square," and today its formal name is Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square). This name does not come from any of the Mexican constitutions that have governed the country but rather from the Cádiz Constitution which was signed in Spain in 1812. However, it is almost always called the Zócalo today. Plans were made to erect a column as a monument to Independence, but only the base, or zócalo, was ever built. The plinth was destroyed long ago but the name has lived on. Many other Mexican towns and cities, such as Oaxaca and Guadalajara, have adopted the word zócalo to refer to their main plazas, but not all.
It has been a gathering place for Mexicans since Aztec times, having been the site of Mexica ceremonies, the swearing in of viceroys, royal proclamations, military parades, Independence ceremonies and modern religious events such as the festivals of Holy Week and Corpus Christi. It has received foreign heads of state and is the main venue for both national celebration and national protest.
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Antonio Villaraigosa
Antonio Ramón Villaraigosa ( /ˌviː.əraɪˈɡoʊsə/; born January 23, 1953), born Antonio Ramón Villar, Jr., is the 41st and current Mayor of Los Angeles, California, the third Mexican American to have ever held office in the city of Los Angeles and the first in over 130 years. He is also the current president of the United States Conference of Mayors. He was elected mayor on May 17, 2005, defeating incumbent mayor James Hahn, and then re-elected for a second term in 2009. Prior to his election as mayor, Villaraigosa was the California State Assemblyman for the 45th District, the Speaker of the California State Assembly, and the Los Angeles City Councilman representing the 14th District. Due to term limits, he is ineligible to run for a third term in 2013.
Before being elected to public office, Villaraigosa was a labor organizer. He served as a national co-chairman of Hillary Rodham Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign and as a member of President Barack Obama's Transition Economic Advisory Board. He will serve as chair of the 2012 Democratic National Convention in September 2012.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Bill Richardson
William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician, who served as the 30th Governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. Before being elected governor, Richardson served in the Clinton administration as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary. Richardson has also served as a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. On December 3, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama designated Richardson for appointment to the cabinet-level position of Commerce Secretary. On January 4, 2009, Richardson announced his decision to withdraw his nomination because of an investigation into possibly improper business dealings in New Mexico. In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there was speculation in the media regarding Richardson's career, as his second and final term as New Mexico governor concluded.
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Bud Selig
Allan Huber "Bud" Selig /ˈsiːlɨɡ/ (born July 30, 1934) is the ninth and current Commissioner of Major League Baseball, having served in that capacity since 1992 as the acting commissioner, and as the official commissioner since 1998. Selig oversaw baseball through the 1994 strike, the introduction of the wild card, interleague play, and the merging of the National and American leagues under the Office of the Commissioner. He was instrumental in organizing the World Baseball Classic in 2006. Selig also introduced revenue sharing. He is credited for the financial turnaround of baseball during his tenure with a 400 percent increase in the revenue of MLB and annual record breaking attendance. Selig enjoys a high level of support from baseball owners, but has been widely decried by both the MLB Players' Union for his policies and by the general public for presiding over the game during one of its most contentious periods.[citation needed]Jerome Holtzman, Major League Baseball's official historian from 1999 until his death in 2008, believed Selig to be the best commissioner in baseball history.
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Byron York
Byron York (born 1958) is a conservative American columnist for the Washington Examiner, Fox News contributor, and author who lives in Washington, D.C.
York is the Chief political correspondent for The Washington Examiner, a post he joined in early 2009 following his work as White House correspondent for National Review magazine and a columnist for The Hill. He is also a syndicated columnist.
He has also written for The Atlantic, The Wall Street Journal, The Weekly Standard, and New York Post, among other publications. A frequent guest on television and radio, he has appeared on such programs as Meet the Press, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, The O'Reilly Factor, Tim Russert, Special Report with Brit Hume, Laura Ingraham, and Hardball with Chris Matthews, and has contributed occasional commentaries to National Public Radio.
Before working for National Review, York was a news producer at CNN Headline News and an investigative reporter for The American Spectator. In 2001 York explored the misfortunes of his former employer in an essay written for The Atlantic, "The Life and Death of The American Spectator".
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Carlos Bea
Carlos Tiburcio Bea (born April 18, 1934) is a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He was appointed to that court by President George W. Bush in 2003 to replace Judge Charles Edward Wiggins.
Bea was born in San Sebastian, Spain and emigrated with his family in 1939 to Cuba to avoid the Nazis. While present under a non-immigrant visa, he studied at Stanford University and received his B.A. there in 1956. He joined Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity while at Stanford. In 1952, Bea represented Cuba as a member of the country's basketball team in the Helsinki Olympics. Upon his return, he was put into deportation proceedings for allegedly avoiding the draft. Bea suggested to the Immigration Judge that he be drafted to cure the apparent violation, but the Judge refused as the Korean War had already ended. Bea won his appeal at the Board of Immigration Appeals, opining that the lower court had abused its discretion. After having his residency reinstated and accumulating the requisite physical presence, Bea petitioned for and became a naturalized citizen in 1959. He attended Stanford Law School and received his J.D. in 1958. He was in private practice in California after that, but in 1990 he became a trial judge on the San Francisco Superior Court. He served there until his appointment to the Ninth Circuit in 2003.
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Chuck Schumer
Charles Ellis "Chuck" Schumer (/ˈʃuːmər/; born November 23, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected in 1998, he defeated three-term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato by a margin of 55%–44%. He was easily re-elected in 2004 by a margin of 71%–24% and in 2010 by a margin of 66%–33%.
Before his election to the U.S. Senate, Schumer served in the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 1999. He represented New York's 16th congressional district, which was later redistricted to the 10th congressional district in 1983 and to the 9th congressional district in 1993. A native of Brooklyn and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School, he was a three-term member of the New York State Assembly, serving from 1975 to 1980.
Schumer was chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 2005 to 2009, in which post he oversaw a total of 14 Democratic gains in the Senate in the 2006 and 2008 elections. Elected Vice Chairman of the Democratic Caucus in the Senate, in 2006, he is the third-ranking Democrat in the Senate, behind Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin. In November 2010, he was also chosen to hold the additional role of chairman of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee starting at the opening of the 112th Congress.
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Conor Oberst
Conor Mullen Oberst (born February 15, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter best known for his work in Bright Eyes. He has also played in several other bands, including Desaparecidos, Norman Bailer (The Faint), Commander Venus, Park Ave., Conor Oberst and the Mystic Valley Band, and Monsters of Folk.
Oberst began his musical career at age 13 while at St. Pius X/St. Leo School in Omaha, Nebraska. He was in the school choir and other musical groups at the school. One night in 1992, Ted Stevens (of Mayday and Cursive) invited Oberst onstage to play. Bill Hoover, who was in attendance, invited Oberst to come back to play with him a couple of weeks later. In that short amount of time, Oberst wrote enough songs to fill out the set, establishing himself as an artist. Shortly thereafter, Oberst began committing his new repertoire to tape in his parents' basement with his father's four track cassette recorder and an acoustic guitar.
In mid-1993, Oberst self-released his debut album Water on cassette tape. The release of the album was financed by his brother Justin on what they called Lumberjack Records, the indie label that would become Saddle Creek Records, making them founders and present day executives of the label.
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Cypress Hill
Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from South Gate, California. Cypress Hill was the first Cuban-American/Latino hip hop group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums, selling over 18 million albums worldwide. It is one of the most well-known groups in West Coast rap and was critically acclaimed for their first two groundbreaking albums.
Senen Reyes (also known as Sen Dog) and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes (also known as Mellow Man Ace) are brothers who initially lived in South Gate, California. In 1971, their family had immigrated to the United States, settling in the Los Angeles neighborhood of South Gate. In 1988, the two brothers teamed up with Lawrence Muggerud (also known as DJ Muggs) and Louis Freese (also known as B-Real) to form a hip-hop group named DVX (Devastating Vocal Excellence). The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career, and changed their name to Cypress Hill, after a street in South Gate.
After recording a demo in 1989, Cypress Hill signed a record deal with the major label, Columbia Records. Their self-titled first album was released in August 1991. The lead single was the double A-side "The Phuncky Feel One"/"How I Could Just Kill a Man" which received heavy airplay on urban and college radio. The other two singles released from the album were "Hand on the Pump" and "Latin Lingo", the latter of which combined English and Spanish lyrics. The success of these singles led to the album selling two million copies in the US alone. The group made their first appearance at Lollapalooza on the side stage in 1992.
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Darrell Issa
Darrell Edward Issa (/ˈaɪsə/; Arabic: عيسى; born November 1, 1953) is the U.S. Representative for California's 49th congressional district, serving since 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was formerly a CEO of Directed Electronics, the Vista, California-based manufacturer of automobile security and convenience products. His district consists of portions of southern Riverside County and northern San Diego County. The district was numbered as the 48th District during his first term and was renumbered the 49th after the 2000 Census. Since January 2011, he has served as Chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee.
Issa is a self-made millionaire with a net worth estimated between $220 and $448 million, making him one of the wealthiest members of Congress. He was a major contributor to the 2003 recall election of Governor Gray Davis.
Issa was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the second of six children. His mother was a Mormon and his father Eastern Orthodox. Issa is the grandson of Lebanese immigrants.
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Dave Zirin
Dave Zirin is an American political sportswriter who is currently the sports editor for The Nation, a weekly published progressive magazine dedicated to politics and culture.
Zirin's column, Edge of Sports, appears on Sports Illustrated’s website and he is the host of XM satellite’s weekly show, Edge of Sports Radio. Zirin is a frequent contributor to The Nation, a columnist for SLAM Magazine, and The Progressive, as well as being a frequent guest on ESPN's Outside The Lines and Democracy Now. His first book, What’s My Name, Fool? Sports and Resistance in the United States (Haymarket Books) has entered its third printing.
Zirin has also published Welcome to the Terrordome: The Pain, Politics, and Promise of Sports, and A People’s History of Sports in the United States, a sports-related volume in the manner of Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States series for The New Press. In addition to “What’s My Name, Fool?” for Haymarket Books, he has also published “The Muhammad Ali Handbook” for MQ Publications. Zirin is also the published children’s book author of “My Name is Erica Montoya de la Cruz” (RC Owen). "A People's History of Sports" forms the basis of a documentary co-written and narrated by Zirin called Not Just A Game: Power, Politics and American Sports, produced by the Media Education Foundation.
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Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947) is an English rock singer-songwriter, composer, pianist and occasional actor. He has worked with lyricist Bernie Taupin as his songwriter partner since 1967; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums to date.
In his four-decade career John has sold more than 250 million records, making him one of the most successful artists of all time. His single "Candle in the Wind 1997" has sold over 33 million copies worldwide, and is the best selling single in Billboard history. He has more than 50 Top 40 hits, including seven consecutive No. 1 US albums, 56 Top 40 singles, 16 Top 10, four No. 2 hits, and nine No. 1 hits. He has won six Grammy Awards, four Brit Awards, an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Tony Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him Number 49 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.
John was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Having been named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1996, John received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II for "services to music and charitable services" in 1998.
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Eric Holder
Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is the 82nd and current Attorney General of the United States and the first black American to hold the position, serving under President Barack Obama.
Holder previously served as a judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and a United States Attorney. In that office he prosecuted Congressman Dan Rostenkowski (Democrat, Illinois) for corruption charges related to his role in the Congressional Post Office scandal. Later, he was Deputy Attorney General of the United States and worked at the law firm of Covington & Burling in Washington, D.C. He was senior legal advisor to then-Senator Barack Obama during Obama's presidential campaign and one of three members of Obama's vice-presidential selection committee.
Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. was born in the Bronx, New York, to parents with roots in Barbados.[dead link] Holder's father, Eric Himpton Holder, Sr. (1905–1970) was born in Saint Joseph, Barbados and arrived in the United States at the age of 11. He later became a real estate broker. His mother, Miriam, was born in New Jersey, while his maternal grandparents were immigrants from Saint Philip, Barbados. Holder grew up in East Elmhurst, Queens, and attended public school until the age of 10. When entering the 4th grade he was selected to participate in a program for intellectually gifted students. In 1969, he graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan and attended Columbia University, where he played freshman basketball and was co-captain of his team. He earned a A.B. degree in American history in 1973. Holder received his Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School, graduating in 1976. He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund during his first summer and the United States Attorney during his second summer.
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Erwin Chemerinsky
Erwin Chemerinsky (born May 14, 1953) is an American lawyer and law professor. He is a prominent scholar in United States constitutional law and federal civil procedure. He is the current and founding dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law, which began classes in the fall semester of 2009.
Raised in a working-class Jewish family on Chicago's South Side, Chemerinsky attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools for high school. He then earned a bachelor's degree in communication from Northwestern University in 1975 where he competed as a debater and then attended Harvard Law School, where he was a member of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, graduating in 1978.
Chemerinsky taught for over twenty years at the University of Southern California Law School and at DePaul University College of Law before moving to Duke University on July 1, 2004, and then UC Irvine in July 2008.
In 1995, Chemerinsky was a commentator on the O.J. Simpson trial on KCBS-TV, KNX, and CBS News.
Chemerinsky has published six books (three of which having been printed in multiple editions), numerous articles, and a regular column on the United States Supreme Court carried by California Lawyer, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, and Trial Magazine. Chemerinsky has also argued several cases before the United States Supreme Court, including Scheidler v. NOW, Tory v. Cochran, Van Orden v. Perry and Lockyer v. Andrade.
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Evan Mecham
Evan Mecham (May 12, 1924 – February 21, 2008) was the 17th Governor of Arizona. A decorated veteran of World War II, Mecham earned his living as an automotive dealership owner and occasional newspaper publisher. Periodic runs for political office earned him a reputation as a perennial candidate along with the nickname of "The Harold Stassen of Arizona" before he was elected governor, under the Republican banner. As governor, Mecham was plagued by controversy and became the first U.S. governor to simultaneously face removal from office through impeachment, a scheduled recall election, and a felony indictment. He was the first Arizona governor to be impeached.
Mecham served one term as a state senator before beginning a string of unsuccessful runs for public office. His victory during the 1986 election began with a surprise win of the Republican nomination, followed by a split of the Democratic party during the general election, resulting in a 3-way race. While governor, Mecham became known for statements and actions that were widely perceived as insensitive to minorities. Among these actions were the cancellation of the state's Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, attributing high divorce rates to working women, and his defense of the word "pickaninny", in describing African American children. In reaction to these events, a boycott of Arizona was organized, damaging the state's tourism industry by the cancellation of multiple conventions. A rift between the governor and fellow Republicans in the Arizona Legislature developed after a series of questionable political appointments prompted accusations of cronyism against the governor.
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Felipe Calderón
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe kaldeˈɾon] ( listen); born August 18, 1962) is the current President of Mexico. He assumed office on December 1, 2006, and was elected for a single six-year term through 2012. He is a member of the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), one of the three major Mexican political parties.
Prior to the presidency, Calderón received two masters degrees and went on to work within the PAN while it was still an important opposition party. Calderón served as National President of the party, Federal Deputy, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's cabinet.
He served in the cabinet of the previous administration up until he resigned to run for the Presidency and secured his party's nomination. The Federal Electoral Institute's official electoral results gave Felipe Calderón the largest vote total and the presidency but the decision was contested by Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Calderón's victory was confirmed on September 5, 2006 by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.
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Gabrielle Giffords
Gabrielle Dee "Gabby" Giffords (born June 8, 1970) is an American politician. As a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, she represented Arizona's 8th congressional district from 2007 until her resignation on January 25, 2012, having been elected to Congress three times. She is the third woman in Arizona's history to be elected to the U.S. Congress. Considered a "Blue Dog" Democrat, her stances on health care reform and illegal immigration were sources of attention for those opposed to her candidacy and have made her a recipient of criticism from various conservative groups. She has described herself as a "former Republican."
Giffords is a native of Tucson, Arizona, and a graduate of Scripps College and Cornell University. Prior to her election to the United States Congress, Giffords served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 2001 until 2003 and the Arizona State Senate from 2003 until 2005, when she resigned to run for the seat held by then-Congressman Jim Kolbe. She also worked as an associate for regional economic development in New York City and as CEO of El Campo Tire Warehouses, a local automotive chain owned by her grandfather. She is married to former astronaut and Space Shuttle Commander Mark E. Kelly.
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Garnet Coleman
Garnet F. Coleman (born 1961) is a U.S. politician and a member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 147 since 1991. He is the son of John B. Coleman, M.D. (a prominent Third Ward physician and businessman).
Coleman graduated from Jack Yates High School in Houston, and the University of Saint Thomas in Houston.
His district includes Downtown Houston, the Hobby Airport area, Midtown Houston, Sagemont, and the Third Ward.
Coleman has been named Texas Monthly Ten Best Legislators List on two occasions. Most recently he received the 2005 Reintegration Award presented by Eli Lilly and Company, a national award given in acknowledgment of efforts to increase services and decrease the stigma associated with mental illness. Representative Coleman has also been recognized by the Congressional Black Caucus as he was named Outstanding Black Caucus Chair for 2004 for his advocacy of voting rights of African Americans.[citation needed]
Representative Coleman has served as the Chair of the Legislative Study Group, a non-partisan house caucus since 2003 when he was elected to the position by more than 40 of his colleagues. In addition, Rep. Coleman is a past chair of the Texas Legislative Black Caucus. As Chairman, Rep. Coleman coordinated efforts among members of the Caucus to help preserve the Top Ten Percent Rule, which assists historically-underrepresented minority students in gaining admission to Texas' top institutions of higher learning.[citation needed]
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Gary Miller
Gary Gene Miller (born October 16, 1948) is the U.S. Representative for California's 42nd congressional district, and previously the 41st, serving since 2003. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Miller was born in Huntsville, Arkansas, attended Mount San Antonio College in Walnut, California, and served briefly in the United States Army in 1967.
He is a businessman who founded several companies bearing his name, including G. Miller Development, G. Miller Masonry, and G. Miller Framing. At the age of 20, he began his first company, which built single-family and custom homes. His business expanded to the development of planned communities. Miller remains active in real estate through his development company.
Miller was appointed to the Diamond Bar, California Municipal Advisory Council in 1988. In 1989, he was elected to the city's first council that helped incorporate the city. He served as mayor in 1992.
In 1990, he decided to run for a seat in the California Senate. Incumbent Republican State Senator Bill Campbell of California's 31st State Senate district decided to resign. In the February 1990 special election (open primary), Miller ranked fourth, or last, among Republicans in the field, getting just 16% of the vote.
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Gary Pierce
Gary Pierce is a member of the Arizona Corporation Commission and a former member of the Arizona House of Representatives. Mr. Pierce was elected to the Arizona Corporation Commission in 2006.
In the House of Representatives, Mr. Pierce served as the Majority Whip (2005–2006). He is a member of the Rules, Environment, and Federal Mandates and Property Rights committees. He had previously served on the Judiciary Committee and others.
Prior to his election to the Legislature he was twice elected to the Yuma County Board of Supervisors.
The Maricopa (County) Association of Government's awarded the Honorable Gary Pierce (R-Mesa, Arizona) the coveted Peak Award (Summit Award) in 2004. In their citation they state "Representative Gary Pierce was instrumental in guiding the $15.8 billion Regional Transportation Plan through the legislative process. He sponsored House Bill 2292, which laid the framework for the planning process and formalized the Transportation Policy Committee in state law. To help legislators keep abreast of developments, Representative Pierce created the Joint Ad Hoc Committee on the Maricopa County Regional Transportation Plan, a bicameral, bipartisan committee made up of lawmakers interested in transportation issues. His leadership helped advance House Bill 2456, calling for a continuation of the half-cent sales tax for transportation, after it stalled in a Senate subcommittee. His efforts are credited with the ultimate approval by the legislature of an election that will allow voters to decide their transportation future."
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Jan Brewer
Janice Kay "Jan" Brewer (born September 26, 1944) is the 22nd and current Governor of the U.S. state of Arizona and a member of the Republican Party. She is the fourth woman, and third consecutive woman, to hold the office. Brewer previously served as Secretary of State of Arizona, from January 2003 until then-Governor Janet Napolitano resigned after being selected as Secretary of Homeland Security in January 2009. Brewer became Governor of Arizona as part of the line of succession, as determined by the Arizona constitution.
Born in California, Brewer attended Glendale Community College where she received a radiological technologist certificate, but never earned a degree. She has served as a State Senator and State Representative for Arizona, from 1983 to 1996. Brewer also served as Chairman of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, before running for Arizona Secretary of State in 2002.
Brewer came into the national spotlight when, on April 23, 2010, she signed the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act. The act makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying registration documents required by federal law, authorizes state and local law enforcement of federal immigration laws, and cracks down on those sheltering, hiring and transporting illegal aliens. Brewer sought a full term as Governor of Arizona in the 2010 Arizona gubernatorial election, and was elected on November 3, 2010, winning with 55% of the vote over Democrat Terry Goddard's 42%.
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Janet Napolitano
Janet Napolitano (/nəpɒlɨˈtænoʊ/; born November 29, 1957) is the third and current United States Secretary of Homeland Security, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She is the fourth person (including an acting Secretary) to hold the position, which was created after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009. She was Arizona's third female governor, and the first woman to win re-election. Prior to her election as governor, she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2002. She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office. Napolitano is the 1977 Truman Scholar from New Mexico. Forbes ranked her as the world's 15th most powerful woman in 2011.
Janet Napolitano was born on November 29, 1957, in New York City, the daughter of Jane Marie (née Winer) and Leonard Michael Napolitano, who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. She is of half Italian ancestry and is a Methodist. She was the eldest of three children; she has a younger brother and sister. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 and was voted Most Likely to Succeed. She graduated from Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California, where she won a Truman Scholarship, and was valedictorian. In 1978, she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of the Santa Clara's exchange programme through IES Abroad. She then received her Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Virginia School of Law. After law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M. Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and then joined Schroeder's former firm, the Phoenix law firm Lewis and Roca.
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Janice Hahn
Janice Kay Hahn (born March 30, 1952) is the U.S. Representative from California's 36th congressional district and a member of the Democratic Party. She was previously a Los Angeles City Councilwoman representing the 15th district from 2001 to 2011. From 1997 to 1999 she served as an elected representative on the Los Angeles Charter Reform Commission.
On July 12, 2011, Hahn won a special election for Congress to fill the seat vacated by Democrat Jane Harman. Despite the strong Democratic lean of the district, she defeated Republican Craig Huey, a Tea Party-backed direct marketer from the Torrance area, with 55 percent of the vote to Huey's 45 percent.
Hahn was raised in a politically involved family. She is the daughter of the late Ramona Hahn (née Fox) and the late Kenneth Hahn, a 40-year Los Angeles County Supervisor who started his career in elective politics as a Los Angeles City Councilman. Her uncle, Gordon Hahn, was a member of the California Assembly and a Los Angeles City Councilman from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. Her brother, James Hahn, served as Los Angeles City Controller from 1981 to 1985, City Attorney from 1985 until 2001, and Mayor of Los Angeles from 2001 until 2005. Hahn's maternal grandparents served as missionaries in Japan in the 1920s and 1930s.
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Jared Polis
Jared Schutz Polis (born May 12, 1975) is an entrepreneur, philanthropist, and U.S. Representative for Colorado's 2nd congressional district, serving since 2009. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Polis is the son of Stephen Schutz and Susan Polis Schutz. He attended the La Jolla Country Day School in San Diego, California. He received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Princeton University.
Polis has founded a number of companies and is one of the 10 richest members of the United States Congress estimated to be worth at least $65.91 million. He founded American Information Systems, an internet access, web hosting and application service provider.
He, with his parents, also co-founded bluemountainarts.com, an online greeting card website, which he sold to Excite@Home three years later in a deal worth $780 million. In 1998, he launched the online florist company ProFlowers that expanded to become Provide Commerce, Inc., acquired in 2006 by Liberty Media Corporation.
In 2000, Polis founded the Jared Polis Foundation, whose mission is to "create opportunities for success by supporting educators, increasing access to technology, and strengthening our community." Its main programs are the annual Teacher Recognition Awards; the Community Computer Connection program, which refurbishes and donates more than 3,500 computers a year to schools and non-profit organizations; and the semi-annual Jared Polis Foundation Education Report. Polis has also founded two charter schools for at-risk students. In 2004, he established the New America School, which primarily serves older immigrant youth ages 16–21 and has three campuses in the Denver Metro area and one in New Mexico. Polis serves as Superintendent. In 2005, he co-founded with Urban Peak the Academy of Urban Learning in Denver to serve youth struggling with homelessness or unstable living conditions.
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Jeb Bush
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is a prominent member of the Bush family: the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush; the younger brother of former President George W. Bush; and the older brother of Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch.
Jeb Bush was born in Midland, Texas. When he was six years old, the family relocated to Houston, Texas.
Following in the footsteps of older brother, George, Jeb Bush attended high school at the private Massachusetts boarding school, Phillips Academy Andover. At the age of 17, he taught English as a second language in León, Guanajuato, Mexico, as part of Phillips Academy's student exchange program. While in Mexico, he met wife, Columba Garnica Gallo.
In 1973, Bush graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Texas at Austin with a BA in Latin American Studies. He completed his coursework in two and a half years with generally excellent grades. After considering a career in Hollywood, he instead chose to pursue politics.
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Joe Arpaio
Joseph M. "Joe" Arpaio (born June 14, 1932) is the elected Sheriff of Maricopa County in the U.S. state of Arizona. First voted into office in 1992, Arpaio is responsible for law enforcement in Maricopa County. This includes management of the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office, county jail, courtroom security, prisoner transport, service of warrants, and service of process. Arpaio styles himself as "America's Toughest Sheriff." He is well known for his outspoken stance against illegal immigration. Arpaio has become a flashpoint for controversy surrounding Arizona's SB1070 anti-illegal immigration act. He is also known for his investigation of President Barack Obama's citizenship.
Arpaio was once widely popular among voters in Arizona. His popularity has waned since 2007, notably by independent and Republican voters but still has a 57% positive job rating among Republicans; he has been re-elected five times.
Arpaio was born Joseph M. Arpaio in Springfield, Massachusetts on June 14, 1932, to Italian parents both from Lacedonia, Italy. Arpaio's mother died while giving birth to him, and Arpaio was raised by his father, a grocery store owner. Arpaio completed high school and worked in his father's business until age 18 when he enlisted in the United States Army.
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Joe Satriani
Joseph "Joe" Satriani (born July 15, 1956) is an American instrumental rock guitarist of Italian origin, multi-instrumentalist and multiple Grammy Award nominee. Early in his career, Satriani worked as a guitar instructor, and some of his former students have achieved fame such as Steve Vai, Larry LaLonde, Rick Hunolt, Kirk Hammett, Andy Timmons, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan and Alex Skolnick. Satriani has been a driving force in music credited to other musicians throughout his career, as a founder of the G3 tour, as well as performing in various positions with other musicians.
In 1988, Satriani was recruited by Mick Jagger as lead guitarist for Jagger's first solo tour. In 1994, Satriani was the lead guitarist for Deep Purple. Satriani worked with a range of guitarists, including Steve Vai, John Petrucci, Eric Johnson, Larry LaLonde, Yngwie Malmsteen, Brian May, Patrick Rondat, Andy Timmons, Paul Gilbert, Adrian Legg, and Robert Fripp through the annual G3 Jam Concerts. He is currently the lead guitarist for the supergroup Chickenfoot. Since 1988, Satriani has been using his own signature guitar, the Ibanez JS Series, which is sold in music stores worldwide.
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John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
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Jon Kyl
Jon Llewellyn Kyl (/ˈkaɪl/; born April 25, 1942) is the junior United States Senator from Arizona and the Senate Minority Whip, the second-highest position in the Republican Senate leadership. In 2010 he was recognized by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world for his persuasive role in the Senate.
The son of U.S. Representative John Henry Kyl, he was born and raised in Nebraska and lived for some time in Iowa. He received his bachelor's degree and law degree from the University of Arizona. He worked in Phoenix, Arizona as a lawyer and lobbyist before winning election to the United States House of Representatives, where he served from 1987 to 1995. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1994 and has been re-elected by large margins since.
Kyl was ranked by National Journal in 2007 as the fourth-most conservative U.S. Senator. He has been a fixture of Republican policy leadership posts, chairing the Republican Policy Committee (2003–2007) and the Republican Conference (2007). In December 2007 he became Senate Minority Whip. In February 2011, Kyl announced that he would not seek re-election to the Senate in 2012 and would retire at the end of his third term, which concludes on January 3, 2013. He expressly ruled out running for further office except, if offered, the Vice Presidency.
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José Enrique Serrano
José Enrique Serrano (born October 24, 1943) is the U.S. Representative for New York's 16th congressional district (previously the 18th), serving since 1990. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district is one of the smallest in the country geographically, consisting of a few miles of the heavily urbanized and populated South Bronx in New York City. His district is also one of the most densely populated and one of the few majority Hispanic districts in the country.
Serrano was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. At the age of seven, Serrano was taken by his family to The Bronx. Serrano went to high school and then attended Lehman College. He served in the United States Army medical corps from 1964 to 1966.
In 1976, he ran for the New York Assembly in the 75th District. In the Democratic primary, he defeated Rafael Castaneira Colon 70%-30%. He won the general election with 91%. He never won re-election with less than 92% of the vote. His district was renumbered the 73rd after the 1980 United States Census.
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José Ángel Córdova
José Ángel Córdova Villalobos (born 19 August 1953 in Mexico).
Obtained a medical degree, an MA in Public Administration, a Specialty in State and Municipal Public Administration and an MA in Administration from the University of Guanajuato, among other qualifications.
He was a delegate in the National Action Party parliamentary group in the 59th Session of the Mexican Congress, during which he directed the Health Commission.
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Kanye West
Kanye Omari West ( /ˈkɑːnjeɪ/; born June 8, 1977) is an American musician, film director and fashion designer. West first rose to fame as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, where he eventually achieved recognition for his work on Jay-Z's album The Blueprint, as well as hit singles for musical artists including Alicia Keys, Ludacris, and Janet Jackson. His style of production originally used pitched-up vocal samples from soul songs incorporated with his own drums and instruments. However, subsequent productions saw him broadening his musical palette and expressing influences encompassing '70s R&B, baroque pop, trip hop, arena rock, folk, alternative, electronica, synthpop, and classical music.
West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004, his second album Late Registration in 2005, his third album Graduation in 2007, his fourth album 808s & Heartbreak in 2008, and his fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy in 2010. West released a collaborative album, Watch the Throne with Jay-Z in 2011, which is the duo's first collaborative album. His five solo albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim. As of 2012, West has won a total of eighteen Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time. All albums have been very commercially successful, with My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy becoming his fourth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release. West has had 5 songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of July 2011, with "Gold Digger" selling 3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling 3,742,000, "E.T." selling over 4,000,000 and "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000 placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time.
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Karl Rove
Karl Christian Rove (born December 25, 1950) was Senior Advisor and Deputy Chief of Staff to former President George W. Bush until Rove's resignation on August 31, 2007. He has headed the Office of Political Affairs, the Office of Public Liaison, and the White House Office of Strategic Initiatives. Since leaving the White House, Rove has worked as a political analyst and contributor for Fox News, Newsweek and The Wall Street Journal.
Prior to his White House appointments, Rove was a Republican political consultant and strategist. He is credited with the 1994 and 1998 Texas gubernatorial victories of George W. Bush, as well as Bush's 2000 and 2004 successful presidential campaigns. In his 2004 victory speech Bush referred to Rove as "the Architect". Rove has also been credited for the successful campaigns of John Ashcroft (1994 U.S. Senate election), Bill Clements (1986 Texas gubernatorial election), Senator John Cornyn (2002 U.S. Senate election), Governor Rick Perry (1990 Texas Agriculture Commission election), and Phil Gramm (1982 U.S. House and 1984 U.S. Senate elections).
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Ken Kendrick
A charter member of the ownership group that brought baseball to the Valley of the Sun, Ken Kendrick’s involvement in the general partnership took on added significance in 2004 when he assumed the role of Managing General Partner of the National League Arizona Diamondbacks. Kendrick has taken an active role in the day-to-day operation of the D-backs and is the organization’s designated representative when Major League Baseball owners convene during the course of the year.
During his tenure as the Managing General Partner, the D-backs have twice captured the National League West Division, including last season’s 29-game turnaround. In 2007, the Diamondbacks reached the National League Championship Series for just the second time in the franchise’s existence and first time since 2001.
After receiving a B.S. in Business Administration from West Virginia University in 1965, Kendrick started his career with IBM in Baltimore. Three years later, he founded Datatel, Inc., which has become the industry leader in the development of computer software for the management of infrastructure technology for colleges, universities and foundations.
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Kris Kobach
Kris W. Kobach (born March 26, 1966) is the Secretary of State of Kansas. He is also currently of counsel with the Immigration Law Reform Institute in Washington, D.C.
He is a former chairman of Kansas Republican Party and city councilman in Overland Park, Kansas. He ran unsuccessfully for Kansas's 3rd congressional district in 2004. In May 2009, he announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for Secretary of State. In August 2010, he won the Republican nomination for Secretary of State in a three-way race, carrying 50 percent of the vote, and was elected Secretary of State in the general election in a 59–37 percent vote.
Kobach graduated from Washburn Rural High School in Topeka, Kansas in 1984. Four years later, he earned an A.B. (summa cum laude) in Government from Harvard University, graduating first in his class in the Government Department. Subsequently, the Court of St. James awarded him a Marshall Scholarship, which allowed him to earn M.A. and D.Phil. degrees in Politics from Oxford University (in 1990 and 1992, respectively). He then returned to the United States and attended the Yale Law School, where he earned his J.D. in 1995 and served as an editor on the Yale Law Journal. During this time, he published two books: The Referendum: Direct Democracy in Switzerland (Dartmouth, 1994), and Political Capital: The Motives, Tactics, and Goals of Politicized Businesses in South Africa (University Press of America, 1990).
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Kyrsten Sinema
Kyrsten Sinema (born July 12, 1976) is a Democratic politician from Phoenix, Arizona. A former member of both the Arizona House of Representatives and the Arizona State Senate, she is a candidate for Congress in 2012.
Born in Tucson, Arizona, to conservative Mormon parents, Sinema moved to Phoenix in 1995. After graduating from Walton High School in DeFuniak Springs, Florida, at the age of 16, she attended Brigham Young University on a Benson Scholarship and earned a bachelor's degree in social work in 1994. She then attended Arizona State University where she earned a masters degree in social work in 1999 and then a Juris Doctor in 2004. She was a social worker in the Washington Elementary School District before becoming a criminal defense lawyer. In 2001, she ran for the Phoenix City Council District 8. In a nine candidate race, she ranked last with just 2% of the vote.
Sinema first ran for the Arizona House of Representatives in 2002, as an independent. She ranked last, got only 8% of the vote, and lost the general election to Ken Clark and Wally Straughn.
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Laura Sullivan
Laura Sullivan (born about 1974, in San Francisco) is a correspondent and investigative reporter for National Public Radio. She has worked there since 2004. She covers crime, punishment and prisons for Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Talk of the Nation and other NPR programs.
Sullivan's work specializes in shedding light on some of the country's most disadvantaged people. She is one of NPR's most decorated journalists, with two Peabody Awards two Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Awards, and more than a dozen other prestigious national awards..
In 2011, Sullivan's three part series Bonding For Profit: Behind the Bail Bond System examined the deep and costly flaws of bail bonding in the United States. In addition to her second Peabody and duPont, the series was also honored by the Scripps Howard Foundation, the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and the American Bar Association.
Also in 2011, Sullivan won her second commendation from Investigative Reporters and Editors for her two-part series examining the origin of the Arizona SB 1070 immigration law.
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Linda Ronstadt
Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is an American popular music recording artist. She has earned eleven Grammy Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, an ALMA Award, numerous United States and internationally certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum albums, in addition to Tony Award and Golden Globe nominations.
A singer, songwriter, and record producer, she is recognized as a definitive interpreter of songs. Being one of music's most versatile and commercially successful female singers in U.S. history, she is recognized for her many public stages of self-reinvention and incarnations.
With a one-time standing as the Queen of Rock, where she was bestowed the title of "highest paid woman in rock", and known as the First Lady of Rock, she has more recently emerged as music matriarch, international arts advocate and human rights advocate.
Ronstadt has collaborated with artists from a diverse spectrum of genres—including Billy Eckstine,Frank Zappa, Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Carla Bley, The Chieftains, Gram Parsons, Dolly Parton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle and has lent her voice to over 120 albums around the world. Christopher Loudon of Jazz Times noted in 2004, Ronstadt is "Blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation ... rarest of rarities—a chameleon who can blend into any background yet remain boldly distinctive ... It's an exceptional gift; one shared by few others."
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Linda Sánchez
Linda T. Sánchez (born January 28, 1969) is the U.S. Representative for California's 39th congressional district, serving since 2003. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
Sánchez was born in Orange, California and grew up with six siblings, raised by Mexican immigrant parents in Anaheim. She earned her BA in Spanish in 1991 at the University of California, Berkeley and her Juris Doctor degree in 1995 at the UCLA School of Law, where she was an editor of the Chicano-Latino Law Review.
Sánchez was an attorney specializing in labor law prior to her public service career. In 1998, she joined the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) Local 441 and became a compliance officer. In 2000 she was unanimously elected to the position of Executive Secretary/Treasurer of the Orange County Central Labor Council.
She has two committee assignments in the House: the Judiciary Committee and the United States House Committee on Ways and Means. In 2005, she was appointed Assistant Minority Whip. She is a member of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and is Co-Chair of the Congressional Labor and Working Families Caucus (she co-founded this caucus).
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Luis Gutiérrez
Luis Vicente Gutiérrez (born December 10, 1953) is an American politician and the U.S. Representative for Illinois's 4th congressional district, serving since 1993. Gutiérrez was the first Latino to be elected to Congress from the Midwest. From 1986 until his election to Congress he served as a member of the Chicago City Council representing the 26th ward. He is a member of the Democratic Party and the Congressional Progressive Caucus. He is recognized as the "national leader on comprehensive immigration reform," and the top Latino elected official in the United States of America.
Of Puerto Rican descent, he is a supporter of Puerto Rican independence, and the Vieques movement. Gutiérrez is also an outspoken advocate of workers' rights, LGBTQ rights, gender equality, and other liberal and progressive causes. Gutiérrez has been compared to civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., due to both figures' use of non-violent civil disobedience in their advocacy for the equal rights of their communities. In 2010 Frank Sharry of America's Voice, a leading pro-immigrant group, said of Gutiérrez: "He’s as close as the Latino community has to a Martin Luther King figure." His supporters have given him the nickname El Gallito – the little fighting rooster – in reference to his fiery oratory and political prowess.
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Marco Rubio
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is the junior United States Senator from Florida, serving since January 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (2007–2009).
Born to Cuban immigrants, Rubio was raised in Miami, Florida, and Las Vegas, Nevada. He attended Tarkio College and Santa Fe Community College before graduating from the University of Florida. He earned his J.D. from the University of Miami School of Law in 1996 while interning for U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. In the late 1990s he served as a City Commissioner for West Miami. Rubio was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000, representing the 111th House district. He was elected Speaker in November 2006.
Rubio announced a run for U.S. Senate in May 2009 after incumbent Republican Mel Martinez resigned. Initially trailing by double-digits against the incumbent Republican Governor Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed him in polling for the Republican nomination. Rubio won the Republican nomination after Crist opted instead for an independent run. In a three-way split against Crist and Democratic candidate Kendrick Meek, Rubio won the general election in November 2010 by a 19-point margin.
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Mark Tooley
Mark Tooley, born 1965, became president in 2009 of the Washington-D.C. based Institute on Religion and Democracy (IRD), a conservative religious thinktank noted for its critique of liberal religious groups.
He has worked for IRD since 1994, prior to which he worked for the CIA. His articles appear regularly in The American Spectator, The Weekly Standard, Frontpagemag.com, Touchstone and elsewhere.
He is the author of "Taking Back the United Methodist Church." Tooley was featured in the October 10, 2009 issue of World magazine.
In November 2009, Tooley signed an ecumenical statement known as the Manhattan Declaration calling on Evangelicals, Catholics and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.
Tooley authored "Methodism & Politics in the 20th Century: From William McKinley to 9-11" (http://www.bristolhouseltd.com/methodism-and-politics-in-the-twentieth-century/) in 2011, the first comprehensive overview of the political witness of what was once America's largest Protestant denomination.
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Mexican Drug War
The Mexican Drug War is an ongoing armed conflict between rival drug cartels fighting each other for regional control, and Mexican government forces. The government's principal goal has been to put down the drug-related violence that was raging between different drug cartels before any military intervention was made. In addition, the Mexican government has claimed that their primary focus is on dismantling the powerful drug cartels, rather than on drug trafficking prevention, which is left to U.S. functionaries.
Although Mexican drug cartels, or drug trafficking organizations, have existed for several decades, they have become more powerful since the demise of Colombia's Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market by controlling 90% of the drugs that enter the United States. Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, have led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States.
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Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and politician who is currently Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $22 billion in 2012, he is also the 11th-richest person in the United States. He is the founder and 88% owner of Bloomberg L.P., a financial data-services firm.
A Democrat before seeking elective office, Bloomberg switched his registration in 2001 and ran for mayor as a Republican, winning the election that year and a second term in 2005. Bloomberg left the Republican Party over policy and philosophical disagreements with national party leadership in 2007 and ran for his third term in 2009 as an independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. He was frequently mentioned as a possible independent candidate for the 2008 presidential election, which fueled further speculation when he left the Republican Party. There was also speculation that he would run as a vice-presidential candidate. Bloomberg did not, however, seek the presidency nor was he selected as a running mate by any of the presidential candidates.
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Peggy Fletcher Stack
Peggy Fletcher Stack is an American journalist, editor, and author. Stack has been the religion writer for the Salt Lake Tribune since 1991.
Peggy Fletcher was born in New Jersey as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). She was a great-granddaughter of Heber J. Grant, a President of the LDS Church and was the granddaughter of United States Senator from Utah Wallace F. Bennett.
Fletcher attended the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California. In the late 1970s, she was one of the founders of Sunstone, an independent magazine of Mormon studies. From 1978 to 1986, she was the editor of Sunstone.
In 1991, after she had adopted her marital surname, she became the religion writer for the Salt Lake Tribune in Salt Lake City, Utah, where much of her reporting has focused on the LDS Church.
Stack has also been an advisor on religion to the Public Broadcasting Service. She wrote a children's book about religion with artist Kathleen B. Petersen entitled A World of Faith, published in 1998 and 2001.
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Raúl Grijalva
Raúl M. Grijalva (English: /rɑːˈuːl ɡrɪˈhælvə/; born February 19, 1948) is the U.S. Representative for Arizona's 7th congressional district, serving since 2003. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
The district includes half of metro Tucson, all of Yuma and Nogales, and some peripheral parts of metro Phoenix. After the redistricting process based on the 2010 Census, much of the 7th District became the new 3rd Congressional District, which Grijalva will represent if he is re-elected in 2012.
Raúl M. Grijalva's father was a migrant worker from Mexico who entered the United States in 1945 through the Bracero Program and labored on southern Arizona ranches. Grijalva was born in Tucson, Arizona, and graduated from Sunnyside High School in 1967. He is a 2004 inductee to the Sunnyside High School Alumni Hall of Fame. He attended the University of Arizona and earned a bachelor's degree in Sociology. While at the University, he was a member of Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán (MEChA).
In 1974, he was elected to the Tucson Unified School District board and served as a school board member until 1986. Grijalva Elementary School in Tucson was named for him in 1987. From 1975 to 1986, Grijalva was the director of the El Pueblo Neighborhood Center, and in 1987 he was Assistant Dean for Hispanic Student Affairs at the University of Arizona. Grijalva was a member of the Pima County Board of Supervisors from 1989 to 2002, and served as chairman from 2000 to 2002.
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Richard Paez
Richard Anthony Paez (born May 5, 1947) is a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Paez hails from Utah. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Brigham Young University in 1969. He attended the Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1972.
He is married to Diane Erickson, with a son and daughter.
He served as staff attorney, California Rural Legal Assistance, 1972–1974, followed by staff attorney, Western Center on Law and Poverty, 1974-1976. He joined the Legal Aid Foundation of Los Angeles in 1976 as a senior counsel, was director of litigation 1978-1979 and deputy director for litigation, 1979–1980, then was acting executive director and director of litigation, 1980-1981.
Paez then became a judge on the Los Angeles Municipal Court for the duration 1981-1994.
Following March 9, 1994, nomination by President Bill Clinton, confirmation by the United States Senate on June 15, 1994, and reception of commission on June 16, 1994, Paez became the second Mexican American to sit on the bench of the United States District Court for the Central District of California, a district that covers Los Angeles.
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Robert Krentz
Robert N. Krentz Jr. (1951 – March 27, 2010) was a prominent rancher in the U.S. state of Arizona. Active in a family cattle ranching business stretching back nearly 100 years, he and his family ranch were inducted into the Arizona Farming and Ranching Hall of Fame in 2008. Krentz was featured several times during the 1990s and 2000s (decade) in media reports regarding the problems surrounding illegal immigration across the Arizona stretch of the United States – Mexico border, particularly regarding its impact on ranching.
On March 27, 2010, Krentz was found shot dead on his Cochise County ranch property after reporting seeing an immigrant in need of help. In the immediate aftermath, local authorities said evidence indicated that the assailant was most likely an illegal immigrant, though subsequent investigation suggested the killing was not random and that drug smugglers may have been responsible. Krentz's killing attracted national attention and became a rallying cry for border security and immigration reform.
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Roger Mahony
Roger Michael Mahony KGCHS (born February 27, 1936) is an American cardinal and retired prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Los Angeles from 1985–2011. Before his appointment as Los Angeles archbishop, he served as Auxiliary Bishop of Fresno from 1975–1980 and as Bishop of Stockton from 1980–1985.
Born in the Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles and raised in the city's San Fernando Valley area, Mahony was ordained to the priesthood in the Diocese of Monterey-Fresno in 1962. He was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Fresno in January 1975 and consecrated bishop in March 1975. He was then appointed Bishop of Stockton in 1980. In 1985, Mahony was appointed Archbishop of Los Angeles by Pope John Paul II, and became the first Los Angeles native to hold the office. He was made a cardinal in 1991.
During his tenure as Los Angeles archbishop, Mahony was instrumental in dividing the archdiocese into 5 administrative subdivisions, and oversaw the construction of the new Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in 2002. He has also been an instrumental figure in the Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal. As a cardinal, Mahony voted in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. He reached the mandatory retirement age for bishops in 2011 and was succeeded by José Horacio Gómez on March 1, 2011.
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Rush Limbaugh
Rush Hudson Limbaugh III ( /ˈlɪmbɔː/; born January 12, 1951) is an American radio talk show host and political commentator. Since he was 16 Limbaugh has worked a series of disc jockey jobs. His talk show began in 1984 at Sacramento radio station KFBK, featuring his ongoing format of political commentary and listener calls. In 1988 Limbaugh began broadcasting his show nationally from radio station WABC in New York, New York. He currently lives in West Palm Beach, Florida, from where he broadcasts the The Rush Limbaugh Show, the highest-rated talk-radio program in the United States.
In the 1990s Limbaugh's books The Way Things Ought to Be (1992) and See, I Told You So (1993) made The New York Times Best Seller list. Limbaugh frequently criticizes, in his books and on his show, what he regards as liberal policies and politicians, as well as what he perceives as a pervasive liberal bias in major U.S. media.
Rush Hudson Limbaugh III was born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, the son of Mildred Carolyn "Millie" (née Armstrong) and Rush Hudson Limbaugh, Jr. His father was a lawyer and a U.S. fighter pilot who served in the China Burma India Theater of World War II. His mother was a native of Searcy, Arkansas. The name "Rush" was originally chosen for his grandfather to honor the maiden name of family member Edna Rush.
wn.com/Rush_Limbaugh -
Russell Pearce
Russell K. Pearce (born June 23, 1947) is a former Republican Arizona State Senator who represented Legislative District 18, which covers most of western and central Mesa and small portions of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, until ousted in a November 2011 recall election by Senator Jerry Lewis. He became President of the Arizona Senate when the Senate began its current term in January 2011. He previously served in the Arizona House of Representatives. Pearce is most widely known for sponsoring Arizona SB1070, a controversial anti-illegal alien measure, and for subsequently becoming the first state legislator in Arizona history to be removed from office via a recall election.[dated info]
Pearce, a fifth-generation Arizonan, was born on June 23, 1947, to Hal Frost Pearce and Norma Crandell. He grew up in a troubled and impoverished home with an alcoholic father; he recalled in past interviews that when he came home from school, he sometimes found that neighbors had left groceries for the family, but his mother would always put the food to the side, not wishing to accept charity. Pearce wanted to attend medical school, but his family was unable to afford it, which led him to join the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office. Pearce served with the National Guard in Arizona during the Vietnam War.
wn.com/Russell_Pearce -
Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Palini/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
wn.com/Sarah_Palin -
Shakira
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( /ʃəˈkɪərə/,Spanish: [t͡ʃaˈkiɾa]; born February 2, 1977),known mononymously as Shakira, is a Colombian singer-songwriter who emerged in the music scene of Colombia and Latin America in the early 1990s. Born and raised in Barranquilla, Colombia, Shakira began performing in school, demonstrating her vocal ability with rock and roll, Latin and Arabic influences with her own original twist on belly dancing. Shakira is a native Spanish speaker and also speaks fluent English and Portuguese as well as some Italian, French, Catalan and Arabic.
After a poor commercial reception with local producers on her first two albums, and being little-known outside Colombia, Shakira decided to produce her own brand of music. In 1995 she released Pies Descalzos, which brought her great fame in Latin America and Spain, and her 1998 album Dónde Están los Ladrones? was a critical success selling over 7 million copies worldwide. In 2001, aided by the worldwide success of her first English single "Whenever, Wherever" that became the best selling single of 2002, she broke through into the English-speaking world with the release of Laundry Service, which sold over 13 million copies worldwide. Four years later, Shakira released two album projects called Fijación Oral Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation Vol. 2. Both reinforced her success, particularly with the best selling song of the 2000s, "Hips Don't Lie". In 1997, Shakira founded the Pies Descalzos Foundation. It is a Colombian charity with special schools for poor children all around Colombia. During her career, Shakira has performed at a large number of benefit concerts. Among the most famous are the Live 8 benefit concert in July 2005, the Live Earth concert, Hamburg where she headlined the show, as well as the "Clinton Global Initiative" created by former US President Bill Clinton. She was also invited to the Oval Office by President Barack Obama in February 2010 to discuss early childhood development.
wn.com/Shakira -
Steve Montenegro
Steve Montenegro is an American politician from Litchfield Park, Arizona who has served as a member of the Arizona House of Representatives since January 2003. He is a Hispanic Republican politician and current Speaker Pro Tempore. He was first elected in 2008.
wn.com/Steve_Montenegro -
Stewart Baker
Stewart Abercrombie Baker (born July 17, 1947) was the first Assistant Secretary (acting as Under Secretary-equivalent) for Policy at the United States Department of Homeland Security under the Presidency of George W. Bush.
Baker is the former General Counsel of the National Security Agency (1992–1994) and author of the book, The Limits of Trust: Cryptography, Governments, and Electronic Commerce (1998), and other publications and articles on electronic commerce and international trade. Earlier in his career, Baker was Law Clerk to John Paul Stevens, Supreme Court from 1977 to 1978. He also clerked for Frank M. Coffin, United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit (1976–77) and Shirley Hufstedler, US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit (1975). He was in private practice with the Washington, DC-based law firm Steptoe & Johnson LLP from 1981 to 1992 and again from 1994 to 2005.
Baker currently writes the blog Skating on Stilts. A book based on the blog, Skating on Stilts: Why We Aren't Stopping Tomorrow's Terrorism, was published in June 2010.
wn.com/Stewart_Baker -
Terry Goddard
Samuel Pearson "Terry" Goddard III (born January 29, 1947) was the Attorney General of Arizona, from 2003 to 2011, who also served as Mayor of Phoenix, Arizona, from 1984 to 1990.
Goddard was the Democratic candidate for Governor of Arizona in the 2010 general election, but lost to Republican incumbent Jan Brewer.
Goddard was born and raised in Tucson, Arizona, the son of Julia E. "Judy" (née Hatch) and Samuel Pearson Goddard, Jr., who served as Governor of Arizona from 1965 to 1967. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a prep school in Exeter, New Hampshire. After graduating from Harvard College in 1969, he served an active duty tour in the U.S. Navy. Returning to Arizona, he received his law degree from Arizona State University in 1976. His time as a private attorney saw him working in the Arizona Attorney General's office, where he prosecuted white collar crime. Goddard is married and has one son.
Goddard's first serious foray into electoral politics came in 1982, when he led the successful push for members of the Phoenix City Council to be elected from districts, instead of by a majority of all voters citywide.This allowed minorities from certain parts of Phoenix to be elected and represent their home areas and giving those areas a voice on the council. The next election saw the election of the city's first Latino and African-American to the council in over a decade. The measure is credited with significantly opening up Phoenix city government, and in 1984 Goddard was elected Mayor. Within a decade, all of the members of the City Council who had been elected at-large, and who had been considered unbeatable under the previous system, were no longer serving on the Council. Goddard was re-elected four times, serving through 1990.
wn.com/Terry_Goddard -
Tom Horne
Thomas Charles "Tom" Horne (born March 28, 1945) is the current Arizona Attorney General. He served as the Arizona Department of Education Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2003 to 2011.
Horne was born March 28, 1945, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to George Marcus and Ludwika Horne who had immigrated to Canada from Poland in fear of German invasion in the late 1930s.[citation needed] Horne became a U.S. citizen at age 9 when his parents gained U.S. citizenship in 1954.[citation needed] Most of his parents’ friends and extended family did not leave Poland and died in the Holocaust.[citation needed] As Jews, his parents escaped this fate by moving to Canada.
He is a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School.
Horne was the president of T.C. Horne & Co., an investment firm he founded in the late 1960s. The firm went bankrupt in 1970 and led to him "receiving a lifetime trading ban from the Securities and Exchange Commission." The 1973 SEC report alleged that as president of T.C. Horne & Co, Horne "among other things, violated the record-keeping, anti-fraud, and broker-dealer net capital provisions of the federal securities laws and filed false financial reports with the commission." Horne was a student at the time, working to put himself through school, and was caught in a market crash that caused many similar businesses to fail. When this 40 year old incident was attempted to be used against Horne in his 2010 successful race for Attorney General, the Arizona republic did historical research and found that there had been no deliberate fraud.
wn.com/Tom_Horne -
Zack de la Rocha
Zacarías Manuel "Zack" de la Rocha (born January 12, 1970) is an American rapper, musician, poet, and activist best known as the vocalist and lyricist of Rage Against the Machine.
Zack de la Rocha's father, Roberto "Beto" de la Rocha, played an integral part in his son's cultural upbringing. Beto (of Spanish-Jewish descent, and born to Mexican-American parents) was a muralist and a member of Los Four — the first Chicano art collective to be exhibited at a museum (LACMA, 1973). De la Rocha's grandfather was a Sinaloan revolutionary born in Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, who fought in the Mexican Revolution and worked as an agricultural labourer in the US. Later, de la Rocha would see the hardships his grandfather endured reflected in the struggles of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation.
When de la Rocha was a year old, his parents separated. He and his German-Irish mother, Olivia de la Rocha, moved from East Los Angeles to Irvine, California, where Olivia attended the University of California at Irvine and earned a Ph.D. in Anthropology. Zack described Irvine as "one of the most racist cities imaginable. If you were a Mexican in Irvine, you were there because you had a broom or a hammer in your hand." It was also at an Irvine grade school, where young Zack met his friend and future Rage Against the Machine bandmate, Tim Commerford.
wn.com/Zack_de_la_Rocha
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Te Amo Tanto
- Some Kind Of Chill
- Away
- Diventa Blu
- Splintering
- Old Man With Bad Back Climbing Up Staircase (What Happened To My Daydream?)
- David
- Waking Up
- Surviving The Savior
- Somersby
- Stay With Who You Know
- Thru The Soot
- On Judgement Day
- When Do You Play
- Baby
- Boy in Your Backyard
- Motorcycle Ways
- Take da Keys
- Betty Blue
- Motorcycle Ways (demo)
- My Elefant Is Dying (demo)
- Los Antiguos Caminos del retorno a Simon Bolívar (demo)
- Baby (en vivo en el hochos bar)
- Videocam (en vivo en el 86)
- Feel the Wind (ensayo)
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Maria Teresa on MSNBC regarding Arizona SB 1070
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Executive Director Maria Teresa Kumar talks with MSNBC about Arizona Senate Bill 1070 and its implications for American citizens
http://wn.com/Maria_Teresa_on_MSNBC_regarding_Arizona_SB_1070
Executive Director Maria Teresa Kumar talks with MSNBC about Arizona Senate Bill 1070 and its implications for American citizens
SB1070 Call to Action
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
We never had faith in the DOJ Supreme Court Case, We have faith in our people. We will not comply! Sign the petition at bit.ly Music by Artistic Reason AZ on "Its BIGGER than Hip-Hop" Mix-tape produced by DJ BOBZ-ILLA download at artisticreasonaz.bandcamp.com Photos courtesy of Diane Ovalle, Chandra Narcia and Wesley Narro-Castro Video footage from Dennis Gilman, Perla Farias and Justine Garcia Video produced by Perla Farias and Justine Garcia with Leahjo Carnine's assistance
http://wn.com/SB1070_Call_to_Action
We never had faith in the DOJ Supreme Court Case, We have faith in our people. We will not comply! Sign the petition at bit.ly Music by Artistic Reason AZ on "Its BIGGER than Hip-Hop" Mix-tape produced by DJ BOBZ-ILLA download at artisticreasonaz.bandcamp.com Photos courtesy of Diane Ovalle, Chandra Narcia and Wesley Narro-Castro Video footage from Dennis Gilman, Perla Farias and Justine Garcia Video produced by Perla Farias and Justine Garcia with Leahjo Carnine's assistance
- published: 25 Jun 2012
- views: 6177
- author: Puenteaz
Supreme Court hearing SB 1070: Arizona stands in solidarity with rest of the nation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:57
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
Arizona Tea Party Leaders stand in solidarity with the nation, the first day of the Supreme Court Hearing regarding SB 1070. Az Legislators join the press conference on April 25th , 2012.
http://wn.com/Supreme_Court_hearing_SB_1070_Arizona_stands_in_solidarity_with_rest_of_the_nation
Arizona Tea Party Leaders stand in solidarity with the nation, the first day of the Supreme Court Hearing regarding SB 1070. Az Legislators join the press conference on April 25th , 2012.
- published: 26 Apr 2012
- views: 1353
- author: RightWingHouseWife
Obama and Holder taking on Arizona's SB1070
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
www.patriotnetworktv.com Professor Terry J. Lovell on Obama and Holder suing the state of Arizona and its immigration law SB1070.
http://wn.com/Obama_and_Holder_taking_on_Arizona's_SB1070
www.patriotnetworktv.com Professor Terry J. Lovell on Obama and Holder suing the state of Arizona and its immigration law SB1070.
- published: 12 Jul 2010
- views: 6549099
- author: PatriotNetworkAZ
Surprise! Emails From Author of Arizona's SB 1070 Immigration Law Show Racist Motives
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
From the Majority Report, live MF 12 noon EST and via daily podcast at Majority.FM Well, surprise, surprise. The ACLU in Arizona released thousands of emails belonging to SB 1070 author, former Arizona State Senator Russell Pearce. They say the emails prove that Arizona's much controversial immigration law was racially motivated.
http://wn.com/Surprise!_Emails_From_Author_of_Arizona's_SB_1070_Immigration_Law_Show_Racist_Motives
From the Majority Report, live MF 12 noon EST and via daily podcast at Majority.FM Well, surprise, surprise. The ACLU in Arizona released thousands of emails belonging to SB 1070 author, former Arizona State Senator Russell Pearce. They say the emails prove that Arizona's much controversial immigration law was racially motivated.
- published: 27 Jul 2012
- views: 835
- author: SamSeder
Scalia Discusses Supreme Court SB 1070 Immigration Enforcement Law Decision
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
July 29, 2012, appearance on Fox's Fox News Sunday program, during which Associate Justice Antonin Scalia discusses President Obama's DREAM Act Deferred Action policy and his dissenting opinion in case of Arizona v. United States, in which the Supreme Court of the United States decided the constitutionality of several provisions of Arizona's SB 1070 immigration enforcement law.
http://wn.com/Scalia_Discusses_Supreme_Court_SB_1070_Immigration_Enforcement_Law_Decision
July 29, 2012, appearance on Fox's Fox News Sunday program, during which Associate Justice Antonin Scalia discusses President Obama's DREAM Act Deferred Action policy and his dissenting opinion in case of Arizona v. United States, in which the Supreme Court of the United States decided the constitutionality of several provisions of Arizona's SB 1070 immigration enforcement law.
- published: 30 Jul 2012
- views: 431
- author: MicEvHill
Arizona SB 1070 Music Video SWINDOE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
www.swindoe.com Ground breaking music video were rapper Swindoe guides a group of illegal immigrants across the Arizona Mexico border. In the blistering 123 degree arizona heat Swindoe and his group has to out smart the Border Patrol. Climatic ending. It's the real life roadrunner vs. Coyote.
http://wn.com/Arizona_SB_1070_Music_Video_SWINDOE
www.swindoe.com Ground breaking music video were rapper Swindoe guides a group of illegal immigrants across the Arizona Mexico border. In the blistering 123 degree arizona heat Swindoe and his group has to out smart the Border Patrol. Climatic ending. It's the real life roadrunner vs. Coyote.
- published: 17 Oct 2006
- views: 25098
- author: ranson33
The Supreme Court & Arizona's "Racial Profiling" Law: The Constitutionality of SB 1070
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 66:32
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
March 22, 2012 - The Program in Public Law, Kenan Institute for Ethics, American Constitution Society (Washington, DC), and Duke Law ACLU present an exciting panel discussion on the Supreme Court's recent decision to hear arguments in Arizona v. United States. SB 1070 has been referred to in the media as the "racial profiling" law because it requires law enforcement officers in Arizona to inspect the documents of those suspected of unlawful presence in the state. Noah Pickus, Director of the Kenan Institute for Ethics and nationally renowned scholar in immigration policy, will be moderating a panel discussion on the legal issues in this highly controversial case. Gabriel "Jack" Chin, Professor of Law at UC Davis and an expert on SB 1070, and Lucas Guttentag, Founding Director of the ACLU Immigrants' Rights Project and Professor of Law at Yale Law and Stanford Law, will be joined by Duke Law Professor Ernest Young and Visiting Assistant Professor Margaret Hu. This event will be webcast.
http://wn.com/The_Supreme_Court_Arizona's_Racial_Profiling_Law_The_Constitutionality_of_SB_1070
March 22, 2012 - The Program in Public Law, Kenan Institute for Ethics, American Constitution Society (Washington, DC), and Duke Law ACLU present an exciting panel discussion on the Supreme Court's recent decision to hear arguments in Arizona v. United States. SB 1070 has been referred to in the media as the "racial profiling" law because it requires law enforcement officers in Arizona to inspect the documents of those suspected of unlawful presence in the state. Noah Pickus, Director of the Kenan Institute for Ethics and nationally renowned scholar in immigration policy, will be moderating a panel discussion on the legal issues in this highly controversial case. Gabriel "Jack" Chin, Professor of Law at UC Davis and an expert on SB 1070, and Lucas Guttentag, Founding Director of the ACLU Immigrants' Rights Project and Professor of Law at Yale Law and Stanford Law, will be joined by Duke Law Professor Ernest Young and Visiting Assistant Professor Margaret Hu. This event will be webcast.
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 1185
- author: dukelaw
SB 1070 Senate Hearing, Protest and Arrests.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
This video shows excerpts from the Senate Judicial Hearing on April 24, 2012, It also shows testimony from Phoenix as hundreds rallied and marched on April 25, eventually blocking ICE and the streets the same day the Supreme court heard 1070. 9 protesters were arrested. For more info on the music visit:artisticreasonaz.bandcamp.com To watch whole Senate hearing visit: www.c-span.org
http://wn.com/SB_1070_Senate_Hearing,_Protest_and_Arrests
This video shows excerpts from the Senate Judicial Hearing on April 24, 2012, It also shows testimony from Phoenix as hundreds rallied and marched on April 25, eventually blocking ICE and the streets the same day the Supreme court heard 1070. 9 protesters were arrested. For more info on the music visit:artisticreasonaz.bandcamp.com To watch whole Senate hearing visit: www.c-span.org
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 3379
- author: Dennis Gilman
In Mixed Ruling, Supreme Court Overturns Parts of SB 1070, Upholds "Show Me Your Papers"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:36
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
DemocracyNow.org - The Supreme Court has overturned key parts of Arizona's anti-immigrant law SB 1070, but upheld the law's controversial "show me your papers" provision. On Monday, the court struck down three of the law's four provisions that subject undocumented immigrants to criminal penalties for seeking work, or failing to carry immigration papers at all times. In each case, the majority said those powers rest with the federal government, not with Arizona. But in a unanimous decision, the justices upheld the law's controversial Section 2-B, which requires police to check the immigration status of people they stop before releasing them. We're joined from Washington, DC, by Marielena Hincapié of the National Immigration Law Center, a group that has filed a civil rights challenge to SB 1070 and similar laws in five other states; and from Phoenix by Viridiana Hernandez, an undocumented immigrant who would benefit from the Obama administration's recent order allowing undocumented youth to apply for a two-year stay from deportation. "The fact that I can leave my house and tell her, 'I'll be back tonight' does not change the fact that she can leave the house and not tell me the same thing," Hernandez says. "That's why we continue fighting -- because our families are still at risk, and our communities are still at risk, and so there hasn't been a win unless our whole community wins." To watch the complete weekday independent news hour, read the transcript, download the ...
http://wn.com/In_Mixed_Ruling,_Supreme_Court_Overturns_Parts_of_SB_1070,_Upholds_Show_Me_Your_Papers
DemocracyNow.org - The Supreme Court has overturned key parts of Arizona's anti-immigrant law SB 1070, but upheld the law's controversial "show me your papers" provision. On Monday, the court struck down three of the law's four provisions that subject undocumented immigrants to criminal penalties for seeking work, or failing to carry immigration papers at all times. In each case, the majority said those powers rest with the federal government, not with Arizona. But in a unanimous decision, the justices upheld the law's controversial Section 2-B, which requires police to check the immigration status of people they stop before releasing them. We're joined from Washington, DC, by Marielena Hincapié of the National Immigration Law Center, a group that has filed a civil rights challenge to SB 1070 and similar laws in five other states; and from Phoenix by Viridiana Hernandez, an undocumented immigrant who would benefit from the Obama administration's recent order allowing undocumented youth to apply for a two-year stay from deportation. "The fact that I can leave my house and tell her, 'I'll be back tonight' does not change the fact that she can leave the house and not tell me the same thing," Hernandez says. "That's why we continue fighting -- because our families are still at risk, and our communities are still at risk, and so there hasn't been a win unless our whole community wins." To watch the complete weekday independent news hour, read the transcript, download the ...
- published: 26 Jun 2012
- views: 630
- author: democracynow
Adios Arpaio: Organizing The New Arizona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
In 2010, Arizona enacted SB 1070, the most extreme of a national series of misguided laws targeting Latinos and criminalizing immigration offenses. In 2011, Arizona's immigrants, children and grandchildren of immigrants, working people, and young people proved that commitment and volunteerism can step up to take on monumental responsibilities. Thousands of us chose to face the challenges of our community and use our power to recall a sitting Senate President and elect the first majority-progressive Phoenix City Council. This year, the power of immigrants and working people are coming together again to repeat those victories and build the power to create change in Maricopa County.
http://wn.com/Adios_Arpaio_Organizing_The_New_Arizona
In 2010, Arizona enacted SB 1070, the most extreme of a national series of misguided laws targeting Latinos and criminalizing immigration offenses. In 2011, Arizona's immigrants, children and grandchildren of immigrants, working people, and young people proved that commitment and volunteerism can step up to take on monumental responsibilities. Thousands of us chose to face the challenges of our community and use our power to recall a sitting Senate President and elect the first majority-progressive Phoenix City Council. This year, the power of immigrants and working people are coming together again to repeat those victories and build the power to create change in Maricopa County.
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 853
- author: uniteherevideos
Arizona by Tierra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Political Comedy.... This video is not directed at the people of Arizona. It's musical political satire. It is in Solidarity with the gente from Arizona. Please listen to the whole song. It is directed at right wing politics, SB 1070, and "Sheriff Joe". Thank You
http://wn.com/Arizona_by_Tierra
Political Comedy.... This video is not directed at the people of Arizona. It's musical political satire. It is in Solidarity with the gente from Arizona. Please listen to the whole song. It is directed at right wing politics, SB 1070, and "Sheriff Joe". Thank You
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 7813
- author: joannasalas4
Trent Franks on Arizona Immigration Bill (SB 1070)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Congressman Trent Franks (AZ-02) appeared on Fox News' "America's Newsroom" to discuss Arizona's new immigration legislation (SB 1070). According to Franks, "The reason Arizona passed this bill, which is essentially just codifying in state law what was already in federal law, is because the federal government wasn't doing its job."
http://wn.com/Trent_Franks_on_Arizona_Immigration_Bill_SB_1070
Congressman Trent Franks (AZ-02) appeared on Fox News' "America's Newsroom" to discuss Arizona's new immigration legislation (SB 1070). According to Franks, "The reason Arizona passed this bill, which is essentially just codifying in state law what was already in federal law, is because the federal government wasn't doing its job."
- published: 29 Apr 2010
- views: 2733
- author: RepTrentFranks
Supreme Court defends 'show me your papers' law in Arizona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
On Monday, the US Supreme Court shot down significant parts of the Arizona immigration law, but one controversial portion of the legislation was upheld. The "show me your papers" provision of SB 1070 was okayed on a vote of 5-3, and depending on which news network you watched this could be good or bad news. So to put things into prospective, Ben Cohen, president of Banter Media Group, joins us to compare the US ruling to immigration policies around the globe. Like us and/or follow us: twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Supreme_Court_defends_'show_me_your_papers'_law_in_Arizona
On Monday, the US Supreme Court shot down significant parts of the Arizona immigration law, but one controversial portion of the legislation was upheld. The "show me your papers" provision of SB 1070 was okayed on a vote of 5-3, and depending on which news network you watched this could be good or bad news. So to put things into prospective, Ben Cohen, president of Banter Media Group, joins us to compare the US ruling to immigration policies around the globe. Like us and/or follow us: twitter.com www.facebook.com
- published: 25 Jun 2012
- views: 2809
- author: RTAmerica
"Arizona" SB 1070 - Navegante ft Bocafloja
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Arizona ft Bocafloja Go to verseforarizona.com navegantemusic.com If you have something to say about Arizona's shameful law SB 1070 and the recent killing of 15 year-old Sergio Hernandez Huereka, then let your "VERSE" be heard!! Download our song "Arizona" and record yourself over the first verse singing, rapping, shouting, or just saying what you've got to say about this controversial law that we feel violates human rights and encourages racial profiling. Post your version in audio or video format (with lyrics) on your facebook, blog, youtube or twitter and tag it "Verse for Arizona". Check out this example and let your "Verse" be heard!! Paz y Justicia, Navegante http www.trail2010.org presente.org You push us out you push us away but you can't keep us out cause we r here to stay I know you fear me I stand and face you you try to deny the truth That I am you and we are one Arizona here I come I won't be back until I'm done I'm on the run Arizona here I come And we will keep on marching And keep climbing keep fighting And we will keep on coming keep building keep working Interrogate me discriminate me isolate me incarcerate incriminate racial profile me and just before u defeat me 100 more there to replace me Arizona here I come I won't be back until I'm done I'm on the run Arizona here I come And we will keep on marching And keep climbing keep fighting And we will keep coming and building and working
http://wn.com/Arizona_SB_1070_Navegante_ft_Bocafloja
Arizona ft Bocafloja Go to verseforarizona.com navegantemusic.com If you have something to say about Arizona's shameful law SB 1070 and the recent killing of 15 year-old Sergio Hernandez Huereka, then let your "VERSE" be heard!! Download our song "Arizona" and record yourself over the first verse singing, rapping, shouting, or just saying what you've got to say about this controversial law that we feel violates human rights and encourages racial profiling. Post your version in audio or video format (with lyrics) on your facebook, blog, youtube or twitter and tag it "Verse for Arizona". Check out this example and let your "Verse" be heard!! Paz y Justicia, Navegante http www.trail2010.org presente.org You push us out you push us away but you can't keep us out cause we r here to stay I know you fear me I stand and face you you try to deny the truth That I am you and we are one Arizona here I come I won't be back until I'm done I'm on the run Arizona here I come And we will keep on marching And keep climbing keep fighting And we will keep on coming keep building keep working Interrogate me discriminate me isolate me incarcerate incriminate racial profile me and just before u defeat me 100 more there to replace me Arizona here I come I won't be back until I'm done I'm on the run Arizona here I come And we will keep on marching And keep climbing keep fighting And we will keep coming and building and working
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 3163
- author: NaveganteNYC
Mark Levin analyzes the Supreme Court ruling on SB1070 Arizona Law - Part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:50
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
www.therightscoop.com
http://wn.com/Mark_Levin_analyzes_the_Supreme_Court_ruling_on_SB1070_Arizona_Law_Part_3
Gutierrez: "Pick Out The Immigrant" Speech on Arizona Law w/ Justin Bieber + Selena Gomez
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
June 27, 2012 -- Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez (D-IL) discussed the Supreme Court decision in Arizona v. US, the case involving Arizona's SB1070 Show Me Your Papers law, on the floor of the House of Representatives today and provided a short quiz he called "Pick Out The Immigrant" with celebrity contestants like Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, Jeremy Lin, Tony Parker, Geraldo Rivera, Ted Koppel, Justice Antonin Scalia and Justice Sonia Sotomayor.
http://wn.com/Gutierrez_Pick_Out_The_Immigrant_Speech_on_Arizona_Law_w_Justin_Bieber_+_Selena_Gomez
June 27, 2012 -- Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez (D-IL) discussed the Supreme Court decision in Arizona v. US, the case involving Arizona's SB1070 Show Me Your Papers law, on the floor of the House of Representatives today and provided a short quiz he called "Pick Out The Immigrant" with celebrity contestants like Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, Jeremy Lin, Tony Parker, Geraldo Rivera, Ted Koppel, Justice Antonin Scalia and Justice Sonia Sotomayor.
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 109040
- author: RepLuisGutierrez
Mana on SB1070 in Phoenix, AZ - May 4, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Comments on SB1070, Gov Brewer, activists and the Latino vote
http://wn.com/Mana_on_SB1070_in_Phoenix,_AZ_May_4,_2012
Comments on SB1070, Gov Brewer, activists and the Latino vote
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 2216
- author: Torres Marquez
MALDEF 2012 Latino State of the State: Arizona
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 66:38
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
In light of Arizona's SB1070 law, MALDEF, the nation's leading legal civil rights organization, hosted the "2012 Latino State of the State in Arizona: Discussion on Law, Policy, and Civil Rights." The event served as a convening of leaders and experts addressing issues and policies affecting Arizona's Latino community.
http://wn.com/MALDEF_2012_Latino_State_of_the_State_Arizona
In light of Arizona's SB1070 law, MALDEF, the nation's leading legal civil rights organization, hosted the "2012 Latino State of the State in Arizona: Discussion on Law, Policy, and Civil Rights." The event served as a convening of leaders and experts addressing issues and policies affecting Arizona's Latino community.
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 252
- author: maldef
SB 1070 Not Fair to Tax Payers, Law Enforcement -- Sheriff Tony Estrada, Santa Cruz County, AZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:18
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
www.facebook.com SB 1070 not fair to law enforcement, not fair to taxpayers -- Sheriff Tony Estrada, Santa Cruz County, AZ. Sheriff Tony Estrada has four decades of law enforcement experience under his belt, including 25 years with the Santa Cruz County Sheriffs Department. He is serving his 5th term as Santa Cruz County Sheriff, now in his 18th year. Sheriff Estrada is the only Hispanic Sheriff in the state of Arizona. Liberty Arizona is a citizen led grassroots organization seeking to facilitate a fact-based and solutions-oriented dialogue with regard to the SB 1070 controversy, as well as the controversy of ethnic studies in Arizona. It is a non-partisan organization that would like see collective decisions made based upon economics rather than emotion, and based on sound policy, rather than political opportunism. a video by Eric Byler & Annabel Park
http://wn.com/SB_1070_Not_Fair_to_Tax_Payers,_Law_Enforcement_-_Sheriff_Tony_Estrada,_Santa_Cruz_County,_AZ
www.facebook.com SB 1070 not fair to law enforcement, not fair to taxpayers -- Sheriff Tony Estrada, Santa Cruz County, AZ. Sheriff Tony Estrada has four decades of law enforcement experience under his belt, including 25 years with the Santa Cruz County Sheriffs Department. He is serving his 5th term as Santa Cruz County Sheriff, now in his 18th year. Sheriff Estrada is the only Hispanic Sheriff in the state of Arizona. Liberty Arizona is a citizen led grassroots organization seeking to facilitate a fact-based and solutions-oriented dialogue with regard to the SB 1070 controversy, as well as the controversy of ethnic studies in Arizona. It is a non-partisan organization that would like see collective decisions made based upon economics rather than emotion, and based on sound policy, rather than political opportunism. a video by Eric Byler & Annabel Park
- published: 02 Jul 2010
- views: 2156
- author: LibertyArizona
The Most Racist Organization - Behind SB1070
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
facebook.com mycuentame.org The United States Supreme Court is hearing arguments in Arizona v. United States, the Obama administration's challenge to Arizona's anti-immigration law, SB1070. What they won't be hearing is what and who has fueled this discriminatory legislation. The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) is one of the most dangerous groups in the country. Along with like groups in the John Tanton network FAIR has written and pushed laws like SB1070. Will justice triumph over racial profiling and discrimination fueled by supremacist and nativist fringe groups? We need to stand together in this most pressing time. Take a stand against FAIR! Sign the pledge and show that we will not tolerate justice being trampled by racism! mycuentame.org
http://wn.com/The_Most_Racist_Organization_Behind_SB1070
facebook.com mycuentame.org The United States Supreme Court is hearing arguments in Arizona v. United States, the Obama administration's challenge to Arizona's anti-immigration law, SB1070. What they won't be hearing is what and who has fueled this discriminatory legislation. The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) is one of the most dangerous groups in the country. Along with like groups in the John Tanton network FAIR has written and pushed laws like SB1070. Will justice triumph over racial profiling and discrimination fueled by supremacist and nativist fringe groups? We need to stand together in this most pressing time. Take a stand against FAIR! Sign the pledge and show that we will not tolerate justice being trampled by racism! mycuentame.org
- published: 25 Apr 2012
- views: 15740
- author: bravenewfoundation
Cheech on Immigration, SB-1070, and Arizona!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
Cheech on Immigration, SB-1070 and Arizona! --"Don Diablo in Arizona." Share on Facebook, Twitter, Y todo lo de mas!! OregelFilms.
http://wn.com/Cheech_on_Immigration,_SB-1070,_and_Arizona!
Cheech on Immigration, SB-1070 and Arizona! --"Don Diablo in Arizona." Share on Facebook, Twitter, Y todo lo de mas!! OregelFilms.
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 1109
- author: oregelfilms
Arizona Anti-Immigrant Law Analysis from LiberalViewer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:52
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
More ACLU related videos at bit.ly With Arizona's anti-immigrant law up for oral argument before the US Supreme Court on April 25, I was invited as a representative of my local ACLU chapter to give the ACLU analysis of the law to students from the Amnesty International chapter at Sacramento City College, as I show in this video. The image I show of my April 2010 video titled "Arizona Anti-Immigrant Law Un-American?" with the Saturday Night LIve Weekend Update with Seth Myers clips on the "show me your papers" law comes from my own YouTube video player page at bit.ly Much of the information about the ACLU position on SB 1070 in Arizona v US comes from the ACLU amicus brief in the case at bit.ly Information about the plaintiffs in the other challenge to the the law from the ACLU and other coalition members, Friendly House, et al., v. Whiting, et al, is available at bit.ly Some supplemental legal analysis on the trick language regarding racial profiling in the law comes from the Georgetown Immigration Law Journal article titled "A Legal Labyrinth: Issues Raised by Arizona Senate Bill 1070" available at bit.ly
http://wn.com/Arizona_Anti-Immigrant_Law_Analysis_from_LiberalViewer
More ACLU related videos at bit.ly With Arizona's anti-immigrant law up for oral argument before the US Supreme Court on April 25, I was invited as a representative of my local ACLU chapter to give the ACLU analysis of the law to students from the Amnesty International chapter at Sacramento City College, as I show in this video. The image I show of my April 2010 video titled "Arizona Anti-Immigrant Law Un-American?" with the Saturday Night LIve Weekend Update with Seth Myers clips on the "show me your papers" law comes from my own YouTube video player page at bit.ly Much of the information about the ACLU position on SB 1070 in Arizona v US comes from the ACLU amicus brief in the case at bit.ly Information about the plaintiffs in the other challenge to the the law from the ACLU and other coalition members, Friendly House, et al., v. Whiting, et al, is available at bit.ly Some supplemental legal analysis on the trick language regarding racial profiling in the law comes from the Georgetown Immigration Law Journal article titled "A Legal Labyrinth: Issues Raised by Arizona Senate Bill 1070" available at bit.ly
- published: 24 Apr 2012
- views: 19850
- author: LiberalViewer
photo: Creative Commons / Axou
24 Dec 2012
Steve Jobs was controversial in life, and now his high-tech mega-yacht is associated with a controversy long after his death. The former Apple CEO's ship was impounded in Amsterdam in the middle of a financial battle over a disputed bill. Phillippe Starck, a French product designer and architect, has alleged that Jobs' heirs owe him 3 million euros for his work on Venus, the 256-foot yacht Jobs commissioned before his death ... ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Giorgione
24 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A deadly silence immediately followed after a bullet penetrated the calf's skull. Against my wishes, Vic had decided against either amputating its leg or contacting a veterinarian-something he reasoned would have been too expensive. The unfortunate calf had slid down into a ravine where its hind leg, which was mangled and torn, became wrapped in barbed wire ... But it was more than a bellow ... 9....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Musadeq Sadeq
24 Dec 2012
KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — An Afghan policewoman shot and killed an American adviser outside the police headquarters in Kabul on Monday, the latest in a rising tide of insider attacks by Afghans against their foreign allies, senior Afghan officials said. The woman, identified as Afghan police Sgt ... The woman was taken into Afghan custody shortly after the attack ... As many Afghans, the policewoman uses only one name ... Air Force Lt. Col ... Gen ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Hasan Jamali
26 Dec 2012
The six Gulf states have sharpened their tone against their neighbour Iran, demanding an immediate halt to its "interference" in their internal affairs while urging action to halt mass killings and violations of international law in Syria ... The council said they "reject and denounce" Iran's "continued interference" in their internal affairs that increase regional tension and threaten security and stability ... 419 Source.. Agencies. Share ... ....(size: 18.7Kb)
Tampa Bay Online
15 Dec 2012
Rivera was much beloved not only for her music, but also her activism. In 2010, for instance, she immediately took to the stage to speak out against Arizona's SB 1070, the harsh anti-immigrant law that seemed like a slap in the face to her as a person whose music bridged the border ... Just a few months after showing support for those fighting SB 1070, she was named as spokeswoman for the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Kansas City Star
13 Dec 2012
Rivera was much beloved not only for her music, but also her activism. In 2010, for instance, she immediately took to the stage to speak out against Arizona's SB 1070, the harsh anti-immigrant law that seemed like a slap in the face to her as a person whose music bridged the border ... Just a few months after showing support for those fighting SB 1070, she was named as spokeswoman for the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence....(size: 3.3Kb)
Huffington Post
12 Dec 2012
Arizona SB 1070. The Arizona Act made it a misdemeanor for an undocumented immigrant to be within the state lines of Arizona without legal documents allowing their presence in the U.S ... 35-31 (4/12/2011) Following Arizona's Footsteps ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 9.8Kb)
Huffington Post
12 Dec 2012
Arizona SB 1070. The Arizona Act made it a misdemeanor for an undocumented immigrant to be within the state lines of Arizona without legal documents allowing their presence in the U.S ... 35-31 (4/12/2011) Following Arizona's Footsteps ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 11.9Kb)
Huffington Post
11 Dec 2012
Arizona SB 1070. The Arizona Act made it a misdemeanor for an undocumented immigrant to be within the state lines of Arizona without legal documents allowing their presence in the U.S ... 35-31 (4/12/2011) Following Arizona's Footsteps ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 9.5Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Dec 2012
Much of the controversy surrounding Arpaio stems for his unapologetic support for Arizona's SB 1070 immigration law and other severe practices that he's implemented in his effort to round up undocumented immigrants in Maricopa County ... Arizona SB 1070 ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 9.8Kb)
Huffington Post
06 Dec 2012
Walker said as a candidate in May 2010 that he would sign an Arizona-style bill if he were elected, after initially saying he had serious concerns about the law, SB 1070 ... Arizona SB 1070 ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 10.3Kb)
Huffington Post
06 Dec 2012
Jon Kyl of Arizona and Kay Bailey Hutchison of Texas, who are retiring at the end of this session, seeks to offer some legal status to young immigrants ... Arizona SB 1070 ... 35-31 (4/12/2011) Following Arizona's Footsteps ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 17.5Kb)
Huffington Post
05 Dec 2012
The mystery of Arizona Gov ... Brewer had reportedly left the state for an undisclosed location over the weekend, leaving her deputy, Secretary of State Ken Bennett (R), to oversee the official certification of Arizona's recent election results as acting governor ... Arizona SB 1070 ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 8.4Kb)
Huffington Post
29 Nov 2012
Arizona Gov ... Arizona SB 1070. The Arizona Act made it a misdemeanor for an undocumented immigrant to be within the state lines of Arizona without legal documents allowing their presence in the U.S ... 35-31 (4/12/2011) Following Arizona's Footsteps ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 10.2Kb)
Huffington Post
29 Nov 2012
PHOENIX -- Immigrant rights advocates filed a lawsuit Thursday that seeks to overturn Arizona Gov ... It seeks class-action status that would let all other young immigrants in Arizona who were granted the deferred-deportation protection join the lawsuit ... Arizona SB 1070 ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 11.3Kb)
Huffington Post
28 Nov 2012
Arizona SB 1070. The Arizona Act made it a misdemeanor for an undocumented immigrant to be within the state lines of Arizona without legal documents allowing their presence in the U.S ... 35-31 (4/12/2011) Following Arizona's Footsteps ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 11.5Kb)
Huffington Post
23 Nov 2012
Arizona SB 1070. The Arizona Act made it a misdemeanor for an undocumented immigrant to be within the state lines of Arizona without legal documents allowing their presence in the U.S ... 35-31 (4/12/2011) Following Arizona's Footsteps ... Many states tried to emulate Arizona's SB 1070 law ... The new immigration law in Alabama is considered the toughest in the land, even harder than Arizona's SB 1070....(size: 12.3Kb)
The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (introduced as Arizona Senate Bill 1070 and thus often referred to simply as Arizona SB 1070) is a legislative Act in the U.S. state of Arizona that at the time of passage was the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration measure in recent U.S. history.[2] It has received national and international attention and has spurred considerable controversy.[3][4]
U.S. federal law requires all aliens over the age of 14 who remain in the United States for longer than 30 days[5] to register with the U.S. government,[6] and to have registration documents in their possession at all times.[7] The Arizona Act additionally makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents,[8] requires that state law enforcement officers attempt to determine an individual's immigration status during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest" when there is reasonable suspicion that the individual is an illegal immigrant,[9] bars state or local officials or agencies from restricting enforcement of federal immigration laws,[10] and cracks down on those sheltering, hiring and transporting illegal aliens.[11] The paragraph on intent in the legislation says it embodies an "attrition through enforcement" doctrine.[12][13]
Critics of the legislation say it encourages racial profiling, while supporters say the law prohibits the use of race as the sole basis for investigating immigration status.[14] The law was modified by Arizona House Bill 2162 within a week of its signing with the goal of addressing some of these concerns. There have been protests in opposition to the law in over 70 U.S. cities,[15] including boycotts and calls for boycotts of Arizona.[16] Polling has found the law to have majority support in Arizona and nationwide.[17][18][19][20] Passage of the measure has prompted other states to consider adopting similar legislation.[21]
The Act was signed into law by Governor Jan Brewer on April 23, 2010.[2] It was scheduled to go into effect on July 29, 2010, ninety days after the end of the legislative session.[22][23] Legal challenges over its constitutionality and compliance with civil rights law were filed, including one by the United States Department of Justice, that also asked for an injunction against enforcement of the law.[24] The day before the law was to take effect, a federal judge issued a preliminary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions.[25] Arizona has sought, unsuccessfully to date, to reverse that decision in the federal appeals courts.
Contents |
Provisions[link]
U.S. federal law requires aliens 14 years old or older who are in the country for longer than 30 days to register with the U.S. government[6] and have registration documents in their possession at all times.[7] The Act makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an alien to be in Arizona without carrying the required documents[8] and obligates police to make an attempt, when practicable during a "lawful stop, detention or arrest",[9] to determine a person's immigration status if there is reasonable suspicion that the person is an illegal alien.[10] Any person arrested cannot be released without confirmation of the person's legal immigration status by the federal government pursuant to § 1373(c) of Title 8 of the United States Code.[10] A first offense carries a fine of up to $100, plus court costs, and up to 20 days in jail; subsequent offenses can result in up to 30 days in jail[26] (SB 1070 required a minimum fine of $500 for a first violation, and for a second violation a minimum $1,000 fine and a maximum jail sentence of 6 months).[11] A person is "presumed to not be an alien who is unlawfully present in the United States" if he or she presents any of the following four forms of identification: a valid Arizona driver license; a valid Arizona nonoperating identification license; a valid tribal enrollment card or other tribal identification; or any valid federal, state, or local government-issued identification, if the issuer requires proof of legal presence in the United States as a condition of issuance.[10]
The Act also prohibits state, county, and local officials from limiting or restricting "the enforcement of federal immigration laws to less than the full extent permitted by federal law" and provides that any legal Arizona resident can sue the agencies or officials in question to compel such full enforcement.[10][27] If the person who brings suit prevails, that person may be entitled to reimbursement of court costs and reasonable attorney fees.[10]
In addition, the Act makes it a crime for anyone, regardless of citizenship or immigration status, to hire or to be hired from a vehicle which "blocks or impedes the normal movement of traffic." Vehicles used in such manner are subject to mandatory immobilization or impoundment. Moreover, for a person in violation of a criminal law, it is an additional offense to transport an alien "in furtherance" of the alien's illegal presence in the U.S., to "conceal, harbor or shield" an alien, or to encourage or induce an alien to immigrate to the state, if the person "knows or recklessly disregards the fact" that the alien is in the U.S. illegally or that immigration would be illegal.[11] Violation is a class 1 misdemeanor if fewer than ten illegal aliens are involved, and a class 6 felony if ten or more are involved. The offender is subject to a fine of at least $1,000 for each illegal alien involved. The transportation provision includes exceptions for child protective services workers, and ambulance attendants and emergency medical technicians.[11]
Arizona HB 2162[link]
On April 30, the Arizona legislature passed, and Governor Brewer signed, House Bill 2162, which modified the Act that had been signed a week earlier, with the amended text stating that "prosecutors would not investigate complaints based on race, color or national origin."[28] The new text also states that police may only investigate immigration status incident to a "lawful stop, detention, or arrest", lowers the original fine from a minimum of $500 to a maximum of $100,[26] and changes incarceration limits for first-time offenders from 6 months to 20 days.[9]
Background and passage[link]
Arizona is the first state to propose such far-reaching legislation.[29] Prior law in Arizona, like the law in most other states, does not mandate that law enforcement personnel ask about the immigration status of those they encounter.[30] Many police departments discourage such inquiries to avoid deterring immigrants from reporting crimes and cooperating in other investigations.[30]
Arizona had an estimated 460,000 illegal immigrants in April 2010,[30] a figure that had increased fivefold since 1990.[31] As the state with the most illegal crossings of the Mexico – United States border, its remote and dangerous deserts are the entry point for thousands of Mexicans and Central Americans.[14] By the late 1990s, Tucson Border Patrol Sector had become the location for the most number of arrests by the United States Border Patrol.[31]
Whether illegal immigrants commit a disproportionate number of crimes is uncertain, with different authorities and academics claiming that the rate for this group was the same, greater, or less than that of the overall population.[32] Perception bias leads many on both sides of the debate to reject or rationalize crime rate statistics.[32] There was also anxiety that the Mexican Drug War, which had caused thousands of deaths, would spill over into the U.S.[32] Moreover, by the late 2000s (decade) Phoenix was seeing an average of one kidnapping per day, earning it the reputation as America's worst city in that regard.[31]
Arizona has a history of passing restrictions on illegal immigration, including legislation in 2007 that imposed heavy sanctions on employers hiring illegal immigrants.[33] Measures similar to SB 1070 had been passed by the legislature in 2006 and 2008, only to be vetoed by Democratic Governor Janet Napolitano.[2][34][35] She was subsequently appointed as Secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama administration and was replaced by Republican Secretary of State of Arizona Jan Brewer.[2][36] There is a similar history of referenda, such as the Arizona Proposition 200 (2004) that have sought to restrict illegal immigrants' use of social services. The 'attrition through enforcement' doctrine is one that think tanks such as the Center for Immigration Studies have been supporting for several years.[13]
Impetus for SB 1070 is attributed to shifting demographics leading to a larger Hispanic population, increased drugs- and human smuggling-related violence in Mexico and Arizona, and a struggling state economy and economic anxiety during the late-2000s recession.[4][37] State residents were also frustrated by the lack of federal progress on immigration,[4] which they viewed as even more disappointing given that Napolitano was in the administration.[37]
The major sponsor of, and legislative force behind, the bill was State Senator Russell Pearce, who had long been one of Arizona's most vocal opponents of illegal immigration[38] and who had successfully pushed through several prior pieces of tough legislation against those he termed "invaders on the American sovereignty".[39][40] Much of the drafting of the bill was done by Kris Kobach,[40] a professor at the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law[41] and a figure long associated with the Federation for American Immigration Reform who had written immigration-related bills in many other parts of the country.[42] Pearce and Kobach had worked together on past legislative efforts regarding immigration, and Pearce contacted Kobach when he was ready to pursue the idea of the state enforcing federal immigration laws.[40] A December 2009 meeting of the American Legislative Exchange Council in Washington, D.C., resulted in that body drafting model legislation that embodied the ideas that Pearce presented.[43]
The proposed bill reached the Arizona legislature in January 2010 and quickly gained 36 cosponsors.[43] The Arizona State Senate approved an early version of the bill in February 2010.[38] Saying, "Enough is enough," Pearce stated figuratively that this new bill would remove handcuffs from law enforcement and place them on violent offenders.[36][44]
On March 27, 2010, 58-year-old Robert Krentz and his dog were shot and killed while Krentz was doing fence work on his large ranch roughly 19 miles (31 km) from the Mexican border. This incident gave a tangible public face to fears about immigration-related crime.[32][45] Arizona police were not able to name a murder suspect but traced a set of footprints from the crime scene south towards the border. The resulting speculation that the killer was an illegal alien increased support among the public for the measure.[2][32][35][45] For a while there was talk of naming the law after Krentz.[35] Some state legislators (both for and against the law) believe, however, that the impact of the Krentz killing has been overstated as a factor in the bill's passing.[4]
The bill, with a number of changes made to it, passed the Arizona House of Representatives on April 13 by a 35–21 party-line vote.[38] The revised measure then passed the State Senate on April 19 by a 17–11 vote that also closely followed party lines,[36] with all but one Republican voting for the bill, ten Democrats voting against the bill, and two Democrats not voting.[46]
Once a bill passes, the governor has five days to make a decision to sign, veto, or let it pass unsigned.[47][48] The question then became whether or not Governor Brewer would sign the bill into law, as she had remained silent on the measure while weighing the consequences.[2][47] Immigration had not been a prime focus of her political career up to this point, although as secretary of state she had supported Arizona Proposition 200 (2004).[49] As governor, she had made another push for Arizona Proposition 100 (2010), a one percent increase in the state sales tax to prevent cuts in education, health and human services, and public safety, despite opposition from within her own party.[47][49] These preceding political moves, along with an upcoming tough Republican Party primary in the 2010 Arizona gubernatorial election from other conservative opponents supporting the bill, were all considered major factors in her decision.[2][47][49] During the bill's development, her staff had gone over its language line by line with State Senator Pearce,[47][49] but she had also said she had concerns about several of its provisions.[50] The Mexican Senate urged the governor to veto the measure[44] and the Mexican Embassy to the U.S. raised concerns about potential racial profiling that may result.[36] Citizen messages to Brewer, however, were 3–1 in favor of the law.[36] A Rasmussen Reports poll taken between the House and Senate votes showed wide support for the bill among likely voters in the state, with 70 percent in favor and 23 percent opposed.[51] Of those same voters, 53 percent were at least somewhat concerned that actions taken due to the measures in the bill would violate the civil rights of some American citizens.[51] Brewer's staff said that she was considering the legal issues, the impact on the state's business, and the feelings of the citizens in coming to her decision.[47] They added that "she agonizes over these things,"[47] and the governor also prayed over the matter.[35] Brewer's political allies said her decision would cause her political trouble no matter which way she decided.[49] Most observers expected that in the end, she would sign the bill, and on April 23 she did.[2]
During the time of the signing, there were over a thousand people at the Arizona State Capitol both in support of and opposition to the bill, and some minor civil unrest occurred.[27] Against concerns that the measure would promote racial profiling, Brewer stated that no such behavior would be tolerated: "We must enforce the law evenly, and without regard to skin color, accent or social status."[52] She vowed to ensure that police forces had proper training relative to the law and civil rights,[2][52] and on the same day as the signing issued an executive order requiring additional training for all officers on how to implement SB 1070 without engaging in racial profiling.[53][54] Ultimately, she said, "We have to trust our law enforcement."[2] (The training materials developed by the Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board were released in June 2010.[55][56])
Sponsor Pearce called the bill's signing "a good day for America."[27] News of the law and the debate around immigration gained national attention, especially on cable news television channels, where topics that attract strong opinions are often given extra airtime.[57] Nevertheless, those voting on the bill were later surprised by the reaction it gained. State Representative Michele Reagan reflected three months later: "The majority of us who voted yes on that bill, myself included, did not expect or encourage an outcry from the public. The majority of us just voted for it because we thought we could try to fix the problem. Nobody envisioned boycotts. Nobody anticipated the emotion, the prayer vigils. The attitude was: These are the laws, let's start following them."[4] State Representative Kyrsten Sinema, the assistant House minority leader who tried to stop the bill and voted against it, similarly reflected: "I knew it would be bad, but no one thought it would be this big. No one."[4]
The immigration issue also gained center stage in the re-election campaign of Republican U.S. Senator from Arizona John McCain, who had been a past champion of federal immigration reform measures such as the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007.[45] Also faced with a primary battle – against the more conservative J. D. Hayworth, who had made measures against illegal immigration a central point of his candidacy – McCain supported SB 1070 only hours before its passage in the State Senate.[2][45] McCain subsequently became a vocal defender of the law, saying that the state had been forced to take action given the federal government's inability to control the border.[58][59]
Reaction[link]
Opinion polls[link]
A Rasmussen Reports poll done nationally around the time of the signing indicated that 60 percent of Americans were in favor of and 31 percent opposed to legislation that allows local police to "stop and verify the immigration status of anyone they suspect of being an illegal immigrant."[18] The same poll also indicated that 58 percent are at least somewhat concerned that "efforts to identify and deport illegal immigrants will also end up violating the civil rights of some U.S. citizens."[18] A national Gallup Poll found that more than three-quarters of Americans had heard about the law, and of those who had, 51 percent were in favor of it against 39 percent opposed.[19] An Angus Reid Public Opinion poll indicated that 71 percent of Americans said they supported the notion of requiring their own police to determine people's status if there was "reasonable suspicion" the people were illegal immigrants, and arresting those people if they could not prove they were legally in the United States.[20] A nationwide New York Times/CBS News poll found similar results to the others, with 51 percent of respondents saying the Arizona law was "about right" in its approach to the problem of illegal immigration, 36 percent saying it went too far, and 9 percent saying it did not go far enough.[60] Another CBS News poll, conducted a month after the signing, showed 52 percent seeing the law as about right, 28 percent thinking it goes too far, and 17 percent thinking it does not go far enough.[61] A 57 percent majority thought that the federal government should be responsible for determining immigration law.[60] A national Fox News poll found that 61 percent of respondents thought Arizona was right to take action itself rather than wait for federal action, and 64 percent thought the Obama administration should wait and see how the law works in practice rather than trying to stop it right away.[62] Experts caution that in general, polling has difficulty reflecting complex immigration issues and law.[19]
Another Rasmussen poll, done statewide after several days of heavy news coverage about the controversial law and its signing, found a large majority of Arizonans still supported it, by a 64 percent to 30 percent margin.[17] Rasmussen also found that Brewer's approval ratings as governor had shot up, going from 40 percent of likely voters before the signing to 56 percent after, and that her margin over prospective Democratic gubernatorial opponent, State Attorney General Terry Goddard (who opposes the law) had widened.[63] A poll done by Arizona State University researchers found that 81 percent of registered Latino voters in the state opposed SB 1070.[64]
Public officials[link]
United States[link]
In the United States, supporters and opponents of the bill have roughly followed party lines, with most Democrats opposing the bill and most Republicans supporting it.
The bill was criticized by President Barack Obama who called it "misguided" and said it would "undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and our communities that is so crucial to keeping us safe."[2][45] Obama did later note that the HB 2162 modification had stipulated that the law not be applied in a discriminatory fashion, but the president said there was still the possibility of suspected illegal immigrants "being harassed and arrested".[65] He repeatedly called for federal immigration reform legislation to forestall such actions among the states and as the only long-term solution to the problem of illegal immigration.[2][45][65][66] Governor Brewer and President Obama met at the White House in early June 2010 to discuss immigration and border security issues in the wake of SB 1070; the meeting was termed pleasant, but brought about little change in the participants' stances.[1]
Secretary of Homeland Security and former Arizona governor Janet Napolitano testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that she had "deep concerns" about the law and that it would divert necessary law enforcement resources from combating violent criminals.[67] (As governor, Napolitano had consistently vetoed similar legislation throughout her term.[2][34]) U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said the federal government was considering several options, including a court challenge based on the law leading to possible civil rights violations.[42][68] Michael Posner, the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, brought up the law in discussions with a Chinese delegation to illustrate human rights areas the U.S. needed to improve on.[69] This led McCain and fellow senator from Arizona Jon Kyl to strongly object to any possibly implied comparison of the law to human rights abuses in China.[69] Senior Democratic U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer of New York and Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg have criticized the law, with Bloomberg stating that it sends exactly the wrong message to international companies and travelers.[52]
In testimony before the Senate Homeland Security Committee, McCain drew out that Napolitano had made her remarks before having actually read the law.[70] Holder also acknowledged that he had not read the statute.[70][71][72] The admissions by the two cabinet secretaries that they had not yet read SB 1070 became an enduring criticism of the reaction against the law.[73][74] Former Alaska governor and vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin accused the party in power of being willing to "criticize bills (and divide the country with ensuing rhetoric) without actually reading them."[73] Governor Brewer's election campaign issued a video featuring a frog hand puppet that sang "reading helps you know what you're talkin' 'bout" and urged viewers to fully read the law.[74] In reaction to the question, President Obama told a group of Republican senators that he had in fact read the law.[75]
Democrat Linda Sánchez, U.S. Representative from California's 39th congressional district, has claimed that white supremacy groups are in part to blame for the law's passage, saying, "There's a concerted effort behind promoting these kinds of laws on a state-by-state basis by people who have ties to white supremacy groups. It's been documented. It's not mainstream politics."[76] Republican Representative Gary Miller, from California's 42nd congressional district, called her remarks "an outrageous accusation [and a] red herring. [She's] trying to change the debate from what the law says."[76] Sánchez' district is in Los Angeles County and Miller's district is in both Los Angeles County and neighboring Orange County.
The law has been popular among the Republican Party base electorate; however, several Republicans have opposed aspects of the measure, mostly from those who have represented heavily Hispanic states.[77] These include former Governor of Florida Jeb Bush,[78] former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives and campaigning U.S. Senate candidate Marco Rubio,[78] and former George W. Bush chief political strategist Karl Rove.[79] Some analysts have stated that Republican support for the law gives short-term political benefits by energizing their base and independents, but longer term carries the potential of alienating the growing Hispanic population from the party.[77][80] The issue played a role in several Republican primary contests during the 2010 congressional election season.[81]
One Arizona Democrat who defended some of the motivation behind the bill was Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, who said her constituents were "sick and tired" of the federal government failing to protect the border, that the current situation was "completely unacceptable", and that the legislation was a "clear calling that the federal government needs to do a better job".[53] However, she stopped short of supporting the law itself, saying it "does nothing to secure our border" and that it "stands in direct contradiction to our past and, as a result, threatens our future."[82] Her opposition to the law became one of the issues in her 2010 re-election campaign, in which she narrowly prevailed over her Republican opponent, who supported it.[83][84]
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton included the dispute over SB 1070 in an August 2010 report to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as an example to other countries of how fractious issues can be resolved under the rule of law.[85] Governor Brewer demanded that the reference to the law be removed from the report, seeing its inclusion as implying that the law was a violation of human rights[86] and saying that any notion of submitting U.S. laws to U.N. review was "internationalism run amok".[85]
Mexico[link]
Mexican President Felipe Calderón's office said that "the Mexican government condemns the approval of the law [and] the criminalization of migration."[14] President Calderón also characterized the new law as a "violation of human rights".[87] Calderón repeated his criticism during a subsequent state visit to the White House.[65]
The measure was also strongly criticized by Mexican health minister José Ángel Córdova, former education minister Josefina Vázquez Mota, and Governor of Baja California José Guadalupe Osuna Millán, with Osuna saying it "could disrupt the indispensable economic, political and cultural exchanges of the entire border region."[87] The Mexican Foreign Ministry issued a travel advisory for its citizens visiting Arizona, saying "It must be assumed that every Mexican citizen may be harassed and questioned without further cause at any time."[88][89]
In response to these comments, Chris Hawley of USA Today said that "Mexico has a law that is no different from Arizona's", referring to legislation which gives local police forces the power to check documents of people suspected of being in the country illegally.[90] Immigration and human rights activists have also noted that Mexican authorities frequently engage in racial profiling, harassment, and shakedowns against migrants from Central America.[90]
The law imperiled the 28th annual, binational Border Governors Conference, scheduled to be held in Phoenix in September 2010 and to be hosted by Governor Brewer.[91] The governors of the six Mexican states belonging to the conference vowed to boycott it in protest of the law, saying SB 1070 is "based on ethnic and cultural prejudice contrary to fundamental rights," and Brewer said in response that she was canceling the gathering.[91] Governors Bill Richardson of New Mexico and Arnold Schwarzenegger of California, U.S. border governors who oppose the law, supported moving the conference to another state and going forward with it,[91] and it was subsequently held in Santa Fe, New Mexico without Brewer attending.[92]
Arizona law enforcement[link]
Arizona's law enforcement groups have been split on the bill,[36][93] with statewide rank-and-file police officer groups generally supporting it and police chief associations opposing it.[27][94]
The Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police criticized the legislation, calling the provisions of the bill "problematic" and expressing that it will negatively affect the ability of law enforcement agencies across the state to fulfill their many responsibilities in a timely manner.[95] Additionally, some officers have repeated the past concern that illegal immigrants may come to fear the police and not contact them in situations of emergency or in instances where they have valuable knowledge of a crime.[94][96] However, the Phoenix Law Enforcement Association, which represents the city's police officers, has supported the legislation and lobbied aggressively for its passage.[93][94] Officers supporting the measure say they have many indicators other than race they can use to determine whether someone may be an illegal immigrant, such as absent identification or conflicting statements made.[94]
The measure was hailed by Joe Arpaio, Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona – known for his tough crackdowns on illegal immigration within his own jurisdiction – who hoped the measure would cause the federal action to seal the border.[97] Arpaio said, "I think they'll be afraid that other states will follow this new law that's now been passed."[97]
Religious organizations and perspectives[link]
Activists within the church were present on both sides of the immigration debate,[98] and both proponents and opponents of the law appealed to religious arguments for support.[99]
State Senator Pearce, a devout member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) which has a substantial population in Arizona, frequently said that his efforts to push forward this legislation was based on that church's 13 Articles of Faith, one of which instructs in obeying the law.[98][100] This association caused a backlash against the LDS Church and threatened its proselytizing efforts among the area's Hispanic population.[100] The church emphasized that it took no position on the law or immigration in general and that Pearce did not speak for it.[98][100] It later endorsed the Utah Compact on immigration[101] and in the following year, took an official position on the issue which opposed Pearce's approach to immigration, saying, "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is concerned that any state legislation that only contains enforcement provisions is likely to fall short of the high moral standard of treating each other as children of God. The Church supports an approach where undocumented immigrants are allowed to square themselves with the law and continue to work without this necessarily leading to citizenship."[102] (Pearce, who in January 2011 had risen to become President of the Arizona Senate, suffered a startling defeat when he lost a November 2011 recall election.[103] Among the reasons given for his loss were the desire for greater civility in politics and a lessening of the tension over immigration policy, and a loss of support for Pearce among LDS Church members based on character issues.[103][104][105])
The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops denounced the law, characterizing it as draconian and saying it "could lead to the wrongful questioning and arrest of U.S. citizens."[106] The National Council of Churches also criticized the law, saying that it ran counter to centuries of biblical teachings regarding justice and neighborliness.[107]
Other members of the Christian clergy differed on the law.[108] United Methodist Church Bishop Minerva G. Carcaño of Arizona's Desert Southwest Conference opposed it as "unwise, short sighted and mean spirited"[109] and led a mission of prominent religious figures to Washington to lobby for comprehensive immigration reform.[110][111] But others stressed the Biblical command to follow laws.[108] While there was a perception that most Christian groups opposed the law, Mark Tooley of the Institute on Religion and Democracy said that immigration was a political issue that "Christians across the spectrum can disagree about" and that liberal churches were simply more outspoken on this matter.[108]
Concerns over potential civil rights violations[link]
The National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials said the legislation was "an unconstitutional and costly measure that will violate the civil rights of all Arizonans."[112] Mayor Chris Coleman of Saint Paul, Minnesota, labeled it as "draconian" as did Democratic Texas House of Representatives member Garnet Coleman.[113][114] Edwin Kneedler, the U.S. Deputy Solicitor General, also criticized the legislation for its potential infringement on the civil liberties of Arizona's citizens and lawful permanent residents.[115]
Proponents of the law have rejected such criticism, and argued that the law was reasonable, limited, and carefully crafted.[116] Stewart Baker, a former Homeland Security official in the George W. Bush administration, said, "The coverage of this law and the text of the law are a little hard to square. There's nothing in the law that requires cities to stop people without cause, or encourages racial or ethnic profiling by itself."[42]
Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives Steve Montenegro supported the law, saying that "This bill has nothing to do with race or profiling."[117] Montenegro, who legally immigrated to the U.S. from El Salvador with his family when he was four, stated, "I am saying if you here illegally, get in line, come in the right way."[117]
As one of the main drafters of the law, Kobach has stated that the way the law has been written makes any form of racial profiling illegal. In particular, Kobach references the phrase in the law that directly states that officers "may not solely consider race, color, or national origin."[118] Kobach also disagrees that the "reasonable suspicion" clause of the bill specifically allows for racial profiling, replying that the term "reasonable suspicion" has been used in other laws prior and therefore has "legal precedent".[118]
Some Latino leaders have compared the law to Apartheid in South Africa or the Japanese American internment during World War II.[27][119]
Los Angeles Councilwoman Janice Hahn and Congressman Jared Polis of Colorado also said the law's requirement to carry papers all the time was reminiscent of the anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany and feared that Arizona was headed towards becoming a police state.[67][120] Cardinal Roger Mahony of Los Angeles said, "I can't imagine Arizonans now reverting to German Nazi and Russian Communist techniques whereby people are required to turn one another in to the authorities on any suspicion of documentation."[121]
The Anti-Defamation League called for an end to the comparisons with Nazi Germany, saying that no matter how odious or unconstitutional the Arizona law might be, it did not compare to the role that Nazi identity cards played in what eventually became the extermination of European Jews.[122]
In its final form, HB 2162 limits the use of race. It states: "A law enforcement official or agency of this state or a county, city, town or other political subdivision of this state may not consider race, color or national origin in implementing the requirements of this subsection except to the extent permitted by the United States or Arizona Constitution."[9] The U.S. and Arizona supreme courts have held that race may be considered in enforcing immigration law. In United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, the U.S. Supreme Court found: “The likelihood that any given person of Mexican ancestry is an alien is high enough to make Mexican appearance a relevant factor.”[123] The Arizona Supreme Court agrees that “enforcement of immigration laws often involves a relevant consideration of ethnic factors.”[124] Both decisions say that race alone, however, is an insufficient basis to stop or arrest.
Protests[link]
Thousands of people staged protests in state capital Phoenix over the law around the time of its signing, and a pro-immigrant activist called the measure "racist".[44][125] Passage of the HB 2162 modifications to the law, although intended to address some of the criticisms of it, did little to change the minds of the law's opponents.[60][126]
Tens of thousands of people demonstrated against the law in over 70 U.S. cities on May 1, 2010, a day traditionally used around the world to assert workers' rights.[15][127][128] A rally in Los Angeles, attended by Cardinal Mahoney, attracted between 50,000 and 60,000 people, with protesters waving Mexican flags and chanting "Sí se puede".[15][127][129] The city had become the national epicenter of protests against the Arizona law.[129] Around 25,000 people were at a protest in Dallas, and more than 5,000 were in Chicago and Milwaukee, while rallies in other cities generally attracted around a thousand people or so.[127][128] Democratic U.S. Congressman from Illinois Luis Gutiérrez was part of a 35-person group arrested in front of the White House in a planned act of civil disobedience that was also urging President Obama to push for comprehensive immigration reform.[130] There and in some other locations, demonstrators expressed frustration with what they saw as the administration's lack of action on immigration reform, with signs holding messages such as "Hey Obama! Don't deport my mama."[128]
Protests both for and against the Act took place over Memorial Day Weekend in Phoenix and commanded thousands of people.[131] Those opposing it, mostly consisting of Latinos, marched five miles to the State Capitol in high heat, while those supporting it met in a stadium in an event arranged by elements of the Tea Party movement.[131]
Protests against the law extended to the arts and sports world as well. Colombian pop singer Shakira came to Phoenix and gave a joint press conference against the bill with Mayor of Phoenix Phil Gordon.[132] Linda Ronstadt, of part Mexican descent and raised in Arizona, also appeared in Phoenix and said, "Mexican-Americans are not going to take this lying down."[133] A May 16 concert in Mexico City's Zócalo, called Prepa Si Youth For Dignity: We Are All Arizona, drew some 85,000 people to hear Molotov, Jaguares, and Maldita Vecindad headline a seven-hour show in protest against the law.[134]
The Major League Baseball Players Association, of whose members one quarter are born outside the U.S., said that the law "could have a negative impact on hundreds of major league players," especially since many teams come to Arizona for spring training, and called for it to be "repealed or modified promptly."[135] A Major League Baseball game at Wrigley Field where the Arizona Diamondbacks were visiting the Chicago Cubs saw demonstrators protesting the law.[136] Protesters focused on the Diamondbacks because owner Ken Kendrick had been a prominent fundraiser in Republican causes, but he in fact opposed the law.[137] The Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association wore their "Los Suns" uniforms normally used for the league's "Noche Latina" program for their May 5, 2010 (Cinco de Mayo) playoff game against the San Antonio Spurs to show their support for Arizona's Latino community and to voice disapproval of the immigration law.[138] The Suns' political action, rare in American team sports, created a firestorm and drew opposition from many of the teams' fans;[139] President Obama highlighted it, while conservative radio commentator Rush Limbaugh called the move "cowardice, pure and simple."[140]
Boycotts[link]
"Arizona boycott" redirects here. For the late 1980s–early 1990s boycott of Arizona related to Martin Luther King Jr. Day, see Evan Mecham#Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Martin Luther King, Jr. Day#Reluctance to observe.
Boycotts of Arizona were organized in response to SB 1070, with resolutions by city governments being among the first to materialize.[67][141][142][143] The government of San Francisco, the Los Angeles City Council, and city officials in Oakland, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Denver, and Seattle all took specific action, usually by banning some of their employees from work-related travel to Arizona or by limiting city business done with companies headquartered in Arizona.[3][113][143][144]
In an attempt to push back against the Los Angeles City Council's action, which was valued at $56 million,[3] Arizona Corporation Commissioner Gary Pierce sent a letter to Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, suggesting that he'd "be happy to encourage Arizona utilities to renegotiate your power agreements so that Los Angeles no longer receives any power from Arizona-based generation."[145] Such a move was infeasible for reasons of ownership and governance, and Pierce later stated that he was not making a literal threat to cut power to the city.[145]
U.S. Congressman Raúl Grijalva, from Arizona's 7th congressional district, had been the first prominent officeholder to call for an economic boycott of his state, by industries from manufacturing to tourism, in response to SB 1070.[146] His call was echoed by La Opinión, the nation's largest Spanish-language newspaper.[141] Calls for various kinds of boycotts were also spread through social media sites, and there were reports of individuals or groups changing their plans or activities in protest of the law.[125][141][147][148] The prospect of an adverse economic impact made Arizonan business leaders and groups nervous,[67][125][147] and Phoenix officials estimated that the city could lose up to $90 million in hotel and convention business over the next five years due to the controversy over the law.[149] Phoenix Mayor Gordon urged people not to punish the entire state as a consequence.[141]
Major organizations opposing the law, such as the National Council of La Raza, refrained from initially supporting a boycott, knowing that such actions are difficult to execute successfully and even if done cause broad economic suffering, including among the people they are supporting.[16] Arizona did have a past case of a large-scale boycott during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when it lost many conventions and several hundred million dollars in revenues after Governor Evan Mecham's cancellation of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day state holiday and a subsequent failed initial referendum to restore it.[16] La Raza subsequently switched its position regarding SB 1070 and became one of the leaders of the boycott effort.[150]
The Arizona Hispanic Chamber of Commerce opposed both the law and the idea of boycotting, saying the latter would only hurt small businesses and the state’s economy, which was already badly damaged by the collapse of real estate prices and the late-2000s recession.[151] Other state business groups opposed a boycott for the same reasons.[152] Religious groups opposed to the law split on whether a boycott was advisable, with Bishop Carcaño saying one "would only extend our recession by three to five years and hit those who are poorest among us."[111] Representative Grijalva said he wanted to keep a boycott restricted to conferences and conventions and only for a limited time: "The idea is to send a message, not grind down the state economy."[16] Governor Brewer said that she was disappointed and surprised at the proposed boycotts – "How could further punishing families and businesses, large and small, be a solution viewed as constructive?" – but said that the state would not back away from the law.[153] President Obama took no position on the matter, saying, "I'm the president of the United States, I don't endorse boycotts or not endorse boycotts. That's something that private citizens can make a decision about."[66]
Sports-related boycotts were proposed as well. U.S. Congressman from New York José Serrano asked baseball commissioner Bud Selig to move the 2011 Major League Baseball All-Star Game from Chase Field in Phoenix.[136] The manager of the Chicago White Sox, Ozzie Guillen, stated that he would boycott that game "as a Latin American" and several players indicated they might as well.[154][155] Selig refused to move the game and it took place as scheduled a year later, with no players or coaches staying away.[155] Two groups protesting outside the stadium drew little interest from fans eager to get into the game.[155] The World Boxing Council, based in Mexico City, said it would not schedule Mexican boxers to fight in the state.[136]
A boycott by musicians saying they would not stage performances in Arizona was started by Zack de la Rocha, the lead singer of Rage Against the Machine and the son of Beto de la Rocha of Chicano art group Los Four, who said, "Some of us grew up dealing with racial profiling, but this law (SB 1070) takes it to a whole new low."[156][157] Called the Sound Strike, artists signing on with the effort included Kanye West, Cypress Hill, Massive Attack, Conor Oberst, Sonic Youth, Joe Satriani, Rise Against, Tenacious D, The Coup, Gogol Bordello, and Los Tigres del Norte.[156][157] Some other Spanish-language artists did not join this effort but avoided playing in Arizona on their tours anyway; these included Pitbull, Wisin & Yandel, and Conjunto Primavera.[156] The Sound Strike boycott failed to gain support from many area- or stadium-level acts, and no country music acts signed on.[158] Elton John very publicly oppposed such efforts, saying at a concert performance in Tucson: "We are all very pleased to be playing in Arizona. I have read that some of the artists won't come here. They are fuckwits! Let's face it: I still play in California, and as a gay man I have no legal rights whatsoever. So what's the fuck up with these people?"[159] By November 2010, Pitbull had announced a change of heart, playing a show in Phoenix because large parts of the law had been stopped by the judicial action.[160] My Chemical Romance, an original Sound Strike participant, supposedly dropped out and scheduled a show in the state as well[161] (however, the following day the show was cancelled and the band apologized, explaining that it was an error with tour scheduling and it should not have been booked in the first place due to "the band's affiliation with The Sound Strike" ).[162] De la Rocha said Sound Strike would continue despite the injunction against large parts of SB 1070 in order to battle Arizona's "racist and fear mongering state government" and until the Obama administration stopped participating in federal actions such as the 287(g) program, Secure Communities, and other U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement policies.[160][162][163]
In reaction to the boycott talk, proponents of the law advocated making a special effort to buy products and services from Arizona in order to indicate support for the law.[164][165] These efforts, sometimes termed a "buycott", were spread by social media and talk radio as well as by elements of the Tea Party movement.[164][165] Some supporters of the law and legal scholars have also suggested that the city government boycotts of Arizona represent an unconstitutional violation of the Interstate Commerce Clause.[166][167]
By early May, the state had lost a projected $6–10 million in business revenue, according to the Arizona Hotel & Lodging Association.[152] However, an increase in leisure travel and an overall economic recovery more than compensated for the business travel loss; by July, overall hotel occupancy rates and revenues were up from the same period in 2009.[168] The president of the Greater Phoenix Economic Council said, "Fundamentally, the boycotts have been unsuccessful."[168] A November 2010 study by the progressive-oriented Center for American Progress stated that the boycott had so far cost the state economy as much as $141 million in lost revenues, including $45 million in the lodging industry.[169] However, an examination at the same time by the Associated Press found that while the boycott had been disruptive in some areas, it had had nowhere near the effect some had originally imagined.[170] Visitors at Grand Canyon National Park were up from the year before, several well-known Arizona-based companies that were targeted said they had seen no effect from it, and the actions by the San Francisco and Los Angeles city governments had resulted in few practical consequences.[170] Sports-related boycotts, such as of the Fiesta Bowl, sponsor Frito-Lay and beer distributor Hensley & Co., had also had no effect.[171] In September 2011 La Raza and two associated groups called off their boycott, saying that the action had been successful in discouraging some other states from passing SB 1070-like laws and that continuing the boycott would only punish businesses and workers.[172]
Impact[link]
Some Christian churches in Arizona with large immigrant congregations reported a 30 percent drop in their attendance figures.[111] Schools, businesses, and health care facilities in certain areas also reported sizable drops in their numbers.[173][174] That and the prevalence of yard sales suggested illegal immigrants were leaving Arizona, with some returning to Mexico and others moving to other U.S. states.[173][174] A November 2010 study by BBVA Bancomer based upon Current Population Survey figures stated that there were 100,000 fewer Hispanics in Arizona than before the debate about the law began; it said Arizona's poor economic climate could also be contributing to the decline.[175] The government of Mexico reported that over 23,000 of its citizens returned to the country from Arizona between June and September 2010.[175] A report by Seminario Niñez Migrante found that about 8,000 students entered into Sonora public schools in 2009–2011 with families quoting the American economy and SB 1070 as the main causes.[176]
The weeks after the bill's signing saw a sharp increase in the number of Hispanics in the state registering their party affiliations as Democrats.[64]
The Arizona legislation was one of several reasons pushing Democratic congressional leaders to introduce a proposal addressing immigration.[177] Senator Schumer sent a letter to Governor Brewer asking her to delay the law while Congress works on comprehensive immigration reform, but Brewer quickly rejected the proposal.[178]
Bills similar to SB 1070 were introduced in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Michigan, Minnesota, and South Carolina.[179][180] None of them went to final votes in 2010; politicians in nearly twenty states are proposing to introduce similar legislation during their 2011 legislative calendars.[179] Such proposals drew strong reaction both for and against,[181] and some states may have waited to see how the Arizona law fares in the courts before moving forward.[21] The other states along the Mexican border – Texas, New Mexico, and California – generally showed little interest in following Arizona's path.[31] This was due to their having established, powerful Hispanic communities, deep cultural ties to Mexico, past experience with bruising political battles over the issue (such as with California Proposition 187 in the 1990s), and the perception among their populations that illegal immigration was less severe a problem.[31]
By March 2011, Arizona-like bills had been defeated or had failed to progress in at least six states and momentum had shifted against such imitative efforts.[182] Reasons ranged from opposition from business leaders to fear among legislators of the legal costs of defending any adopted measure.[182] One state that did pass a law based partly on SB 1070, Utah, combined it with a guest worker program that went in the other direction[182] (and fit into the spirit of the Utah Compact). Even in Arizona itself, additional tough measures against illegal immigration were having a difficult time gaining passage in the Arizona Senate.[182] Other states were still waiting to see what the outcome of the legal battles would be.[183] By September 2011, Indiana, Georgia, and South Carolina had passed somewhat similar measures and were facing legal action.[172] Another anti-illegal immigration measure, Alabama HB 56, was considered tougher even than SB 1070; it was signed into law in June 2011 and most of its key parts were upheld by a U.S. district judge in September 2011.[184][185]
Some immigration experts said the law might make workers with H-1B visas vulnerable to being caught in public without their hard-to-replace paperwork, which they are ordinarily reluctant to carry with them on a daily basis, and that as a consequence universities and technology companies in the state might find it harder to recruit students and employees.[186] Some college and university administrators shared this fear, and President Robert N. Shelton of the University of Arizona expressed concern regarding the withdrawal of a number of honor roll students from the university in reaction to this bill.[187]
Some women with questionable immigration status have been avoiding domestic abuse hotlines and shelters for fear of deportation.[188] Some critics of SB 1070 fear that it will serve as a roadblock to victims getting needed support, while supporters say such concerns are unfounded and that the Act is directed towards criminals, not victims.[189]
While a few provisions of the law were left standing following the July 2010 blockage of the most controversial parts, authorities often kept following existing local ordinances in those areas in preference to using the new SB 1070 ones.[190][191] One county sheriff said, "The whole thing is still on the shelf until the Supreme Court hears it."[191] However, the training that police forces had gone through to avoid racial profiling and understand federal immigration policies still had a beneficial effect overall.[190]
Challenges to legality and constitutionality[link]
Legal theory: Supremacy Clause vs. concurrent enforcement[link]
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) criticized the statute as a violation of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, which states that federal law, so long as it is constitutional, is paramount over state laws.[29][192] Erwin Chemerinsky, a constitutional scholar and dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law says that "The law is clearly pre-empted by federal law under Supreme Court precedents."[42]
According to Kobach, the law embodies the doctrine of "concurrent enforcement" – i.e., that the state law parallels applicable federal law without any conflict[42][193] – and Kobach stated that he believes it would thus survive any challenge: "There are some things that states can do and some that states can't do, but this law threads the needle perfectly.... Arizona only penalizes what is already a crime under federal law."[41] State Senator Pearce noted that some past state laws on immigration enforcement had been upheld in federal courts.[29] In Gonzales v. City of Peoria (9th Cir. 1983),[194] the Court held that the Immigration and Naturalization Act precludes local enforcement of the Act's civil provisions but does not preclude local enforcement of the Act's criminal provisions. The U.S. Attorney General may enter into a written agreement with a state or local government agency, under which that agency's employees perform the function of an immigration officer in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens in the United States;[195] however, such an agreement is not required for the agency's employees to perform those functions.[196]
On the other hand, various legal experts were divided on whether the law would survive a court challenge, with one law professor saying it "sits right on that thin line of pure state criminal law and federally controlled immigration law."[42] Past lower court decisions in this area were not always consistent and a decision on the bill's legality from the U.S. Supreme Court is one possible outcome.[42]
Initial court actions filed against the Act[link]
On April 29, 2010, the National Coalition of Latino Clergy and Christian Leaders and a Tucson police officer, Martin Escobar, were the first to file suit against SB 1070, with each doing so separately in federal court.[197][198] The National Coalition's filing claimed that the law usurped federal responsibilities under the Supremacy Clause, and also that it lends itself to racial profiling by imposing a "reasonable suspicion" requirement upon police officers to check the immigration status of those they come in official conduct with, which will in turn be subject to too much personal interpretation by each officer.[198][199] Escobar's suit argued that there was no race-neutral criteria available to him to suspect that a person was an illegal immigrant, and that implementation of the law would hinder police investigations in areas that were predominantly Hispanic.[94][200] The suit also claimed the Act violated federal law because the police and the city have no authority to perform immigration-related duties.[200] The Tucson police department made clear that Escobar was not acting on its behalf, and they received many calls from citizens complaining about his suit.[200]
A Phoenix police officer, David Salgado, quickly followed with his own federal suit, claiming that to enforce the law he would be required to violate the rights of Hispanics.[201] He also said that he would be forced to spend his own time and resources studying the law's requirements, and that he was liable to being sued whether he enforced the law or not.[201][202] Another individual suit was filed by Roberto Javier Frisancho, a naturalized citizen and Washington, D.C., resident who said he planned to visit the state to conduct research.[203]
On May 5, Tucson and Flagstaff became the first two cities to authorize legal action against the state over the Act;[126] San Luis later joined them.[204] However, as of mid-late May, none of them had actually filed a suit.[203] In late May, though, the city of Tucson filed a cross-claim and joined Officer Escobar in his suit.[205]
On May 17, a joint class action lawsuit, Friendly House et al. v. Whiting, was filed in U.S. District Court on behalf of ten individuals and fourteen labor, religious, and civil rights organizations.[165][203][204][206] The legal counsel filing the action, which is the largest of those filed, is a collaboration of the ACLU, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, the National Immigration Law Center, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Day Laborer Organizing Network, and the Asian Pacific American Legal Center.[203] The suit seeks to prevent SB 1070 from going into effect by charging that it:
- violates the federal Supremacy Clause by attempting to bypass federal immigration law;
- violates the Fourteenth Amendment and Equal Protection Clause rights of racial and national origin minorities by subjecting them to stops, detentions, and arrests based on their race or origin;
- violates the First Amendment rights of freedom of speech by exposing speakers to scrutiny based on their language or accent;
- violates the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures because it allows for warrantless searches in absence of probable cause;
- violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause by being impermissibly vague;
- and infringes on constitutional provisions that protect the right to travel without being stopped, questioned, or detained.[203]
This suit named County's Attorney and Sheriffs as defendants, rather than the State of Arizona or Governor Brewer as the earlier suits had.[203][204] On June 4, the ACLU and others filed a request for an injunction, arguing that the Act's scheduled start date of July 29 should be postponed until the underlying legal challenges against it are resolved.[207]
Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice, the state affiliate of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, alleged in an amicus curiae brief for the ACLU et al. case that the prolonged detentions mandated by the law when there is reasonable suspicion that someone subject to a lawful stop is an illegal alien are justifiable only under the probable cause standard and thus that the law requires violations of Fourth Amendment rights.[208][209] The Anti-Defamation League also filed an amicus curiae brief in support of this case.[210] So too did the Government of Mexico, saying the law is unconstitutional, would lead to unlawful discrimination against Mexican citizens, and would damage bilateral relations between the two nations.[211] Indeed, so many amicus curiae briefs have been filed regarding the law that size limits were imposed upon them.[212]
Kobach remained optimistic that the suits would fail, saying "I think it will be difficult for the plaintiffs challenging this. They are heavy on political rhetoric but light on legal arguments."[40] In late May 2010, Governor Brewer issued an executive order to create the Governor's Border Security and Immigration Legal Defense Fund to handle suits over the law.[212][213] Brewer got into a dispute with Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard over whether he would defend the law against legal challenges, as a state attorney general normally would.[131] Brewer accused Goddard, who opposed the law personally and was one of Brewer's possible rivals in the gubernatorial election, of colluding with the U.S. Justice Department as it deliberated whether to challenge the law in court.[131] Goddard subsequently agreed to withdraw from the state's defense.[212] (Goddard did get the Democratic nomination, and Brewer went on to defeat him by a 54 to 42 percent margin in the November 2010 gubernatorial general election.)
Department of Justice lawsuit[link]
Main article: United States of America v. Arizona
The United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the state of Arizona in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona on July 6, 2010, asking that the law be declared invalid since it interferes with the immigration regulations "exclusively vested in the federal government."[24][214] In a brief to the press, the department's lawyers referenced the notion of federal preemption and stated that, "The Constitution and the federal immigration laws do not permit the development of a patchwork of state and local immigration policies throughout the country,"[215] and that "The immigration framework set forth by Congress and administered by federal agencies reflects a careful and considered balance of national law enforcement, foreign relations, and humanitarian concerns – concerns that belong to the nation as a whole, not a single state."[24] This pointed to an additional practical argument, that being that the law would result in federal authorities losing focus on their broader priorities in order to deal with an influx of deportations from Arizona.[215] The Justice Department requested that the federal courts issue an injunction to enjoin enforcement of the law before it goes into effect.[24] The suit does not argue that the law will lead to racial profiling, although department officials said they would continue to monitor that aspect when and if the measure went into effect.[215]
A direct suit of a state by the federal government is rare, and the action held possible political consequences for the 2010 U.S. midterm elections as well.[215] It was also seen as a preemptive measure to discourage other states considering similar laws from moving forward with them.[216] Immediate reaction to the Justice Department's decision was highly split, with liberal groups hailing it but with Governor Brewer calling it "nothing more than a massive waste of taxpayer funds."[215] Senators Kyl and McCain released a joint statement noting that "the American people must wonder whether the Obama Administration is really committed to securing the border when it sues a state that is simply trying to protect its people by enforcing immigration law."[214] Congressman Darrell Issa, one of nineteen Republicans to sign a letter criticizing the suit on the day it was announced, said "For President Obama to stand in the way of a state which has taken action to stand up for its citizens against the daily threat of violence and fear is disgraceful and a betrayal of his Constitutional obligation to protect our citizens."[216] The federal action also led to a surge in contributions to the governor's defense fund for the law; by July 8, total donations were over $500,000, with the large majority of them being for $100 or less and coming from around the nation.[212]
The Arizona Latino Republican Association became the first Latino organization to come out in support of SB 1070 and filed a motion to intervene against the Justice Department's lawsuit challenging it.[217] An attempt in the U.S. Senate to block funding for the Justice Department's lawsuit lost by a 55–43 vote that was mostly along party lines.[218]
Hearings and rulings[link]
Hearings on three of the seven lawsuits were held on July 15 and 22, 2010, before U.S. District Judge Susan Bolton.[219][220][221] Judge Bolton asked pointed questions of each side during both hearings, but gave no indication of how or when she would rule.[220][222][223]
On July 28, 2010, Judge Bolton issued a ruling on the Justice Department suit, United States of America v. Arizona, granting a preliminary injunction that blocked the most key and controversial portions of SB 1070 from going into effect.[25][221][224] These included requiring police to check the immigration status of those arrested or stopped, which the judge ruled would overwhelm the federal government handling of immigration cases, and could mean that legal immigrants would be wrongly arrested.[225] Judge Bolton wrote that "Federal resources will be taxed and diverted from federal enforcement priorities as a result of the increase in requests for immigration status determination that will flow from Arizona."[225] Her ruling was not a final decision, but rather was based on the belief that the Justice Department was likely, but not certain, to win a full later trial in federal court on these aspects.[221] Judge Bolton made no rulings in the other six lawsuits.[221] Governor Brewer said that the injunction would be appealed,[25] and on July 29 this was done in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco.[226][227] State Senator Pearce predicted that the legal battle would eventually end up in the Supreme Court and likely be upheld by a 5–4 margin.[228][229]
Judge Bolton's ruling let a number of other aspects of the law take effect on July 29, including the ability to prevent state officials from maintaining "sanctuary city" policies and allowing civil suits against those policies, the mandating that state officials work with federal officials on matters related to illegal immigration, and the prohibition against stopping a vehicle in traffic to pick up day laborers.[221][228] These parts of the law were not challenged by the Justice Department, but were in some of the other suits.[221]
A three-judge panel from the Ninth Circuit heard arguments in the appeal case on November 1, 2010, and gave indications that it might reinstate but weaken parts of the law.[230]
In February 2011, Arizona filed a countersuit against the federal government in the United States v. Arizona case, accusing it of failing to secure the Mexican border against large numbers of illegal immigrants.[231] Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne acknowledged that precedent surrounding sovereign immunity in the United States made the state's case difficult, but said, "We're asking the 9th Circuit to take a second look."[231]
On April 11, 2011, the Ninth Circuit panel upheld the district court's ban on parts of the law taking effect, thus ruling in favor of the Obama administration and against Arizona. Judge Richard Paez gave the majority opinion, in which Judge John T. Noonan, Jr. joined; Judge Carlos Bea dissented in part.[183][232] Paez agreed with the administration's view that the state had intruded upon federal prerogatives. Noonan wrote in his concurrence: "The Arizona statute before us has become a symbol. For those sympathetic to immigrants to the United States, it is a challenge and a chilling foretaste of what other states might attempt."[232] On May 9, 2011, Governor Brewer announced that Arizona would appeal directly to the U.S. Supreme Court rather than request a hearing en banc before the Ninth Circuit;[233] that appeal was filed on August 10, 2011.[234] In response, the Justice Department requested that the Supreme Court stay out of the case, saying that the lower courts actions were appropriate.[235] Observers thought it likely that the Supreme Court would take up the matter,[234] but if it declined to step in, the case most likely would be returned to the trial judge in the District Court to review the case on its merits and determine whether the temporary injunction that blocked the law's most controversial provisions should become permanent.[236] The Supreme Court announced in December 2011 that it granted a petition for writ of certiorari, and oral arguments took place on April 25, 2012, with a decision expected by June 2012.
Bolton's court continues to oversee the other lawsuits;[183] by early 2012 three of the seven were still active.[237] On February 29, 2012, Bolton ruled in favor of an action led by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund and blocked provisions of the law that allowed for the arrest of day workers who block traffic in an effort to gain employment.[237]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Rough, Ginger (June 4, 2010). "Brewer calls Obama meeting a 'success'". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/06/03/20100603arizona-governor-meets-with-obama.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Archibold, Randal C. (April 24, 2010). "U.S.'s Toughest Immigration Law Is Signed in Arizona". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html?ref=us.
- ^ a b c "Los Angeles approves Arizona business boycott". CNN. May 13, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/05/13/los.angeles.arizona.boycott/index.html.
- ^ a b c d e f Nowicki, Dan (July 25, 2010). "Arizona immigration law ripples through history, U.S. politics". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/07/25/20100725immigration-law-history-politics.html.
- ^ Exceptions are regulated by treaties with individual countries and by the Visa Waiver Program.
- ^ a b 8 U.S.C. § 1302
- ^ a b 8 U.S.C. § 1304(e)
- ^ a b Arizona SB 1070, §3.
- ^ a b c d Arizona HB 2162, §3.
- ^ a b c d e f Arizona SB 1070, §2.
- ^ a b c d Arizona SB 1070, §5.
- ^ Arizona SB 1070, §1.
- ^ a b Vaughan, Jessica M. (April 2006). "Attrition Through Enforcement: A Cost-Effective Strategy to Shrink the Illegal Population". Center for Immigration Studies. http://www.cis.org/Enforcement-IllegalPopulation.
- ^ a b c Cooper, Jonathan J. (April 26, 2010). "Ariz. immigration law target of protest". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36768649/.
- ^ a b c "Arizona immigration law sparks huge rallies". CBC News. May 1, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/05/01/arizona-immigration-law-protests.html.
- ^ a b c d Thompson, Krissah (April 30, 2010). "Protesters of Arizona's new immigration law try to focus boycotts". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/30/AR2010043001027.html.
- ^ a b "Arizona Voters Favor Welcoming Immigration Policy, 64% Support New Immigration Law". Rasmussen Reports. April 28, 2010. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_state_surveys/arizona/arizona_voters_favor_welcoming_immigration_policy_64_support_new_immigration_law.
- ^ a b c "Nationally, 60% Favor Letting Local Police Stop and Verify Immigration Status". Rasmussen Reports. April 26, 2010. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/immigration/nationally_60_favor_letting_local_police_stop_and_verify_immigration_status.
- ^ a b c Wood, Daniel B. (April 30, 2010). "Opinion polls show broad support for tough Arizona immigration law". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2010/0430/Opinion-polls-show-broad-support-for-tough-Arizona-immigration-law.
- ^ a b "Poll: Most support Arizona immigration law". United Press International. April 29, 2010. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/04/29/Poll-Most-support-Arizona-immigration-law/UPI-55921272544207/.
- ^ a b Patten, David A. (May 5, 2010). "Arizona-Style Rebellions Over Immigration Spread". NewsMax.com. http://newsmax.com/Newsfront/arizona-immigration-states-illegal/2010/05/05/id/357991.
- ^ "General Effective Dates". Arizona State Legislature. http://www.azleg.gov/GeneralEffectiveDates.asp. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ Arizona State Legislature. "Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 1-103". http://www.azleg.gov/ars/1/00103.htm. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Feds sue to overturn Arizona immigration law". CNN. July 6, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/07/06/arizona.immigration.lawsuit/index.html?hpt=T2.
- ^ a b c "Legal battle looms over Arizona immigration law". CNN. July 28, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/07/28/arizona.immigration.law/index.html?hpt=T2.
- ^ a b Arizona HB 2162, §4.
- ^ a b c d e Harris, Craig; Rau, Alia Beard; Creno, Glen (April 24, 2010). "Arizona governor signs immigration law; foes promise fight". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/23/20100423arizona-immigration-law-passed.html.
- ^ Silverleib, Alan (April 30, 2010). "Arizona governor signs changes into immigration law". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/04/30/arizona.immigration.law.changes/.
- ^ a b c Nowicki, Dan (April 25, 2010). "Court fight looms on new immigration law". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/04/25/20100425immigration-bill-jan-brewer-arizona.html.
- ^ a b c Cooper, Jonathan J.; Davenport, Paul (April 25, 2010). "Immigration advocacy groups to challenge Arizona law". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/24/AR2010042402200.html.
- ^ a b c d e Spagat, Elliot (May 13, 2010). "Other border states shun Arizona's immigration law". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37116159.
- ^ a b c d e Archibold, Randal C. (June 20, 2010). "On Border Violence, Truth Pales Compared to Ideas". The New York Times: p. 18. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/20/us/20crime.html. The decreased rate in property crimes was noted in a correction on June 27, 2010.
- ^ Broder, David S. (July 8, 2007). "Arizona's Border Burden". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601929_pf.html.
- ^ a b Rodriguez, Tito (April 27, 2010). "Governor Jan Brewer Signs (S.B. 1070) Toughest Illegal Immigration Law in U.S.". Mexican-American.org. http://mexican-american.org/history/2010/arizona/immigration-law/SB-1070_p2.html.
- ^ a b c d Thornburgh, Nathan; Douglas (June 14, 2010). "The Battle for Arizona". Time: pp. 38–43. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1993872,00.html.
- ^ a b c d e f "Ariz. Lawmakers Pass Controversial Illegal Immigration Bill". KPHO-TV. April 20, 2010. http://www.kpho.com/politics/23179490/detail.html.
- ^ a b Archibold, Randal C.; Steinhauer, Jennifer (April 29, 2010). "Welcome to Arizona, Outpost of Contradictions". The New York Times: p. A14. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/us/29arizona.html.
- ^ a b c Rossi, Donna (April 14, 2010). "Immigration Bill Takes Huge Step Forward". KPHO-TV. http://www.kpho.com/news/23143174/detail.html.
- ^ Robbins, Ted (March 12, 2008). "The Man Behind Arizona's Toughest Immigrant Laws". Morning Edition (NPR). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88125098.
- ^ a b c d Rau, Alia Beard (May 31, 2010). "Arizona immigration law was crafted by activist". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/31/20100531arizona-immigration-law-kris-kobach.html.
- ^ a b O'Leary, Kevin (April 16, 2010). "Arizona's Tough New Law Against Illegal Immigrants". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1982268,00.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schwartz, John; Archibold, Randal C. (April 28, 2010). "A Law Facing a Tough Road Through the Courts". The New York Times: p. A17. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/us/28legal.html.
- ^ a b Sullivan, Laura (October 28, 2010). "Prison Economics Help Drive Ariz. Immigration Law". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130833741.
- ^ a b c "Thousands Protest Ariz. Immigration Law". Associated Press. CBS News. April 23, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/04/23/politics/main6426967.shtml?tag=mncol;lst;3.
- ^ a b c d e f Alberts, Sheldon (April 23, 2010). "Obama criticizes controversial immigration law". Canwest News Service. Global BC. http://www.globaltvbc.com/world/Obama+criticizes+controversial+immigration/2944444/story.html.
- ^ "Bill Status Votes For SB1070 – Final Reading". Arizona State Legislature. http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/sb1070.sfinal.1.asp. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rau, Alia Beard Rau; Pitzl, Mary Jo; Rough, Ginger (April 21, 2010). "Angst rises as Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer mulls immigration bill". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/04/21/20100421arizona-immigration-bill.html.
- ^ "Governor Signing Deadlines". StateScape. http://www.statescape.com/resources/Governors/GovSignDeadline.asp. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Archibold, Randal C. (April 24, 2010). "Woman in the News: Unexpected Governor Takes an Unwavering Course". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/us/25brewer.html.
- ^ Rough, Ginger (April 19, 2010). "Brewer has 'concerns' about immigration bill; won't say if she'll sign or veto". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/members/Blog/PoliticalInsider/78844.
- ^ a b "70% of Arizona Voters Favor New State Measure Cracking Down On Illegal Immigration". Rasmussen Reports. April 21, 2010. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/arizona/70_of_arizona_voters_favor_new_state_measure_cracking_down_on_illegal_immigration.
- ^ a b c Samuels, Tanyanika (April 24, 2010). "New York politicians rip into Arizona immigration law, call it 'un-American'". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/04/25/2010-04-25_pols_rip_ariz_immig_law.html.
- ^ a b "Democrats call for elimination of Arizona's new immigration law". CNN. April 28, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/04/28/immigration.reform.debate/index.html.
- ^ "Governor Jan Brewer Statement on Signing SB 1070" (Press release). Governor of Arizona. April 23, 2010. http://azgovernor.gov/dms/upload/PR_042310_StatementByGovernorOnSB1070.pdf.
- ^ "Video Released To Train Police On Enforcing Immigration Law". KPHO-TV. July 1, 2010. http://www.kpho.com/news/24105292/detail.html.
- ^ "SB1070 Public Information Center". Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board. http://www.azpost.state.az.us/SB1070infocenter.htm. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ Morgan, Jon. "PEJ News Coverage Index: April 19–25, 2010". Pew Research Center. http://www.journalism.org/index_report/pej_news_coverage_index_april_1925_2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ Good, Chris (April 26, 2010). "McCain Defends Arizona's Immigration Law". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/04/mccain-defends-arizonas-immigration-law/39518/.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (May 22, 2010). "Hard line on immigration marks GOP race in Arizona". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/21/AR2010052102162.html.
- ^ a b c Archibold, Randal C.; Thee-Brenan, Megan (May 3, 2010). "Poll Shows Most in U.S. Want Overhaul of Immigration Laws". The New York Times: p. A15. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/us/04poll.html.
- ^ Condon, Stephanie (May 25, 2010). "Poll: Most Still Support Arizona Immigration Law". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20005957-503544.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody.
- ^ Blanton, Dana (May 7, 2010). "Fox News Poll: Arizona Was Right to Take Action on Immigration". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/05/07/fox-news-poll-arizona-right-action-immigration/.
- ^ "Election 2010: Arizona Governor: Poll Bounce for Arizona Governor After Signing Immigration Law". Rasmussen Reports. April 28, 2010. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_governor_elections/arizona/election_2010_arizona_governor.
- ^ a b González, Daniel (June 8, 2010). "SB 1070 backlash spurs Hispanics to join Democrats". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/06/08/20100608arizona-immigration-law-backlash.html.
- ^ a b c LaFranchi, Howard (May 19, 2010). "Obama and Calderón agree: Arizona immigration law is wrong". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/0519/Obama-and-Calderon-agree-Arizona-immigration-law-is-wrong.
- ^ a b Montopoli, Brian (May 27, 2010). "Obama: I Don't Endorse – or Not Endorse – Arizona Boycott". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20006174-503544.html.
- ^ a b c d Gorman, Anna; Riccardi, Nicholas (April 28, 2010). "Calls to boycott Arizona grow over new immigration law". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/local/crime/la-me-0428-arizona-boycott-20100428,0,3583777.story.
- ^ "Holder: Feds may sue over Arizona immigration law". CNN. May 9, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/05/09/holder.arizona.immigration/.
- ^ a b "McCain, Kyl Call on Diplomat to Apologize for Arizona Law Comment to Chinese". Fox News. May 19, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/19/gop-senators-diplomat-apologize-arizona-law-comment-chinese/.
- ^ a b "Napolitano Admits She Hasn't Read Arizona Immigration Law in 'Detail'". Fox News. May 18, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/18/napolitano-admits-read-arizona-immigration-law/.
- ^ Dinan, Stephen (May 13, 2010). "Holder hasn't read Arizona law he criticized". The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/may/13/holder-hasnt-read-ariz-law-he-criticized/.
- ^ Markon, Jerry (May 14, 2010). "Holder is criticized for comments on Ariz. immigration law, which he hasn't read". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/14/AR2010051404231.html.
- ^ a b Condon, Stephanie (May 18, 2010). "Sarah Palin: Read Arizona Immigration Law before Condemning It". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20005321-503544.html.
- ^ a b Alfano, Sean (May 27, 2010). "Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer employs singing frog hand puppet to promote immigration law". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/05/27/2010-05-27_arizona_governor_jan_brewer_employs_singing_frog_hand_puppet_in_fight_against_il.html.
- ^ "Obama Tells GOP Senators He Has Read Arizona Immigration Law". Fox News. May 25, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/25/obama-tells-gop-senators-read-arizona-immigration-law/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+foxnews%2Fpolitics+%28Text+-+Politics%29.
- ^ a b "Congresswoman: White Supremacist Groups Behind Arizona Immigration Law". Fox News. June 3, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/03/congresswoman-says-white-supremacist-groups-inspired-arizonas-immigration-law/?test=latestnews.
- ^ a b Hunt, Kasie (April 30, 2010). "Worries in Republican Arizona law could hurt party". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/36617.html.
- ^ a b Martin, Jonathan (April 27, 2010). "Jeb Bush speaks out against Ariz. law". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/36427.html#ixzz0mKZmqlwp.
- ^ Condon, Stephanie (April 28, 2010). "Karl Rove Speaks Out Against Arizona Immigration Law". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20003631-503544.html.
- ^ Montopoli, Brian (April 27, 2010). "Arizona Immigration Bill Exposes GOP Rift". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20003577-503544.html.
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (May 22, 2010). "Immigration Law in Arizona Reveals G.O.P. Divisions". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/22/us/politics/22immig.html.
- ^ "U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords' Statement on Arizona's New Immigration Law and the Need to Secure Our Border" (Press release). April 30, 2010. http://giffords.house.gov/2010/04/us-rep-gabrielle-giffords-statement-on-arizonas-new-immigration-law-and-the-need-to-secure-our-borde.shtml.
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- ^ a b c Pedersen, Brian J. (April 29, 2010). "Tucson cop first to sue to block AZ immigration law". Arizona Daily Star. http://azstarnet.com/news/local/article_e8a094d4-53ab-11df-92c8-001cc4c002e0.html.
- ^ a b Rau, Alia Beard; Rough, Ginger (April 30, 2010). "3 lawsuits challenge legality of new law". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2010/04/30/20100430immigrationsuit0430.html.
- ^ Madrid, Ofelia (May 15, 2010). "Phoenix, Tucson officers sue over Arizona's new immigration law". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2010/05/15/20100515arizona-immigration-law-officer-lawsuits.html.
- ^ a b c d e f Rau, Alia Beard (May 18, 2010). "14 organizations, 10 individuals file suit over Arizona's immigration law". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/05/18/20100518arizona-immigration-law-organizations-lawsuits.html.
- ^ a b c "ACLU, Civil Rights Groups File Suit Against Arizona Immigration Law". Associated Press. Fox News. May 17, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/05/17/aclu-civil-rights-groups-file-suit-arizona-immigration-law/.
- ^ Nunez, Steve; Pryor, Bryan (June 2, 2010). "City of Tucson joins officer's lawsuit against SB 1070". KGUN-TV. http://www.kgun9.com/Global/story.asp?S=12578063.
- ^ "ACLU And Civil Rights Groups File Legal Challenge To Arizona Racial Profiling Law" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. May 17, 2010. http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights-racial-justice/aclu-and-civil-rights-groups-file-legal-challenge-arizona-racial-pr.
- ^ Ross, Lee (June 5, 2010). "New Challenge to Arizona Immigration Law". Fox News. http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/06/05/new-challenge-to-arizona-immigration-law/?test=latestnews.
- ^ Bennett Kalafut (June 21, 2010). "Important new SB 1070 brief filed: AACJ says law requires 4th Amendment violations.". Goldwater State (weblog). http://goldwaterstate.blogspot.com/2010/06/important-new-sb-1070-brief-filed-aacj.html.
- ^ "Amicus curiae brief by Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice in support of plaintiff's motion for preliminary injunction, No. CV-10-01061-JWS". http://www.aacj.org/resources/uploads/amicuscuriaebrief.aacj.final.pdf. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ "Motion for leave to file brief of amicus curiae Anti-Defamation League in support of plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction, No. CV 10-1061-PHX-JWS". http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/2010/pdf/motion_forleavetofile_amicusbrief.pdf. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
- ^ "Mexico joins Arizona immigration lawsuit". BBC News. June 23, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/us_and_canada/10386190.stm.
- ^ a b c d "Donations to Immigration Law's Defense Fund Top $500K". Associated Press. KSAZ-TV. July 8, 2010. http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/immigration/immigration-defense-fund-donations-7-8-2010.
- ^ "Arizona Governor Jan Brewer creates legal defense fund for suits over immigration law SB1070". New York Daily News. Associated Press. May 27, 2010. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2010/05/27/2010-05-27_arizona_governor_jan_brewer_creates_legal_defense_fund_for_suits_over_immigratio.html.
- ^ a b "Feds Sue to Block Ariz. Immigration Law". CBS News. July 6, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/06/politics/main6651468.shtml.
- ^ a b c d e Markon, Jerry; Shear, Michael D. (July 6, 2010). "Justice Department sues Arizona over immigration law". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/06/AR2010070601928.html?hpid=topnews.
- ^ a b Preston, Julia (July 7, 2010). "Justice Dept. Sues Arizona Over Its Immigration Law". The New York Times: p. A3. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/us/07immig.html.
- ^ Miller, Joshua Rhett (July 21, 2010). "Hispanic GOP Group to Announce Support for Arizona Immigration Law". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/20/hispanic-gop-group-announce-support-arizona-immigration-law/.
- ^ Dupree, Jamie (July 22, 2010). "Arizona Immigration Vote". Atlanta Journal Constitution. http://blogs.ajc.com/jamie-dupree-washington-insider/2010/07/22/arizona-immigration-vote/?cxntfid=blogs_jamie_dupree_washington_insider.
- ^ McCombs, Brady (July 21, 2010). "Judge is known as fair, thorough". Arizona Daily Star. http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/article_8c8e75a9-6af4-5392-b68b-4ee44ad6d547.html.
- ^ a b Markon, Jerry (July 23, 2010). "Hearing on Arizona immigration law begins". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/22/AR2010072201548.html.
- ^ a b c d e f Archibold, Randal C. (July 29, 2010). "Judge Blocks Arizona's Law on Immigrants". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/us/29arizona.html.
- ^ Archibold, Randal C. (July 15, 2010). "Debate Over Arizona Immigration Law Comes to U.S. Court". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/16/us/politics/16arizona.html.
- ^ Riccardi, Nicholas (July 23, 2010). "Judge doubts constitutionality of a portion of Arizona's immigration law". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-arizona-immigration-20100723,0,3498774.story.
- ^ United States v. Arizona, et al. Order on Preliminary Injunction
- ^ a b Dinan, Stephen (July 28, 2010). "Judge blocks key parts of Ariz. immigration law". The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/28/judge-blocks-key-parts-ariz-immigration-law/.
- ^ Christie, Bob (July 30, 2010). "Amid protests, Arizona appeals ruling on state immigration law". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/07/30/amid_protests_arizona_appeals_ruling_on_state_immigration_law/.
- ^ Documents related to the appeal in USA v. State of Arizona, No. 10-16645, are available on the web site for the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals: Judge Bolton's Order granting the preliminary injunction, the Motion to Expedite Briefing and Hearing Schedule by the State of Arizona, and the Response to Motion to Expedite by the United States.
- ^ a b "Arizona Immigration Law Still a 'Powerful Deterrent,' Supporters Say". Fox News. July 28, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/28/supporters-arizonas-immigration-law-solace-remaining-portions/.
- ^ Rau, Alia Beard; Rough, Ginger; and Hensley, JJ. (July 28, 2010). "Arizona immigration law: State to appeal injunction". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2010/07/28/20100728arizona-immigration-law-court-ruling-brk28-ON.html.
- ^ Egelko, Bob (November 2, 2010). "Court signals backing for Arizona immigration law". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/11/01/MNDP1G54K0.DTL.
- ^ a b Markon, Jerry (February 14, 2011). "Arizona files countersuit tied to challenge of its immigration law". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/13/AR2011021303377.html.
- ^ a b Markon, Jerry (April 11, 2011). "Court upholds block on parts of Arizona immigration law". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/appeals_court_upholds_justice_challenge_on_ariz_law/2011/04/11/AFbyUKLD_story.html.
- ^ Rough, Ginger (May 9, 2011). "Gov. Jan Brewer wants Supreme Court to overturn SB 1070 ruling". The Arizona Republic. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2011/05/09/20110509sb1070-appeal-arizona-next-step09-ON.html.
- ^ a b Billeaud, Jacques (August 10, 2011). "Brewer Asks Court to Hear Immigration Law Appeal". Associated Press. ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=14269527.
- ^ "Gov't asks justices to stay out of immigration case". USA Today. Associated Press. November 10, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/story/2011-11-10/arizona-immigration-law-supreme-court/51159948/1.
- ^ Aliaskari, Mahsa (May 2, 2011). "The Ninth Circuit and Arizona’s S.B. 1070". The National Law Review. http://www.natlawreview.com/article/ninth-circuit-and-arizona-s-sb-1070.
- ^ a b "Federal judge blocks Arizona's day laborer restrictions". Associated Press. Fox News. February 29, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/02/29/federal-judge-blocks-arizonas-day-laborer-restrictions/.
References[link]
- "State of Arizona: 2010 Arizona Session Laws, Chapter 113, Forty-ninth Legislature, Second Regular Session: Senate Bill 1070: House Engrossed Senate Bill: immigration; law enforcement; safe neighborhoods (NOW: safe neighborhoods; immigration; law enforcement)". Arizona State Legislature. http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2r/laws/0113.htm. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- "State of Arizona: Forty-ninth Legislature, Second Regular Session 2010: Session Laws, Chapter 211, House Bill 2162: Conference Version". Arizona State Legislature. http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2R/laws/0211.htm. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arizona SB 1070 |
- Documents for SB 1070 at the Arizona State Legislature
- Documents for HB 2162 at the Arizona State Legislature
- SB1070 as amended by HB 2162 (combined version), unofficial but provided by Arizona State Legislature
- House Engrossed Senate Bill SB 1070, as enacted, Arizona Governor website.
- Conference engrossed Bill HB 2162 Amending SB 1070, as enacted, Arizona Governor website.
- United States Code Title 8 – Aliens and Nationality
- SB1070 Public Information Center – Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board
- Gabriel J. Chin, Carissa Byrne Hessick, Toni Massaro & Marc Miller, Arizona Senate Bill 1070: A Preliminary Report, Social Science Research Network
- Keith Gaddie & Kelly Damphousse, editors. Social Science Quarterly virtual issue: Immigration on the One Year Anniversary of Arizona SB 1070.
- Fact sheet for S.B. 1070 (Hoja de resumen para la S.B. 1070)
- Arizona, et al. v. United States U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments transcript and audio
- Arizona v. United States Audio Book Bookmarkable m4b audio book of the arguments to the Supreme Court regarding Arizona v. United States
http://wn.com/Arizona_SB_1070
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Arizona SB 1070
http://nl.wn.com/Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act
http://it.wn.com/Arizona SB 1070
http://es.wn.com/Ley Arizona SB1070
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Arizona. For other uses, see Arizona (disambiguation).
| State of Arizona | |||||
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| Nickname(s): The Grand Canyon State; The Copper State |
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| Motto(s): Ditat Deus | |||||
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| Official language(s) | English | ||||
| Spoken language(s) | English 72.58%[1] Spanish 21.57%[1] Navajo 1.54%[1] |
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| Demonym | Arizonan[2] | ||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Phoenix | ||||
| Largest metro area | Phoenix Metropolitan Area | ||||
| Area | Ranked 6th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 113,990[3] sq mi (295,234 km2) |
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| - Width | 310 miles (500 km) | ||||
| - Length | 400 miles (645 km) | ||||
| - % water | 0.35 | ||||
| - Latitude | 31° 20′ North to 37° North | ||||
| - Longitude | 109° 03′ West to 114° 49′ West | ||||
| Population | Ranked 16th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 6,482,505 (2011 est)[4] | ||||
| - Density | 57/sq mi (22/km2) Ranked 33rd in the U.S. |
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| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Humphreys Peak[5][6][7] 12,637 ft (3852 m) |
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| - Mean | 4,100 ft (1250 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Colorado River at the Sonora border[6][7] 72 ft (22 m) |
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| Admission to Union | February 14, 1912 (48th) | ||||
| Governor | Jan Brewer (R) | ||||
| Secretary of State | Ken Bennett (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Arizona Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | John McCain (R) Jon Kyl (R) |
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| U.S. House delegation | Five Republicans and three Democrats (list) | ||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - Most of state | Mountain: UTC-7 | ||||
| - Navajo Nation | Mountain: UTC-7/-6 | ||||
| Abbreviations | AZ Ariz. US-AZ | ||||
| Website | www.az.gov | ||||
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| The Flag of Arizona. | |
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| Animate insignia | |
| Amphibian | Arizona Tree Frog |
| Bird(s) | Cactus Wren |
| Butterfly | Two-tailed Swallowtail |
| Fish | Apache trout |
| Flower(s) | Saguaro Cactus blossom |
| Mammal(s) | Ring-tailed Cat |
| Reptile | Arizona Ridge-Nosed Rattlesnake |
| Tree | Palo verde |
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| Inanimate insignia | |
| Colors | Blue, Old Gold |
| Firearm | Colt Single Action Army revolver |
| Fossil | Petrified wood |
| Gemstone | Turquoise |
| Mineral | Fire Agate |
| Rock | Petrified wood |
| Ship(s) | USS Arizona |
| Slogan(s) | The Grand Canyon State |
| Soil | Casa Grande |
| Song(s) | "Arizona March Song" "Arizona" (alternate) |
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| Route marker(s) | |
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| State Quarter | |
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| Released in 2008 | |
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| Lists of United States state insignia | |
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. Arizona has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, and it has one point in common with the southwestern corner of Colorado. Arizona has a 389-mile (626 km)-long international border with the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California.
Arizona is the most populous landlocked state of the United States, ranking slightly ahead of Tennessee as of 2011. In addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, several national forests, national parks, and national monuments are located in Arizona. About one-quarter of Arizona[8] is federal land that serves as the home of the Navajo Nation; the Hopi tribe; the Tohono O'odham; the Apache tribe; the Yaqui peoples; and various Yuman tribes, such as the Yavapai people, the Quechan people, and the Hualapai people.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The general consensus is that the name of the state comes from an earlier Spanish name, Arizonac, derived from the O'odham name alĭ ṣonak, meaning “small spring”, which initially applied only to an area near the Mexican silver mining camp of Planchas de Plata, Sonora.[9][10][11][12] This is supported by the fact that that area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the O'odham language.[13] Other possible origins that have been proposed are the Spanish phrase árida zona (“arid zone”), shortened to “Arizona” or the Basque phrase aritz ona (“the good oak”).[14][15][16]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Arizona
- See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, and national forests.
Arizona is located in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state in area, after New Mexico and before Nevada. Of the state's 113,998 square miles (295,000 km2), approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land and Native American reservations.
Arizona is best known for its desert landscape, which is rich in xerophyte plants such as the cactus. It is also known for its climate, which presents exceptionally hot summers and mild winters. Less well known is the pine-covered high country of the Colorado Plateau in the north-central portion of the state, which contrasts with the desert Basin and Range region in the southern portions of the state (see Arizona Mountains forests).
File:MOGOLLONRIM AZ17.jpg
View from Mogollon Rim
Like other states of the Southwest, Arizona has an abundance of topographical characteristics in addition to its desert climate. Mountains and plateaus are found in more than half of the state. Despite the state's aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest,[17] a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The largest stand in the world of Ponderosa pine trees is contained in Arizona.[18]
The Mogollon Rim, a 1,998-foot (609 m) escarpment, cuts across the central section of the state and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau, where the state experienced its second worst forest fire ever in 2002.
Arizona belongs firmly within the Basin and Range region of North America. The region was shaped by prehistoric volcanism, followed by the cooling-off and related subsidence.
The Grand Canyon is a colorful, steep-sided gorge, carved by the Colorado River, in northern Arizona. The canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world and is largely contained in the Grand Canyon National Park—one of the first national parks in the United States. President Theodore Roosevelt was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area, visiting on numerous occasions to hunt mountain lion and enjoy the scenery.
The canyon was created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years, and is about 277 miles (446 km) long, ranges in width from 4 to 18 miles (6 to 29 km) and attains a depth of more than 1 mile (1.6 km). Nearly 2 billion years of the Earth's history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateaus have uplifted.
Arizona is home to one of the most well-preserved meteorite impact sites in the world. The Barringer Meteorite Crater (better known simply as “Meteor Crater”) is a gigantic hole in the middle of the high plains of the Colorado Plateau, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Winslow. A rim of smashed and jumbled boulders, some of them the size of small houses, rises 150 feet (46 m) above the level of the surrounding plain. The crater itself is nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and 570 feet (170 m) deep.
Arizona is one of two states that does not observe Daylight Saving Time, except in the Navajo Nation, located in the northeastern region of the state. The other state is Hawaii.
Climate[link]
Due to its large area and variations in elevation the state has a wide variety of localized climate conditions. In the lower elevations, the climate is primarily desert, with mild winters and hot summers. Typically, from late fall to early spring, the weather is mild, averaging a minimum of 60 °F (16 °C). November through February are the coldest months with temperatures typically ranging from 40–75 °F (4–24 °C), although occasional frosts are not uncommon. About midway through February, the temperatures start to rise again with warm days, and cool breezy nights. The summer months of June through September bring a dry heat ranging from 90–128 °F (32–53 °C), with occasional high temperatures exceeding 128 °F (53 °C) having been observed in the desert area.[19] Arizona’s all time record high is 128 °F (53 °C) recorded at Lake Havasu City on June 29, 1994, and July 5, 2007; the all time record low of −40 °F (−40 °C) was recorded at Hawley Lake on January 7, 1971.
Due to the primarily dry climate, large temperature swings often occur between day and night in less developed areas of the desert. The swings can be as large as 50 °F (28 °C) in the summer months. In the state’s urban centers, the effects of local warming result in much higher measured nighttime lows than in the recent past.
Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7 inches (323 mm),[20] which comes during two rainy seasons, with cold fronts coming from the Pacific Ocean during the winter and a monsoon in the summer.[6] The monsoon season occurs towards the end of summer. In July or August, the dewpoint rises dramatically for a brief period. During this time, the air contains large amounts of water vapor. Dewpoints as high as 81 °F (27 °C)[21] have been recorded during the Phoenix monsoon season. This hot moisture brings lightning, thunderstorms, wind, and torrential, if usually brief, downpours. These downpours often cause flash floods, which can turn deadly. In an attempt to deter drivers from crossing flooding streams, the Arizona Legislature enacted the Stupid Motorist Law. It is rare for tornadoes and hurricanes to occur in Arizona, but there are records of both occurring.
The northern third of Arizona is a plateau at significantly higher altitudes than the lower desert, and has an appreciably cooler climate, with cold winters and mild summers. Extremely cold temperatures are not unknown; cold air systems from the northern states and Canada occasionally push into the state, bringing temperatures below 0 °F (−18 °C) to the northern parts of the state.
Indicative of the variation in climate, Arizona is the state which has both the metropolitan area with the most days over 100 °F (38 °C) (Phoenix), and the metropolitan area in the lower 48 states with nearly the most days with a low temperature below freezing (Flagstaff).[22]
History[link]
Main article: History of Arizona
File:Grand Canyon, Bryce, Capitol Reef Trip 281.jpg
The North Rim of the Grand Canyon
Marcos de Niza, a Spanish Franciscan, explored parts of the area in 1539 and met some of its original native inhabitants, probably the Sobaipuri. The expedition of Spanish explorer Coronado entered the area in 1540–1542 during its search for Cíbola. Father Kino was the next European in the region. A member of the Society of Jesus, he led the development of a chain of missions and converted many of the Indians to Christianity in the Pimería Alta (now southern Arizona and northern Sonora) in the 1690s and early 18th century. Spain founded presidios (“fortified towns”) at Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775. When Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821, what is now Arizona became part of the Territory of Nueva California, also known as Alta California.[23] In the Mexican–American War (1847), the U.S. occupied Mexico City and pursued its claim to much of northern Mexico, including what later became Arizona. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) specified that the sum of US$15 million in compensation (equivalent to about $403 million in 2012[24]) be paid to the Republic of Mexico.[25] In 1853, the land below the Gila River was acquired from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona was administered as part of the Territory of New Mexico until southern New Mexico seceded[26] from the Union as the Confederate Territory of Arizona on March 16, 1861. Arizona was recognized as a Confederate Territory by presidential proclamation of Jefferson Davis on February 14, 1862. This is the first official use of the name. Arizona supported the Confederate cause with men, horses, and supplies. Formed in 1862 Arizona Scout Companies fought with the Confederate Army throughout the war. Arizona has the farthest recorded Western engagement of the war, the Battle of Picacho Pass. A new Arizona Territory, consisting of the western half of New Mexico Territory was declared in Washington, D.C., on February 24, 1863. The new boundaries would later form the basis of the state.
Although names, including “Gadsonia”, “Pimeria”, “Montezuma” and “Arizuma” had been considered for the territory,[27] when President Lincoln signed the final bill, it read “Arizona”, and the name became permanent. (Montezuma was not the Aztec Emperor, but the sacred name of a divine hero to the Pima people of the Gila River Valley, and was probably considered—and rejected—for its sentimental value before the name “Arizona” was settled upon.)
Brigham Young sent Mormons to Arizona in the mid-to-late 19th century. They founded Mesa, Snowflake, Heber, Safford and other towns. They also settled in the Phoenix Valley (or “Valley of the Sun”), Tempe, Prescott, and other areas. The Mormons settled what became northern Arizona and northern New Mexico, but these areas were located in a part of the former New Mexico Territory.
During the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, a few battles were fought in the Mexican towns just across the border from Arizonan border settlements. Throughout the revolution, Arizonans were enlisting in one of the several armies fighting in Mexico. The Battle of Ambos Nogales in 1918, other than Pancho Villa’s 1916 Columbus Raid in New Mexico, was the only significant engagement on U.S. soil between American and Mexican forces. The battle resulted in an American victory. After U.S. soldiers were fired on by Mexican federal troops, the American garrison then launched an assault into Nogales, Mexico. The Mexicans eventually surrendered after both sides sustained heavy casualties. A few months earlier, just west of Nogales, an Indian War battle occurred, thus being the last engagement in the American Indian Wars which lasted from 1775 to 1918. The participants in the fight were U.S. soldiers stationed on the border and Yaqui Indians who were using Arizona as a base to raid the nearby Mexican settlements, as part of their wars against Mexico.
Arizona became a U.S. state on February 14, 1912. This resulted in the end to the territorial colonization of Continental North America. Arizona was the 48th state admitted to the U.S. and the last of the contiguous states to be admitted.
Cotton farming and copper mining, two of Arizona’s most important statewide industries, suffered heavily during the Great Depression, but it was during the 1920s and 1930s that tourism began to be the important Arizonan industry it is today. Dude ranches, such as the K L Bar and Remuda in Wickenburg, along with the Flying V and Tanque Verde in Tucson, gave tourists the chance to experience the flavor and life of the “old West”. Several upscale hotels and resorts opened during this period, some of which are still top tourist draws to this day; they include the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in central Phoenix (opened 1929) and the Wigwam Resort on the west side of the Phoenix area (opened 1936).
Arizona was the site of German and Italian POW camps during World War II and Japanese-American internment camps. The camps were abolished after World War II. The Phoenix area site was purchased after the war by the Maytag family (of major home appliance fame), and is currently the site of the Phoenix Zoo. A Japanese-American internment camp was located on Mount Lemmon, just outside of the state’s southeastern city of Tucson. Another POW camp was located near the Gila River in eastern Yuma County. Because of wartime fears of Japanese invasion of the west coast, all Japanese-American residents in western Arizona were required to reside in the war camps.
Arizona was also home to the Phoenix Indian School, one of several federal institutions designed to forcibly assimilate Native American children into Anglo-American culture. Children were often enrolled into these schools against the wishes of their parents and families. Attempts to suppress native identities included forcing the children to cut their hair and take on English names.[28]
Arizona’s population grew tremendously after World War II, in part because of the development of air conditioning, which made the intense summers more comfortable. According to the Arizona Blue Book (published by the Arizona Secretary of State’s office each year), the state population in 1910 was 294,353. By 1970, it was 1,752,122. The percentage growth each decade averaged about 20% in the earlier decades and about 60% each decade thereafter.
The 1960s saw the establishment of retirement communities, special age-restricted subdivisions catering exclusively to the needs of senior citizens who wanted to escape the harsh winters of the Midwest and the Northeast. Sun City, established by developer Del Webb and opened in 1960, was one of the first such communities. Green Valley, south of Tucson, was another such community and was designed to be a retirement subdivision for Arizona’s teachers. Many senior citizens arrive in Arizona each winter and stay only during the winter months; they are referred to as snowbirds.
In March 2000, Arizona was the site of the first legally binding election to nominate a candidate for public office ever held over the internet.[29] In the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary, under worldwide attention, Al Gore defeated Bill Bradley, and voter turnout increased more than 500% over the 1996 primary.
Three ships named USS Arizona have been christened in honor of the state, although only USS Arizona (BB-39) was so named after statehood was achieved.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Arizona
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Arizona was 6,482,505 on July 1, 2011, a 1.42% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[4]
Arizona remained sparsely settled for most of the 19th century.[30] The 1860 census reported the population of “Arizona County” to be 6,482, of whom 4,040 were listed as “Indians”, 21 as “free colored” and 2,421 as “white”.[31][32] In 1980, the Census Bureau reported Arizona's population as 16.2% Hispanic, 5.6% Native American, and 74.5% non-Hispanic white.[33] As of 2006, Arizona had an estimated population of 6,166,318.[34] Arizona’s continued population growth puts an enormous stress on the state’s water supply.[35]
The population of metropolitan Phoenix increased by 45.3% from 1991 through 2001, helping to make Arizona the second fastest growing state in the U.S. in the 1990s (the fastest was Nevada).[36] As of January 2012, the population of the Phoenix area is estimated to be over 4.3 million.
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Arizona had a population of 6,392,017. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 73.0% White (57.8% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 4.1% Black or African American, 4.6% Native American and Alaska Native, 2.8% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 11.9% from Some Other Race, and 3.4% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 29.6% of the state’s population.[37]
Arizona’s five largest ancestry groups, as of 2009, were:[38]
Arizona is home to the largest number of speakers of Native American languages in the 48 contiguous states, with over 85,000 individuals speaking Navajo,[1] and 10,403 persons reporting Apache as the language spoken at home in 2005.[1] Arizona’s Apache County has the highest concentration of speakers of Native American Indian languages in the United States.[39]
In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 7.9% of the population. This was the second highest percentage of any state in the U.S.[40][41]
Religion[link]
As of the year 2000, the RCMS[42] reported that the three largest denominational groups in Arizona were Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant and Mainline Protestant. The Roman Catholic Church has the highest number of adherents in Arizona (at 974,883), followed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 251,974 members reported and the Southern Baptist Convention, reporting 138,516 adherents. The religious body with the largest number of congregations is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (with 805 congregations[43]) followed by the Southern Baptist Convention (with 323 congregations).
According to a 2007 survey conducted by The Pew Forum, the religious affiliation of the people of Arizona were:[44]
- Protestant– 40%
- Mainline – 15%
- Evangelical – 23%
- Other Protestant – 2%
- Roman Catholic – 25%
- Unaffiliated – 22%
- LDS (Mormon) – 4%
- Jehovah Witness – 1%
- Jewish – 1%
- Buddhist – 1%
- Other Religions – 4%
- Don't Know/Refused – 2%
LGBT[link]
A November 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 44% of Arizona voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 45% opposed it and 12% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 72% of respondents supported legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 40% supporting same-sex marriage, 32% supporting civil unions, 27% opposing all legal recognition and 1% not sure.[45]
Economy[link]
The 2011 total gross state product was $259 billion. This figure gives Arizona a larger economy than such countries as Ireland, Finland, and New Zealand. The composition of the state's economy is moderately diverse; although health care, transportation and the government remain the largest sectors. The hub of economic output remains in the phoenix metropolitan area accounting for approximately 74% of the states domestic product. Arizona’s projected $1.5 billion deficit for fiscal year 2012, one of the largest in the country, behind such states as Texas, California, Michigan, and Florida, to name a few.[46][47]
The state’s per capita income is $40,828, ranking 39th in the U.S. The state had a median household income of US$50,448, making it 22nd in the country and just below the U.S. national median.[48] Early in its history, Arizona’s economy relied on the “five C’s”: copper (see Copper mining in Arizona), cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate (tourism). At one point, Arizona was the largest producer of cotton in the country. Copper is still extensively mined from many expansive open-pit and underground mines, accounting for two-thirds of the nation’s output.
Employment[link]
The state government is Arizona’s largest employer, while Wal-Mart is the state’s largest private employer, with 17,343 employees (2008). As of June 2010, the state’s unemployment rate was 9.6%.[49]
Nearly 70 percent of the land in Arizona is owned by the U.S. government, which leases a portion of the public domain to ranchers or miners.
Largest employers[link]
According to the Arizona Republic, the largest private employers in the state as of 2010 were:[50]
| Rank | Company | Employees | Industry |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. | 30,000 | Discount retailer |
| 2 | Banner Health | 28,353 | Health care |
| 3 | Wells Fargo & Co. | 14,000 | Financial services |
| 4 | Bank of America Corp. | 13,000 | Financial services |
| 5 | McDonald's Corp. | 12,770 | Food service |
| 6 | Apollo Group Inc. | 12,000 | Educational services |
| 7 | Kroger Co. | 12,000 | Grocery stores |
| 8 | Raytheon Co. | 11,500 | Defense (missile manufacturing) |
| 9 | JP Morgan Chase & Co. | 10,500 | Financial services |
| 10 | Honeywell International Inc. | 9,716 | Aerospace manufacturing |
| 11 | Intel Corp. | 9,700 | Semiconductor manufacturing |
| 12 | Target Corp. | 9,300 | Discount retailer |
| 13 | US Airways | 8,926 | Airline |
| 14 | Catholic Healthcare West | 8,291 | Health care |
| 15 | Home Depot Inc. | 8,000 | Retail home improvement |
| 16 | Walgreen Co. | 7,750 | Retail drugstores |
| 17 | Safeway Stores Inc. | 7,500 | Grocery stores |
| 18 | American Express Co. | 7,465 | Financial services |
| 19 | Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. | 7,000 | Mining |
| 20 | Pinnacle West Capital Corp. | 6,900 | Electric utility |
| 21 | Bashas' | 6,641 | Grocery stores |
| 22 | Scottsdale Healthcare | 6,556 | Health care |
| 23 | UA Healthcare | 6,000 | Health care |
| 24 | Circle K Corp. | 5,690 | Convenience stores |
| 25 | General Dynamics | 5,026 | Defense, information systems and technology |
| 26 | Boeing Co. | 4,800 | Aerospace manufacturing |
| 27 (tie) | Carondelet Health Network | 4,690 | Health care |
| 27 (tie) | Mayo Foundation | 4,522 | Health care |
| 29 | CVS Caremark Corp. | 4,500 | Pharmaceutical services (including retail drugstores) |
| 30 | Salt River Project | 4,346 | Utility supplier |
| 31 | Costco Inc. | 4,151 | Membership warehouse club/discount retailer |
| 32 | Abrazo Health Care | 4,089 | Health care |
| 33 | Albertsons Inc. | 4,000 | Grocery stores, retail drugstores |
| 34 | FedEx Corp. | 3,918 | Courier, logistics services |
| 35 | Southwest Airlines Co. | 3,857 | Airline |
| 36 | Marriott International | 3,522 | Resorts and hotels |
| 37 | CenturyLink, Inc. | 3,200 | Telecommunications |
| 38 | United Parcel Service | 3,170 | Package delivery |
| 39 | John C. Lincoln Health Network | 3,166 | Health care |
| 40 | USAA | 3,045 | Financial services |
| 41 | Charles Schwab & Co. Inc. | 3,001 | Financial services |
| 42 | Freescale Semiconductor | 3,000 | Semiconductor manufacturing |
| 43 | IBM Corp. | 3,000 | Technology services |
| 44 | Cox Communications Inc. | 2,997 | Telecommunications |
| 45 | TMC HealthCare | 2,966 | Health care |
| 46 | Verizon Wireless | 2,901 | Mobile network operator |
| 47 | Cigna HealthCare of AZ | 2,865 | Health care |
| 48 | Grand Canyon University | 2,818 | Educational services |
| 49 | Starbucks Coffee Co. | 2,783 | Food service |
| 50 | Go Daddy Group Inc. | 2,754 | Domain name registry/Web hosting service |
In southern Arizona, the top ten largest public employers, as of 2011, were:[51]
| Ranking | Institution/Agency | Employees (2011) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | University of Arizona | 10,481 |
| 2 | State of Arizona | 8,866 |
| 3 | Davis–Monthan Air Force Base | 8,462 |
| 4 | Tucson Unified School District | 6,709 |
| 5 | U.S. Army Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca | 6,225 |
| 6 | Pima County | 6,403 |
| 7 | City of Tucson | 4,930 |
| 8 | Tohono O'odham Nation | 4,350 |
| 9 | United States Border Patrol | 3,530 |
| 10 | Pinal County | 2,340 |
Taxation[link]
Arizona collects personal income taxes in five brackets: 2.87%, 3.20%, 3.74%, 4.72% and 5.04%. The state transaction privilege tax is 6.6%; however, county and municipal sales taxes generally add an additional 2%.
The state rate on transient lodging (hotel/motel) is 7.27%. The state of Arizona does not levy a state tax on food for home consumption or on drugs prescribed by a licensed physician or dentist. However, some cities in Arizona, including Phoenix at 2%, do levy a tax on food for home consumption.
All fifteen Arizona counties levy a tax. Incorporated municipalities also levy transaction privilege taxes which, with the exception of their hotel/motel tax, are generally in the range of 1-to-3%. These added assessments could push the combined sales tax rate to as high as 10.7%.
| Single | Tax Rate | Joint | Tax Rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 – $10,000 | 2.870% | 0 – $20,000 | 2.870% |
| $10,000 – $25,000 | 3.200% | $20,001 – $50,000 | 3.200% |
| $25,000 – $50,000 | 3.740% | $50,001 – $100,000 | 3.740% |
| $50,000 – $150,001 | 4.720% | $100,000 – $300,001 | 4.720% |
| $150,001 + | 5.040% | $300,001 + | 5.040% |
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Arizona
Highways[link]
Interstate Highways[link]
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Interstate 8 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 10 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 15 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 17 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 19 | .svg){kind=small}
Interstate 40
U.S. Routes[link]
U.S. Route 60 | 
U.S. Route 64 | 
U.S. Route 70 | 
U.S. Route 89 | 
U.S. Route 66
U.S. Route 91 | 
U.S. Route 93 | 
U.S. Route 95 | 
U.S. Route 160 | 
U.S. Route 163
U.S. Route 180 | 
U.S. Route 191 | 
U.S. Route 466 | 
U.S. Route 491
Main interstate routes include Interstate 17, and Interstate 19 running north-south, Interstate 40, Interstate 8, and Interstate 10 running east-west, and a short stretch of Interstate 15 running northeast/southwest through the extreme northwestern corner of the state. In addition, the various urban areas are served by complex networks of state routes and highways, such as the Loop 101, which is part of Phoenix’s vast freeway system.
Public transportation, Amtrak, and intercity bus[link]
The Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems. Yuma and Flagstaff also have public bus systems. Greyhound Lines serves Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma, and several smaller communities statewide.
A light rail system, called Valley Metro Rail, has recently been completed in Phoenix; it connects Central Phoenix with the nearby cities of Mesa and Tempe. The system officially opened for service in December 2008.
In May 2006, voters in Tucson approved a Regional Transportation Plan (a comprehensive bus transit/streetcar/roadway improvement program), and its funding via a new half-cent sales tax increment. The centerpiece of the plan is a light rail streetcar system (possibly similar to the Portland Streetcar in Oregon) that will travel through the downtown area, connecting the main University of Arizona campus with the Rio Nuevo master plan area on the western edge of downtown.[52]
Amtrak Southwest Chief route serves Northern AZ, stopping at Winslow, Flagstaff, Williams and Kingman. The Texas Eagle and Sunset Limited routes serve South-Central Arizona, stopping at Tucson, Maricopa, Yuma and Benson. Phoenix's Amtrak service was canceled in 1996, and now an Amtrak bus runs between Phoenix and the station in Maricopa.
Aviation[link]
See also: List of airports in Arizona
Airports with regularly scheduled commercial flights include: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX) in Phoenix (the largest airport and the major international airport in the state); Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS) in Tucson; Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA) in Mesa; Yuma International Airport (IATA: NYL, ICAO: KNYL) in Yuma; Prescott Municipal Airport (PRC) in Prescott; Flagstaff Pulliam Airport (IATA: FLG, ICAO: KFLG) in Flagstaff, and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (IATA: GCN, ICAO: KGCN, FAA: GCN), a small, but busy, single-runway facility providing tourist flights, mostly from Las Vegas. Phoenix Sky Harbor is currently 7th busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft movements, and 17th for passenger traffic.[53][54]
Other significant airports without regularly scheduled commercial flights include Scottsdale Municipal Airport (IATA: SCF, ICAO: KSDL) in Scottsdale, and Deer Valley Airport (IATA: DVT, ICAO: KDVT, FAA: DVT) home to two flight training academies and the Nation's busiest general aviation airport.[55]
Law and government[link]
See also: Arizona Constitution, United States congressional delegations from Arizona, List of Arizona Governors, Political party strength in Arizona, and Arizona Revised Statutes
Capitol complex[link]
The state capital of Arizona is Phoenix. The original Capitol building, with its distinctive copper dome, was dedicated in 1901 (construction was completed for $136,000 in 1900), when the area was still a territory. Phoenix became the official state capital with Arizona's admission to the union in 1912.
The House of Representatives and Senate buildings were dedicated in 1960, and an Executive Office Building was dedicated in 1974 (the ninth floor of this building is where the Office of the Governor is located). The original Capitol building was converted into a museum.
The Capitol complex is fronted and highlighted by the richly landscaped Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, named after Wesley Bolin, a governor who died in office in the 1970s. Numerous monuments and memorials are on the site, including the anchor and signal mast from the USS Arizona (one of the U.S. Navy ships sunk in Pearl Harbor), a granite version of the Ten Commandments, and the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
State legislative branch[link]
The Arizona Legislature is bicameral (like the legislature of every other state except Nebraska) and consists of a thirty-member Senate and a 60-member House of Representatives. Each of the thirty legislative districts has one senator and two representatives. Legislators are elected for two-year terms.
Each Legislature covers a two-year period. The first session following the general election is known as the first regular session, and the session convening in the second year is known as the second regular session. Each regular session begins on the second Monday in January and adjourns sine die (terminates for the year) no later than Saturday of the week in which the 100th day from the beginning of the regular session falls. The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, by rule, may extend the session up to seven additional days. Thereafter, the session can only be extended by a majority vote of members present of each house.
The current majority party is the Republican Party, which has held power in both houses since 1993.
Arizona state senators and representatives are elected for two year terms and are limited to four consecutive terms in a chamber, though there is no limit on the total number of terms. When a lawmaker is term-limited from office, it is not uncommon for him or her to run for election in the other chamber.
The fiscal year 2006–07 general fund budget, approved by the Arizona Legislature in June 2006, is slightly less than $10 billion. Besides the money spent on state agencies, it also includes more than $500 million in income- and property tax cuts, pay raises for government employees, and additional funding for the K–12 education system.
State executive branch[link]
Arizona’s executive branch is headed by a governor, who is elected to a four-year term. The governor may serve any number of terms, though no more than two in a row. Arizona is one of the few states that does not maintain a governor’s mansion. During office the governors reside within their private residence, and all executive offices are housed in the executive tower at the state capitol. The current governor of Arizona is Jan Brewer (R). She assumed office after Janet Napolitano had her nomination by Barack Obama for Secretary of Homeland Security confirmed by the United States Senate.[56] Arizona has had four female governors including the current Governor Jan Brewer, more than any other state.
Other elected executive officials include the Secretary of State, State Treasurer, State Attorney General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Mine Inspector and a five member Corporation Commission. All elected officials hold a term of four years, and are limited to two consecutive terms (except the office of the state mine inspector, which is exempt from term limits).
Arizona is one of seven states that do not have a specified lieutenant governor. The secretary of state is the first in line to succeed the governor in the event of death, disability, resignation, or removal from office. The line of succession also includes the attorney general, state treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Since 1977, four secretaries of state and one attorney general have risen to Arizona's governorship through these means.
Current elected officials[link]
- Governor of Arizona: Jan Brewer (R)
- Secretary of State: Ken Bennett (R)
- Attorney General: Tom Horne (R)
- State Treasurer: Doug Ducey (R)
- Superintendent of Public Instruction: John Huppenthal (R)
- State Mine Inspector: Joe Hart (R)
- Corporation Commissioners: Gary Pierce (R), Brenda Burns (R), Bob Stump (R), Sandra D. Kennedy (D), and Paul Newman. (D)
State judicial branch[link]
The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in Arizona. The court currently consists of one chief justice, a vice chief justice, and three associate justices. Justices are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a bi-partisian commission, and are re-elected after the initial two years following their appointment. Subsequent re-elections occur every six years. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction in death penalty cases, but almost all other appellate cases go through the Arizona Court of Appeals beforehand. The court has original jurisdiction in a few other circumstances, as outlined in the state constitution. The court may also declare laws unconstitutional, but only while seated en banc. The court meets in the Arizona Supreme Court Building at the capitol complex (at the southern end of Wesley Bolin Plaza).
The Arizona Court of Appeals, further divided into two divisions, is the intermediate court in the state. Division One is based in Phoenix, consists of sixteen judges, and has jurisdiction in the Western and Northern regions of the state, along with the greater Phoenix area. Division Two is based in Tucson, consists of six judges, and has jurisdiction over the Southern regions of the state, including the Tucson area. Judges are selected in a method similar to the one used for state supreme court justices.
Each county of Arizona has a superior court, the size and organization of which are varied and generally depend on the size of the particular county.
Counties[link]
 |
This section appears to contradict itself about the population total (which does not match detail). Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2012) |
Arizona is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. As of 1983 there were 15 counties in the state, ranging in size from 1,238 square miles (3,210 km2) to 18,661 square miles (48,330 km2).
| Arizona Counties | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County name | County seat | Year founded | 2010 population[57] | Percent of total | Area (sq. mi.) | Percent of total |
| Apache | St. Johns | 1879 | 71,518 | 1.12 % | 11,218 | 9.84 % |
| Cochise | Bisbee | 1881 | 131,346 | 2.05 % | 6,219 | 5.46 % |
| Coconino | Flagstaff | 1891 | 134,421 | 2.10 % | 18,661 | 16.37 % |
| Gila | Globe | 1881 | 53,597 | 0.84 % | 4,796 | 4.21 % |
| Graham | Safford | 1881 | 37,220 | 0.58 % | 4,641 | 4.07 % |
| Greenlee | Clifton | 1909 | 8,437 | 0.13 % | 1,848 | 1.62 % |
| La Paz | Parker | 1983 | 20,489 | 0.32 % | 4,513 | 3.96 % |
| Maricopa | Phoenix | 1871 | 3,817,117 | 59.72 % | 9,224 | 8.09 % |
| Mohave | Kingman | 1864 | 200,186 | 3.13 % | 13,470 | 11.82 % |
| Navajo | Holbrook | 1895 | 107,449 | 1.68 % | 9,959 | 8.74 % |
| Pima | Tucson | 1864 | 980,263 | 15.34 % | 9,189 | 8.06 % |
| Pinal | Florence | 1875 | 375,770 | 5.88 % | 5,374 | 4.71 % |
| Santa Cruz | Nogales | 1899 | 47,420 | 0.74 % | 1,238 | 1.09 % |
| Yavapai | Prescott | 1865 | 211,033 | 3.30 % | 8,128 | 7.13 % |
| Yuma | Yuma | 1864 | 195,751 | 3.06 % | 5,519 | 4.84 % |
| Totals: 15 | 6,392,017 | 113,997 | ||||
Federal representation[link]
Arizona's two United States Senators are John McCain (R), the 2008 Republican Presidential Nominee, and Jon Kyl (R).
Arizona's representatives in the United States House of Representatives are Paul A. Gosar (R-1), Trent Franks (R-2), Ben Quayle (R-3), Ed Pastor (D-4), David Schweikert (R-5), Jeff Flake (R-6), and Raul Grijalva (D-7). Arizona gained a ninth seat in the House of Representatives due to redistricting based on Census 2010.
Political culture[link]
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 53.60% 1,230,111 | 45.12% 1,034,707 |
| 2004 | 54.87% 1,104,294 | 44.40% 893,524 |
| 2000 | 50.95% 781,652 | 44.67% 685,341 |
| 1996 | 44.29% 622,073 | 46.52% 653,288 |
| 1992 | 38.47% 572,086 | 36.52% 543,050 |
| 1988 | 59.95% 702,541 | 38.74% 454,029 |
| 1984 | 66.42% 681,416 | 32.54% 333,854 |
| 1980 | 60.61% 529,688 | 28.24% 246,843 |
| 1976 | 56.37% 418,642 | 39.80% 295,602 |
| 1972 | 61.64% 402,812 | 30.38% 198,540 |
| 1968 | 54.78% 266,721 | 35.02% 170,514 |
| 1964 | 50.45% 242,535 | 49.45% 237,753 |
| 1960 | 55.52% 221,241 | 44.36% 176,781 |
See also: Elections in Arizona, Political party strength in Arizona
From statehood through the late 1940s, Arizona was primarily dominated by the Democratic Party. During this time period, the Democratic candidate for the presidency carried the state each election, with the only exceptions being the elections of 1920, 1924 and 1928—all three of which were national Republican landslides.
Since the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, however, the state has voted consistently Republican in national politics, with the Republican candidate winning it in most presidential elections. Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan won Arizona by particularly large margins. The sole exception to this trend was the victory of Democrat Bill Clinton in 1996. Clinton also came within about a percentage point of gaining Arizona's electoral votes in 1992. However, the closest loss by a Democrat was by Lyndon Johnson in 1964, who lost the state by slightly over 5,000 votes to Senator Barry Goldwater, an Arizona native. This was also the most closely contested state in that year's presidential election.
In recent years, the Republican Party has also dominated Arizona politics in general. The fast-growing Phoenix and Tucson suburbs became increasingly friendly to Republicans from the 1950s onward. During this time, many "Pinto Democrats," or conservative Democrats from rural areas, became increasingly willing to support Republicans at the state and national level. While the state normally supports Republicans at the federal level, Democrats are often competitive in statewide elections, as in 2006, when Janet Napolitano was handily reelected the state's governor.
On March 4, 2008, John McCain effectively clinched the Republican nomination for 2008, becoming the first presidential nominee from the state since Barry Goldwater in 1964.
Arizona politics are dominated by a longstanding rivalry between its two largest counties, Maricopa County and Pima County--home to Phoenix and Tucson, respectively. The two counties have almost 75 percent of the state's population and cast almost 80 percent of the state's vote. They also elect a substantial majority of the state legislature.
Maricopa County is home to almost 60 percent of the state's population, and most of the state's elected officials live there. It has voted Republican in every presidential election since 1948. This includes the 1964 run of native son Barry Goldwater; he would not have carried his home state had it not been for a 20,000-vote margin in Maricopa County. Similarly, while McCain won Arizona by eight percentage points in 2008, the margin would have likely been far closer if not for a 130,000-vote margin in Maricopa County.
In contrast, Pima County, home to Tucson, and most of southern Arizona have historically been more Democratic. While Tucson's suburbs lean Republican, they hold to a somewhat more moderate brand of Republicanism than is common in the Phoenix area.
Arizona rejected a same-sex marriage ban in a referendum as part of the 2006 elections. Arizona was the first state in the nation to do so. Same-sex marriage was already illegal in Arizona, but this amendment would have denied any legal or financial benefits to unmarried homosexual or heterosexual couples.[58] In 2008, Arizona voters passed Proposition 102, an amendment to the state constitution to define marriage as a union of one man and one woman, though by a narrower majority than similar votes in a number of other states.[59]
In 2010, Arizona passed the toughest illegal immigration legislation in the nation, igniting a fierce debate between supporters and detractors of the law.[60]
Important cities and towns[link]
See also: List of localities in Arizona, List of cities in Arizona (by population), and List of Arizona counties
Phoenix, located in Maricopa County, is the largest city in Arizona and also the state capital. Other prominent cities in the Phoenix metro area include Mesa (the third largest city in Arizona), Glendale, Peoria, Chandler, Sun City, Sun City West, Fountain Hills, Surprise, Gilbert, El Mirage, Avondale, Tempe, Tolleson and Scottsdale, with a total metropolitan population of just over 4.3 million.[61]
With a metro population of just over one million, Tucson is the state's second largest city, and is located in Pima County, approximately 110 miles (180 km) southeast of Phoenix. It is home to the University of Arizona.
The Prescott metropolitan area includes the cities of Prescott, Sedona, Cottonwood, Camp Verde and numerous other towns spread out over the 8,123 square miles (21,000 km2) of Yavapai County area. With 212,635 residents, this cluster of towns forms the third largest metropolitan area in the state. The city of Prescott (population 41,528) lies approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Situated in pine tree forests at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,700 m), Prescott enjoys a much cooler climate than Phoenix, with average summer highs in the upper 80s Fahrenheit and winter temperatures averaging 50 °F (10 °C).
Yuma is center of the third largest metropolitan area in Arizona. It is located near the borders of California and Mexico. It is one of the hottest cities in the United States with the average July high of 107 °F (42 °C). (The same month's average in Death Valley is 115 °F (46 °C).) The city also features sunny days about 90% of the year. The Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 160,000. Yuma also attracts many winter visitors from all over the United States.
Flagstaff is the largest city in northern Arizona, and is situated at an elevation of nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m). With its large Ponderosa Pine forests, snowy winter weather and picturesque mountains, it is a stark contrast to the desert regions typically associated with Arizona. It sits at the base of the San Francisco Peaks the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona, with Humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet (3,851 m). Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to numerous tourist attractions including: Grand Canyon National Park, Sedona, and Oak Creek Canyon. Historic U.S. Route 66 is the main east-west street in the town. The Flagstaff metropolitan area is home to 134,421 residents and the main campus of Northern Arizona University.
Lake Havasu City known as "Arizona's playground" resides on the Colorado river and is named after Lake Havasu. Lake Havasu City has a population of about 53,000 people. It is famous for huge spring break parties, sunsets and the London Bridge. Lake Havasu City was founded by Robert P. McCulloch in 1963. It has 2 colleges, Mohave Community College and ASU.
Education[link]
Elementary and secondary education[link]
Public schools in Arizona are separated into about 220 local school districts which operate independently, but are governed in most cases by elected county school superintendents; these are in turn overseen by the Arizona State Board of Education (a division of the Arizona Department of Education) and the state Superintendent of Public Instruction (elected in partisan elections every even-numbered year when there is not a presidential election, for a four-year term). In 2005, a School District Redistricting Commission was established with the goal of combining and consolidating many of these districts.
Higher education[link]
Arizona is served by three public universities: The University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University. These schools are governed by the Arizona Board of Regents.
Private higher education in Arizona is dominated by a large number of for-profit and "chain" (multi-site) universities.[62] Only one traditional (single-site, non-profit, four-year) private college exists in Arizona (Prescott College).[63] Arizona has a wide network of two-year vocational schools and community colleges. These colleges were governed historically by a separate statewide Board of Directors but, in 2002, the state legislature transferred almost all oversight authority to individual community college districts.[64] The Maricopa County Community College District includes 11 community colleges throughout Maricopa County and is one of the largest in the nation.
Public universities in Arizona[link]
- Arizona State University, (Sun Devils) Tempe/Phoenix/Mesa
- Northern Arizona University, (Lumberjacks) Flagstaff/Yuma
- University of Arizona, (Wildcats) Tucson/Sierra Vista and UA Agricultural Center in Yuma
Private colleges and universities in Arizona[link]
|
Community colleges[link]
Sports[link]
Professional sports teams in Arizona include:
| Club | Sport | League | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona Cardinals | Football | National Football League | 2 (1925, 1947) |
| Arizona Diamondbacks | Baseball | Major League Baseball | 1 (2001) |
| Phoenix Coyotes | Ice hockey | National Hockey League | 0 |
| Phoenix Suns | Basketball | National Basketball Association | 0 |
| Arizona Rattlers | Arena Football | Arena Football League | 2 (1994, 1997) |
| Arizona Sundogs | Ice hockey | Central Hockey League | 1 (2007–08) |
| Phoenix Mercury | Basketball | Women's National Basketball Association | 2 (2007, 2009) |
| Arizona Storm | Indoor Soccer | Professional Arena Soccer League | 0 |
| Phoenix Monsoon | Soccer | National Premier Soccer League | 0 |
| FC Tucson | Soccer | USL Premier Development League | 0 |
| Tucson Padres | Baseball | Pacific Coast League | 0 |
| Yuma Scorpions | Baseball | Golden Baseball League | 1 (2007) |
Due to its numerous golf courses, Arizona is home to several stops on the PGA Tour, most notably the Phoenix Open, held at the TPC of Scottsdale, and the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship at the Ritz-Carlton Golf Club in Marana.
With three state universities and several community colleges, college sports are also prevalent in Arizona. The intense rivalry between Arizona State University and the University of Arizona predates Arizona's statehood, and is the oldest rivalry in the NCAA.[65] The thus aptly named Territorial Cup, first awarded in 1889 and certified as the oldest trophy in college football,[66] is awarded to the winner of the “Duel in the Desert,” the annual football game between the two schools. Arizona also hosts several bowl games in the Bowl Championship Series. The Fiesta Bowl, originally held at Sun Devil Stadium, will now be held at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale. The University of Phoenix Stadium was also home to the 2007 BCS National Championship Game and hosted Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008. The Insight Bowl is also held at Sun Devil Stadium.
Besides being home to spring training, Arizona is also home to two other baseball leagues, Arizona Fall League and Arizona Winter League. The Fall League was founded in 1992 and is a minor league baseball league designed for players to refine their skills and perform in game settings in front of major and minor league baseball scouts and team executives, who are in attendance at almost every game. The league got exposure when Michael Jordan started his time in baseball with the Scottsdale Scorpions. The Arizona Winter League, founded in 2007, is a professional baseball league of four teams for the independent Golden Baseball League. The games are played in Yuma at the Desert Sun Stadium, but added two new teams in the California desert, and one more in Sonora for the 2008 season.
Spring training[link]
Arizona is a popular location for Major League Baseball spring training, as it is the site of the Cactus League. The only other location for spring training is in Florida with the Grapefruit League. The Los Angeles Dodgers have a new spring training facility in Phoenix owned by Glendale which opened in 2009, making them the 14th team in Arizona. Spring training has been somewhat of a tradition in Arizona since 1947 (i.e. the Cleveland Indians in Tucson until 1991, and the San Diego Padres in Yuma until 1992) despite the fact that the state did not have its own major league team until the state was awarded the Diamondbacks in Phoenix as an expansion team. The state hosts the following teams:
- Arizona Diamondbacks in Salt River Fields.
- Chicago Cubs in HoHoKam Park of Mesa.
- Chicago White Sox in Camelback Ranch-Glendale of Phoenix.
- Cincinnati Reds in Goodyear Ballpark.
- Cleveland Indians in Goodyear Ballpark.
- Colorado Rockies in Salt River Fields.
- Kansas City Royals in Surprise Stadium, but also in Sun Cities Park near Youngtown.
- Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in Tempe Diablo Stadium
- Los Angeles Dodgers in Camelback Ranch-Glendale of Phoenix.
- Milwaukee Brewers in Maryvale Baseball Park of Phoenix.
- Oakland Athletics in Phoenix Municipal Stadium, but also in Indian School Park in Scottsdale.
- San Diego Padres in Peoria Sports Complex.
- San Francisco Giants in Scottsdale Stadium, but also in Papago Park of Phoenix.
- Seattle Mariners in Peoria Sports Complex, but also in Chandler.
- Texas Rangers in Surprise Stadium.
Art and culture[link]
Visual arts and museums[link]
See also: List of museums in Arizona
Phoenix Art Museum, located on the historic Central Avenue corridor in Phoenix, is the Southwest’s largest collection of visual art from across the world. The museum displays international exhibitions along side the Museum’s collection of more than 18,000 works of American, Asian, European, Latin American, Western American, modern and contemporary art, and fashion design. With a community education mandate since 1951, Phoenix Art Museum holds a year-round program of festivals, live performances, independent art films and educational programs. The museum also has PhxArtKids, an interactive space for children; photography exhibitions through the Museum’s partnership with the Center for Creative Photography; the landscaped Sculpture Garden and dining at Arcadia Farms.
Arizona is a recognized center of Native American art, with a number of galleries showcasing historical and contemporary works. The Heard Museum, also located in Phoenix, is a major repository of Native American art. Some of the signature exhibits include a full Navajo hogan, the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection containing 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the Barry Goldwater Collection of 437 historic Hopi kachina dolls, and an exhibit on the 19th century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum has about 250,000 visitors a year.
Sedona, Jerome, and Tubac are known as a budding artist colonies, and small arts scenes exist in the larger cities and near the state universities.
Film[link]
See also: List of films shot in Arizona
File:Monumentvalleyaz.jpg
Monument Valley in the northeastern part of the state is famous for its scenery and Hollywood Western films.
Several major Hollywood films, such as Billy Jack, U Turn, Waiting to Exhale, Just One of the Guys, Can't Buy Me Love, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, The Scorpion King, The Banger Sisters, Used Cars, and Raising Arizona have been made there (as indeed have many Westerns). The 1993 science fiction movie Fire in the Sky, which was actually based on a reported alien abduction in the town of Snowflake, was set in Snowflake, but filmed in the Oregon towns of Oakland, Roseburg, and Sutherlin.
The climax of the 1977 Clint Eastwood film The Gauntlet takes place in downtown Phoenix. The final segments of the 1984 film Starman take place at Meteor Crater outside Winslow. The Jeff Foxworthy comedy documentary movie Blue Collar Comedy Tour was filmed almost entirely at the Dodge Theatre. Arguably one of the most famous examples could be Alfred Hitchcock's classic film Psycho. Not only was some of the film shot in Phoenix, but the main character is from there as well.
Some of the television shows filmed or set in Arizona include The New Dick Van Dyke Show, Medium, Alice, The First 48, Insomniac with Dave Attell, COPS, and America's Most Wanted. The 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, for which Ellen Burstyn won the Academy Award for Best Actress, and also starred Kris Kristofferson, was set in Tucson, the TV sitcom Alice, which was based on the movie was set in Phoenix. Also the movie, Twilight was filmed in Phoenix at the beginning and the end of the movie.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Arizona
Arizona is prominently featured in the lyrics of many Country and Western songs, such as Jamie O'Neal's hit ballad "There Is No Arizona". George Strait's "Oceanfront Property" uses "ocean front property in Arizona" as a metaphor for a sucker proposition. The line "see you down in Arizona Bay" is used in a Tool song in reference to the possibility that L.A. will one day fall into the ocean.
"Arizona" was the title of a popular song recorded by Mark Lindsay. Arizona is also mentioned by the hit song "Take It Easy" written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and performed by the Eagles. The song includes the lines:
- Well, I'm a standin' on a corner in Winslow, Arizona,
- and such a fine sight to see
- It's a girl, my Lord, in a flatbed Ford,
- slowin' down to take a look at me
Arizona's budding music scene is helped by emerging bands, as well as some well-known artists. The Gin Blossoms, Chronic Future, Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers, Jimmy Eat World, Caroline's Spine, and others began their careers in Arizona. Also, a number of punk bands got their start in Arizona, including JFA, The Feederz, Sun City Girls, The Meat Puppets, The Maine, and more recently Authority Zero.
Arizona also has its share of singers and other musicians. Singer, songwriter and guitarist Michelle Branch is from Sedona. Chester Bennington, the lead vocalist of Linkin Park, Bob Stubbs a former member and drummer of the band Social Distortion lives in Arizona, and mash-up artist DJ Z-Trip are both from Phoenix. One of Arizona's better known musicians would be shock rocker Alice Cooper, who helped define the genre. Maynard James Keenan, the lead singer of the bands, Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer, calls the town of Jerome his current home. Other notable singers include country singer Marty Robbins, folk singer Katie Lee, Fleetwood Mac's Stevie Nicks, CeCe Peniston, Rex Allen, 2007 American Idol winner Jordin Sparks, and Linda Ronstadt.
Arizona is also known for its heavy metal scene, centered in and around Phoenix, which includes bands such as Job for a Cowboy, Knights of the Abyss, Eyes Set To Kill, blessthefall, and Abigail Williams. The band Soulfly calls Phoenix home and Megadeth lived in Phoenix for about a decade.
Miscellaneous topics[link]
Notable people[link]
Some famous Arizonans involved in politics and government are:
- Former United States Secretary of Transportation Mary Peters
- Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
- Former Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist
- Former U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini
- Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio
- Former Graham County Sheriff Richard Mack
- National Education Association President Dennis Van Roekel
- Junior Republican Senator Jon Kyl, current Senate Minority Whip, the No.2 Republican in the Senate.
- Presidential candidate (2000), (2008) and Senior Republican Senator John McCain
- Presidential candidate (1964) and former U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater
- Former Governor, Secretary of the Interior, and Presidential candidate (1988) Bruce Babbitt
- Presidential candidate (1976) and former Arizona congressman Mo Udall and his brother Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall
- Former U.S. Senator Carl Hayden
- Former United States Solicitor General Rex E. Lee.
- Former Governor and Secretary of Homeland Security in the Obama Administration Janet Napolitano
Arizona notables in culture and the arts include:
- Labor leader and civil rights pioneer Cesar Estrada Chavez was from San Luis, near Yuma
- Actors Emma Stone and Gail Edwards
- Author Zane Grey
- Architect Frank Lloyd Wright
- Film director Steven Spielberg grew up in Scottsdale, as did David Spade and Wonder Woman star Lynda Carter
- Musicians Chester Bennington of Linkin Park (Phoenix), Alice Cooper (Phoenix), Stevie Nicks of Fleetwood Mac (Phoenix), Maynard James Keenan of Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer (Jerome), Linda Ronstadt (Tucson), Michelle Branch (Sedona)
- Musicians in the bands Meat Puppets (Phoenix/Tempe), Authority Zero (Mesa), Gin Blossoms (Tempe), Chronic Future (Scottsdale), Jimmy Eat World (Mesa), The Format (Glendale), and Stellar Kart (Phoenix).
- Poet Jim Simmerman of Flagstaff
- Frederick Sommer an artist/photographer moved to Tucson in 1931 and lived in Prescott from 1935–1999
For a complete list, see List of people from Arizona.
State symbols[link]
- Arizona state amphibian: Arizona Treefrog (Hyla eximia)
- Arizona state bird: Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus)
- Arizona state butterfly: Two-tailed Swallowtail (Papilio multicaudata)
- Arizona state colors: Federal Blue and old gold
- Arizona state fish: Arizona Trout (Oncorhynchus gilae apache)
- Arizona state flag: Flag of the State of Arizona
- Arizona state flower: Saguaro blossom (Carnegiea gigantea)
- Arizona state fossil: Petrified wood
- Arizona state gemstone: Turquoise
- Arizona state mammal: Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)
- Arizona state motto: Ditat Deus (Latin God enriches)
- Arizona state neckwear: Bola tie
- Arizona state reptile: Arizona Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake (Crotalus willardi)
- Arizona state seal: Great Seal of the State of Arizona
- Arizona state slogan: Grand Canyon State
- Arizona state songs: "Arizona March Song" (by Margaret Rowe Clifford) and "Arizona" (by Rex Allen, Jr.)[67]
- Arizona state tree: Blue Palo Verde (Parkinsonia florida)
- Arizona state gun: Colt Single Action Army revolver
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
- List of people from Arizona
- List of places in Arizona
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e 2005 American Community Survey. Retrieved from the data of the MLA, 2010-07-13
- ^ "Arizona – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2007-04-25. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arizona. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "2010 Census State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Frisco". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=FQ0624. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ All about Arizona. sheppardsoftware.com. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 47
- ^ Kitt, E. O.; Pearce, T. M. (1952). "Arizona Place Name Records". Western Folklore 11 (4): 284–287. DOI:10.2307/1496233. edit
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Arizona". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Arizona. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ McClintock, James (1916). Arizona, Prehistoric, Aboriginal, Pioneer, Modern: The Nation’s Youngest Commonwealth within a Land of Ancient Culture. Chicago: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co.
- ^ Saxton, Dean, Saxton, Lucille, & Enos, Susie. (1983). Dictionary: Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press
- ^ Thompson, Clay (2007-02-25). "A sorry state of affairs when views change". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on 2007-08-01. http://www.azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0225clay0225.html. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ Jim Turner. "How Arizona did NOT Get its Name". Arizona Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2007-08-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5QmUx03F4. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ Donald Garate, 2005, "Arizonac, a twentieth-century myth", Journal of Arizona History 46(2), pp. 161–184
- ^ "Hardwood Forest Foundation: Experience: Arizona". Hardwoodforest.org. http://www.hardwoodforest.org/hff.asp?ID1=Experience&ID2=Arizona. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Prescott Overview". Ncsu.edu. 2002-05-15. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.ncsu.edu/project/wildfire/Arizona/prescott/prescott.html. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "Arizona Climate". Desert Research Institute, Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, Nevada. 2001-12-07. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/ARIZONA.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Climate Assessment for the Southwest (December 1999). "The Climate of the Southwest". University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012202434/http://ispe.arizona.edu/climas/pubs/CL1-99.html. Retrieved 2006-03-21.
- ^ "History for Phoenix, AZ". Weather Underground. August 31, 2006. http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KPHX/2011/7/1/CustomHistory.html?dayend=31&monthend=8&yearend=2011&req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA.
- ^ "''Mean number of Days with Minimum Temperature Below 32F'' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Retrieved March 24, 2007". Lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov. 2008-08-20. http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/min32temp.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Timothy Anna et al., Historia de México. Barcelona: Critica, 2001, p. 10.
- ^ Staff. Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2012. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ Mexican-American War as accessed on March 16, 2007 at 7:33 MST AM
- ^ "Arizona Ordinance of secession presented by the Col. Sherod Hunter Camp 1525, SCV, Phoenix, Arizona". Members.tripod.com. 2007-07-23. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://members.tripod.com/~azrebel/page9.html. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ http://www.pima.gov/cmo/sdcp/Archives/reports/Cult.html Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ "Archaeology of the Phoenix Indian School". Archaeology.org. 1998-03-27. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/phoenix/. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ Arizona Democrats authorize Internet Voting for March 11 Advisory Primary
- ^ Arizona (state, United States). Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ "Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990.[dead link]" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau.[dead link].
- ^ Census.gov Arizona - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990
- ^ "Arizona - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html.
- ^ "Table 1: Estimates of Population Change for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico and State Rankings: July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006". 2006 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. December 22, 2006. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070110093142/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2006/statepopest_table1.xls. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- ^ "Arizona at a crossroads over water and growth". The Arizona Republic. March 9, 2008.
- ^ "Ranking Tables for Metropolitan Areas: 1990 and 2000." United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved on July 8, 2006.
- ^ American FactFinder - Results
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "Arizona – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007-2009". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-gc_url=null&-tree_id=3309&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=04000US04&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Arizona has most Indian language speakers. upi.com Accessed 2011-12-12.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (April 30, 2010). "New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot". Washington Post (Washington, DC): pp. A4. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2010/04/29/GR2010042904397.html?sid=ST2010042905051. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ second to Nevada with 8.8% in 2010
- ^ "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/04_2000.asp. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Facts and Statistics USA-Arizona". lds.org. http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states/state/arizona. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey" (PDF). The Pew Forum. 2008-02. http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ AZ pro-civil unions, remembers Goldwater fondly
- ^ Arizona budget deficit labeled country's worst, The Business Journal of Phoenix Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=711
- ^ "News Release" (PDF). http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2010/pdf/spi0310.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
- ^ "Arizona Republic 100: State's biggest employers." Arizona Republic.
- ^ "Southern Arizona Major Employers." Tucson Regional Economic Opportunities.
- ^ "Tucson: Streetcar Plan Wins With 60% of Vote". Lightrailnow.org. http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_tuc_2006-05b.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ World's busiest airports by traffic movements
- ^ World's busiest airports by passenger traffic
- ^ "Deer Valley Airport". Phoenix.gov. http://deervalleyairport.com/index.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "Ariz. GOP would gain if Napolitano gets Obama post". Associated Press. KTAR. November 20, 2008. http://ktar.com/?nid=6&sid=994469. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ "Table 1. The Counties and the Most Populous Incorporated Places in 2010 in Arizona: 2000 and 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
- ^ "Arizona stands alone against marriage ban – Queer Lesbian Gay News". Gay.com. http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006/11/07/2. Retrieved 2010-07-25. [dead link]
- ^ Ban on gay unions solidly supported in most of Arizona[dead link]
- ^ Archibold, Randal C. (2010-04-23). "Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on Immigration". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Phoenix Business Journal, Sep. 2, 2011, page 4
- ^ College Navigator – Arizona National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education
- ^ College Navigator – Four-Year Schools in Arizona National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education
- ^ 2002 Legislature – HB 2710, which later became ARS 15-1444
- ^ Knauer, Tom (2006-11-22). "What is the Territorial Cup?". The Wildcat Online. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20081008121108/http://media.wildcat.arizona.edu/media/storage/paper997/news/2006/11/22/UaVsAsu/What-Is.The.Territorial.Cup-2507222.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ (PDF) Official 2007 NCAA Division I Football Records Book. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-06-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080625010623/http://www.ncaa.org/library/records/football/football_records_book/2007/2007_d1_football_records_book.pdf.
- ^ Kids' Page - Arizona State Songs
Further reading[link]
- Bayless, Betsy, 1998, Arizona Blue Book, 1997–1998. Phoenix, Arizona.
- McIntyre, Allan J., 2008, The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 978-0-7385-5633-8).
- Miller, Tom (editor), 1986, Arizona: The Land and the People. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 978-0-8165-1004-7).
- Officer, James E., 1987, Hispanic Arizona, 1536–1856. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. (ISBN 978-0-8165-0981-2).
- Thomas, David M. (editor), 2003, Arizona Legislative Manual. In Arizona Phoenix, Arizona, Arizona Legislative Council. Google Print. Retrieved January 16, 2006.
- Trimble, Marshall, 1998, Arizona, A Cavalcade of History. Treasure Chest Publications, Tucson, Arizona. (ISBN 978-0-918080-43-1).
- Woosley, Anne I., 2008, Early Tucson. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina. (ISBN 978-0-7385-5646-8).
External links[link]
| Find more about Arizona on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
Official state government website[link]
Other references[link]
- Arizona State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Arizona Regional Accounts Data
- Arizona Demographic Data from FedStats
- Community profiles[dead link] from Arizona Department of Commerce
- Arizona Indicators, state's central resource for information on a wide range of topics
- Energy Data & Statistics for Arizona
- Arizona State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arizona state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arizona
- Arizona State Facts
- Arizona Classifieds
- Morrison Institute for Public Policy, independent research and analysis center for Arizona public policy and issues
- Arizona at Ballotpedia
- Arizona at Judgepedia
- Arizona at Sunshine Review
- Arizona at the Open Directory Project
Geographic data related to Arizona at OpenStreetMap
Tourism information[link]
- Official Arizona Office of Tourism
- Arizona Game & Fish Department (Hunting, Boating & Fishing)
- Arizona State Parks
- American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- Lake Havasu Arizona's playground
- Arizona Open Directory Project DMOZ
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Nevada | Utah | Colorado | |
| California |  |
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 Arizona: Outline • Index East |
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| Baja California | Sonora Mexico |
| Preceded by New Mexico |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on February 14, 1912 (48th) |
Succeeded by Alaska |
Coordinates: 34°N 112°W / 34°N 112°W / 34; -112lez:Аризона
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Trent Franks | |
|---|---|
| 200px | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 2nd district |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2003 |
|
| Preceded by | Ed Pastor |
| Member of the Arizona House of Representatives from the 20th district |
|
| In office 1985–1987 |
|
| Preceded by | Glen Davis |
| Succeeded by | Bobby Raymond |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-06-19) June 19, 1957 (age 55) Uravan, Colorado |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Josephine Franks |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Glendale, Arizona |
| Alma mater | Ottawa University |
| Occupation | Oil executive, political researcher |
| Religion | Baptist |
Trent Franks (born June 19, 1957) is the U.S. Representative for Arizona's 2nd congressional district, serving since 2003. He is a member of the Republican Party.
The district takes in the entire northwestern corner of the state, including Kingman and Lake Havasu City, but most of its vote is cast in the western Phoenix suburbs.
Contents |
Early life, education and career[link]
Franks was born in Uravan, Colorado, a company town, the son of Juanita and Edward Taylor Franks.[1] He was born with a cleft lip and palate. After his parents separated, Franks took care of his younger siblings. While his parents took financial responsibility, he overtook the leadership role at home.[2]
Franks graduated from Briggsdale High School in Colorado in 1976.[3] Although Franks received a scholarship, he decided not to go to college immediately. Instead, he bought a drilling rig and moved to Texas to drill wells with his little brother and best friend. Franks then moved to Arizona in 1981, where he continued to drill wells.[2]
He completed a course of study at the Center for Constitutional Studies in Utah in 1987.[4] From 1989 to 1990, he attended the Arizona campus of Ottawa University.[5]
In September 2004, Franks told Franchising World that he had been a small business owner for more than 25 years.[6]
Early political career[link]
In January 1987, he was appointed by Republican Governor Evan Mecham to head the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, which is a Cabinet level division of the Governor's office responsible for overseeing and coordinating state policy and programs for Arizona's children.
In late 1987, Franks founded the Arizona Family Research Institute, a nonprofit organization affiliated with James Dobson's Focus on the Family.[7] He was the Executive Director of the organization for four and a half years.[8]
In April 1988, after Mecham was impeached and removed from office, Franks and other appointees resigned their positions. Franks had been under investigation following an Associated Press report about his decision to spend nearly $60,000, without getting bids, for a conference at a former campaign contributor's hotel.[9] Later in 1988, Franks ran again for a legislative seat, moving to District 18 shortly before the filing deadline.[10] He was successful in the Republican primary but lost in the November general election.
In 1992, when Franks was chairman of Arizonans for Common Sense, one of the organization's efforts was a constitutional amendment on the November 1992 ballot in Arizona that banned most abortions.[11][12] The initiative lost, getting about 35 percent of the votes cast.
In August 1995, Arizonans for an Empowered Future, of which Franks was chairman, launched an initiative campaign to amend the state constitution, replacing the graduated state income tax with a flat 3.5 percent rate, and allowing parents to deduct the costs of private-school tuition.[13] The initiative was not one of those appearing on the ballot in 1996.
Franks worked for and later became president of Liberty Petroleum Corporation,[14] a small oil exploration company established in 1996.[15]
Franks served as a consultant to conservative activist Pat Buchanan's presidential campaign.[16]
U.S. House of Representatives[link]
Committee assignments[link]
Franks serves on the Judiciary Committee and the Armed Services Committee. Franks is also a member of the Republican Study Committee, the International Religious Freedom Caucus, the Tea Party Caucus, House Working Group on Judicial Accountability, House Working Group on Waste, Fraud and Abuse, the Liberty Caucus, the DUI Caucus, the Human Rights Caucus, the India Caucus, the Refugee Caucus, the Education Freedom Caucus, and is an associate member of the Congressional Hispanic Conference. Franks has also been active with Operation Smile.
Political positions[link]
The National Journal has ranked Franks among the "most conservative" members of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2009.[17] Franks is a staunch advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker. In 2006, he cosponsored H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act[18] and H.R. 4777, the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act.[19]
He opposes same-sex marriage and abortion.[20] In a 2010 interview, discussing the legacy of slavery which Franks denounced and described as a "crushing mark on America's soul", the congressman said, "Half of all black children are aborted. Far more of the African American community is being devastated by the policies of today than were being devastated by the policies of slavery."[21][22][23][24] Franks is a signer of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge.[25] During the 2008 campaign, Franks stated that he is skeptical about global warming.[26]
On October 14, 2009, Franks joined with three fellow Representatives in calling for the investigation of CAIR (the Council on American-Islamic Relations) over allegations of trying to plant "spies," based on a CAIR memo indicating that they "will develop national initiatives such as Lobby Day, and placing Muslim interns in Congressional offices." The request came in the wake of the publication of a book, Muslim Mafia, the foreword of which had been penned by Representative Sue Myrick, that portrayed CAIR as a subversive organization allied with international terrorists.[27] CAIR has countered that these initiatives are extensively used by all advocacy groups and accused Franks and his colleagues of intending to intimidate American Muslims who "take part in the political process and exercise their rights."[28][29]
Franks supports the right to bear firearms. The interest group, Gun Owners of America, have given Franks high approval ratings.[30] In 2011, he voted to pass the National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Act.[31]
In 2010, Franks voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. He continues to oppose this law and government run health care, saying “the thought of Americans' health care decisions being put into the hands of an unimaginably large bureaucracy is a frightening prospect.”[32] He is not supported by American Public Health Association or The Children’s Health Fund.[33]
He has high approval ratings from Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council.[34] In November 2011 he voted to pass HR 2930 which authorizes crowdfunding for small businesses.
Rep. Franks presided over a hearing to ban abortions in the District of Columbia, in which he did not allow D.C.'s delegate to congress, Eleanor Holmes Norton, to testify. In doing so he stated that Congress has the authority to “exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever” in the District, even though the Democratic-leaning district is strongly opposed to the ban.[35]
Political campaigns[link]
1984[link]
In 1984, while working as an engineer for an oil and gas royalty-purchasing firm, he began his political career by running for a seat in the Arizona House of Representatives, against incumbent Democrat Glen Davis, an attorney, in District 20 in central Phoenix. Franks, who was a member of the Arizona Right to Life organization and president of the Arizona Christian Action Council, campaigned against abortion and in favor of tougher child abuse laws. He defeated Davis by 155 votes.[36] In the state legislature, Franks served as vice-chairman of the Commerce Committee and Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Child Protection and Family Preservation.
1986[link]
Franks was defeated in his re-election bid in November 1986.[37]
1994[link]
Franks was a candidate in the 1994 Republican primary for Arizona's 4th congressional district. He lost to John Shadegg, who then won the general election.
2002[link]
When 3rd District Congressman Bob Stump decided to retire after 13 terms, Franks entered the race to succeed him. The district had been redrawn and renumbered the 2nd after redistricting, following the 2000 Census,[38] in which Arizona got two additional seats, and was heavily Republican.[39] The initial favorite in the race was Lisa Jackson Atkins, Stump's longtime chief of staff, whom Stump had endorsed as his successor. Atkins had long been very visible in the district (in contrast to her more low-key boss) to the point that many thought she was the district's representative. Franks narrowly defeated Atkins in the primary, along with five other Republicans, after contributing more than $300,000 of his own money to his campaign,[40] then won the November 2002 general election with 60 percent of the vote.[7]
2004, 2006, 2008[link]
In 2004, Franks faced unusually strong competition in the Republican primary from the more moderate Rick Murphy, but defeated him, winning 65% of the primary vote. He won re-election in November 2004 with 59% of the vote, the same percentage that he received in his 2006 and 2008 re-elections.
2010[link]
Franks was challenged by Democratic nominee John Thrasher, Libertarian nominee Powell Gammill, and Write-In candidates William Crum and Mark Rankin.
Franks won against Charles Black in the Republican primary.
Electoral history[link]
| Year | Democratic | Votes | Pct | Republican | Votes | Pct | 3rd Party | Party | Votes | Pct | 3rd Party | Party | Votes | Pct | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Randy Camacho | 61,217 | 36.55% | Trent Franks | 100,359 | 59.92% | Edward R. Carlson | Libertarian | 5,919 | 3.53% | * | ||||||||
| 2004 | Randy Camacho | 107,406 | 38.46% | Trent Franks | 165,260 | 59.17% | Powell Gammill | Libertarian | 6,625 | 2.37% | * | ||||||||
| 2006 | John Thrasher | 89,671 | 38.89% | Trent Franks | 135,150 | 58.62% | Powell Gammill | Libertarian | 5,734 | 2.49% | * | ||||||||
| 2008 | John Thrasher | 125,611 | 37.16% | Trent Franks | 200,914 | 59.44% | Powell Gammill | Libertarian | 7,882 | 2.33% | William Crum | Green | 3,616 | 1.07% | |||||
| 2010 | John Thrasher | 82,891 | 31.06% | Trent Franks | 173,173 | 64.89% | Powell Gammill | Libertarian | 10,820 | 4.05% | * |
Personal life[link]
 |
This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2010) |
Franks and his wife, Josephine, have been married since 1980. In August 2008, a donor egg and surrogate were used to give birth to their twins. They are members of a Baptist Church.
Franks is currently Chairman of the Children's Hope Scholarship Foundation.
References[link]
- ^ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/%7Ebattle/reps/franks.htm
- ^ a b Birhanemaskel, Millete (2002-11-20). "Congressman from Arizona creates buzz in Briggsdale". Greeley Tribune. http://www.greeleytribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?Site=GR&Date=20021120&Category=NEWS&ArtNo=211200001&Ref=AR&SectionCat=FRONTPAGE. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
- ^ "Trent Franks". Classmates.com. http://www.classmates.com/directory/public/memberprofile/list.htm?regId=476953721. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ Associated Press (2002-08-12). "Primaries crowded for redrawn 2nd Congressional District". Kingman Daily Miner. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NaU0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=tlIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4877,3632056&dq=trent+franks+ottawa+university&hl=en. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
- ^ "Trent Franks". Vote-USA.org. http://www.vote-usa.org/Intro.aspx?Id=AZFranksTrent. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
- ^ "U.S. Rep. Trent Franks (a Franchising World Q & A)(Interview)". Franchising World. September 1, 2004. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1145632/U-S-Rep-Trent-Franks.html.
- ^ a b Ken Hedler (December 18, 2002). "Franks seeks widening of school tax credits". Kingman Daily Miner. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=C4ALAAAAIBAJ&sjid=O1MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6856,8863189&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ "Extended Biography of Congressman Trent Franks". Trent Franks Congressional website. http://www.house.gov/franks/bio_introduction.shtml. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ "Mecham aides quit, another will leave". Prescott Courier. Associated Press: p. 6A. April 8, 1988. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e5wOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NYEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7072,1408752&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ "Campaign called 'dirtiest' in recent memory". Prescott Courier. Associated Press: p. 1. September 11, 1988. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IZAOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WIEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3583,2247028&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ "Abortion ruling bodes ill for Arizona". Prescott Courier. Associated Press: p. 1B. June 29, 1992. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uxwOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qH0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2066,7041640&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ "Politics of Abortion Likely to Inflame Elections in States". Miami Herald. July 1, 1992. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB346F474DCA04D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
- ^ William F. Rawson (August 2, 1995). "Arizona initiative seeks flat tax, credits for private school tuition". Kingman Daily Miner. Associated Press. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rmkLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=PFMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4207,371289&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ Jonathan D. Salant (December 25, 2002). "A Richer Congress; Nearly Half of Incoming Freshmen are Millionaires". Associated Press. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/1225-02.htm.
- ^ "Liberty Petroleum Corporation – Profile". Manta.com. http://www.manta.com/coms2/dnbcompany_hsfpjx. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ "GOP lawmaker clarifies remarks critical of Obama". http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j316yGgo15WC2Udklz0_RtE_etRAD9B197M04. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
- ^ Roff, Peter (2010-02-26). "The Most Conservative and Most Liberal Members of Congress". U.S. News & World Report. http://www.usnews.com/blogs/peter-roff/2010/02/26/the-most-conservative-and-most-liberal-members-of-congress.html. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Thomas (Library of Congress): HR 4411
- ^ Thomas (Library of Congress): HR 4777
- ^ Associated Press (2007-02-14). "McCain courting Christian conservatives". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17146257/. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ “”. "Representative Trent Franks". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=459Dny0aabI#t=5m43s. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ Leibovich, Mark (February 26, 2010). "A Tip on Slavery, Holocaust Talk". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/a-tip-on-slavery-holocaust-talk/. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Trent Franks: Abortion Is Worse for Blacks Than Slavery Was " The Washington Independent". Washingtonindependent.com. 2010-02-26. http://washingtonindependent.com/77839/trent-franks-abortion-is-worse-for-blacks-than-slavery-was. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ Fabian, Jordan. "GOPer: Abortion taking worse toll on blacks than slavery - The Hill's Blog Briefing Room". Thehill.com. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/84003-goper-abortion-taking-worse-toll-on-blacks-than-slavery. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ Current Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers
- ^ Sept. 11, 2008 10:39 AM (2008-09-11). "Head to Head: Congressional District 2". Azcentral.com. http://www.azcentral.com/news/election/azelections/articles/2008/09/11/20080911elex-congtwoheadtohead.html. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ Doyle, Michael, "Judge: Controversial 'Muslim Mafia' used stolen papers", Charlotte Observer, November 10, 2009, accessed November 17, 2009
- ^ Glenn Greenwald (October 15, 2009). "GOP House members call for investigation of Muslim political activity". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2009/10/15/investigation/index.html.
- ^ Jordy Yager (October 14, 2009). "House Republicans accuse Muslim group of trying to plant spies". Capitol Hill Publishing Corp.. http://thehill.com/homenews/house/63023-republicans-accuse-muslim-advocacy-group-of-trying-to-plant-spies.
- ^ 2011
- ^ [1], 2011
- ^ Trent Franks, [2], 2011
- ^ [3], 2011
- ^ [4], 2011
- ^ [5], 2012
- ^ "Republicans hold fast on Senate control". Mohave Daily Miner (UPI): p. 7. November 7, 1984. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wrMOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sYIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7065,668571&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ "Legislature results are split". Mohave Daily Miner (UPI): p. 16. November 5, 1986. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z3gLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dFMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5983,430253&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ Scott Thomsen (September 12, 2000). "Congress: Grijalva, Franks now front-runners in new districts". The Daily Courier. Associated Press. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xUwLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=11IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6873,1999344&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ "In heavily GOP congressional district in Arizona, Trent Franks wins Republican nomination". Associated Press. September 15, 2002. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F86D7A45F211707&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
- ^ Robert Gehrke (September 2, 2002). "Many Arizona House candidates financing own primary campaigns". The Daily Courier. Associated Press. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vEwLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=11IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776,365885&dq=trent-franks.
- ^ "Election Statistics". Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
External links[link]
- U.S. Congressman Trent Franks official U.S. House site
- Trent Franks for U.S. Congress official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Bob Stump |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 2nd congressional district 2003–present |
Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Mario Diaz-Balart R-Florida |
United States Representatives by seniority 205th |
Succeeded by Scott Garrett R-New Jersey |
|
|||||||||||
| Representatives to the 108th–112th United States Congresses from Arizona (ordered by seniority) | ||
|---|---|---|
| 108th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi |
| 109th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi |
| 110th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi | G. Giffords | H. Mitchell |
| 111th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | G. Giffords | H. Mitchell | A. Kirkpatrick |
| 112th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | G. Giffords | P. Gosar | B. Quayle | D. Schweikert |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Franks, Trent |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | June 19, 1957 |
| Place of birth | Uravan, Colorado |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Trent_Franks
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Mark Levin or Mark Levine, see Mark Levine (disambiguation).
| Mark Levin | |
|---|---|
 Levin speaks at an Americans for Prosperity conference in 2011 |
|
| Birth name | Mark Reed Levin |
| Born | (1957-09-21) September 21, 1957 (age 54) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Show | The Mark Levin Show |
| Station(s) | WABC |
| Network | Cumulus Media Networks |
| Time slot | 6-9 p.m. EST |
| Style | Talk radio |
| Country | United States |
| Website | marklevinshow.com |
Mark Reed Levin (born September 21, 1957) is a lawyer, author and the host of American syndicated radio show The Mark Levin Show. Levin served in the administration of President Ronald Reagan and was a chief of staff for Attorney General Edwin Meese. He is president of the Landmark Legal Foundation, has authored bestselling books and contributes commentary to various media outlets such as National Review Online.[1]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Mark Reed Levin was born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and grew up in Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Cheltenham High School after three years.[2][3] After high school, Levin enrolled at Temple University Ambler including summer classes and graduated in 1977 at age 19, magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa.[4] He also earned a juris doctorate from Temple University Beasley School of Law in 1980.[5]
Beginning in 1981, Levin served as advisor to several members of President Ronald Reagan's cabinet, eventually becoming Associate Director of Presidential Personnel and ultimately Chief of Staff to Attorney General Edwin Meese; Levin also served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education at the U.S. Department of Education, and Deputy Solicitor of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
He practiced law in the private sector and is president of Landmark Legal Foundation, a public interest law firm founded in 1976 and based in Leesburg, Virginia.
Levin is married to Kendall Levin.[6] They have two children, Lauren (born 1988) and Chase (born 1991).[7]
Levin has participated in Freedom Concerts, an annual benefit concert to aid families of fallen soldiers, and he uses his radio program to promote same.[8][9] Levin is also involved with Troopathon, a charity which sends care packages to soldiers serving overseas.[10]
In 2001, the American Conservative Union awarded Levin its Ronald Reagan Award.[11]
Radio broadcasting[link]
See also: The Mark Levin Show
Levin began his broadcast career as a guest on conservative talk radio programs. For many years he was a frequent contributor of legal opinions to The Rush Limbaugh Show, where Limbaugh referred to him on-air as "F. Lee Levin," a tongue-in-cheek reference to the famous defense attorney F. Lee Bailey. He was also a contributor to The Sean Hannity Show and eventually got a radio slot of his own on WABC, following Sean Hannity's program. Hannity has nicknamed Mark Levin "The Great One".[12] Levin and Hannity remain frequent contributors to each other's programs.
Writer[link]
[edit] Men In Black: How The Supreme Court is Destroying America
Levin authored the 2005 book Men In Black: How The Supreme Court Is Destroying America, in which he advanced his thesis that activist judges on the Supreme Court (from all parts of the political spectrum) have "legislated from the bench." In her review of Men in Black, Slate magazine's legal correspondent and journalist Dahlia Lithwick wrote that "no serious scholar of the court or the Constitution, on the ideological left or right, is going to waste their time engaging Levin's arguments once they've read this book."[13] In contrast, a review in the Defense Counsel Journal described Men in Black as "a forceful indictment of what Levin identifies as an increasingly 'activist' court for amending our national Constitution in the guise of construing it."[14]
[edit] Rescuing Sprite: A Dog Lover's Story of Joy and Anguish
In 2007, Levin released a book about his dogs, Pepsi and Sprite. Specifically, the book was about Sprite, a Spaniel mix that his wife and son persuaded him to adopt from the local shelter in 2004. The book was titled Rescuing Sprite: A Dog Lover's Story of Joy and Anguish. Rescuing Sprite chronicles Sprite’s health deterioration in 2006 and how Levin and his family dealt with their loss.
[edit] Liberty and Tyranny: A Conservative Manifesto
Liberty and Tyranny: A Conservative Manifesto was released on March 24, 2009, and became a No. 1 New York Times best seller for eleven of twelve weeks,[15] as well as No. 1 on Nielsen's BookScan.[16] It comes in at No. 2 on Amazon.com's list of bestselling books of 2009.[17] The book includes discussion of a variety of issues that, according to Levin, need to be addressed in the United States. Liberty and Tyranny has sold over one million copies according to Threshold Editions, the book's publisher.[18] Former federal prosecutor and fellow National Review Online author Andrew C. McCarthy wrote of Liberty and Tyranny in The New Criterion:
We are in the high tide of America’s Leftist ascendancy: the Obama evisceration of individual freedom and installation of authoritarian collectivism—at warp speed, driven by an ambition that would have made Woodrow Wilson and FDR blush. Against this tidal wave, Levin offers not so much a defense as a plan of attack, a clarion call to roll back the seas of Change.[19]
Taking a contrary view, Steve Almond of Salon wrote that
... the tantalizing beauty of a Mark Levin text resides precisely in this ability to attribute any crisis of State to its nefarious indulgences. The current economic meltdown, for instance, should not be blamed on the psychotic greed of Wall Street, but on the State's deranged need to throw money at the poor and undeserving.[20]
[edit] Ameritopia: The Unmaking of America
Ameritopia: The Unmaking of America was released January 17, 2012. Amazon's publication notes describe this book as exploring "the psychology, motivations, and history of the utopian movement, its architects, and its modern day disciples – and how the individual and American society are being devoured by it."[21]
References[link]
- ^ "Mark R. Levin Archive, National Review Online". http://www.nationalreview.com/author/53282. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ^ "Cheltenham alumni website". Cheltenhamalumni.org. http://cheltenhamalumni.org/archived-home-page.htm. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
- ^ Carey, Art (July 16, 2009). "Looking at liberty and tyranny Author and radio host Mark Levin offers a conservative view.". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 3.
- ^ Mark R. Levin bio by National Review
- ^ Jeffrey, Terence P.; Ryskind, Allan H. (October 2, 2006). "Mark Levin Takes Talk Radio by Storm". Human Events. http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=17298. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
- ^ Limbaugh, Rush (November 16, 2007). "Mark Levin In-Studio on "Rescuing Sprite"". The Rush Limbaugh Show. http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2007/11/16/mark_levin_in_studio_on_rescuing_sprite2. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
- ^ Levin, Rescuing Sprite, p. 9.
- ^ "Sean Hannity, Freedom Concert comes to Nokia Theatre". http://www.thechronicleonline.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=572&Itemid=348. [dead link]
- ^ "Montgomery Gentry loves country and sings for "Freedom"". New York Daily News. 2007-09-11. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2007/09/11/2007-09-11_montgomery_gentry_loves_country_and_sing.html. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ "Troopathon Homepage". Move America Forward. http://www.troopathon.org/index.php. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan Award Presented to Landmark's President Mark Levin". Landmark Legal Foundation. http://www.landmarklegal.org/DesktopFrame.aspx?frame=LONGTEXT&itemid=375. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ Mark Levin Retrieved 2010-08-28.
- ^ Lithwick, Dahlia. "The Limbaugh Code: The New York Times best seller no one is talking about.", Slate, April 1, 2005.
- ^ Wick, William A. "Men in Black: How the Supreme Court is Destroying America", Defense Counsel Journal , January 1, 2006.
- ^ "Hardcover Nonfiction". The New York Times. 2009-06-21. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?ref=bestseller.
- ^ Nielsens Bookscan Liberty and Tyranny, April 9, 2009
- ^ "Customers' Bestsellers: Top 100 Books". Amazon.com. 2009. http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?docId=1000444381. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
- ^ Vivian, Jordan (2009-09-15). "Liberty and Tyranny Sells a Million". Human Events. http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=33558. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ McCarthy, Andrew (May 2009). "The Work of Generations". New Criterion. http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/The-work-of-generations-4086. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Almond, Steve (2009-09-12). "Glenn Beck is the future of literary fiction". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2009/09/12/rightwing_bestsellers/print.html. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
- ^ "Ameritopia: The Unmaking of America (9781439173244): Mark R. Levin: Books". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Ameritopia-Unmaking-Mark-R-Levin/dp/1439173249/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321846400&sr=8-1. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
External links[link]
- Mark Levin Show, The Official Mark Levin Website
- marklevinshow Twitter feed
- Mark Levin on Facebook
- The Official Mark Levin Show Audio Rewind
- Landmark Legal Foundation
- Mark Levin is on the air from NationalReview.com
- C-SPAN Q&A interview with Levin, October 19, 2008
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Levin, Mark |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Radio personality |
| Date of birth | 1957-09-21 |
| Place of birth | Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mark_Levin
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Mark R. Levin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Levin
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Justin Bieber | |
|---|---|
 Justin Bieber at the NRJ Music Awards in Cannes, France in 2012 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Justin Drew Bieber[1] |
| Born | (1994-03-01) March 1, 1994 (age 18)[2] London, Ontario, Canada |
| Origin | Stratford, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, teen pop[3][4][5] |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, percussion,[6] trumpet[7] |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | Island, RBMG |
| Associated acts | Usher, Ludacris |
| Website | justinbiebermusic.com |
Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ BEE-bər, born March 1, 1994)[2] is a Canadian Pop/R&B singer-songwriter, musician, and actor.[3][5] Bieber was discovered in 2008 by Scooter Braun,[8] who came across Bieber's videos on YouTube and later became his manager. Braun arranged for him to meet with Usher in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher,[9] and then to a recording contract with Island Records offered by L.A. Reid.[6][10] Bieber's debut single, "One Time", was released in 2009 and peaked in the top twenty in Canada and charted in the top thirty in several international markets. His debut album, the seven-track EP My World, followed in November 2009, and was soon certified platinum in the United States. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut album chart on the Billboard Hot 100.[11]
Bieber's first full-length studio album, My World 2.0, was released in March 2010. It debuted at number one or within the top ten in several countries and was certified platinum in the United States. It was preceded by the worldwide top-ten single, "Baby". The music video of "Baby" is currently ranked as the most viewed and most discussed YouTube video.[12] Bieber followed up the release of his debut album with his first headlining tour, the My World Tour, the remix albums My Worlds Acoustic and Never Say Never – The Remixes, and the 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, that nearly matched the record for the biggest opening weekend gross for a concert-film. Bieber released his second studio album, Under the Mistletoe, in November 2011, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Bieber has received numerous awards, including Artist of the Year at the 2010 American Music Awards, and has been nominated for such awards as Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 53rd Grammy Awards. In 2012, Bieber was named Forbes 3rd most powerful celebrity in the world, earning $55 million. As of May 2012, Bieber has sold 15 million albums.[13]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario in St Joseph's Hospital,[14][15] and was raised in Stratford, Ontario.[16] Bieber's mother, Patricia Lynn "Pattie" Mallette, was 18 years old when she became pregnant. Mallette, originally from Stratford, raised her son with the help of her parents, Bruce and Diane.[17] Mallette worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father, Jeremy Jack Bieber, who married another woman and had two children.[18][19][20] Bieber's great-grandfather was from Germany.[21] Bieber's mother's ancestry is French Canadian.[22] Bieber attended a French immersion elementary school in Stratford called Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School.[17]
During his childhood, Bieber was interested in hockey, soccer, and chess; he often kept his musical aspirations to himself.[18] As he grew up, Bieber taught himself to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet.[16][23] In early 2007, when he was twelve, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's "So Sick" for a local singing competition in Stratford and was placed second.[6][23] Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew.[10] Chris Hicks, Bieber's A&R at Island/Def Jam, explained the young artist's huge online following to HitQuarters by saying:
"He was doing something different. He was an attractive white kid singing very soulful R&B hits. That set him apart immediately from anyone in his range because no one was covering or singing these kind of records. But equally important was that you believed in these songs – it was real. And you wanted to hear more."[24]
Career[link]
[edit] 2008–09: Discovery and My World
While searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun, a former marketing executive of So So Def, clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 videos by accident.[18] Impressed, Braun tracked down the theater Bieber was performing in, located Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette. Mallette was reluctant because of Braun's Jewish religion; she remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label! ... you don’t want this Jewish kid to be Justin’s man, do you?"[18] However, after praying with her church elders and receiving their encouragement, she permitted Braun to fly Bieber, then 13,[10] to Atlanta, Georgia, to record demo tapes.[18] A week after arriving, Bieber sang for R&B singer/songwriter Usher.[25] Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher.[9] Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber, but lost the bidding war to Usher.[9][26] Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks, who helped engineer an audition with his contact Antonio L.A. Reid of Island Def Jam Music Group.[24] Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam where he would be able manage Bieber's career at the label.[6][9][10][24] At that point, Bieber and his mother moved to Atlanta temporarily, also the home of Usher and Braun, to record and get counseling from Braun.[9] Braun became Bieber's manager.[10]
Bieber's first single, "One Time", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album.[27] The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009,[10] and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. During fall 2009 it had success in international markets.[28] The song was certified Platinum in Canada and the US and Gold in Australia and New Zealand.[29][30][31] Bieber's first release, an extended play entitled My World, was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, "One Less Lonely Girl", and two promo singles, "Love Me", and "Favorite Girl", were released exclusively on the iTunes store and charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100.[28] "One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top fifteen in Canada and the US, being certified Gold in the latter.[28] My World was eventually certified Platinum in the US and Double Platinum in both Canada and the UK.[31][32][33] To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program The Dome, YTV's The Next Star, The Today Show,[34][35] The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, It's On with Alexa Chung, Good Morning America, Chelsea Lately, and BET's 106 & Park with Rihanna. Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP in late 2009.[36]
Bieber performed Stevie Wonder's "Someday at Christmas" for U.S. President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for Christmas in Washington, which was broadcast on December 20, 2009, on U.S. television broadcaster TNT.[37] Bieber was also one of the performers at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on December 31, 2009.[38] Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of We Are The World (a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake. Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version.[39] On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan's "Wavin' Flag" recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines.
[edit] 2010–11: My World 2.0 and Never Say Never film
"Baby", the lead single from his debut album, My World 2.0, which features Ludacris, was released in January 2010 and became his biggest hit thus far, charting at number five in the U.S. and reaching the top ten in seven other countries.[28] Two promo singles "Never Let You Go", and "U Smile" were top thirty hits on the U.S. Hot 100, and top twenty hits in Canada.[28] According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received "generally favorable reviews".[40] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963.[41] My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, Australian Albums Chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart[28] and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries.[42][43] To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View, the 2010 Kids Choice Awards, Nightline, The Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome and 106 and Park.[44] Bieber collaborated with Sean Kingston on his single "Eenie Meenie" which also appeared on Bieber's debut album. The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top-twenty of most other markets.
On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live.[45] On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City.[46] The second single from My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher. The single reached number ten in Canada, number fifteen in the United States, and the top twenty in multiple international countries.
On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour, starting in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote My World and My World 2.0.[47] In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet.[48] That same month his music video, "Baby", surpassed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" to become the most viewed, and most disliked YouTube video ever.[49] In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three percent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social-networking site.[50]
Bieber began recording his second album in July 2010 in New York City.[51] At this point, because of puberty, his voice was deeper than it was when he recorded his first album. In April 2010, the singer discussing his vocals remarked, "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world. [...] Some of the notes I hit on "Baby" I can't hit anymore. We have to lower the key when I sing live."[52]
Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother", who is also a serial bomber. Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed.[53] Bieber performed a medley of "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love" and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.[54] Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would release an acoustic album, called My Worlds Acoustic.[55] It was released on Black Friday in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a completely new song titled "Pray".[56]
A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, was released on February 11, 2011, directed by Step Up 3D director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theaters.[57] It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go With It, which grossed $31 million.[58] Never Say Never is said to have exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary.[59][60] Never Say Never grossed a total of $98,441,954 worldwide.[61] The film is accompanied by his second remix album, Never Say Never – The Remixes, released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West, among others.[62]
[edit] 2011–present: Under The Mistletoe and Believe
On February 27, 2011, Bieber attended the 2011 Vanity Fair Oscar Party with American actress and singer Selena Gomez,[63] confirming several months of media speculation about a romantic relationship between the pair.[64][65][66][67][68][69]
In June 2011, Bieber was ranked number 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star and 1 of 7 musicians on the list raking in with $53 million earned in a 12 month period.[70] On November 1, 2011, Bieber released Under the Mistletoe, his second studio album.[71] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release.[72]
In late 2011, Bieber began recording his third studio album, entitled Believe. Kanye West and Drake are confirmed to be featured on the album.[73] On February 22, 2012, Bieber announced via Twitter that the first single off Believe will be released in March 2012.[74] The following week, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to announce that the first single will be called "Boyfriend" and was released on March 26, 2012.[75] The song was co-written by Mike Posner.[76] The second single, Die In Your Arms, was released on May 29th, 2012. [77]
Image[link]
Justin Bieber has a higher score on the Klout online "influence" scale than Barack Obama or The Dalai Lama.[78] According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times, part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. Long before he released his EP, My World, in mid-November, the YouTube videos attracted millions of views.[18] Braun recognized the appeal. Prior to flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there’s no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun.[18] Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly;[10] his account was reported in November 2010 to have over 6 million followers.[79] Since then he has been consistently gaining followers at an average of 24,000 per day.[80] The accounts also serve marketing purposes; for example, Bieber's music video for "One Time" only began selling quickly after it was uploaded to YouTube.[81]
Usher comments that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly." As a result, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard Kenny, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image.[18] After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist. Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario, Bieber's manner of dress and speech ("Wassup man, how you doin'?" or "It's like, you know, whateva' ") suggest he's mimicking his favorite rappers."[82]
Bieber is often featured in teen magazines such as Tiger Beat,[18] and has been labeled as a "teen heartthrob".[83] Bieber has released a collection of nail varnishes to raise awareness for charity.[84] Wax statues of Bieber are on display at Madame Tussauds wax museums in New York, Amsterdam and London.[85] His change of hairstyle in 2010, and the consequent alterations to Bieber products, led to it being called 'the most expensive musical haircut of all time;[86] one company spent $100,000 to fix its dolls for the 2011 Christmas season.[87]
Bieber has been criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age, his teen-pop music, image, and frequent media attention.[88] He has been a frequent target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, notably by users of Internet message board 4chan and users of YouTube.[89] Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph speculated that "Bieber's character also appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics, with many remarks commenting on his youthful appearance, his teen-pop songs, his image as a heart-throb to young teenage girls and his manner of speech".[90]
Personal views and life[link]
Bieber is a Christian,[91] and said he has a relationship with Jesus, talks to him and that "he's the reason I'm here".[92]
Bieber's comments in a February 2011 profile in Rolling Stone sparked controversy.[93] Asked about abstinence, Bieber responded, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." He said he does not "believe in abortion" and that it is "like killing a baby".[94] He described sexual orientation as "everyone's own decision."[95] Bieber has contributed to the It Gets Better Project,[96] which aims to prevent suicide among LGBT youth.[97]
Bieber has said he is not interested in obtaining United States citizenship and has criticized America's health care system. Praising Canada as being "the best country in the world", he cited its health care system as a model example.[94]
In May 2012, Bieber purchased a 10,000 square-foot mansion on 1.3 acres of land, located in the community of Calabasas, California, a suburb of Los Angeles.[98]
Twitter[link]
Main article: Justin Bieber on Twitter
As of April 2012[update], Bieber's Twitter account (@justinbieber) is the second most popular celebrity account behind that of Lady Gaga.[99] By mid-April 2012, he had over 20 million followers.[100][101] His follower acquisition is one new follower every other second.[102][103] His popularity on Twitter at one point accounted for three percent of all Twitter related traffic, with a Twitter employee commenting that "racks of servers are dedicated" to Bieber.[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112] This resulted in over 180 million page views for the service each month.[105] Bieber was frequently a trending topic on Twitter when the feature first launched[105] because his fans frequently discussed him on the network. [113] and was named the top trending star on Twitter in 2010;[114] Klout gave his account a score of 100.[115][116]
The size of Bieber's and Gaga's follower bases are cited as a reason why marketers should pay attention to Twitter:[117] with an ability to reach millions of people with a single tweet.[117] 8.3% of tweets mentioning "bieber" were semi-automated and probably Twitter related spam.[118] Research done about Twitter and the 2011 Egyptian revolution includes Bieber as he made tweets about the topic at a time when he had roughly 8 million followers. His multiple tweets resulted in 32,000 responses each, which made Bieber's Twitter account one of the single largest nodes for discussion about the uprising one of the largest on Twitter.[119][120]
In March 2012, Bieber fans launched an unsuccessful attempt to unseat Lady Gaga as the most popular celebrity on Twitter. Neither Bieber nor Lady Gaga discussed their mutual fanbase's campaigns on Twitter.[121]
Discography[link]
Main article: Justin Bieber discography
- My World 2.0 (2010)
- Under the Mistletoe (2011)
- Believe (2012)
Tours[link]
- 2009: Urban Behavior Tour
- 2010–2011: My World Tour
- 2012-2013: Believe Tour
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | True Jackson, VP | Himself | Guest star |
| My Date With... | |||
| 2010 | Silent Library | ||
| School Gyrls | Cameo | ||
| Saturday Night Live | Guest star/performer | Ep 35.18 | |
| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | Jason McCann | Shock Waves (Season 11, Episode 1) | |
| Hubworld | Guest star | Season 1, Episode 1 | |
| The X Factor (UK) | Performer | Series 7, Week 8 | |
| 2011 | Extreme Makeover: Home Edition | Guest star[122] | |
| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation | Jason McCann | Targets of Obsession (Season 11, Episode 15). | |
| Khloé & Lamar | Himself | Episode:The Father In Law (uncredited) Himself playing the NBA Celebrity All Star Game | |
| Saturday Night Live | Guest star | Ep. 36.14 | |
| Justin Bieber: Never Say Never[123] | Himself | Film produced by MTV Films and distributed by Paramount Pictures released February 2011 in United States; and March to April worldwide[124] The official movie trailer was released on October 26[125] | |
| Dancing With The Stars | Guest star | Week 7 Result Show | |
| So Random! | Himself | He performed in December 2011. | |
| Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade | Guest star | Performed at Walt Disney World Resort | |
| The X Factor (UK) | Performer | Series 8, Week 9 | |
| 2012 | Men in Black 3 | Baby Alien |
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Justin Bieber
References[link]
- ^ Greenblatt, Leah (March 10, 2010). "My World 2.0 (2010)". Time. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20350064,00.html?xid=rss-music-reviews-My+World+2.0. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ a b London, Ontario, CanadaAnderson, Kyle (February 22, 2010). "Justin Bieber Joins The Ranks Of Youngest 'SNL' Performers". MTV Newsroom. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/02/22/justin-bieber-saturday-night-live/. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ^ a b "Justin Bieber Biography & Awards". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/bio/1099520. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
- ^ Farber, Jim (March 23, 2010). "Justin Bieber, 'My World 2.0'". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2010/03/23/2010-03-23_rbpop_mix_on_my_world_20_cant_beef_up_justin_biebers_young_tone.html. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ a b Collar, Matt; Leahey, Andrew. "allmusic ((( Justin Bieber > Overview )))". Macrovision Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1152032. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ a b c d Mitchell, Gail (April 28, 2009). "Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber". Billboard. e5 Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story#/bbcom/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
- ^ "MTV- Justin Bieber artist profile". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/bieber_justin/artist.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
- ^ Konjicanin, Anja (December 24, 2010). "Justin Bieber makes them proud. But why?". Vancouver Observer. http://www.vancouverobserver.com/politics/news/2010/12/24/justin-bieber-makes-them-proud-why. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ a b c d e Herrera, Monica (March 19, 2010). "Justin Bieber – The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard. e5 Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story#/news/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g Herrera, Monica (July 13, 2009). ""Time" is right for teen singer Justin Bieber". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE56I2BM20090719. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Fever Hits Miami". CBS News (CBS Interactive). February 5, 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/05/earlyshow/leisure/music/main6177327.shtml. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
- ^ "Top 10 YouTube Videos of All Time". Readwriteweb.com. February 9, 2011. http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/top_10_youtube_videos_of_all_time.php. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "Justin Bieber, Venture Capitalist: The Forbes Cover Story". Fobes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2012/05/16/justin-bieber-venture-capitalist-the-forbes-cover-story/. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- ^ "Justin Bieber's Mom Joins Fight to Keep Canadian Pregnant Teen Shelter Open". The Hollywood Reporter. 2012-02-28. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/justin-biebers-mom-joins-fight-295774. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "Bieber – Birth Certificate" (PDF). TMZ.com. 2010. http://tmz.vo.llnwd.net/o28/newsdesk/tmz_documents/0816_bieber_wm_TMZ.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ^ a b Parvis, Sarah E (2010). Justin Bieber. Kansas, Mo. : Andrews McMeel ; London : Simon & Schuster. pp. 13–17. ISBN 978-1-4494-0181-8. http://books.google.ca/books?id=XQ8YQQv45GkC&lpg=PA40&dq=Justin%20Bieber%20%20Stratford%2C%20Ontario&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
- ^ a b Infantry, Ashante (May 14, 2010). "Justin Bieber guide added to hometown of Stratford's tourism website". Toronto Star (Toronto). http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/article/809366--justin-bieber-guide-added-to-hometown-of-stratford-s-tourism-website. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hoffman, Jan (December 31, 2009). "Justin Bieber is Living the Tween Idol Dream". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/fashion/03bieber.html.
- ^ Bartolomeo, Joey (June 20, 2010). "Meet Justin Bieber's Rockin' Dad". People (Time Inc.). http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20395400,00.html.
- ^ Holloway, Katya (October 14, 2010). "Bieber fever heats up: Justin Bieber spotted in Vancouver". Vancouver Sun. http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/Bieber+fever+heats+Justin+Bieber+spotted+Vancouver/3674168/story.html. Retrieved 2011-02-24. [dead link]
- ^ Robertson, Lindsay (2010-05-05). "Justin Bieber Ridiculed for ‘German’ Mistake | Stop The Presses! – Archives – Yahoo! Music". Music.yahoo.com. http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/stop-the-presses/justin-bieber-ridiculed-for-german-mistake.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ Bieber, Justin (2010). Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever (100% Official). HarperCollins. pp. 22, 23. ISBN 0-06-203974-1.
- ^ a b Colurso, Mary (December 17, 2010). "Temperature's rising as Justin brings Bieber fever to Birmingham". http://blog.al.com/mcolurso/2010/12/temperatures_rising_as_justin.html. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Chris Hicks". HitQuarters. August 23, 2011. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_CH.html. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ TJ (August 11, 2009). "Neon Limelight Interviews: Usher Protegé Justin Bieber: Accidental Star". Neon Limelight. http://neonlimelight.com/2009/08/11/neon-limelight-interviews-usher-protege-justin-bieber-accidental-star/. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ Vena, Jocleyn; Kos, Saimon (September 12, 2009). "Usher And Justin Timberlake Battled It Out For Justin Bieber". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621324/usher-justin-timberlake-battled-it-out-justin-bieber.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ Mitchell, Gail (April 28, 2009). "Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber". Billboard (e5 Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/#/news/usher-introduces-teen-singer-justin-bieber-1003966989.story.
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- ^ Justin Bieber Dies In Your Arms
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- ^ a b By Rolling Stone (February 16, 2011). "Justin Bieber Talks Sex, Politics, Music and Puberty In New 'Rolling Stone' Cover Story". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/justin-bieber-talks-sex-politics-music-and-puberty-in-new-rolling-stone-cover-story-20110216. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ Justin Bieber interview Rolling Stone Retrieved 2011-03-15
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- ^ "'The Voice:' Justin Bieber updates fans on Twitter , singer to make announcement?". Entertainment Examiner (USA). April 16, 2012. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AUNB:EAEN&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=13DC80FB672ABFA8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=1053B823C33F21F9. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
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- ^ Curtis, Dustin (September 7, 2010). "At any moment, Justin Bieber uses 3% of our infrastructure. Racks of servers are dedicated to him. – A guy who works at Twitter". https://twitter.com/#!/dcurtis/status/23192425566. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
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- ^ "Global Sites & Release Dates". Justin Bieber Never Say Never – Official website.. http://www.justinbieberneversaynever.com/intl/releasedates/release-dates.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
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Further reading[link]
- Justin Bieber (October 12, 2010). Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-203974-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=a2iAh-KFdIgC&pg=PP1.
- Ronny Bloom (April 15, 2010). Justin Bieber. Penguin Group USA. ISBN 978-0-8431-9903-1.
- Chas Newkey-Burden (September 1, 2010). Justin Bieber: The Unauthorized Biography. Michael O'Mara. ISBN 978-1-84317-523-0.
- Sarah Oliver (October 1, 2011). Justin Bieber A-Z. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84358-379-0.
- Sarah Parvis; Gail Herman (February 8, 2011). Superstars! Justin Bieber: In the Spotlight and Behind the Scenes. Time Home Entertainment. ISBN 978-1-60320-902-1.
- Marc Shapiro (August 17, 2010). Justin Bieber: The Fever!. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-67878-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=LyrqE1c66mwC&pg=PP1.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Justin Bieber |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Justin Bieber |
- Official website
- Justin Bieber at the Internet Movie Database
- Justin Bieber at the Open Directory Project
- Justin Bieber on Twitter
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bieber, Justin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian singer |
| Date of birth | March 1, 1994 |
| Place of birth | Stratford, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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