Naomi Wolf (born November 12, 1962) is an American author and political consultant. With the publication of The Beauty Myth, she became a leading spokesperson of what was later described as the third wave of the feminist movement.
Wolf was born in San Francisco in 1962 of Jewish descent.[1][2] Her mother is Deborah Goleman, an anthropologist and the author of The Lesbian Community.[3] Her father is the Romanian-born horror scholar Leonard Wolf. She attended Lowell High School and debated in regional speech tournaments as a member of the Lowell Forensic Society. She attended Yale University, where she received in 1984 her Bachelor of Arts in English literature; she was a Rhodes Scholar at New College, Oxford from 1985 to 1987.[4]
Wolf was married to the former Clinton speechwriter David Shipley. They had two children, Rosa (b. 1995) and Joseph (b. 2000). Wolf and Shipley divorced in 2005.[5]
Naomi Wolf speaking at Brooklyn Law School, January 29, 2009
[edit] The Beauty Myth
In the early 1990s, Wolf garnered international fame as a spokesperson of third-wave feminism[6][7] as a result of the success of her first book The Beauty Myth, which became an international bestseller.[4] In the book, she argues that "beauty" as a normative value is entirely socially constructed, and that the patriarchy determines the content of that construction with the goal of reproducing its own hegemony.
Wolf posits the idea of an "iron-maiden," an intrinsically unattainable standard that is then used to punish women physically and psychologically for their failure to achieve and conform to it. Wolf criticized the fashion and beauty industries as exploitative of women, but claimed the beauty myth extended into all areas of human functioning. Wolf writes that women should have "the choice to do whatever we want with our faces and bodies without being punished by an ideology that is using attitudes, economic pressure, and even legal judgments regarding women's appearance to undermine us psychologically and politically". Wolf argues that women were under assault by the "beauty myth" in five areas: work, religion, sex, violence, and hunger. Ultimately, Wolf argues for a relaxation of normative standards of beauty.[8] In her introduction, Wolf positioned her argument against the concerns of second-wave feminists and offered the following analysis:
| “ |
The more legal and material hindrances women have broken through, the more strictly and heavily and cruelly images of female beauty have come to weigh upon us... [D]uring the past decade, women breached the power structure; meanwhile, eating disorders rose exponentially and cosmetic surgery became the fastest-growing specialty... [P]ornography became the main media category, ahead of legitimate films and records combined, and thirty-three thousand American women told researchers that they would rather lose ten to fifteen pounds than achieve any other goal...More women have more money and power and scope and legal recognition than we have ever had before; but in terms of how we feel about ourselves physically, we may actually be worse off than our unliberated grandmothers.[9] |
” |
Wolf's book was a bestseller, receiving polarized responses from the public and mainstream media, but winning praise from most feminists. Second-wave feminist Germaine Greer wrote that The Beauty Myth was "the most important feminist publication since The Female Eunuch, and Gloria Steinem wrote, "The Beauty Myth is a smart, angry, insightful book, and a clarion call to freedom. Every woman should read it."[10] British novelist Fay Weldon called the book "essential reading for the New Woman".[11] Betty Friedan wrote in Allure magazine that "'The Beauty Myth' and the controversy it is eliciting could be a hopeful sign of a new surge of feminist consciousness."
However, Camille Paglia, whose Sexual Personae was published the same year as The Beauty Myth, derided Wolf as unable to perform "historical analysis", and called her education "completely removed from reality".[12] Her comments touched off a series of contentious debates between Wolf and Paglia in the pages of The New Republic.[13][14][15]
Likewise, Christina Hoff Sommers criticized Wolf for publishing the claim that 150,000 women were dying every year from anorexia. Sommers wrote that the actual number is closer to 100, a figure which others, such as Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards, claimed to be much too low. In the same interview, Sommers stated that Wolf had retracted the figure.[16]
In the mainstream press, The New York Times published a harshly critical assessment of Wolf's work: Caryn James lambasted the book as a "sloppily researched polemic as dismissible as a hackneyed adventure film...Even by the standards of pop-cultural feminist studies, 'The Beauty Myth' is a mess."[17] In a comparatively positive review, The Washington Post called the book "persuasive" and praised its "accumulated evidence."[18]
[edit] Promiscuities
Promiscuities reports on and analyzes the shifting patterns of contemporary adolescent sexuality. Wolf claims that literature is rife with examples of male coming-of-age stories, covered autobiographically by D. H. Lawrence, Tobias Wolff, J. D. Salinger, and Ernest Hemingway, and covered misogynistically by Henry Miller, Philip Roth, and Norman Mailer. Wolf insists, however, that female accounts of adolescent sexuality have been systematically suppressed. She adduces cross-cultural material to demonstrate that women have, across history, been celebrated as more carnal than men. Wolf also argues that women must reclaim the legitimacy of their own sexuality by shattering the polarization of women between virgin and whore.[19]
Promiscuities received, in general, negative reviews. The New York Times published a review that characterized Wolf as a "frustratingly inept messenger: a sloppy thinker and incompetent writer. She tries in vain to pass off tired observations as radical aperçus, subjective musings as generational truths, sappy suggestions as useful ideas".[20] Two days earlier, however, a different Times reviewer praised the book, writing, "Anyone--particularly anyone who, like Ms. Wolf, was born in the 1960s--will have a very hard time putting down 'Promiscuities'. Told through a series of confessions, her book is a searing and thoroughly fascinating exploration of the complex wildlife of female sexuality and desire."[21] In contrast, The Library Journal excoriated the work, writing, "Overgeneralization abounds as she attempts to apply the microcosmic events of this mostly white, middle-class, liberal milieu to a whole generation....There is a desperate defensiveness in the tone of this book which diminishes the force of her argument."[22]
[edit] Misconceptions
Misconceptions examines modern assumptions surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. Most of the book is told through the prism of Wolf's personal experience of her first pregnancy. She describes the "vacuous impassivity" of the ultrasound technician who gives her the first glimpse of her new baby. Wolf both laments her C-section and examines why the procedure is commonplace in the United States, and advocates a return to more personal approaches to childbirth such as midwifery. The second half of the book catalogs a series of anecdotes about life after giving birth, focusing in particular on inequalities that arise in men and women's approaches and adjustments to child care.[23]
[edit] The End of America
In The End of America: A Letter of Warning to a Young Patriot, Wolf takes a historical look at the rise of fascism, outlining the 10 steps necessary for a fascist group (or government) to destroy the democratic character of a nation-state and subvert the social/political liberty previously exercised by its citizens:
- Invoke a terrifying internal and external enemy
- Create secret prisons where torture takes place
- Develop a thug caste or paramilitary force not answerable to citizens
- Set up an internal surveillance system
- Harass citizens' groups
- Engage in arbitrary detention and release
- Target key individuals
- Control the press
- Treat all political dissidents as traitors
- Suspend the rule of law[24]
The book details how this pattern was implemented in Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and elsewhere, and analyzes its emergence and application in American political affairs since the September 11 attacks.[25][26]
The End of America was adapted for the screen as a documentary by filmmakers Annie Sundberg and Ricki Stern, best known for The Devil Came on Horseback and The Trials of Darryl Hunt. It had its worldwide premiere at the Hamptons International Film Festival on October 17, 2008. It has since been screened at Sheffield DocFest in the UK, as well as in limited release at New York City's IFC Center. The film became available online on October 21, 2008 at SnagFilms.com. End of America was favorably reviewed in the New York Times by Stephen Holden[27] as well as in Variety Magazine.[28]
[edit] Give Me Liberty
Give Me Liberty: A Handbook for American Revolutionaries was written as a sequel to The End of America: A Letter of Warning to a Young Patriot.
In the book, Wolf looks at times and places in history where citizens were faced with the closing of an open society and successfully fought back, and looks back at the ordinary people of the Founding Fathers of the United States' generation, the ones not named by history, all of whom had this "vision of liberty" and moved it forward by putting their lives on the line to make the vision real. She is an outspoken advocate for citizenship and wonders whether younger Americans have the skills and commitment to act as true citizens.[29] She wrote in 2007:
| “ |
This lack of understanding about how democracy works is disturbing enough. But at a time when our system of government is under assault from an administration that ignores traditional checks and balances, engages in illegal wiretapping and writes secret laws on torture, it means that we're facing an unprecedented crisis. As the Founders knew, if citizens are ignorant of or complacent about the proper workings of a republic "of laws not of men," then any leader of any party -- or any tyrannical Congress or even a tyrannical majority -- can abuse the power they hold. But at this moment of threat to the system the Framers set in place, a third of young Americans don't really understand what they were up to.[30] |
” |
Wolf's other books include Fire with Fire on politics, female empowerment and women's sexual liberation.[31] The New York Times assailed the work for its "dubious oversimplifications and highly debatable assertions" and its "disconcerting penchant for inflationary prose," nonetheless noting Wolf's "efforts to articulate an accessible, pragmatic feminism, ...helping to replace strident dogma with common sense."[32] The Time magazine reviewer dismissed the book as "flawed," noting however that Wolf was "an engaging raconteur" who was also "savvy about the role of TV -- especially the Thomas-Hill hearings and daytime talk shows -- in radicalizing women, including homemakers." The reviewer characterized the book as advocating an inclusive strain of feminism that welcomed abortion opponents.[33]
In 2005, Wolf published The Treehouse: Eccentric Wisdom from my Father on How to Live, Love, and See, which chronicled her midlife crisis attempt to reclaim her creative and poetic vision and revalue her father's love, and her father's force as an artist and a teacher.
Wolf considers herself a liberal feminist.[citation needed]
- Abortion
In publishing an article in The New Republic that criticized contemporary pro-choice positions, Wolf argued that the movement had "developed a lexicon of dehumanization" and urged feminists to accept abortion as a form of homicide and defend the procedure within the ambiguity of this moral conundrum. She continues, "Abortion should be legal; it is sometimes even necessary. Sometimes the mother must be able to decide that the fetus, in its full humanity, must die."[34]
Wolf concluded by speculating that in a world of "real gender equality," passionate feminists "might well hold candlelight vigils at abortion clinics, standing shoulder to shoulder with the doctors who work there, commemorating and saying goodbye to the dead."[34] More recently, in an article on the subtle manipulation of George W. Bush's image among women, Wolf wrote "Abortion is an issue not of Ms. Magazine-style fanaticism or suicidal Republican religious reaction, but a complex issue."[35]
Pro-life commentators said Wolf "fails to carry through fully in her analysis...this simply is not, or should not be, the unqualified response of our society to the destruction of innocent life."[36]
- Pornography
Wolf suggested in 2003 that the ubiquity of Internet pornography tends to enervate the sexual attraction of men toward typical real women. She writes, "The onslaught of porn is responsible for deadening male libido in relation to real women, and leading men to see fewer and fewer women as 'porn-worthy.' Far from having to fend off porn-crazed young men, young women are worrying that as mere flesh and blood, they can scarcely get, let alone hold, their attention." Wolf advocates abstaining from porn not on moral grounds, but because "greater supply of the stimulant equals diminished capacity."[37]
- Sexual advances at Yale
In 2004 Wolf wrote an article for New York Magazine[38] accusing acclaimed literary scholar Harold Bloom of a sexual "encroachment" more than two decades earlier, by touching her thigh. She said that what she alleged Bloom did was not harassment, either legally or emotionally, and she did not think herself a "victim", but she claimed to have harbored this secret for 21 years. Explaining why she had finally gone public with the charges, Wolf wrote, "I began, nearly a year ago, to try--privately--to start a conversation with my alma mater that would reassure me that steps had been taken in the ensuing years to ensure that unwanted sexual advances of this sort weren't still occurring. I expected Yale to be responsive. After nine months and many calls and e-mails, I was shocked to conclude that the atmosphere of collusion that had helped to keep me quiet twenty years ago was still intact--as secretive as a Masonic lodge."[citation needed]
Reflecting on Yale University's sexual harassment guidelines, Wolf writes, "Sexual encroachment in an educational context or a workplace is, most seriously, a corruption of meritocracy; it is in this sense parallel to bribery. I was not traumatized personally, but my educational experience was corrupted. If we rephrase sexual transgression in school and work as a civil-rights and civil-society issue, everything becomes less emotional, less personal. If we see this as a systemic corruption issue, then when people bring allegations, the focus will be on whether the institution has been damaged in its larger mission."[38]
A federal investigation of Yale University began in March 2011 in response to complaints that it has a sexually hostile environment. A formal complaint had been filed with the Department of Education Office for Civil Rights on March 15, 2011, by 16 current and former Yale students describing a sexually hostile environment at Yale.[citation needed]
- Women in Islamic countries
Wolf has spoken about the dress required of women living in Muslim countries:
The West interprets veiling as repression of women and suppression of their sexuality. But when I traveled in Muslim countries and was invited to join a discussion in women-only settings within Muslim homes, I learned that Muslim attitudes toward women's appearance and sexuality are not rooted in repression, but in a strong sense of public versus private, of what is due to God and what is due to one's husband. It is not that Islam suppresses sexuality, but that it embodies a strongly developed sense of its appropriate channeling - toward marriage, the bonds that sustain family life, and the attachment that secures a home.[39]
- Defence of Julian Assange
The December 20, 2010 airing of Democracy Now! featured a segment titled "Naomi Wolf vs. Jaclyn Friedman: Feminists Debate the Sexual Allegations Against Julian Assange" in which Jaclyn Friedman argues the sexual assault allegations against WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange shouldn't be dismissed just because they may be politically motivated. Wolf argues that the alleged victims should have said no, that they consented to having sex with Assange, that the charges are politically motivated and demean the cause of legitimate rape victims. The discussion took place shortly after the leaking of the Swedish police report on the incident.[40]
Wolf was involved in Bill Clinton's 1996 re-election bid, brainstorming with the president's team about ways to reach female voters.[41] During Al Gore's unsuccessful bid for the presidency in the 2000 election, Wolf was hired as a consultant to target female voters, reprising her role in the Clinton campaign. Wolf's ideas and participation in the Gore campaign generated considerable media coverage and criticism.[42] According to a report by Michael Duffy in Time, Wolf was paid a monthly salary of $15,000 "in exchange for advice on everything from how to win the women's vote to shirt-and-tie combinations." This article was the original source of the widely reported claim that Wolf was responsible for Gore's "three-buttoned, earth-toned look."[41][43]
In an interview with Melinda Henneberger in the New York Times, Wolf denied ever advising Gore on his wardrobe. Wolf herself claimed she mentioned the term "alpha male" only once in passing and that "[it] was just a truism, something the pundits had been saying for months, that the vice president is in a supportive role and the President is in an initiatory role... I used those terms as shorthand in talking about the difference in their job descriptions".[44]
On October 20, 2011 Wolf was arrested in New York during the Occupy Wall Street protests. She was held in custody for an hour.[45]
A month later, Naomi Wolf wrote an article that claimed that attacks on the Occupy movement were a coordinated plot, orchestrated by federal law enforcement agencies and implemented by American mayors[46]. The response to this article ranged from praise to criticism of Wolf for being overly speculative and creating a "conspiracy theory" [47]. Wolf responded that there is ample evidence for her argument, and proceeded to review the information available to her at the time of the article, and new evidence since that time[48]. On February 28, 2012, several news organizations published articles on information originally obtained by WikiLeaks and published by Rolling Stone[49][50], the most significant of which was an October 2011 Department of Homeland Security internal document[51] that concluded that
"The growing support for the OWS movement has expanded the protests’ impact and increased the potential for violence. While the peaceful nature of the protests has served so far to mitigate their impact, larger numbers and support from groups such as Anonymous substantially increase the risk for potential incidents and enhance the potential security risk to critical infrastructure (CI). The continued expansion of these protests also places an increasingly heavy burden on law enforcement and movement organizers to control protesters. As the primary target of the demonstrations, financial services stands the sector most impacted by the OWS protests. Due to the location of the protests in major metropolitan areas, heightened and continuous situational awareness for security personnel across all CI sectors is encouraged."
Writing in the magazine In These Times, Allison Kilkenny relates this to the ongoing Stratfor scandal and concludes that "the DHS document appears to be more concerned with protecting the mechanisms of the financial sector than in ensuring the safety of citizens who are exercising their First Amendment rights"[52].
- ^ Wolf, in an interview on The Alex Jones Show podcast October 22, 08 @ 2:40:38 into the program: "Well, you know, I'm Jewish and so, you know, I think there's this very deep reaction in people with my ancestry because my dad's family was largely wiped out by the holocaust, a sensitivity to travel restrictions because for people of my ethnicity there's a giant divide between people who got out before the border hardened during the National Nazi Socialist regime and those who waited a little too long. So I watch with concern when I travel, the growth of the [US] watchlist which is growing by 20,000 names a month..."
- ^ Bob Blaisdell (May 15, 2005). "Naomi Wolf starts listening to her dad / 12 tidy lessons in wisdom of the heart". San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-05-15/books/17371864_1_naomi-wolf-tree-house-father. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
- ^ Hix, Lisa (June 19, 2005). "Did Father Know Best? In Her New Book, Third Wave Feminist Naomi Wolf Reconsiders Her Bohemian Upbringing". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/06/19/LVGESD6IJ21.DTL&hw=naomi+wolf&sn=001&sc=1000. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
- ^ a b "Naomi Wolf (biography and blog)". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/naomi-wolf. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
- ^ Baxter, Sarah (January 8, 2006). "Finding her heart - and getting a divorce". The Sunday Times (London). http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/article210773.ece. "'It is truly nobody's fault,' she says. 'We had a wonderful 10 to 12 years....'" Subscription required.
- ^ Project Syndicate "The Next Wave."
- ^ Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth. New York: Bantham Doubleday Dell Publishing, 1991; p. 281: "The beauty myth can be defeated only through an electric resurgence of the woman-centered political activism of the seventies--a feminist third wave--updated to take on the new issues of the nineties...I've become convinced that here are thousands of young women ready and eager to join forces with a peer-driven feminist third wave that would take on, along with the classic feminist agenda, the new problems that have arisen with the shift in Zeitgeist and beauty backlash."
- ^ The Beauty Myth, pp. 17-18, 20, 86, 131, 179, 218.
- ^ The Beauty Myth. pp. 10
- ^ Abbott, Carl. "Reviews". Powells.com. http://www.powells.com/biblio/2-9780385423977-7. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Kim Hubbard, The Tyranny of Beauty, To Naomi Wolf, Pressure to Look Good Equals Oppression, People, June 24, 1991.
- ^ Paglia, Camille. Sex, Art, and American Culture. New York: Random House, 1992. p. 262
- ^ Naomi Wolf. "Feminist Fatale." The New Republic. March 16, 1992. pp. 23-25
- ^ Camille Paglia. "Wolf Pack." The New Republic. April 13, 1992. pp. 4-5
- ^ Naomi Wolf and Camille Paglia. "The Last Words." The New Republic. May 18, 1992. pp. 4-5
- ^ Think Tank. "Has Feminism Gone too Far?"
- ^ Caryn, James. The New York Times. "Feminine Beauty as a Masculine Plot."
- ^ Yalom, Marilyn. The Washington Post. "Feminism's Latest Makeover."
- ^ Wolf, Naomi (1997). Promiscuities. New York: Balantine Publishing Group. OCLC 473694368.
- ^ Kakutani, Michiko (June 10, 1997). "Feminism Lite: She Is Woman, Hear Her Roar". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E3DB133CF933A25755C0A961958260.
- ^ Weaver, Courtney (June 8, 1997). "Growing Up Sexual". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404EEDD133AF93BA35755C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1.
- ^ The Library Journal, June 1997.
- ^ Wolf, Naomi (2001). Misconceptions: Truth, Lies, and the Unexpected on the Journey to Motherhood. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-49302-4.
- ^ Wolf, Naomi. "Fascist America, in 10 Easy Steps." The Guardian. April 24, 2007.
- ^ Wolf, Naomi (2007). The End of America: A Letter of Warning to a Young Patriot. White River, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 978-1-933392-79-0.
- ^ Naomi Wolf (September 27, 2007). "Books: The End of America". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/09/26/DI2007092601536.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009. "I want to summarize why I believe we are facing a real crisis. My reading showed me that there are 10 key steps that would-be despots always take when they are seeking to close down an open society or to crush a democracy movement, and we are seeing each of those in the US today."
- ^ Holden, Stephen (December 3, 2008). "When Laws and Liberties Test Each Other's Limits". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/movies/03end.html. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
- ^ Scheib, Ronnie (October 20, 2008). "The End of America Movie Review". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117938760.html?categoryid=31&cs=1.
- ^ Matthew Felling (November 27, 2007). "What About The Candidates?". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2007/11/27/publiceye/entry3543837.shtml. Retrieved December 7, 2009. "That came to mind when I read the Washington Post's Outlook section this weekend, and looked over Naomi Wolf's piece about how young people don't understand capital-D Democracy. According to a recent study by the National Center for Education Statistics, only 47 percent of high school seniors have mastered a minimum level of U.S. history and civics, while only 14 percent performed at or above the "proficient" level."
- ^ Naomi Wolf (November 25, 2007). "Hey, Young Americans, Here's a Text for You". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/23/AR2007112301302.html. Retrieved December 7, 2009. "Is America still America if millions of us no longer know how democracy works? When I speak on college campuses, I find that students are either baffled by democracy's workings or that they don't see any point in engaging in the democratic process. Sometimes both."
- ^ Wolf, Naomi (1993). Fire with Fire. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-42718-6.
- ^ Kakutani, Michiko (December 3, 1993). "Books of The Times; Helpful Hints for an Era of Practical Feminism". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DB1E39F930A35751C1A965958260&scp=1&sq=naomi%20wolf%20fire%20with%20fire&st=cse.
- ^ Duffy, Martha (Dec. 27, 1993). "Tremors of Genderquake". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979918,00.html. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- ^ a b Wolf, Naomi (Oct 16, 1995). "Our Bodies, Our Souls". The New Republic 213 (16): 26–35, reprinted here [1].
- ^ Wolf, Naomi (May 21, 2005). "Female Trouble". New York magazine. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/columns/thesexes/9911/.
- ^ Getek, Kathryn; Cunningham, Mark (February, 1996). "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing: Language and the Abortion Debate". Princeton Progressive Review, reprinted here [2].
- ^ The Porn Myth: In the end, porn doesn't whet men's appetites-it turns them off the real thing. October 20, 2003
- ^ a b Wolf, Naomi (March 1, 2004). "The Silent Treatment". New York. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/features/n_9932/. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
- ^ Wolf, Naomi (August 30, 2008). "Behind the veil lives a thriving Muslim sexuality". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/behind-the-veil-lives-a-thriving-muslim-sexuality/2008/08/29/1219516734637.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1.
- ^ Goodman, Amy (December 20, 2010). "Naomi Wolf vs. Jaclyn Friedman: Feminists Debate the Sexual Allegations Against Julian Assange". Democracy Now!. democracynow.org. http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/20/naomi_wolf_vs_jaclyn_friedman_a. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Seelye, Katharine Q. (November 1, 1999). "Adviser Pushes Gore to Be Leader of the Pack". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDD143BF932A35752C1A96F958260.
- ^ Somerby, Bob. ""A virtual wilding:" The month of earth tones-and Wolf". How He Got There Chapter 5. http://howhegotthere.blogspot.com/2009/12/chapter-5.html. Retrieved May 19, 2010. "The frenzy about Naomi Wolf began in the pages of Time. On Sunday morning, October 31, just four days after the jeering of Gore, the magazine released a news report headlined, "GORE'S SECRET GURU." (The report appeared in Time's new edition, dated November 8.) In the piece, Michael Duffy and Karen Tumulty reported an underwhelming fact: Author Naomi Wolf, the "secret guru" in question, was advising the Gore campaign-had been doing so since January. Within days, this underwhelming piece of news had turned into a major press frenzy. For the next month, Gore and Wolf would be relentlessly trashed, in ways which were often remarkably ugly and often profoundly inane."
- ^ Dowd, Maureen (November 3, 1999). "Liberties; The Alpha-Beta Macarena". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DB133BF930A35752C1A96F958260.
- ^ Henneberger, Melinda (November 5, 1999). "Naomi Wolf, Feminist Consultant to Gore, Clarifies Her Campaign Role". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DC1F3BF936A35752C1A96F958260.
- ^ Matt Wells in New York (October 19, 2011). "Occupy Wall St: Naomi Wolf condemns 'Stalinist' erosion of protest rights | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/19/naomi-wolf-occupy-wall-street-arrested. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Naomi Wolf (25 November 2011). "The shocking truth about the crackdown on Occupy". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/25/shocking-truth-about-crackdown-occupy. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
- ^ Naomi Wolf (28 November 2011). "Naomi Wolf: reception, responses, critics". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/28/naomi-wolf-reception-responses-critics. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
- ^ Naomi Wolf (2 December 2011). "The crackdown on Occupy controversy: a rebuttal". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/dec/02/crackdown-occupy-controversy-rebuttal-naomi-wolf. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
- ^ Michael Hastings (28 Feb 2012). "Exclusive: Homeland Security Kept Tabs on Occupy Wall Street". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/national-affairs/exclusive-homeland-security-kept-tabs-on-occupy-wall-street-20120228. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
- ^ David Edwards (29 Feb 2012). "DHS tracked Occupy Wall Street to ‘control protesters’". The Raw Story. http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/02/29/dhs-tracked-occupy-wall-street-to-control-protesters/. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
- ^ http://www1.rollingstone.com/extras/13637_DHS%20IP%20Special.pdf
- ^ Allison Kilkenny (29 Feb 2012). "DHS tracked Occupy Wall Street to ‘control protesters’". In These Times. http://inthesetimes.com/uprising/entry/12811/leaked_documents_homeland_security_monitoring_occupy_wall_street/#.T04dkj9RshM.facebook. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
| Persondata |
| Name |
Wolf, Naomi |
| Alternative names |
|
| Short description |
American writer |
| Date of birth |
November 12, 1962 |
| Place of birth |
San Francisco, California |
| Date of death |
|
| Place of death |
|
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