This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Discussion about the problems with the sole source used may be found on the talk page. (March 2012)

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Nationality is membership of a nation or sovereign state, usually determined by their citizenship, but sometimes by ethnicity or place of residence, or based on their sense of national identity.^{[citation needed]}

Citizenship is determined by jus soli, jus sanguinis, or naturalization, which affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state. The word citizenship is often used in a different sense from nationality. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by voting or standing for election. The term national can include both citizens and non-citizens.

Nationality can refer to membership in a nation (collective of people sharing a national identity, usually based on ethnic and cultural ties and self-determination) even if that nation has no state, such as the Basques, Kurds, and Tamils. Individuals may also be considered nationals of groups with autonomous status which have ceded some power to a larger government, such as the federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States. Spanish law recognises the autonomous communities of Andalusia, Aragon, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Catalonia, Valencia, Galicia and the Basque Country as "nationalities" (nacionalidades), while in Italy, the German speakers of South Tyrol are considered to be Austrian nationals.

Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to a nationality," and "No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality." By custom, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are. Such determinations are part of nationality law. In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by public international law—for example, by treaties on statelessness and the European Convention on Nationality.

See also[link]

• Blood quantum laws
• Demonym
• Imagined communities
• Intersectionality
• jus soli
• jus sanguinis
• Meta-ethnicity
• Nationalism
• Second-class citizen
• List of nationalities

References[link]

• White, Philip L. (2006). "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State," In A.G.Hopkins, ed. Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 257-284.

External links[link]

• Grossman, Andrew. Gender and National Inclusion
• Trott, Philip D A. Dual Nationality
• White, Philip L. "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State," In A.G.Hopkins, ed. Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, pp. 257-284.[1]
• Lord Acton, Nationality (1862)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009)

John Henrik Clarke (January 1, 1915 — July 16, 1998), born John Henry Clark, was a Pan-Africanist American writer, historian, professor, and a pioneer in the creation of Africana studies and professional institutions in academia starting in the late 1960s.

He was Professor of African World History and in 1969 founding chairman of the Department of Black and Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College of the City University of New York. He also was the Carter G. Woodson Distinguished Visiting Professor of African History at Cornell University’s Africana Studies and Research Center. In 1968 along with the Black Caucus of the African Studies Association, Clarke founded the African Heritage Studies Association.

Early life and education[link]

Born as the eldest child 1 January 1915 in Union Springs, Alabama to sharecroppers John (Doctor) and Willie Ella (Mays) Clark. He renamed himself John Henrik (after rebel playwright Henrik Ibsen) and adding an "e" to his surname Clarke, as a symbol. Counter to his father's wishes for him to be a farmer, Clarke left Alabama in 1933 by freight train and went to Harlem, New York, where he pursued scholarship and activism.

Career[link]

This section may contain wording that merely promotes the subject without imparting verifiable information. Please remove or replace such wording, unless you can cite independent sources that support the characterization. (January 2012)

In 1933 Harlem had drawn, through the Great Migration, a concentration of African Americans, many of whom figured in the Harlem Renaissance. Clarke developed as a writer and lecturer during the Great Depression years. He joined study circles like the Harlem History Club and the Harlem Writers' Workshop. He studied history and world literature at New York University, at Columbia University and at the League for Professional Writers.^[1] He was an autodidact whose mentors included the scholar Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.^[2] At the age of 78 Clarke obtained a doctorate from the then non-accredited Pacific Western University (now California Miramar University) in Los Angeles. The New York Times noted that Clarke's ascension to professor emeritus at Hunters College was "unusual...without benefit of a high school diploma." The Times also acknowledged that "nobody said Professor Clarke wasn't an academic original", but nonetheless referred to him using the honorific prefix "Mr." rather than "Dr.".^[3]

Prominent during the Black Power movement, Clarke advocated for studies on the African-American experience and the place of Africans in world history. He challenged academic historians and helped shift the way African history was studied and taught. Clarke was "a scholar devoted to redressing what he saw as a systematic and racist suppression and distortion of African history by traditional scholars." When some of the scholarship he championed was dismissed by many historians, Clarke imparted to them the biases of Eurocentric views.

He was memorialized for devoting "himself to placing people of African ancestry 'on the map of human geography'."^[4] Clarke said "History is not everything, but it is a starting point. History is a clock that people use to tell their political and cultural time of day. It is a compass they use to find themselves on the map of human geography. It tells them where they are, but more importantly, what they must be."^[5]

Besides teaching at Hunter College and Cornell University, Clarke was active in creating professional associations to support the study of black culture. He was a founder and first president of the African Heritage Studies Association, which supported scholars in areas of history, culture, literature and the arts. He was a founding member of other organizations to recognize and support work in black culture: the Black Academy of Arts and Letters and the African-American Scholars' Council.^[1]

His writing included six scholarly books and many scholarly articles. He edited anthologies of black writing, as well as his own short stories, and more general interest articles.^[3] He was co-founder of the Harlem Quarterly (1949–51), book review editor of the Negro History Bulletin (1948–52), associate editor of the magazine Freedomways, and a feature writer for the Pittsburgh Courier and the Ghana Evening News.^[1]

Marriage and family[link]

Clarke had three children with his first wife, Eugenia Evans Clarke. At his death he was survived by his second wife, Sybille Williams Clarke, and his two children Nzingha Marie and Sonni Kojo. A third child (Lillie) preceded him in death.

He is buried in Green Acres Cemetery, Columbus, Georgia.^[6]

Legacy and honors[link]

• 1985 – Faculty of the Africana Studies and Research Center at Cornell University named the John Henrik Clarke Library after him.^[7]
• 1995 – Carter G. Woodson Medallion, Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History
• 2002 – Molefi Kete Asante listed Dr. John Henrik Clarke on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.^[8]
• 2011 – Immortal Technique includes a short speech by Dr. Clarke on his LP, The Martyr. It is Track 13, entitled "The Conquerors".

Published Books[link]

This section requires expansion.

• Malcolm X Man and His Times [Paperback]

Citations[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "John Henrik Clarke", Legacy Exhibit online, New York Public Library Schomburg Center for the Study of Black Culture, accessed 20 Jan 2009
2. ^ Jacob H. Carruthers, "John Henrik Clarke: the Harlem connection to the founding of Africana Studies", in Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, Afro-American Historical Association of the Niagara Frontier, Inc., 2006, accessed 25 May 2009
3. ^ ^{a b} Thomas, Jr., Robert McG. (July 20, 1998). "John Henrik Clarke, Black Studies Advocate, Dies at 83". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DA1030F933A15754C0A96E958260. Retrieved January 21, 2009. 
4. ^ Robert L. Harris, Jr., "IN MEMORIAM DR. JOHN HENRIK CLARKE, 1915-1998"], The Journal of Negro History, September, 1998, accessed 25 May 2009
5. ^ Eric Kofi Acree, "John Henrik Clarke: Historian, Scholar, and Teacher", John Henrik Clarke Africana Library, Cornell University, accessed 25 May 2009
6. ^ The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, p. 122, Simon and Schuster, 1998
7. ^ "History of the John Henrik Clarke Africana Library", reprinted from: Black Caucus of the ALA Newsletter, vol. XXIV, No. 5 (April, 1996), p. 11; Cornell University Library, accessed 20 Jan 2009
8. ^ Molefi Kete Asante (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

External links[link]

• "The John Henrik Clarke Virtual Museum", National Black United Front Web Site
• "In Memory of John Henrik Clarke", Hunter College, City University of New York
• John Henrik Clarke bibliographies from Cornell University
• IMDB.com entry on the film John Henrik Clarke: A Great & Mighty Walk
• Photographs of John Henrik Clarke from the EBR African American Cultural Life digital collection, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Additional reading[link]

• "John Henrik Clarke: His People’s Historian", Black Collegian
• "From SBA to SIA: A Great And Mighty Walk", AfricaWithin.com

See also[link]

• Ivan van Sertima

v t e Pan-Africanism Proponents Politicians Nnamdi Azikiwe Amílcar Cabral Muammar Gaddafi Marcus Garvey David Comissiong Kenneth Kaunda Jomo Kenyatta Patrice Lumumba Thabo Mbeki Abdias do Nascimento Gamal Abdel Nasser Kwame Nkrumah Julius Nyerere John Nyathi Pokela Thomas Sankara Haile Selassie Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Ahmed Sékou Touré I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson Others Marimba Ani Molefi Kete Asante Steve Biko Edward Wilmot Blyden John Henrik Clarke Cheikh Anta Diop W. E. B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon John G. Jackson Leonard Jeffries Yosef Ben-Jochannan Maulana Karenga Fela Kuti Bob Marley Malcolm X Zephania Mothopeng George Padmore Motsoko Pheko Runoko Rashidi Paul Robeson Walter Rodney Burning Spear Henry Sylvester-Williams Stokely Carmichael Omali Yeshitela Concepts United States of Africa Afrocentrism Kwanzaa Pan-African colours Pan-African flag Négritude African nationalism African socialism African Century Africanization Kawaida Ujamaa Harambee Ubuntu Zikism Black nationalism Organizations African Union Organization of African Unity Uhuru Movement UNIA-ACL African Unification Front International African Service Bureau

This article is a list of Famous Cape Verdean people:

Actors[link]

• Michael Beach
• Don Xavier

Artists[link]

• Djon Brito
• Manuel Figueira
• Tchalê Figueira
• Lindsay Grace
• Mariana Ramos
• Mayra Andrade
• Mito Elias https://www.facebook.com/pages/Mito-Elias/216308035071236
• Cesaria Evora
• Bana
• Ildo Lobo
• Paulino Vieira
• Bius
• Bulimundo
• Luis Morais
• Manuel de Novas
• Tubarões
• Dudu Araujo
• Cordas de Sol
• Luis Morais
• Gilyto Semedo http://www.gilyto.com
• Lura
• Princesito
• Ferro Gaita
• Simentera
• Soldado Di Liberdade http://www.sdlcv.webs.com
• Pantera
• Tito Paris
• Txeka
• Gil Semedo

Motivational Speaker[link]

• Don Xavier Canada, www.Donxavier.com

Beauty Pageant Winners[link]

• Wilza Fortes De Pina, Miss CEDEAO in 2002.
• Tania Neves, Miss CEDEAO in 2005

Poets[link]

• Aguinaldo Fonseca
• Sergio Frusoni, Italian Cape Verdean poet and promoter of the Cape Verdean Creole language.
• Gabriel Mariano, poet and an essayist
• Ovídio Martins, poet and journalist
• Arménio Vieira
• Dr. Azágua, poet, educator and Capeverdean Creole Advocate

Politicians[link]

• Amílcar Cabral, nationalist politician
• António Mascarenhas Monteiro, former President of Cape Verde
• José Maria Neves, Prime Minister of Cape Verde
• Aristides Pereira, former President of Cape Verde
• Pedro Pires, former Prime Minister of Cape Verde; former President of Cape Verde
• Carlos Veiga, former Prime Minister of Cape Verde
• Honório Barreto (1813–1859) was a governor of the Portuguese Guinea.
• Corsino Fortes, ambassador and writer
• Carlos Nunes Fernandes Reis, former Minister of Education, Diplomat

Producers[link]

• Mike Costa – Mike Costa is a writer/producer/director. He was a writer on the hit television series, Roseanne. He is currently producing a film titled: Proud to be Cape Verdean: A Look at Cape Verdeans in the Golden State.
• Claire Andrade-Watkins
• Jim Lopes – Jim Lopes is an entertainment attorney and writer/producer and former senior executive at MCA-Universal, CBS/Fox and Reader's Digest. He co-produced the award-winning documentary "Race to Execution" which was broadcast on PBS. He is currently producing a film about the Cape Verdean whaling families of New Bedford, Massachusetts.
• Tom Lopes, Producer/Director of the much acclaimed 1983 documentary film "Mystery Lady - the Return of the Schooner Ernestina". This saga tells the story of early Cape Verdeans who emigrated from Cape Verde on-board whaling and packet ships, sailing to America seeking a better way life. The film nicely tells the story of Cape Verdean people living on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and provides to this date one of the best accounts of the history of the Cape Verdean-American. Continuously, for over 25 years, Tom Lopes has successfully produced and directed a number of local cable television programs, and in partnership with Google's YouTube and Amazon.com his motion picture company that goes by the name "Coollywood" (Cool Movies) has been credited with over 250 short movies and slide show presentations. Today, Tom Lopes is hard at work writing and producing full featured films for world-wide distribution. Coollywood movie channel link: www.Youtube.com/Coollywood
• Napoleon X – Napoleon X is producer/director of the documentary film "Black Men Can Fly", the story of George S. Lima (also Cape Verdean) who was a member of the American Army Air Corps' famed Tuskegee Airmen. He is currently producing a documentary entitled "Pioneiros de Cabo Verde". pioneirosdecaboverde.com

Models[link]

• Cassandra Miranda
• Alzerina Gomes (currently a jewelry designer based in New York City, www.alzerina.com)
• Amber Rose

Music – Singers, Musicians, & Composers[link]

• Rui Pina ('Rui'), Singer, songwriter, record producer, record executive, http://www.kolarecords.com
• Maria Alice
• Francelina Durão Amerida ('Fantcha')
• Leonel Almeida
• Rufino Almeida ('Bau'), singer
• Manuel Lopes Andrade ('Tcheka')
• Mayra Andrade
• Adriano Gonçalves ('Bana'), singer and original member of Voz de Cabo Verde
• Carlos Alberto Barbosa ('Kaká' Barbosa), composer
• Orlando Monteiro Barreto (Orlando 'Pantera')
• Maria de Barros, Senegalese-born singer
• Gardénia Benrós
• Gilyto Semedo Singer, Dancer & Producer http://www.gilyto.com
• Gabriela Mendes, Born in Mindelo on the Island of Sao Vicente
• Humberto Bettencourt ('Humbertona'), guitarist
• Biús ('Biús')
• José Carlos Brito ('Voginha')
• Amândio Cabral
• António Carvalho ('Antoni Denti D' Oro')
• José Casimiro
• Teofilo Chantre
• João Cirilo
• Malaquias Costa
• Francisco Xavier da Cruz ('B. Leza'), composer of classic morna
• Beto Dias, singer and songwriter
• Codé di dona, Funaná musician
• Abilio Duarte, pre-independence composer of protest coladeira
• Bela Duarte
• José Duarte ('Djosinha'), singer and original member of Voz de Cabo Verde
• Cesária Évora, Paris-based singer and global popularizer of morna and coladeira
• Epifânia Évora ('Tututa')
• Gracindo Évora ('Grace' Évora)
• Emanuel Fernandes ('Zeca di nha Reinalda'), singer and member of Bulimundo
• José Bernardo Fernandes ('Zézé di nha Reinalda'), singer and founder of Finaçon
• Ana Firmino
• Jacqueline Fortes
• Fortinho ('Fortinho')
• Francisco Vicente Gomes ('Frank Cavaquim'), composer
• Maria Inácia Gomes Correia ('Nácia Gomi')
• Arnaldo Gonçalves, pianist and founder of Centaurus
• Gregorio Gonçalves, composer
• Eddy Fortes ('Eddy Fort Moda Grog'), rapper
• Jorge Humberto, guitarist
• Emmanuel Lima ('Manu' Lima), singer and composer
• Euclides Lima ('Kiki' Lima)
• Ildo Lobo, singer with Os Tubarões
• Anselmo Lopes ('Séma Lopi')
• António Lopes ('Antoninho Travadinha'), violinist
• Lisa Nicole Lopes (Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes), member of hip-hop group TLC
• Manuel de Jesus Lopes ('Manuel de Novas'), humorous composer and modernizer of coladeira
• Suzanna Lubrano, zouk singer
• Mário Lúcio, founder of Simentera
• Maria de Lurdes Lura ('Lura')
• Carlos Alberto Martins ('Katchàz', 'Katchás', 'Catchàz' or 'Catchass'), guitarist, founder of Bulimundo and revitalizer of the funaná of Santiagu
• Vasco Martins, composer
• Gerard Mendes ('Boy Gê' or 'Boy Gé' Mendes), Senegalese-born singer, guitarist and founder of Paris-based Mendes e Mendes and O'asah
• Frank Mimita
• Mobafuco, a Capeverdean singer who released Salve na Criolu
• Jorge Fernandes Monteiro ('Jotamont'), pre-independence composer of morna
• Luís Morais
• Eddy Moreno
• Jorge Neto
• Aristides Paris ('Tito Paris')
• Celina Pereira
• Fernando Quejas, singer and songwriter
• Danny Ramalho (Jokachild), hip-hop artist
• Daniel Rendall
• Albertina Rodrigues ('Titina'), singer
• Arlinda Santos
• Gil Semedo, singer
• Chico Serra ('Chico' Serra)
• Adalberto Silva ('Betú'), composer
• Daniel Silva ('Dany' Silva)
• Marinho Silva
• Onésimo Silva
• Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silva ('Horace Silver'), hard bop jazz pianist of Capeverdean extraction
• Armando Zeferino Soares, composer of the famous morna, Sodade
• Eugénio Tavares, greatest composer of morna
• Fulgêncio Tavares ('Ano Nobo'), composer
• Blick Tchutchi ('Blick Tchutchi')
• Armãndo Tito, guitarist
• Gregório Vaz ('Kodé di Dona' or 'Codé di Dona'), Santiagu-based accordionist, standard-bearer for traditional funaná, and composer of "Fomi 47" about famine
• Nancy Vieira, Guiné Bissau-born singer of morna and coladeira
• Paulino Vieira, guitarist and arranger of morna
• Sara Tavares, Portuguese-born singer of Capeverdian descent
• Marcelo Rosa, (Patalino) Guitarist,Singer,Composer,Producer,Songwriter,Arranger.

Sports[link]

louis nani, Portuguese national team and manchester united soccer player. parents from Cape Verde

Baseball[link]

• Wayne Gomes
• Davey Lopes

Basketball[link]

[edit] NBA

• Dana Barros, former NBA basketball player with the Boston Celtics
• Glen "Big Baby" Davis
• Ryan Gomes
• Dan "Jewy" Steinberg
• Carl "La Rosa Roja" Nemes

Europe[link]

• João Gomes
• Nelson Delgado, luxemburgish basketball national team players of cape verdean descent
• Jairo Delgado, luxemburgish basketball national team players of cape verdean descent

Football[link]

• Bijou Davidson
• Gerson
• Kadú
• Pedro Pelé
• Tunis
• Arlindo Gomes Semedo
• José Veiga
• Nélson Veiga
• Devlin Anes "The Beast"read article for more info
• Henrik Larsson, half Cape Verdean
• Jerry Adriano Pires
• Erikson Teixeira
• Patrick Vieira, from the Cape Verdean community in Dakar, Senegal
• Nani
• Joaquim M. Andrade, "Dr. Azágua", first FIFA Professional Soccer Coach, USSF-A, NSCAA-National.
• Manuel Fernandes, portuguese national player of cape verdean descent
• Gelson Fernandes, swiss national player of cape verdean descent
• Dady, cape verdean national team player

Martial Arts[link]

• Fredson Gomes, Tae Kwon Do Olympian
• Emanuel Bettencourt
• Joaquim M. Andrade Wah Lum Kung Fu, Master

Boxing[link]

• Robert Daluz, featherweight boxer
• Vinny "the Kid" Debarros, featherweight boxer
• Demetrius "The Best" Andrade
• "Sucra" Ray Oliveira

Fernando Fernandes, welterweight boxer

Bodyboarding[link]

• Jason Mascarenhas, bodyboarder
• Robin Cardoza,bodyboarder

Other Sports[link]

• Melissa Maria Andrade of Scituate, MA, USA-Champion Team Gymnastics, and two-time finalist at Disney, FL
• Cynthia Barboza
• Paul Wigertz - Poker player.

Writers[link]

• Amílcar Cabral (1921–1973)
• Baltasar Lopes da Silva (1907–1989)
• Corsino Fortes
• Don Xavier
• Eugénio Tavares (1867–1930)
• Germano Almeida (1945- )
• Henrique Teixeira de Sousa
• Ivone Ramos: (1926- )
• João Cleófas Martins (1901–1970)
• Jorge Barbosa
• Manuel Lopes (1907–2005)
• Manuel de Novas (1938- )
• Orlanda Amarilis (1924 – )
• PJ Coble (1960- )American of Cape Verdian descent
• Yolanda Morazzo (1928- )
• Sergio Frusoni (1901–1975)
• Viriato de Barros

See also[link]

Cape Verdean diaspora

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