published: 29 Jun 2011
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Alabama Senate
The Alabama State Senate is the upper house of the Alabama Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alabama. The body is composed of 35 members representing an equal amount of districts across the state, with each district containing at least 127,140 citizens. Similar to the lower House, the Senate serves both without term limits and with a four-year term
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Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska -
Alaska Senate
The Alaska Senate is the upper house in the Alaska Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alaska. The Senate consists of twenty members, each of whom represents an equal amount of districts with populations of about 31,347 people (2000 figures). Senators serve four-year terms, without term limits. Half of the Alaska Senate is up for re-election every two years. With just twenty senators, the Alaska Senate is the smallest upper house legislative chamber in the United States.
http://wn.com/Alaska_Senate -
American Samoa Fono
The Legislature of American Samoa or Fono is the territorial legislature of American Samoa. Like most state and territorial legislatures of the United States, it is a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives and a Senate. The legislature is located in Utulei along Pago Pago harbor.
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Arizona Senate
The Arizona Senate is part of the Arizona Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. The Senate consists of 30 members representing an equal amount of constituencies across the state, with each district having average populations of 219,859 (2009 figures). Members serve two-year terms with term limits, limiting Senators to four terms (a total of eight years). Members of the Republican Party are currently in the majority in the Senate.
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Belgian Senate
The Belgian Senate (Dutch: , , ) is one of the two chambers of the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Chamber of Representatives. It is considered to be the "upper house" of the Federal Parliament.
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Bundesrat of Germany
http://wn.com/Bundesrat_of_Germany -
Capitol Power Plant
The Capitol Power Plant is a power plant which provides steam and cooled water for the United States Capitol and other buildings in the Capitol Complex. Though it was originally built to supply the Capitol complex with electricity, the plant has not produced electricity for the Capitol since 1952. This duty is handled by the power grid which serves the rest of metropolitan Washington. The plant has been serving the Capitol since 1910 and is under the administration of the Architect of the Capitol (see ) The power plant was constructed under the terms of an act of Congress passed on 28 April 1904. The Capitol Power Plant burned 17,108 tons of coal in 2006, producing about 60,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
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Colorado
Colorado (pronounced or, chiefly by outsiders, ) is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Mountain States, and the Southwestern United States.
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House of Councillors
The is the upper house of the Diet of Japan. The House of Representatives is the lower house. The House of Councillors is the successor to the pre-war House of Peers. If the two houses disagree on matters of the budget, treaties, or designation of the prime minister, the House of Representatives can insist on its decision. In all other decisions, the House of Representatives can override a vote of the House of Councillors only by a two-thirds majority of members present. However with the introduction of proportional representation in the House of Representatives, the upper house has significantly enhanced its power to block legislation with final effect at the expense of the former where the government fails to attain the two-thirds mark in almost every general election, such as in the recent case of the Postal Privatisation Bill block; this development has made the House of Councillors quite powerful.
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House of Lords
The House of Lords (commonly referred to as "the Lords" and also known as House of Peers for ceremonial purposes) is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. Parliament comprises the Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as "the Commons"), and the Lords. The House of Lords, like the House of Commons, assembles in the Palace of Westminster.
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Iowa Senate
The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 members of the Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state with populations of approximately 59,500 per constituency. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.
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John Adams Building
The John Adams Building is one of three library buildings of the Library of Congress in the United States. The building was originally built simply as an annex to the Library's Main Building (the Thomas Jefferson Building). It opened its doors to the public on January 3, 1939. It is located on Second Street SE between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street in Washington, DC.
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Legislature of Guam
http://wn.com/Legislature_of_Guam -
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts -
Montana Senate
The Montana Senate is the upper house of the Montana State Legislature, the state legislative branch of the U.S. state of Montana. The body is composed of 50 senators.
http://wn.com/Montana_Senate -
Nevada Assembly
The Nevada Assembly is the lower house of the Nevada Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Nevada. The body consists of 42 members, elected to two-year terms from single-member districts. Each Assembly district contained approximately 47,400 people as of the 2000 census, although 2006 Census Bureau estimates suggest an average population of 59,400 per district. Term limits, limiting assembly members to six 2-year terms (12 years), will take effect in 2010. Twelve members of the Assembly will be termed out in 2010.
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Nevada Senate
The Nevada Senate is the upper house of the Nevada Legislature, the state legislature of U.S. state of Nevada. The Senate consists of 21 members from 19 districts, two of which are multimember. Each senator represented approximately 94,700 people as of the 2000 census, although 2006 Census Bureau estimates suggest an average population of 118,800 per senator. Senators serve four-year terms. Term limits, limiting senators to three 4-year terms (12 years), will take effect in 2010. Seven senators will be termed out in 2010 and five in 2012.
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New Hampshire Senate
The New Hampshire Senate has been meeting since 1784. It is the upper house of the New Hampshire General Court. It consists of 24 members representing Senate districts based on population. Currently, there are 14 Democrats and 10 Republicans. In November 2008, New Hampshire became the first state ever to have elected a majority of female state senators. In the 2009-2010 session, 13 of the 24 seats are held by women, 11 of whom are Democrats and the remaining two of whom are Republicans. This is the first time women have outnumbered men in the lower or upper chamber of any state legislature in United States history.
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New Jersey Senate
The New Jersey Senate was established as the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature by the Constitution of 1844, replacing the Legislative Council. From 1844 until 1965 New Jersey's counties elected one Senator, each. Under the 1844 Constitution the term of office was three years. The 1947 Constitution changed the term to four years. Since 1968 it has consisted of 40 Senators, who are elected in a "2-4-4" cycle, representing districts with average populations of 210,359 (2000 figures). The "2-4-4" cycle was put into place so that Senate elections can reflect the changes made to the district boundaries on the basis of the decennial United States Census. (If the cycle were not put into place, then the boundaries would sometimes be four years out of date before being used for Senate elections. Rather, with the varied term, the boundaries are only two years out of date). Thus elections for Senate seats take place in years ending with a "1", "3" or "7" (i.e. next elections in 2011, 2013 and 2017).
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Oklahoma
http://wn.com/Oklahoma -
Oregon
Oregon ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843; the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 30th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 582,130 (2009 estimate) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area.
http://wn.com/Oregon -
Senate (Mexico)
The Senate of the Republic, () constitutionally Chamber of Senators of the Honorable Congress of the Union (, is the upper house of Mexico's bicameral Congress.
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Senate of Kazakhstan
The Senate of Kazakhastan is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstan's legislature, known as the Parliament (Parlamenti). The Senate has 47 members, 40 of whom are elected for six-year terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies, half renewed every two years; and 7 presidential appointees. In addition, ex-presidents are ex-officio senators for life. The other house is the Majilis.
http://wn.com/Senate_of_Kazakhstan -
Senate of Spain
http://wn.com/Senate_of_Spain -
Senate of Uruguay
http://wn.com/Senate_of_Uruguay -
Senate of Virginia
The Senate of Virginia is the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The Senate is composed of 40 Senators representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts. The Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Prior to the American War of Independence, the upper house of the General Assembly was represented by the Governor's Council, consisting of executive counselors appointed by the Governor of Virginia as advisers.
http://wn.com/Senate_of_Virginia -
Statue of Freedom
http://wn.com/Statue_of_Freedom -
Texas Senate
The Texas Senate is the upper house of the Texas Legislature. There are 31 members of the Senate, representing 31 single-member districts across the state with populations of approximately 672,000 per constituency. There are no term limits, and each term is four years long. The Senate meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin. The Republicans currently control the chamber, which is made up of 19 Republicans and 12 Democrats.
http://wn.com/Texas_Senate -
UK
http://wn.com/UK -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
http://wn.com/Wisconsin
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Al Franken
Alan Stuart "Al" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is the junior United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, which affiliates with the national Democratic Party.
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Amy Klobuchar
Amy Jean Klobuchar (, born May 25, 1960) is the senior United States Senator from Minnesota. She is a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, an affiliate of the Democratic Party. She is the first elected female senator from Minnesota and is one of seventeen female senators serving in the 111th United States Congress.
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Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Johnson presided over the Reconstruction era of the United States in the four years after the American Civil War. His tenure was controversial as his positions favoring the white South came under heavy political attack from Republicans.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Barbara Boxer
Barbara Levy Boxer (born November 11, 1940) is the junior United States Senator from California and a member of the Democratic Party.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Boxer -
Barbara Mikulski
Barbara Ann Mikulski (born July 20, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1986, she is the first woman elected to the Senate from Maryland. She currently ranks 16th in seniority in the Senate, and is the most senior female Senator. She received 1,504,691 votes in her 2004 reelection campaign, the largest number of votes to date for a Senate candidate in Maryland. Mikulski is the second longest-serving female senator and the second longest-serving female member in the history of the United States Congress (only after Margaret Chase Smith and Edith Nourse Rogers, respectively). If Mikulski gets reelected in the 2010 United States Senate election in Maryland, she will become the longest-serving female United States Senator. If she stays in office until March 14 2012, she will become the longest-serving female member in the history of the United States Congress.
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Ben Cardin
Benjamin Louis "Ben" Cardin (born October 5, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. Before his election to the Senate, Cardin was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing from 1987 to 2007.
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Ben Nelson
Earl Benjamin "Ben" Nelson (born May 17, 1941) is the Senior U.S. Senator from Nebraska, where he was born and has lived for most of his life. A Democrat, he was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000.
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Bernie Sanders
Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is the junior United States Senator from Vermont, elected on November 7, 2006. Before becoming Senator, Sanders represented Vermont's at-large district in the United States House of Representatives for 16 years. Sanders also served as mayor of Burlington, Vermont from 1981 through 1989.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Bill Nelson
:For other people named Bill Nelson, see Bill Nelson (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Bill_Nelson -
Bob Casey, Jr.
Robert Patrick "Bob" Casey, Jr. (born April 13, 1960) is the junior United States Senator from Pennsylvania and a member of the Democratic Party. When Arlen Specter's term expires in January 2011, Casey will become the senior senator from Pennsylvania. He defeated two-term Republican incumbent Rick Santorum in the 2006 U.S. Senate election. He is the first Democrat elected to a full term in the U.S. Senate from Pennsylvania since 1962.
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Bob Corker
Robert Phillips "Bob" Corker, Jr. (born August 24, 1952), is the junior United States Senator from Tennessee. Before his election to the Senate in 2006, he served as mayor of Chattanooga, Tennessee from 2001 to 2005. Corker was a successful businessman prior to holding public office.
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Bob Dole
Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22, 1923) is an American attorney and politician. He represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996, served as Gerald Ford's Vice Presidential running mate in the 1976 presidential election, and was Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and in 1995 and 1996. Dole was the Republican party nominee in the presidential election of 1996, but he lost to incumbent Democrat Bill Clinton. Dole is currently special counsel at the Washington, D.C. office of law firm Alston & Bird.
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Bob Menendez
Robert "Bob" Menendez (born January 1, 1954) is the junior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. In December 2005, he was appointed by Jon Corzine to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Corzine, who resigned upon being elected Governor of New Jersey, and was sworn into office in January 2006. Menendez was elected to his own full six-year term in the 2006 U.S. Senate election, defeating Republican Thomas Kean, Jr. He is the first person of Latino ethnicity to represent New Jersey in the U.S. Senate.
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Bob Packwood
Robert William "Bob" Packwood (born September 11, 1932) is a U.S. politician from Oregon and a member of the Republican Party. He resigned from the United States Senate, under threat of expulsion, in 1995 after allegations of sexual harassment, abuse and assault of women emerged.
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Carl Levin
Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is a Democratic United States Senator from Michigan and is the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services. In the Senate since 1979, he has been Michigan's senior senator since 1995. He has served as a U.S. Senator longer than any Senator in Michigan history. He was elected to a sixth term in 2008, which will end in January 2015. He is the younger brother of U.S. Representative Sander M. Levin.
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Carter Glass
Carter Glass (January 4, 1858 – May 28, 1946) was a newspaper publisher and American politician from Lynchburg, Virginia. He served many years in Congress as a member of the Democratic Party. Central to the development the U.S. legislation that created the system of Federal Reserve Banks. Glass then served as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury under President Woodrow Wilson. He was also a strong advocate of disfranchising African-American voters, saying "Discrimination! Why that is exactly what we propose. To remove every negro voter who can be gotten rid of, legally, without materially impairing the numerical strength of the white electorate".
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Chris Coons
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Chuck Grassley
Charles Ernest "Chuck" Grassley (born September 17, 1933) is the senior United States Senator from Iowa. A Republican, he has served in the Senate since 1981. From 1958 to 1974, he was an Iowa state legislator. Thereafter he served three terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. He has twice held the chairmanship of the Finance Committee, from January to June 2001 and from January 2003 to December 2006; since January 2007, he has served as the committee's ranking minority member.
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Chuck Schumer
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Claire McCaskill
Claire Conner McCaskill (; born July 24, 1953) is the junior United States Senator from Missouri and a member of the Democratic Party. She defeated Republican incumbent Jim Talent in the 2006 U.S. Senate election, by a margin of 49.6% to 47.3%. She is the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate from Missouri in her own right. She will become the state's senior U.S. Senator upon the retirement of Kit Bond in 2011.
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Dan Coats
Daniel Ray "Dan" Coats (born May 16, 1943) is an American lawyer, politician, lobbyist, and diplomat. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1989 to 1999. Coats was appointed to fill the seat vacated by Dan Quayle following his election as Vice President of the United States in 1988. He won the 1990 special election to serve the remainder of Quayle's unexpired term, as well as the 1992 election for his own full six-year term. He did not seek re-election in 1998.
http://wn.com/Dan_Coats -
Daniel Akaka
Daniel Kahikina Akaka (; born September 11, 1924) is the junior U.S. Senator from Hawaii and a member of the Democratic Party. He is the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry and is currently the only member of the Senate who has Chinese ancestry. With the departure of Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska, and death of Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, he became the third oldest member of the United States Senate after Frank Lautenberg and Daniel Inouye.
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Daniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (;, Inoue Ken; born September 7, 1924) is an American politician who is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. A Democrat, Inouye is the chairman of the influential United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.
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David Vitter
David Bruce Vitter (born May 3, 1961) is the junior United States Senator from Louisiana and a member of the Republican Party. Formerly a member of the United States House of Representatives, first elected in 1999, representing the suburban Louisiana's 1st congressional district, Vitter was elected to the Senate in 2004.
http://wn.com/David_Vitter -
Dean Heller
Dean Heller (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician who represents Nevada's 2nd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives. He had previously served as Nevada's Secretary of State.
http://wn.com/Dean_Heller -
Debbie Stabenow
http://wn.com/Debbie_Stabenow -
Dianne Feinstein
Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (; born June 22, 1933) is the senior U.S. Senator from California and a member of the Democratic Party. Feinstein was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1992, was re-elected in 1994, 2000 and in 2006 for a term ending in January 2013. She also served as Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.
http://wn.com/Dianne_Feinstein -
Dick Durbin
Richard Joseph "Dick" Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from the U.S. state of Illinois and Democratic Party Whip, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate, and became Majority Whip when Democrats took control of the Senate on January 3, 2007. In April 2006, Time magazine identified Durbin as one of "America's 10 Best Senators." He was the first United States Senator to support the presidential candidacy of Barack Obama, then the other senator from Illinois. He was reelected in November 2008 for a term ending in January 2015.
http://wn.com/Dick_Durbin -
Frank Lautenberg
Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (; born January 23, 1924) is the senior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. He is serving his fifth non-consecutive term in the Senate, first serving from 1982 to 2001 and again since 2003; he is the only current Senator to have returned to office after having retired from the Senate. He is also the oldest member of the Senate.
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Harry Reid
Harry Mason Reid (born December 2, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Nevada and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1986, he was re-elected in 1992, 1998, and 2004, and is currently seeking a fifth term in 2010.
http://wn.com/Harry_Reid -
Henry Clay
http://wn.com/Henry_Clay -
Herb Kohl
Herbert H. "Herb" Kohl (born February 7, 1935) is an American politician, business leader and philanthropist. A Democrat, he currently serves as the senior U.S. Senator from Wisconsin and is the owner of the Milwaukee Bucks National Basketball Association (NBA) team.
http://wn.com/Herb_Kohl -
James A. Garfield
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death on September 19, 1881, a brief 200 days in office.
http://wn.com/James_A_Garfield -
James Madison
http://wn.com/James_Madison -
Jay Rockefeller
John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is the senior United States Senator from West Virginia, which he was first elected to in 1985. He was the 29th Governor of West Virginia, from 1977 to 1985. As a great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, he is the only current politician of the prominent six-generation Rockefeller family and the only Democrat in what has been a traditionally progressive Republican dynasty.
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Jeanne Shaheen
Jeanne Shaheen (born January 28, 1947), an American politician and member of the Democratic Party, is the junior United States Senator from New Hampshire. The first woman in U.S. history to be elected as both a Governor and U.S. Senator, she was the first woman to be elected Governor of New Hampshire, serving from 1997 to 2003. Shaheen ran for the United States Senate in 2002, but was narrowly defeated by Republican challenger John E. Sununu. She then served as Director of the Harvard Institute of Politics, before resigning to run again for the U.S. Senate in the 2008 election, defeating Sununu in a rematch. Shaheen is the first Democratic Senator from NH since John A. Durkin, who retired in 1980.
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Jeff Bingaman
Jesse Francis "Jeff" Bingaman, Jr. (born October 3, 1943), is the senior U.S. Senator from New Mexico. He has been in the Senate since 1983 and is a member of the Democratic Party, serving as Chairman of Committee Outreach for the Senate Democratic Caucus. Bingaman was Attorney General of New Mexico from 1978 until his election to the U.S. Senate in 1982, when he defeated Republican incumbent and former astronaut Harrison Schmitt. He was re-elected in 1988, 1994, 2000, and 2006.
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Jeff Merkley
Jeffrey Alan "Jeff" Merkley (born October 24, 1956) is the junior United States Senator from Oregon. A member of the Democratic Party, Merkley was a five-term member of the Oregon Legislative Assembly representing House District 47, located in eastern Multnomah County within the Portland city limits. He also served as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives.
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Jeff Sessions
Jefferson Beauregard "Jeff" Sessions III (born December 24, 1946) is the junior United States Senator from Alabama. First elected in 1996, Sessions is a member of the Republican Party. He serves as the ranking minority member on the Senate Judiciary Committee.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Sessions -
Jerry Moran
http://wn.com/Jerry_Moran -
Jim Inhofe
James Mountain "Jim" Inhofe (; born November 17, 1934) is an American politician from Oklahoma. He is a member of the Republican Party and currently serves as the senior Senator from Oklahoma. A former the State Representative and Senator, Inhofe served eight years in the United States Congress before election to the Senate in 1994.
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Jim Risch
James Elroy "Jim" Risch (born May 3, 1943) is the Republican junior United States Senator from Idaho and served as the 31st Governor of Idaho. Risch was elected to the Senate in 2008, defeating former Democratic Congressman Larry LaRocco and several independents.
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Jim Webb
James Henry "Jim" Webb, Jr. (born February 9, 1946), is the senior United States Senator from Virginia. He is also an author and a former Secretary of the Navy. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
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Joe Biden
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Joe Lieberman
Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. First elected to the Senate in 1988, Lieberman was elected to a fourth term on November 7, 2006. In the 2000 United States presidential election, Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for Vice President, running with presidential nominee Al Gore, becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket. The Gore–Lieberman ticket won the popular vote but ultimately failed to gain the electoral votes needed to win the controversial election. Lieberman ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate while he was also Gore's running mate, and he was re-elected by the voters of Connecticut. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2004 presidential election.
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Joe Manchin
Joseph "Joe" Manchin III (born August 24, 1947) is an American politician from the State of West Virginia. Manchin is the 34th and current Governor of West Virginia, having taken office on January 17, 2005. He is also a candidate in the 2010 U.S. Senate election in West Virginia. He is a member of the Democratic Party and the of a Democratic political family in his home state.
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John Barrasso
John Anthony Barrasso (; born July 21, 1952) is the junior U.S. Senator from Wyoming. A Republican, he was appointed by Democratic Governor Dave Freudenthal to succeed the late Craig L. Thomas, taking office on June 25, 2007. He won a special election in 2008 to fill the remaining four years of Thomas's term.
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John Boozman
John Nichols Boozman, O.D. (born December 10, 1950) is an American politician who has been a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives since 2001, representing ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/ar03_109.gif map]). The district is located in the northwestern part of the state and includes Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Rogers, Russellville and Bentonville. He is currently the sole Republican member of Congress (in either House) from Arkansas. The seat has been in continuous Republican hands since 1967, when John Paul Hammerschmidt upset James William Trimble in the 1966 general election.
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John Cornyn
John Cornyn III (born February 2, 1952) is the junior United States Senator from Texas. He is a Republican and was elected to his first term in November 2002, having defeated Democrat Ron Kirk, the former mayor of Dallas, Texas. In the general election of November 4, 2008, he defeated the Democratic State Representative Rick Noriega of Houston for his second term. He was elected Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 111th U.S. Congress.
http://wn.com/John_Cornyn -
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy -
John Hoeven
John Henry Hoeven III (born March 13, 1957) is the 31st
http://wn.com/John_Hoeven -
John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
http://wn.com/John_Kerry -
John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election.
http://wn.com/John_McCain -
John Thune
John Randolph Thune (born January 7, 1961) is the Republican junior U.S. Senator from the state of South Dakota.
http://wn.com/John_Thune -
John Yoo
John Choon Yoo (born June 10, 1967 in Seoul, Korea) is an American Republican attorney, law professor, and author. As a former official in the United States Department of Justice, he became known for his leading role in providing legal guidance to the George W. Bush administration on the use of torture techniques.
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Johnny Isakson
John Hardy "Johnny" Isakson (born December 28, 1944), is an American politician, who has been the Republican junior United States Senator from Georgia since 2005. Previously, he represented in the House from 1999 to 2005.
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Jon Kyl
:This page is about the current Arizona Senator; for his father, a U.S. Representative from Iowa, see John Kyl; for a U.S. Representative from Mississippi with a similar name, see John Kyle.
http://wn.com/Jon_Kyl -
Kay Bailey Hutchison
Kathryn Ann Bailey Hutchison, known as Kay Bailey Hutchison (born July 22, 1943), is the senior United States Senator from Texas.
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Kay Hagan
Kay Ruthven Hagan (; born May 26, 1953) is the junior United States Senator from North Carolina and a member of the Democratic Party. Before her election, she was a five-term member of the North Carolina Senate.
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Kelly Ayotte
Kelly A. Ayotte is a Republican New Hampshire politician and lawyer. Ayotte served as the Attorney General of New Hampshire from 2004 to 2009. Ayotte is currently the Republican nominee in the 2010 election for the Senate seat currently being held by Judd Gregg, who is not seeking re-election. Ayotte leads in aggregate general election polling to date against Paul Hodes.
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Kent Conrad
Kent Conrad (born Gaylord Kent Conrad on March 12, 1948) is the senior United States Senator from North Dakota. He is a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party, the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1986, he is currently chairman of the Senate Budget Committee.
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Kirsten Gillibrand
Kirsten Elizabeth Rutnik Gillibrand (; born December 9, 1966) is the junior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. On January 23, 2009, Gillibrand was appointed by Governor David Paterson to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Hillary Rodham Clinton, who assumed the office of United States Secretary of State in the Obama administration. She is the second woman to serve as a U.S. Senator from New York.
http://wn.com/Kirsten_Gillibrand -
Korean War
http://wn.com/Korean_War -
Lamar Alexander
Andrew Lamar Alexander (born July 3, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Tennessee and Conference Chair of the Republican Party. He was previously the 45th Governor of Tennessee from 1979 to 1987, U.S. Secretary of Education from 1991 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush and candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.
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Laurence Tribe
Laurence Henry Tribe (born in Shanghai, October 10, 1941) is a professor of constitutional law at Harvard Law School and the Carl M. Loeb University Professor at Harvard University. He also serves as a consultant for the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld.
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Lindsey Graham
Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is an American politician from South Carolina. A member of the Republican Party, he is currently the senior United States Senator from that state. He serves on the Armed Services and Judiciary Committees.
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Lisa Murkowski
Lisa Ann Murkowski (; born May 22, 1957) is the senior U.S. Senator from the State of Alaska. A Republican, she was first appointed to the Senate by her father, the Governor Frank Murkowski, in 2002. She is the only woman ever elected to Congress from her state, in addition to being the first senator born in Alaska. After her narrow unexpected defeat in the 2010 Republican primary election, she decided to mount a write-in campaign.
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Marco Rubio
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer. Rubio was the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives during the 2007 and 2008 legislative sessions. He was first elected to the Florida House as a Republican on January 25, 2000, from the 111th district. He is the GOP nominee for the U.S. Senate seat currently held by George LeMieux.
http://wn.com/Marco_Rubio -
Maria Cantwell
:Not to be confused with Mary Cantwell.
http://wn.com/Maria_Cantwell -
Mark Begich
Mark Peter Begich (; born March 30, 1962) is the junior United States Senator from Alaska and a member of the Democratic Party. A former mayor of Anchorage, he served on the Anchorage Assembly for almost ten years prior to being elected mayor in 2003. In the highly competitive 2008 Alaska Senate election, Begich defeated incumbent Ted Stevens, the longest serving Republican member of the Senate of all time.
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Mark Hatfield
Mark Odom Hatfield (born July 12, 1922) is an American politician and educator from the state of Oregon. A Republican, he served for 30 years as a United States Senator from Oregon, and also as chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee. A native Oregonian, he served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater during World War II after graduating from Willamette University. After the war he earned a graduate degree from Stanford University before returning to Oregon and Willamette as a professor.
http://wn.com/Mark_Hatfield -
Mark Kirk
Mark Steven Kirk (born September 15, 1959) is an American politician who is currently a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing the Illinois's 10th congressional district. He is a member of the House Appropriations Committee. Kirk is the Republican nominee for the 2010 Senate election in Illinois. The other ballot qualified candidates are Alexi Giannoulias, Democratic Party; LeAlan Jones, Green Party; and Michael Labno, Libertarian Party.
http://wn.com/Mark_Kirk -
Mark Pryor
Mark Lunsford Pryor (born January 10, 1963) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from Arkansas, serving since 2003. A member of the Democratic Party, he holds the same seat in the U.S. Senate once held by his father, David Pryor, from 1979 to 1997.
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Mark Udall
Mark Emery Udall (born July 18, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Colorado and a member of the Democratic Party. From 1999 to 2009, Udall served as a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives, representing . He also served a term in the Colorado House of Representatives.
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Mark Warner
Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and businessman, currently serving in the United States Senate as the junior senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Warner was the 69th governor of Virginia from 2002 to 2006 and is the honorary chairman of the Forward Together PAC. Warner delivered the keynote address before the nation at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
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Mary Landrieu
Mary Loretta Landrieu (, ; born November 23, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from the State of Louisiana, and is the second woman elected to the U.S. Senate from Louisiana. Landrieu is the daughter of former New Orleans mayor and Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Moon Landrieu and the sister of the current Mayor of New Orleans and former Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana Mitch Landrieu. By national standards, Landrieu is among the most conservative Democrats in the U.S. Senate, and is a member of the New Democrat Coalition.
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Max Baucus
Max Sieben Baucus (born December 11, 1941) is the senior United States Senator from Montana and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1978, and as of 2010 he is the longest-serving Senator from Montana, and the fifth longest-serving U.S. Senator currently in office.
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Mike Crapo
Michael Dean "Mike" Crapo ( "Cray-poe"; born May 20, 1951) is the senior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the Republican Party. He became Idaho's Senior Senator in January 2009, as Larry Craig did not seek reelection in 2008.
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Mike Enzi
Michael Bradley "Mike" Enzi (; born February 1, 1944) is the senior U.S. Senator from Wyoming. Before his election to the U.S. Senate in 1996, Enzi was a businessman who at one time owned family shoe stores. He later became a politician on the state level, having served in the Wyoming Legislature for more than a decade. He was reelected to the U.S. Senate in 2002 and again in 2008. Enzi is a Republican.
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Mike Johanns
Michael Owen "Mike" Johanns (born June 18, 1950) is an American Republican politician who has been the junior United States Senator from Nebraska since 2009. Previously he was the 38th Governor of Nebraska from 1999 to 2005 and was U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 2005 to 2007, becoming the fourth Nebraskan to hold the position. On November 4, 2008, Johanns was elected to the United States Senate for the state of Nebraska, becoming one of only two new Republican senators (with Jim Risch of Idaho) heading into the 111th United States Congress.
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Mitch McConnell
Addison Mitchell "Mitch" McConnell, Jr. (born February 20, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. He was chosen by his Republican colleagues as the Minority Leader in November 2006, making him the top-ranking Republican in the 110th Congress, which convened January 3, 2007. He is a conservative, receiving a perfect score from the American Conservative Union in 2006. McConnell won re-election in 2008 against Democratic challenger Bruce Lunsford.
http://wn.com/Mitch_McConnell -
Olympia Snowe
http://wn.com/Olympia_Snowe -
Pat Roberts
Charles Patrick "Pat" Roberts (born April 20, 1936) is the junior United States Senator from Kansas. A member of the Republican Party, he was formerly the Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. He holds conservative positions on most issues.
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Patrick Leahy
Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont. He is a member of the Democratic Party, the first and only elected Democratic United States Senator in Vermont's history and the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Leahy is the second most senior U.S. Senator.
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Pre-Columbian era
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
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Rand Paul
Randal Howard "Rand" Paul (born January 7, 1963) is an American ophthalmologist and politician who describes himself as a "constitutional conservative". Rand Paul is the chairman and founder of Kentucky Taxpayers United. He is also the son of Republican Congressman Ron Paul of Texas.
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Richard Blumenthal
Richard M. Blumenthal (born February 13, 1946) is an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he has been Attorney General of Connecticut since 1991. He is a candidate in the 2010 U.S. Senate election for the seat currently held by Christopher Dodd.
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Richard Burr
Richard Mauze Burr (born November 30, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from North Carolina. A Republican, Burr represented North Carolina's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for five terms, and was elected to represent North Carolina as a U.S. Senator in the 2004 election. He defeated the Democratic Party nominee, former White House Chief of Staff Erskine Bowles, in the open seat contest. With the 2008 election of Kay Hagan (D), Burr became North Carolina's senior senator.
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Richard Lugar
Richard Green "Dick" Lugar (born April 4, 1932) is the senior United States Senator from Indiana. He is a member of the Republican Party and served as the mayor of Indianapolis from 1968 to 1976 and was elected to the United States Senate in 1976 where he has been the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1985 to 1987 and 2003 to 2007. Much of Lugar's work in the Senate is toward the dismantling of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons around the world.
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Richard Shelby
Richard Craig Shelby (born May 6, 1934) is the senior U.S. Senator from Alabama. Originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat, Shelby switched to the Republican Party in 1994 when it gained the majority in Congress.
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Rob Portman
Robert Jones "Rob" Portman (born December 19, 1955) is an American politician from the state of Ohio. A member of the Republican Party, an attorney, and a former public official who has held both elected and appointed positions, Portman is running for Ohio's open Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator George Voinovich.
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Robert Byrd
http://wn.com/Robert_Byrd -
Robert Torricelli
Robert Guy Torricelli (born August 27, 1951), nicknamed "the Torch," is an American politician from the U.S. state of New Jersey. Torricelli, a Democrat, served 14 years in the U.S. House of Representatives before being elected to the U.S. Senate. He served a single term in the Senate and decided not to run for reelection after a campaign finance scandal involving contributions by David Chang, an imprisoned Korean businessman.
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Roger Wicker
Roger Frederick Wicker (born July 5, 1951) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party. He has been the junior U.S. Senator from Mississippi since December 2007, when he was appointed by Governor Haley Barbour to fill the seat vacated by Trent Lott. He subsequently won the 2008 special election for the remainder of Lott's term. Prior to his career in the U.S. Senate, Wicker served in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing from 1995 to 2007.
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Roy Blunt
Roy D. Blunt (born January 10, 1950) is an American member of Congress from Missouri. He represents in the U.S. House of Representatives, which takes in most of Southwest Missouri, the most conservative part of the state, anchored in the city of Springfield and also includes other cities such as Joplin, Carthage, and Neosho. The district also contains the popular tourist destination of Branson. Blunt was the House Minority Whip during the 110th Congress but announced that he would step down from the position following the results of the 2008 general elections. Blunt is a member of the Republican Party.
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Rush D. Holt, Sr.
http://wn.com/Rush_D_Holt_Sr -
Russ Feingold
Russell Dana "Russ" Feingold (; born March 2, 1953) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Since 1993, he has been a Democratic party member of the U.S. Senate and the junior Senator from Wisconsin. From 1983 to 1993, Feingold was a Wisconsin State Senator representing the 27th District.
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Saxby Chambliss
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Scott Brown
http://wn.com/Scott_Brown -
Sheldon Whitehouse
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Sherrod Brown
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Strom Thurmond
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Susan Collins
Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is the junior United States Senator from Maine and a member of the Republican Party. First elected to the Senate in 1996, she is the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Collins and her fellow Senator from Maine, Olympia Snowe, are regarded as leading moderates within the Republican Party.
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Thad Cochran
William Thad Cochran (born December 7, 1937) is the senior United States Senator from Mississippi, and is a member of the Republican Party.
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Theodore R. Davis
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Tom Carper
Thomas Richard "Tom" Carper (born January 23, 1947) is an American politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He is a veteran of the Vietnam War and a member of the Democratic Party, who served five terms as United States Representative from Delaware, two terms as Governor of Delaware and currently is the senior United States Senator from Delaware.
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Tom Coburn
Thomas Allen "Tom" Coburn, M.D. (born March 14, 1948), is an American politician, medical doctor, and ordained Southern Baptist deacon. A member of the Republican Party, he currently serves as the junior U.S. Senator from Oklahoma.
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Tom Harkin
Thomas Richard "Tom" Harkin (born November 19, 1939) is the junior United States Senator from Iowa and a member of the Democratic Party. Harkin is currently the most senior junior senator. First elected to the Senate in 1984,
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Tom Udall
Thomas Stewart "Tom" Udall (born May 18, 1948) is the junior United States Senator from New Mexico and a member of the Democratic Party. He had represented as a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1999. Udall was elected as the junior United States senator from New Mexico on November 4, 2008, defeating Congressman Steve Pearce.
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Vietnam War
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War -
Warren G. Harding
http://wn.com/Warren_G_Harding -
William Blount
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Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
http://wn.com/Woodrow_Wilson
United States
Short lived (6 weeks) sitcom about Richard and Libby Chapin and their two children Dylan and Nicky. The show differed from other sitcoms in that there might not be closure to problems after a frank discussion and the subjects discussed were not common to other sitcoms.
Cast
- Beau Bridges
- Helen Shaver
- James O'Sullivan
- Denise Kerwin
- Tracy Brooks Swope
- Valorie Armstrong
- Rossie Harris
- Lawrence Pressman
- William Kerwin
- Frances Lee McCain
- Rita Gomez
- Connie Mason
- Kim Kerwin
- Justin Dana
- John Lawlor
- Season 1
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Episode 1: All Our Weapons
USA:11 March 1980...
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Episode 2: Uncle Charlie
USA:18 March 1980...
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Episode 3: A Touching Story
USA:25 March 1980...
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Episode 4: Sometimes
USA:8 April 1980...
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Episode 5: Better Than Burning
USA:15 April 1980...
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Episode 6: Room Service
USA:22 April 1980...
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Episode 7: Josh
OFM:Video...
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Episode 8: Windmills
USA:1980...
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Episode 9: The Grand Funk
USA:1980...
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Episode 10: Slide Area
USA:1980...
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Episode 11: Broccoli
USA:1980...
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Episode 12: And Baby Makes Two...
USA:1980...
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Episode 13: Lysdexia Is No Joek
USA:1980...
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A Message of Hope from the United States Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
A video for LGBT youth around the country and the It Gets Better Project, featuring US Senators Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.), Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.), Chris Coons (D-Del.), Dick Durbin (D-Ill.), Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Al Franken (D-Minn.), Kirsten Gillibrand (DN.Y.), Chuck Schumer (DN.Y.), Jeanne Shaheen (DN.H.), Mark Udall (D-Colo.), Sheldon Whitehouse (DR.I.), and Ron Wyden (D-Ore.).
http://wn.com/A_Message_of_Hope_from_the_United_States_Senate
Mister Rogers defending PBS to the US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
In 1969, Fred Rogers appeared before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Communications. His goal was to support funding for PBS and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, in response to significant proposed cuts by President Nixon.
http://wn.com/Mister_Rogers_defending_PBS_to_the_US_Senate
US Sen. Ben Cardin victory speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Democratic US Sen. Ben Cardin delivers his speech.
http://wn.com/US_Sen_Ben_Cardin_victory_speech
Warren wins US Senate seat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Elizabeth Warren has won the US Senate seat held by Sen. Scott Brown.
http://wn.com/Warren_wins_US_Senate_seat
Ted Kennedy Returns to the Senate Floor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) on the Senate floor, July 9, 2008
http://wn.com/Ted_Kennedy_Returns_to_the_Senate_Floor
Christian extremists disrupt Hindu Senate invocation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
christian extremists disrupt Hindu senate invocation
http://wn.com/Christian_extremists_disrupt_Hindu_Senate_invocation
Republicans Scaring Democrats? US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:05
- Updated: 04 Apr 2012
Michael Shure talks with Shira Toeplitz of Roll Call to discuss the United States Senate and specific races. Who is the frontrunners? Who should be worried? Michael and Shira break it down.
http://wn.com/Republicans_Scaring_Democrats?_US_Senate
Hackers Testifying at the United States Senate, May 19, 1998 (L0pht Heavy Industries)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:04
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
L0pht Heavy Industries testifying before the United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Live feed from CSPAN, May 19, 1998. Starring Brian Oblivion, Kingpin, Tan, Space Rogue, Weld Pond, Mudge, and Stefan von Neumann. This is the infamous testimony where Mudge stated we could take down the Internet in 30 minutes. Although that's all the media took from it, much more was discussed. See for yourself.
http://wn.com/Hackers_Testifying_at_the_United_States_Senate,_May_19,_1998_L0pht_Heavy_Industries
Treason in the US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:54
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
RTR.org | Danny Panzella sits in for Gary Franchi and reports on the treasonous act committed by the US Senate by passing the Indefinite Detention Bill. Panzella also reports on Wall Streets Private Army and the Big Brother Banksters.
http://wn.com/Treason_in_the_US_Senate
Composition of the United States Senate 1914-2004
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
The US Senate composition by election cycle from 1914-2004 set to music and mapped by state. Dynamic map presentation.
http://wn.com/Composition_of_the_United_States_Senate_1914-2004
Al Franken Sworn In As US Senator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
The swearing-in ceremony of Al Franken into the US Senate. The ensuing applause lasts longer than the actual ceremony! Way to gol, Sen. Al Franken!
http://wn.com/Al_Franken_Sworn_In_As_US_Senator
Hank For Senate - "The Greatest Land of All"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Hank's first campaign ad, showing America that we finally have a candidate who will help bring our country back.
http://wn.com/Hank_For_Senate_The_Greatest_Land_of_All
Senator Al Franken draws map of USA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Senator Al Franken draws a map of all 50 states from memory during an appearance on Minnesota Public Radio's Midday at the Minnesota State Fair. Listen to the full interview with Sen. Franken here: minnesota.publicradio.org
http://wn.com/Senator_Al_Franken_draws_map_of_USA
Continued Update On Senator Kirk's Recovery
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
United States Senator Mark Kirk (R-Ill.) reveals the progress that he has made in his recovery after suffering an ischemic stroke in January. Sen. Kirk recently completed a 9-week mobility study at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, where he worked tirelessly to improve his walking, speech, and mobility. During the course of the study, Sen. Kirk walked a total of 14.79 miles and climbed 145 flights of stairs. Lear more at Kirk.Senate.Gov
http://wn.com/Continued_Update_On_Senator_Kirk's_Recovery
Boston Herald / UMass Lowell US Senate Debate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:35
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
The US Senate debate between Elizabeth Warren and Scott Brown at UMass Lowell. Hosted by NBC's David Gregory, host of Meet The Press. Monday October 1 7:00-8:00 PM.
http://wn.com/Boston_Herald_UMass_Lowell_US_Senate_Debate
'World fears US as a war-hungry drunk' - ex-Senator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:30
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
The US is like a drunkard who charges to war with anyone who might pose a threat, ex-Senator and former US presidential candidate Mike Gravel says. Read more on.rt.com RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/'World_fears_US_as_a_war-hungry_drunk'_ex-Senator
(((BREAKING NEWS))) ILLUMINATI EXPOSED AT THE US SENATE (((Must Watch)))
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:09
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
If you would like to leave Sen. Bernie Sanders a comment click on this link: www.sanders.senate.gov
http://wn.com/BREAKING_NEWS_ILLUMINATI_EXPOSED_AT_THE_US_SENATE_Must_Watch
US Senate owned by George Galloway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Congressional hearing over Iraqi oil for food program where British Parliament member George Galloway tells committee how they lied decieved ignored and failed to do their jobs before and after the war with regards to Iraq. We need a whole bunch more like him!!!
http://wn.com/US_Senate_owned_by_George_Galloway
Inside a Congressional Filibuster - George Mitchell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Complete video at: fora.tv Former US Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell describes his first experience with a Senatorial filibuster. ----- George Mitchell shares his thoughts on the direction our nation should be taking. Mitchell's mission is to ensure the US remains a leader in brokering peace and ensuring the safety and viability of populations. As congressman, Mitchell was named most respected member six times. He helped broker peace in Northern Ireland and worked to discover a path to peace in the Middle East. Most recently, he led an investigation into the illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs in Major League Baseball. George Mitchell is a former Democratic Party politician and United States Senator who currently serves as chairman of the worldwide law firm DLA Piper. Mitchell is also the Chancellor of the Queen's University in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was the US Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995 and chairman of The Walt Disney Company from March 2004 until January 2007.
http://wn.com/Inside_a_Congressional_Filibuster_George_Mitchell
George Galloway VS The US Senate 1 of 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
FULL PLAYLIST: www.youtube.com The 5 Year Anniversary is coming up next month. I thought I should upload a complete and higher quality than what is available on youtube. Galloway's Statement starts at 6:25 but I encourage people to start from the beginning for full effect...Peace. Probably one of the most important public speaking engagements in the last 50 Years. Relevant to Israel and Palestine as it is mentioned briefly in this series of videos. George Galloway, British House of Commons Member, member of the Anti-War Movement, staunch critic of Israel, testifies before a Senate Subcommittee on Investigations regarding Oil-for Food allegations. Just keep watching those around Galloway and the Senate react to his testimony. Washington, DC. Tuesday, May 17, 2005 Source CSPAN.org
http://wn.com/George_Galloway_VS_The_US_Senate_1_of_5
George Galloway Vs The US Senate (Full Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:27
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
George Galloway takes on the US Senate and wins British MP George Galloway has told US senators who accused him of profiting from Iraq oil dealings their claims were the "mother of all smokescreens". Better Copy here: www.georgegalloway.com
http://wn.com/George_Galloway_Vs_The_US_Senate_Full_Video
Inspiring Speech by US Senate Candidate Dan Bongino
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:42
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
GOP Senate candidate from Maryland addresses why our fight isn't really against higher taxes, but a malignant ideology, and why we must not cede races in blue states. www.BONGINO.com Twitter: @dbongino
http://wn.com/Inspiring_Speech_by_US_Senate_Candidate_Dan_Bongino
Rand Paul: US Senate Floor - Maiden Speech 02/02/11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Feb. 02, 2011 - Sen. Rand Paul presents his maiden speech on the US Senate floor. Senator Paul notes that he will now sit at Henry Clay's desk, likely the most famous legislator ever to hail from Kentucky. Henry Clay was known as the "Great Compromiser", which Paul reflects on throughout his speech. "Henry Clay's life is at best, a mixed message. His compromises were over slavery. One could argue that he rose above sectional strife to keep the Union together, to preserve the union. But one could also argue that he was morally wrong, and that his decisions on slavery, to extend slavery, were decisions that actually may have even ultimately invited the war that came; that his compromises meant that during the 50 years of his legislative career, he not only accepted slavery but he accepted the slave trade." said Paul. Sen. Paul goes on to contrast Henry Clay with the lives of his contemporaries; no-compromise abolitionists, including Henry Clay's cousin, Cassius Clay. Sen. Paul points out that Henry Clay's preference for compromise over principle eventually contributed to an electoral shortcoming for the Presidency, thereby proving that jaded compromise does not always equal political expediency. Sen. Paul continues, "Now today we have no issues, no moral issues that have equivalency with the issue of slavery. Yet, we do face a fiscal nightmare potentially a debt crisis in our country. Is the answer to compromise?" Sen. Paul acknowledges the necessity of compromise, but ...
http://wn.com/Rand_Paul_US_Senate_Floor_Maiden_Speech_02_02_11
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Al Ramirez for US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
http://wn.com/Al_Ramirez_for_US_Senate
Good Fences Make Good Neighbors - Al Ramirez for US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Standing on the US-Mexico Border in San Diego County Al Ramirez explains the difference between illegal immigration in Mexico and the U.S. and why it's time for people to understand the difference between freedom versus a free-ride.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
http://wn.com/Good_Fences_Make_Good_Neighbors_Al_Ramirez_for_US_Senate
Keep Housing a Part of the American Dream - Al Ramirez for US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate Al Ramirez has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Housing has long been a cornerstone of the American Dream. Al lays out his vision to give homeowners the confidence to know that their biggest investment will still be worth something someday. It means creating jobs to qualify for loan, maintaining professional standards in the real estate industry and encouraging banks to make smart loans.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
http://wn.com/Keep_Housing_a_Part_of_the_American_Dream_Al_Ramirez_for_US_Senate
Keep California Open for Business - Al Ramirez for US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Al lays out his belief that the key to the success of the American economy is the growth of small business. Small businesses are the backbone of the American economy. Women and minorities are also the fastest growing segment of new business owners. Al wants to let these small business owners run their business instead of being run out of business by government red tape.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
http://wn.com/Keep_California_Open_for_Business_Al_Ramirez_for_US_Senate
Obama and DiFi are Two Pains in the Gas - Al Ramirez for US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:34
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary.
Just like every average American Al Ramirez has to deal with the high prices at the gas station when he fills up. When Barack Obama was elected prices were about $1.85 per gallon, today they are over $4 and climbing. The tax and spend liberals like Dianne Feinstein just don't get it, unlike the government most families try to live within a budget. It's time for leadership that will support America's plan for energy independence and stop negotiating with our enemies in the middle east because we are so dependent on them for oil and only oil.
As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate Al Ramirez has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
http://wn.com/Obama_and_DiFi_are_Two_Pains_in_the_Gas_Al_Ramirez_for_US_Senate
End Obamacare and Reform Healthcare - Al Ramirez for US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate Al Ramirez has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Obamacare is facing repeal in the United States Supreme Court because it is fundamentally unconstitutional. However the biggest problem with any government based healthcare solution is it perpetuates the same problems we have with Medicare, Medicaid and general insurance plans. All these programs perpetuate over-utilization and are prone to fraud. It's time to get to the root of the problems in making healthcare affordable by having real tort reform and providing incentives for direct pay participants for routine health maintenance and planning for catastrophic health matters.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
http://wn.com/End_Obamacare_and_Reform_Healthcare_Al_Ramirez_for_US_Senate
Let's Get to Work - Al Ramirez for US Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:34
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Getting people back to work will be Al Ramirez's top priority when he joins the US Senate. Barack Obama has been the biggest failure since Jimmy Carter in handling the US economy and more people are out of work since the Great Depression. It is time to stop the anti-business environment created by the out of control and radical left wing and their tax and spend politics that are keeping companies from creating jobs. America has been lead down a path of false hope by Obama and Feinstein and the country is taking dangerous steps towards a European styled failed socialist economy. It is time to take a stand for capitalism, freedom, and prosperity and return to free market principals with smart economic policies and effective regulatory protections.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
http://wn.com/Let's_Get_to_Work_Al_Ramirez_for_US_Senate
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Senate Session 2011-12-14 (09:30:03-10:33:15)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 63:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Senate convened and began a period of morning business.Thereafter, members proceeded to concurrent consideration of S.J.Res.10 and S.J.Res.24, joint resolutions proposing balanced budget amendments.
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2011-12-14_093003-103315
Senate Session 2011-12-14 (12:44:39-14:00:26)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 75:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Senate convened and began a period of morning business.Thereafter, members proceeded to concurrent consideration of S.J.Res.10 and S.J.Res.24, joint resolutions proposing balanced budget amendments.
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2011-12-14_124439-140026
"How much of that shitty deal did you sell to your clients?" Goldman Sachs Hearing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Carl Levin questioning Daniel Sparks - Former Goldman Sachs Mortgages Department Head.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bill Noxid http://billnoxid.wordpress.com/
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http://wn.com/How_much_of_that_shitty_deal_did_you_sell_to_your_clients?_Goldman_Sachs_Hearing
Senate Dems: Pass the STOCK Act, Move to Jobs Bills
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senators Harry Reid (NV), Chuck Schumer
http://wn.com/Senate_Dems_Pass_the_STOCK_Act,_Move_to_Jobs_Bills
Senate Dems: Reforms Needed to Spur "Super PAC" Transparency
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Democratic Senators Chuck Schumer (NY), Sheldon Whitehouse (RI) and Al Franken (MN) respond to Super PAC filings that reveal special interests behind election ads.
http://wn.com/Senate_Dems_Reforms_Needed_to_Spur_Super_PAC_Transparency
A Message of Hope from the United States Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A video for LGBT youth around the country and the It Gets Better Project, featuring U.S. Senators Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.), Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.), Chris Coons (D-Del.), Dick Durbin (D-Ill.), Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Al Franken (D-Minn.), Kirsten Gillibrand (D-N.Y.), Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), Jeanne Shaheen (D-N.H.), Mark Udall (D-Colo.), Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.), and Ron Wyden (D-Ore.).
http://wn.com/A_Message_of_Hope_from_the_United_States_Senate
Senators Grill Goldman Sachs Officials
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Current and former employees of Goldman Sachs ran into a wall of bipartisan wrath before a Senate panel investigating their role in the financial crisis and the Securities and Exchange Commission fraud suit against it and one of its traders. (April 27)
http://wn.com/Senators_Grill_Goldman_Sachs_Officials
'Ghosts of the Iraq War' Haunt Congress in Senate Chamber
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Come out, come out, wherever you are. Spook them wherever they go.
Help stop the war at http://www.michaelmoore.com/
http://wn.com/'Ghosts_of_the_Iraq_War'_Haunt_Congress_in_Senate_Chamber
Senator Lisa Murkowski Talks About Her April 2012 Visit to Homer, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Senator_Lisa_Murkowski_Talks_About_Her_April_2012_Visit_to_Homer,_Alaska
Excerpt from Dan Rather Reports' Interview with Lisa Murkowski
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Americans say their Washington politicians are too ideological, too polarized and they spend too much money. But what if there was a senator who won re-election without the backing of her party and now says she feels liberated to vote as she pleases...wants to compromise and is beholden to no one except her constituents? Lisa Murkowski, a Republican Senator from Alaska says that's exactly what's happened to her. This is the story of how the senator took on the Tea party, won re-election and became a different politician in the process.
http://wn.com/Excerpt_from_Dan_Rather_Reports'_Interview_with_Lisa_Murkowski
Senate Session 2012-04-17 (12:15:54-12:45:51)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-04-17_121554-124551
Senate Session 2012-03-29 (18:19:39-18:26:44)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Senate continued work on a bill to increase taxes on higher tax brackets. At 11:30 a.m. members took a cloture vote on the bill to repeal tax breaks for oil and gas industry.
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-03-29_181939-182644
Murkowski Leads Alaska Day Tour of her Washington, D.C. Office
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
In celebration of Alaska Day 2009, Sen. Murkowski invites you to take a video tour of her office.
Sending greetings from her Washington D.C. office, Murkowski shares with viewers some of the Alaska art on loan to her office, as well as some personal items from Alaska that are of special significance.
On her tour, Sen. Murkowski guides visitors through her office as they see a Tlingit carving entitled Raven Steals the Sun, a totem pole on loan from Sealaska and some Alaska Native dolls belonging to Sen. Murkowski. Also on the tour is Walter, a 63 lbs king salmon Sen. Murkowski caught while fishing on the Kenai in July 2006.
http://wn.com/Murkowski_Leads_Alaska_Day_Tour_of_her_Washington,_DC_Office
Senate Session 2012-04-24 (17:26:24-18:30:31)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
At 2:15pm, the Senate will take a roll call vote on the motion to proceed to S J Res 36. If the motion is defeated, there will likely be several roll call votes related to S 1789, the Postal Service overhaul bill.
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-04-24_172624-183031
Senate Session 2012-04-25 (16:07:51-17:30:33)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 82:43
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Senate continued consideration of the Violence Against Women reauthorization and the postal service bill.
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-04-25_160751-173033
Senate Session 2012-05-07 (15:06:11-16:14:17)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 68:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Senate will begin consideration of the motion to proceed to S 2343, a bill to prevent student loan interest rates from doubling in July.
*At 4:30pm, the Senate will turn to executive session to consider three judicial nominations. They are:
-Jacqueline H. Nguyen to be a US Circuit Court Judge for the Ninth Circuit
-Kristine Gerhard Baker to be a US District Court Judge for the Eastern District of
Arkansas
-John Z. Lee to be a US District Court Judge for the Northern District of Illinois
*At 5:30pm, the Senate will take roll call votes on at least one of the judicial nominations listed above. It is possible that the Baker and Lee nominations will be approved on voice votes.
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-05-07_150611-161417
Senator Snowe Honors Senator Barbara Mikulski as Longest-Serving Woman in Congress
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:45
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
U.S. Senator Olympia J. Snowe (R-Maine) today paid tribute to Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland) who became the longest-serving woman in the history of the U.S. Congress. Senator Snowe joined a number of her colleagues on both sides of the aisle in delivering remarks on the floor of the United States Senate this afternoon.
http://wn.com/Senator_Snowe_Honors_Senator_Barbara_Mikulski_as_Longest-Serving_Woman_in_Congress
Senate Session 2012-05-14 (15:07:01-16:11:58)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-05-14_150701-161158
Reid: Spending Cuts Must Not Gut Programs For Middle Class
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Nevada Senator Harry Reid says the best path the Senate can take to address the nation's fiscal challenges is one that's balanced.
http://wn.com/Reid_Spending_Cuts_Must_Not_Gut_Programs_For_Middle_Class
!!HEALTH BILL PASSES LANDMARK SENATE VOTE!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senators finally headed home for the holidays as Democrats united this morning to pass their $871 billion health care bill by a 60-39 vote, after 24 consecutive days of often bitter debate and deep partisanship.
All 58 Democrats and two independents voted for the health care bill, as expected, without any Republican support.
http://wn.com/!!HEALTH_BILL_PASSES_LANDMARK_SENATE_VOTE!!
Senate Session 2012-05-16 (16:58:28-18:02:12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 63:45
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Following the prayer and pledge, the Majority Leader will be recognized. Following Leader remarks, the Senate will proceed to the consideration of motions to proceed to the following budget resolutions, en bloc for up to six hours of debate:
o S.Con.Res.41 (Sen. Sessions, R-AL-his interpretation of the Obama budget);
o H.Con.Res.112 (Rep. Ryan's, R-WI, House-passed budget);
o S.Con.Res.37 (Sen. Toomey, R-PA);
o S.Con.Res.42 (Sen. Paul, R-KY); and
o S.Con.Res.44 (Sens. Lee, R-UT, Paul, R-KY, DeMint, R-SC)
*At approximately 4pm (if all time is used), the Senate will conduct up to five roll call votes on the motions to proceed to each concurrent resolution listed above. There will be 2 minutes of debate between each vote and all votes after the first vote will be 10 mins. in duration.
http://wn.com/Senate_Session_2012-05-16_165828-180212
Reid: Senate Bill Will Support Life-Saving Drugs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Nevada Senator Harry Reid hails the FDA Safety and Innovation Act, a bipartisan bill that would give the FDA tools to approve life-saving drugs and devices to patients who need them quickly.
http://wn.com/Reid_Senate_Bill_Will_Support_Life-Saving_Drugs
Welcome to Congress, YouTube
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The leaders of both the Senate and the House announce that Congress is now in session, on YouTube. You can now find your Representatives and Senators' YouTube channels on two new special platforms:
The House Hub: http://www.youtube.com/househub
The Senate Hub: http://www.youtube.com/senatehub
This is your backstage pass to your government - so connect with your elected leaders on YouTube today.
http://wn.com/Welcome_to_Congress,_YouTube
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Jon Tester - Begins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Family farmer and U.S. Senate candidate Jon Tester shares his views with Montanans.
http://wn.com/Jon_Tester_Begins
Jon Tester - Real Change
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Jon Tester launches his general election campaign with positive ads, designed to make the race for U.S. Senate focus on issues important to Montanans.
http://wn.com/Jon_Tester_Real_Change
Senator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The first television spot from the campaign of United States Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey.
http://wn.com/Senator
Jeremy Ring for Senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Jeremy Ring for Senate!
http://wn.com/Jeremy_Ring_for_Senate
Joe Leibham for Senate 2002: "Working Together"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Joe Leibham for Senate
http://wn.com/Joe_Leibham_for_Senate_2002_Working_Together
Mark Kennedy for U.S. Senate Ad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A personal look at Minnesota Senate candidate Mark Kennedy. Visit MarkKennedy06.com for more info.
http://wn.com/Mark_Kennedy_for_US_Senate_Ad
My Job
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Amy Klobuchar for Minnesota television ad.
http://wn.com/My_Job
Guaranteed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The second ad from Amy Klobuchar's campaign for US Senate highlights Amy's work as a legislative advocate.
http://wn.com/Guaranteed
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Iraq
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
"In the Senate, I'll vote to bring our troops home within a year, and I'll work for an alternative energy policy so we never have to fight this kind of war again," Rales says in a commercial that draws attention to the ongoing sacrifices being made in Iraq.
http://wn.com/Josh_Rales_for_United_States_Senate_Iraq
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Oil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Rales calls for reducing America's dependence on foreign oil with a plan that increases mileage standards, requires that vehicles are flex fuel capable and expands the use of alternative fuels such as ethanol.
http://wn.com/Josh_Rales_for_United_States_Senate_Oil
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Reading Program
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Ruth Rales-Comcast Kids Reading Network pairs second grade students with volunteers to improve reading skills and help close the achievement gap. The program matched over 700 students with volunteers this year alone.
The Ruth Rales-Comcast Kids Reading Network has earned the Civic Star Award in recognition of its positive impact on the Montgomery County school system.
http://wn.com/Josh_Rales_for_United_States_Senate_Reading_Program
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Education
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
More than 52 years after Brown vs. Board of Education it is unconscionable that the quality of our children's education is still determined by their ZIP code. This is the civil rights issue of our time. Unfortunately, children from disadvantaged backgrounds who grow up in high-poverty neighborhoods are not being taught by enough qualified teachers. However, the data is clear: children from poverty can achieve at high levels when taught by outstanding teachers in schools led by excellent principals. Therefore, it is critical that we attract and retain the best and brightest teachers and principals to our most underperforming schools. To achieve this goal, teacher and principal salaries in high-poverty schools need to reflect the difficulty of their assignment, and our poor school districts must have the means to attract and retain the best teachers and principals to their schools.
Check Out the Plan @ http://www.ralesforsenate.org/jr_education.html
http://wn.com/Josh_Rales_for_United_States_Senate_Education
Allan Lichtman Campaign Ad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Campaign video for Allan Lichtman, candidate for U.S. Senator from Maryland
http://wn.com/Allan_Lichtman_Campaign_Ad
George Allen - Matters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
George Allen TV commercial
http://wn.com/George_Allen_Matters
George Allen - Family
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
George Allen Campaign Commercial
http://wn.com/George_Allen_Family
Pederson Commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Jim Pederson's Latest TV Commercial
http://wn.com/Pederson_Commercial
New Jim Pederson Commercial!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
New Jim Pederson Commercial
http://wn.com/New_Jim_Pederson_Commercial!
jeff brown for senate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
jeff brown ad
http://wn.com/jeff_brown_for_senate
spencer's first spot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
john spencer/us senate race/gop and consv candidate
http://wn.com/spencer's_first_spot
Jack Carter Ad - Bio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A campaign ad for Jack Carter, running for US Senate in Nevada, in which he introduces himself to voters. He mentions his background and that he is Jimmy Carter's son.
http://wn.com/Jack_Carter_Ad_Bio
Jack Carter Ad - "Costco"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Campaign ad for Jack Carter, who's running for US Senate in Nevada. He thinks it's absurd and costly that Medicare is forbidden from using its huge size to negotiate lower drug prices.
http://wn.com/Jack_Carter_Ad_Costco
Senator Graham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Campaign ad for Jim DeMint.
http://wn.com/Senator_Graham
Friends
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Jim DeMint Campaign Ad
http://wn.com/Friends
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Judge Sotomayor's Opening Statement - Senate Confirmation Hearing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:47
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Judge Sonia Sotomayor delivers her opening statement during the first day of her confirmation hearing in the Senate Judiciary Committee. Once confirmed, Sotomayor would be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the United State Supreme Court.
http://wn.com/Judge_Sotomayor's_Opening_Statement_Senate_Confirmation_Hearing
Schumer on Sotomayor: "Could not have happened anywhere else in the world."
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senator Chuck Schumer describes the qualifications and background of Judge Sonia Sotomayor, noting that her story is, "a great American story and a great New York story as well." Schumer was delivering opening remarks during the first day of Sotomayor's confirmation hearing in the Senate Judiciary Committee.
http://wn.com/Schumer_on_Sotomayor_Could_not_have_happened_anywhere_else_in_the_world
Judge Sotomayor's Confirmation Hearing: Day 1 Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A brief review of the first day of Judge Sotomayor's appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee. This video includes excerpts from Sonia Sotomayor's opening statement and remarks from Democratic and Republican senators on the Committee.
http://wn.com/Judge_Sotomayor's_Confirmation_Hearing_Day_1_Highlights
Senator Leahy Opens Sotomayor Confirmation Hearing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senator Patrick Leahy opens the confirmation hearing of Judge Sonia Sotomayor, nominee to the United States Supreme Court. Leahy is the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee.
http://wn.com/Senator_Leahy_Opens_Sotomayor_Confirmation_Hearing
Senator Durbin on the Historic Nature of Judge Sotomayor's Nomination
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senator Dick Durbin discusses the history behind Sonia Sotomayor's nomination to America's highest court.
http://wn.com/Senator_Durbin_on_the_Historic_Nature_of_Judge_Sotomayor's_Nomination
Senator Feingold on Unfounded Racism Charges
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senator Russ Feingold speaks during the opening day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's confirmation hearing. He addresses issues of race while speaking in the Senate Judiciary Committee.
http://wn.com/Senator_Feingold_on_Unfounded_Racism_Charges
Senators Discuss Judge Sotomayor's Qualifications
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Democratic women in the Senate offered support today for Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor. During a press conference at the Capitol, Senators Barbara Boxer, Amy Klobuchar, and Kirsten Gillibrand praised Judge Sotomayor's 17-year record as a federal judge and public servant. "This woman, this excellent judge, deserves to be treated fairly and equally with those who came before her. I will work with my colleagues to ensure that Judge Sotomayor's confirmation process is fair and timely," said Boxer. The Judiciary Committee's confirmation hearing begins Monday. Sotomayor would be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the Supreme Court.
http://wn.com/Senators_Discuss_Judge_Sotomayor's_Qualifications
University of Toronto Professor Ira Jacobs & Moate dignity are as big as this Fart! Best Evidence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
University of Toronto trains criminals to take actions against people like lawyer, doctors, and hackers in Millions vexatious Judgements and Orders made by Toronto Judges in which only this FART can explain that even one of them has no routh to Law & Order!
http://wn.com/University_of_Toronto_Professor_Ira_Jacobs_Moate_dignity_are_as_big_as_this_Fart!_Best_Evidence
Judges Are More Than Umpires
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senator Dianne Feinstein describes the qualities she sees in Judge Sonia Sotomayor's record and experience. She notes that judges should be more than, "umpires calling balls and strikes."
http://wn.com/Judges_Are_More_Than_Umpires
Sotomayor Hearing: Senator Schumer Summarizes the Morning's Proceedings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senator Chuck Schumer recaps the morning during the first day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's Senate confirmation hearing. Once confirmed, Sotomayor will be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the nation's highest court.
http://wn.com/Sotomayor_Hearing_Senator_Schumer_Summarizes_the_Morning's_Proceedings
Judge Sonia Sotomayor Meets Democratic Senators
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Judge Sonia Sotomayor met this morning with Senate Democrats. The judge is President Barack Obama's nominee to fill the United States Supreme Court seat held by retiring Justice David Souter. At the Capitol today, Sotomayor met Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy. Reid has endorsed Judge Sotomayor and said he will now work to quickly confirm her in the Senate. Sotomayor would be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the Supreme Court. Her meetings with Senators will continue this week.
http://wn.com/Judge_Sonia_Sotomayor_Meets_Democratic_Senators
Sotomayor's Clear Answers vs. Non-Answers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Judiciary Committee Republicans asserted today that Judge Sonia Sotomayor has not been complete and clear in her views on particular issues. Judge Sotomayor has been clear and forthcoming in her answers to wide-ranging questions from all senators. She has been more responsive than any nominee in recent memory. In this video, Senator Jeff Sessions claims Judges Roberts and Alito were more clear. Examples of their non-answers follow.
http://wn.com/Sotomayor's_Clear_Answers_vs_Non-Answers
Judge Sotomayor Responds to Senator Cornyn's Question on Experience
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
During the 3rd day of her Supreme Court confirmation hearing in the Senate Judiciary Committee, Judge Sonia Sotomayor responds to a question from Senator John Cornyn. "A life experience as a prosecutor may help me listen and understand an argument in a criminal case. It may have no relevancy," said Sotomayor. "It helps that process of feeling confident that all arguments will be listened to and understood."
http://wn.com/Judge_Sotomayor_Responds_to_Senator_Cornyn's_Question_on_Experience
Judge Sotomayor Defends Her Record in Response to GOP Questions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
During the second day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's confirmation hearing, she responds to questions and criticism from Senators Jeff Sessions and Lindsey Graham. Tuesday marked the first day of questioning by senators in the Judiciary Committee.
http://wn.com/Judge_Sotomayor_Defends_Her_Record_in_Response_to_GOP_Questions
Judge Sotomayor's Confirmation Hearing: Day 2 Highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A brief review of the second day of Judge Sotomayor's appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee - her first day fielding questions. This video includes excerpts from Sonia Sotomayor's responses to questions from Democratic and Republican senators on the Committee.
http://wn.com/Judge_Sotomayor's_Confirmation_Hearing_Day_2_Highlights
Canada Sucks: Quebec & Ontario Civil Procedure, Queen & Corruption in Canada, Iranian DJ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
There is no Rule of Law in Canada; thus Canada Sucks: Quebec & Ontario Civil Procedure, Queen & Corruption in Federal Court & Suprem Court of Canada, corrupt Judges of SCC
http://wn.com/Canada_Sucks_Quebec_Ontario_Civil_Procedure,_Queen_Corruption_in_Canada,_Iranian_DJ
Graham to Sotomayor: Do you have a temperament problem?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
During questioning Tuesday in the Senate Judiciary Committee, Senator Lindsey Graham asked Judge Sonia Sotomayor about her temperament as a judge. She responded saying that she does ask tough questions.
http://wn.com/Graham_to_Sotomayor_Do_you_have_a_temperament_problem?
Judy Shepard Joins Reid to Announce Hate Crimes Amendment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Judy Shepard spoke today at a media availability to announce the introduction of the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act as part of the Department of Defense Authorization Bill.
http://wn.com/Judy_Shepard_Joins_Reid_to_Announce_Hate_Crimes_Amendment
Canada Sucks Toronto Judges, Lawyers & Police Smugglers Killed NIRVAN Smells Like Teen Spirit!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
CanadIan Smugglers Judges, Lawyers, in Toronto and COSTI Teachers & Toronto Police Smugglers Killed NIRVAN & Million Innocent Childrens in Iran & USA "You Must Condemn Canadian by pushing shit in their faces!
Kanadische Schmuggler Richter, Anwälte, in Toronto und Lehrer an Costi & Toronto Police Schmuggler getötet viele Menschen wie Nirvan & Millionen unschuldige Kinder in der ganzen Welt so wenden Sie sich bitte verurteilen kanadische in Ihrem Land und drücken Scheiße in ihren Gesichtern!
Contrabandistas de Canadá jueces, abogados, en Toronto y Los maestros de COSTI y Toronto contrabandistas La policía mató a mucha gente le gusta Nirvan y millones de niños inocentes en todo el mundo así que por favor condenar de Canadá en su país y empujando mierda en la cara!
Contrebandiers canadienne des juges, des avocats, à Toronto et des enseignants à des contrebandiers de police de Toronto COSTI et tué beaucoup de gens aiment et Nirvan millions d'enfants innocents partout dans le monde donc s'il vous plaît condamner canadienne dans votre pays et en poussant la merde dans leurs visages!
http://wn.com/Canada_Sucks_Toronto_Judges,_Lawyers_Police_Smugglers_Killed_NIRVAN_Smells_Like_Teen_Spirit!
Senator Feinstein Grades Judge Sotomayor's Judicial Temperament
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Senator Dianne Feinstein notes that Judge Sonia Sotomayor has responded directly to all questions during her confirmation hearing. Feinstein says that Sotomayor should be graded with "an A++" for her judicial temperament.
http://wn.com/Senator_Feinstein_Grades_Judge_Sotomayor's_Judicial_Temperament
Sotomayor: "Few judges love baseball more than I do."
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
During Tuesday's nomination hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Judge Sonia Sotomayor was asked for her views on the analogy that judges are like umpires - calling balls and strikes.
http://wn.com/Sotomayor_Few_judges_love_baseball_more_than_I_do
Judge Sonia Sotomayor--courts make policy long clip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Hon. Sonia Sotomayor describing the difference between clerking on a district court and on an appellate court, at a panel at Duke. This is a more complete version of the 'courts make policy' clip.
http://wn.com/Judge_Sonia_Sotomayor--courts_make_policy_long_clip
Michael Savage - Judge Sonia Sotomayor is a Radical Activist with Racist Ideology - Aired on 5/26/09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Michael Savage - Judge Sonia Sotomayor is a Radical Activist with Racist Ideology. Sound Clip Aired on 5/26/09 --
"I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion [as a judge] than a white male who hasn't lived that life." -- Judge Sonia Sotomayor, in her Judge Mario G. Olmos Law and Cultural Diversity Lecture at the University of California (Berkeley) School of Law in 2001
Read More About it Over Here: http://www.nationaljournal.com/njmagazine/openingargument.php
http://wn.com/Michael_Savage_Judge_Sonia_Sotomayor_is_a_Radical_Activist_with_Racist_Ideology_Aired_on_5_26_09
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Chaplain Barry Black - The Secret of Power
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by United States Senate Chaplain Barry C Black on the need for christians to pray for power from the Holy Spirit. For more uplifting sermons and music visit www.heiscalling.com
http://wn.com/Chaplain_Barry_Black_The_Secret_of_Power
Chaplain Barry C. Black
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:25
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Chaplain Barry C. Black provides video greeting to Eastern students
http://wn.com/Chaplain_Barry_C_Black
Barry Black - Make Your Life Matter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by Dr Barry C. Black, Chaplain of the United States of America Senate given in September 2007 at Joy of Troy Seventh-day Adventist Church. For more sermons and music see www.heiscalling.com
http://wn.com/Barry_Black_Make_Your_Life_Matter
Barry Black - How Dreams Come True
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by Dr Barry C. Black, Chaplain of the United States of America Senate given in 15 September 2007 at Joy of Troy Seventh-day Adventist Church. For more uplifting videos and audio sermons and music see http://www.heiscalling.com/
http://wn.com/Barry_Black_How_Dreams_Come_True
Barry Black - When God Says Nothing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ In this video Dr Barry C Black Chaplain of the United States Senate preaches on prayers that we apparently think God is not answering.
http://wn.com/Barry_Black_When_God_Says_Nothing
Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate on political views
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate on his political views.
http://wn.com/Barry_Black,_Chaplain_of_the_US_Senate_on_political_views
Really Living Barry Black Interview 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Rear Admiral (ret) , Senate Chaplain, Pastor Barry Black
http://wn.com/Really_Living_Barry_Black_Interview_2
Created For True Worship-Chaplin Barry Black
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
October 24, 2009 11am service. Bellfort SDA Church, Houston, Texas. Pastor Joe I. Grider-presiding. www.bellfortsda.org
http://wn.com/Created_For_True_Worship-Chaplin_Barry_Black
Q&A;: Barry Black
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Our guest is Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate. Program from Sunday, Oct. 25, 2009.
http://wn.com/Q&A;_Barry_Black
Senate Opening March 7, 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The opening of the U.S. Senate March 7, 2008 with a prayer by Senate Chaplain Rear Adm. Barry Black (Ret.) followed by the Pledge of Allegiance. Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) assigns Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) to act as President pro tempore.
http://wn.com/Senate_Opening_March_7,_2008
Really Living Barry Black Interview 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Interview with Dr. Barry Black on Really Living
http://wn.com/Really_Living_Barry_Black_Interview_3
Really Living Barry Black Interview 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Really Living Interview of Barry Black
http://wn.com/Really_Living_Barry_Black_Interview_1
US Senate Chaplain Barry Black feature
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
First Adventist , Black American , First Chief Naval ,US Senate Chaplain Barry Black interview with Kim Lawton
http://wn.com/US_Senate_Chaplain_Barry_Black_feature
0:59
Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is cha...
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
views: 3773
1:01
Good Fences Make Good Neighbors - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is cha...
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
Good Fences Make Good Neighbors - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Standing on the US-Mexico Border in San Diego County Al Ramirez explains the difference between illegal immigration in Mexico and the U.S. and why it's time for people to understand the difference between freedom versus a free-ride.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
views: 882
0:38
Keep Housing a Part of the American Dream - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is cha...
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
Keep Housing a Part of the American Dream - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate Al Ramirez has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Housing has long been a cornerstone of the American Dream. Al lays out his vision to give homeowners the confidence to know that their biggest investment will still be worth something someday. It means creating jobs to qualify for loan, maintaining professional standards in the real estate industry and encouraging banks to make smart loans.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
views: 233
0:48
Keep California Open for Business - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is cha...
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
Keep California Open for Business - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Al lays out his belief that the key to the success of the American economy is the growth of small business. Small businesses are the backbone of the American economy. Women and minorities are also the fastest growing segment of new business owners. Al wants to let these small business owners run their business instead of being run out of business by government red tape.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
views: 587
0:34
Obama and DiFi are Two Pains in the Gas - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is cha...
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
Obama and DiFi are Two Pains in the Gas - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary.
Just like every average American Al Ramirez has to deal with the high prices at the gas station when he fills up. When Barack Obama was elected prices were about $1.85 per gallon, today they are over $4 and climbing. The tax and spend liberals like Dianne Feinstein just don't get it, unlike the government most families try to live within a budget. It's time for leadership that will support America's plan for energy independence and stop negotiating with our enemies in the middle east because we are so dependent on them for oil and only oil.
As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate Al Ramirez has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
views: 252
0:40
End Obamacare and Reform Healthcare - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is cha...
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
End Obamacare and Reform Healthcare - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate Al Ramirez has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Obamacare is facing repeal in the United States Supreme Court because it is fundamentally unconstitutional. However the biggest problem with any government based healthcare solution is it perpetuates the same problems we have with Medicare, Medicaid and general insurance plans. All these programs perpetuate over-utilization and are prone to fraud. It's time to get to the root of the problems in making healthcare affordable by having real tort reform and providing incentives for direct pay participants for routine health maintenance and planning for catastrophic health matters.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but, there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
views: 384
0:34
Let's Get to Work - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is cha...
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
Let's Get to Work - Al Ramirez for US Senate
Al Ramirez is a Republican candidate for the United States Senate in California, he is challenging Dianne Feinstein in the June 5th 2012 primary. As the California Republican Assembly and California Congress of Republicans officially endorsed candidate he has been properly vetted as the qualified conservative in the race.
Getting people back to work will be Al Ramirez's top priority when he joins the US Senate. Barack Obama has been the biggest failure since Jimmy Carter in handling the US economy and more people are out of work since the Great Depression. It is time to stop the anti-business environment created by the out of control and radical left wing and their tax and spend politics that are keeping companies from creating jobs. America has been lead down a path of false hope by Obama and Feinstein and the country is taking dangerous steps towards a European styled failed socialist economy. It is time to take a stand for capitalism, freedom, and prosperity and return to free market principals with smart economic policies and effective regulatory protections.
There are 24 total candidates in the June 5th California Primary for the US Senate but there is only one candidate who can lead the GOP to victory in November. Get to know more about Al Ramirez at www.alramirez.com
published: 31 May 2012
author: AlRamirezUSA
views: 350
Vimeo results:
4:43
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States...
published: 04 Mar 2011
author: Chris Gregory
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States Congress and the problems they face. Leading political photographers in Washington talk about the perills of the 24/7 news cycle and the increasingly sparce access.
"It's the genesis of the image as much as the ontological image itself that matters."- Dr. Kerric Harvey, Media Anthropologist at GWU.
Visit my portfolio at: www.chrisgregoryphoto.com
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corpor...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corporate-funded political force most of America has never heard of -- ALEC, the American Legislative Exchange Council. A national consortium of state politicians and powerful corporations, ALEC presents itself as a “nonpartisan public-private partnership”. But behind that mantra lies a vast network of corporate lobbying and political action aimed to increase corporate profits at public expense without public knowledge.
Using interviews, documents, and field reporting, the episode explores ALEC’s self-serving machine at work, acting in a way one Wisconsin politician describes as “a corporate dating service for lonely legislators and corporate special interests.”
In state houses around the country, hundreds of pieces of boilerplate ALEC legislation are proposed or enacted that would, among other things, dilute collective bargaining rights, make it harder for some Americans to vote, and limit corporate liability for harm caused to consumers -- each accomplished without the public ever knowing who's behind it.
“All of us here are very familiar with ALEC and the influence that ALEC has with many of the [legislative] members,” says Arizona State Senator Steve Farley. “Corporations have the right to present their arguments, but they don’t have the right to do it secretly.”
"United States of ALEC" is a collaboration between Okapi Productions LLC and the Schumann Media Center, headed by Bill Moyers, which supports independent journalism and public watchdogs including the Center for Media and Democracy, whose investigators are featured in the report.
Also on the Moyers & Company broadcast -- making a timely return appearance -- is master media decoder Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg Public Policy Center and founder of FactCheck.org. Jamieson joins Bill to discuss deception and truth in the 2012 campaign.
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful...
published: 14 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful and outspoken branch of government – decisions they make shape our democracy’s fate for generations to come. Now, one has only to look at Bush v. Gore, Citizens United, and the Affordable Care Act rulings to understand why some call it a “one-percent Court” -- dedicated by majority rule to preserving the power and influence of a minority of wealthy special interests.
This week on Moyers & Company, The Nation editor Katrina vanden Heuvel and Jamie Raskin, constitutional law professor and Maryland state senator, join Bill to discuss how the uncontested power of the Supreme Court is changing our elections, our country, and our lives. The two joined forces for a special upcoming issue of The Nation entitled “The One Percent Court.”
Also on the program, Bill talks with Craig Unger, author of Boss Rove: Inside Karl Rove’s Secret Kingdom of Power, about Rove’s behind-the-scenes maneuvering and collaborations to once again affect the outcome of a presidential election.
2:52
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill...
published: 30 Jan 2012
author: Pyxis Productions
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill his empty Senate seat. Polling data had Attorney General Martha Coakley leading Republican candidate Scott Brown, and she was believed to be Kennedy's guaranteed successor. This debate, produced by Pyxis Productions, marked a turning point for Brown, who later went on to win the seat handily. This debate excerpt contains perhaps the most notable sound bite of the evening, when Scott Brown reminds the debate moderator that the seat belongs not to Ted Kennedy or the Democrats, but to the people of Massachusetts.
63:12
Senate Session 2011-12-14 (09:30:03-10:33:15)
The Senate convened and began a period of morning business.Thereafter, members proceeded t...
published: 16 Dec 2011
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2011-12-14 (09:30:03-10:33:15)
The Senate convened and began a period of morning business.Thereafter, members proceeded to concurrent consideration of S.J.Res.10 and S.J.Res.24, joint resolutions proposing balanced budget amendments.
published: 16 Dec 2011
author: stianbirkholz
views: 146
75:48
Senate Session 2011-12-14 (12:44:39-14:00:26)
The Senate convened and began a period of morning business.Thereafter, members proceeded t...
published: 16 Dec 2011
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2011-12-14 (12:44:39-14:00:26)
The Senate convened and began a period of morning business.Thereafter, members proceeded to concurrent consideration of S.J.Res.10 and S.J.Res.24, joint resolutions proposing balanced budget amendments.
published: 16 Dec 2011
author: stianbirkholz
views: 349
4:48
"How much of that shitty deal did you sell to your clients?" Goldman Sachs Hearing
Carl Levin questioning Daniel Sparks - Former Goldman Sachs Mortgages Department Head.
--...
published: 26 Dec 2011
author: stianbirkholz
"How much of that shitty deal did you sell to your clients?" Goldman Sachs Hearing
Carl Levin questioning Daniel Sparks - Former Goldman Sachs Mortgages Department Head.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bill Noxid http://billnoxid.wordpress.com/
--------------------------------------------------------------------
published: 26 Dec 2011
author: stianbirkholz
views: 62050
0:57
Senate Dems: Pass the STOCK Act, Move to Jobs Bills
Senators Harry Reid (NV), Chuck Schumer...
published: 03 Feb 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Dems: Pass the STOCK Act, Move to Jobs Bills
1:40
Senate Dems: Reforms Needed to Spur "Super PAC" Transparency
Democratic Senators Chuck Schumer (NY), Sheldon Whitehouse (RI) and Al Franken (MN) respon...
published: 15 Feb 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Dems: Reforms Needed to Spur "Super PAC" Transparency
Democratic Senators Chuck Schumer (NY), Sheldon Whitehouse (RI) and Al Franken (MN) respond to Super PAC filings that reveal special interests behind election ads.
published: 15 Feb 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 239
4:48
A Message of Hope from the United States Senate
A video for LGBT youth around the country and the It Gets Better Project, featuring U.S. S...
published: 15 Mar 2012
author: stianbirkholz
A Message of Hope from the United States Senate
A video for LGBT youth around the country and the It Gets Better Project, featuring U.S. Senators Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.), Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), Maria Cantwell (D-Wash.), Chris Coons (D-Del.), Dick Durbin (D-Ill.), Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Al Franken (D-Minn.), Kirsten Gillibrand (D-N.Y.), Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), Jeanne Shaheen (D-N.H.), Mark Udall (D-Colo.), Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.), and Ron Wyden (D-Ore.).
published: 15 Mar 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 61078
1:48
Senators Grill Goldman Sachs Officials
Current and former employees of Goldman Sachs ran into a wall of bipartisan wrath before a...
published: 26 Mar 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senators Grill Goldman Sachs Officials
Current and former employees of Goldman Sachs ran into a wall of bipartisan wrath before a Senate panel investigating their role in the financial crisis and the Securities and Exchange Commission fraud suit against it and one of its traders. (April 27)
published: 26 Mar 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 12862
1:23
'Ghosts of the Iraq War' Haunt Congress in Senate Chamber
Come out, come out, wherever you are. Spook them wherever they go.
Help stop the war at ...
published: 29 Mar 2012
author: stianbirkholz
'Ghosts of the Iraq War' Haunt Congress in Senate Chamber
Come out, come out, wherever you are. Spook them wherever they go.
Help stop the war at http://www.michaelmoore.com/
published: 29 Mar 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 12624
1:06
Senator Lisa Murkowski Talks About Her April 2012 Visit to Homer, Alaska
...
published: 09 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senator Lisa Murkowski Talks About Her April 2012 Visit to Homer, Alaska
2:11
Excerpt from Dan Rather Reports' Interview with Lisa Murkowski
Americans say their Washington politicians are too ideological, too polarized and they spe...
published: 10 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Excerpt from Dan Rather Reports' Interview with Lisa Murkowski
Americans say their Washington politicians are too ideological, too polarized and they spend too much money. But what if there was a senator who won re-election without the backing of her party and now says she feels liberated to vote as she pleases...wants to compromise and is beholden to no one except her constituents? Lisa Murkowski, a Republican Senator from Alaska says that's exactly what's happened to her. This is the story of how the senator took on the Tea party, won re-election and became a different politician in the process.
published: 10 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 1097
29:58
Senate Session 2012-04-17 (12:15:54-12:45:51)
...
published: 17 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2012-04-17 (12:15:54-12:45:51)
7:06
Senate Session 2012-03-29 (18:19:39-18:26:44)
The Senate continued work on a bill to increase taxes on higher tax brackets. At 11:30 a....
published: 17 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2012-03-29 (18:19:39-18:26:44)
The Senate continued work on a bill to increase taxes on higher tax brackets. At 11:30 a.m. members took a cloture vote on the bill to repeal tax breaks for oil and gas industry.
published: 17 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 35
8:54
Murkowski Leads Alaska Day Tour of her Washington, D.C. Office
In celebration of Alaska Day 2009, Sen. Murkowski invites you to take a video tour of her ...
published: 20 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Murkowski Leads Alaska Day Tour of her Washington, D.C. Office
In celebration of Alaska Day 2009, Sen. Murkowski invites you to take a video tour of her office.
Sending greetings from her Washington D.C. office, Murkowski shares with viewers some of the Alaska art on loan to her office, as well as some personal items from Alaska that are of special significance.
On her tour, Sen. Murkowski guides visitors through her office as they see a Tlingit carving entitled Raven Steals the Sun, a totem pole on loan from Sealaska and some Alaska Native dolls belonging to Sen. Murkowski. Also on the tour is Walter, a 63 lbs king salmon Sen. Murkowski caught while fishing on the Kenai in July 2006.
published: 20 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 1393
64:08
Senate Session 2012-04-24 (17:26:24-18:30:31)
At 2:15pm, the Senate will take a roll call vote on the motion to proceed to S J Res 36. I...
published: 25 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2012-04-24 (17:26:24-18:30:31)
At 2:15pm, the Senate will take a roll call vote on the motion to proceed to S J Res 36. If the motion is defeated, there will likely be several roll call votes related to S 1789, the Postal Service overhaul bill.
published: 25 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 92
Vimeo results:
4:43
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States...
published: 04 Mar 2011
author: Chris Gregory
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States Congress and the problems they face. Leading political photographers in Washington talk about the perills of the 24/7 news cycle and the increasingly sparce access.
"It's the genesis of the image as much as the ontological image itself that matters."- Dr. Kerric Harvey, Media Anthropologist at GWU.
Visit my portfolio at: www.chrisgregoryphoto.com
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corpor...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corporate-funded political force most of America has never heard of -- ALEC, the American Legislative Exchange Council. A national consortium of state politicians and powerful corporations, ALEC presents itself as a “nonpartisan public-private partnership”. But behind that mantra lies a vast network of corporate lobbying and political action aimed to increase corporate profits at public expense without public knowledge.
Using interviews, documents, and field reporting, the episode explores ALEC’s self-serving machine at work, acting in a way one Wisconsin politician describes as “a corporate dating service for lonely legislators and corporate special interests.”
In state houses around the country, hundreds of pieces of boilerplate ALEC legislation are proposed or enacted that would, among other things, dilute collective bargaining rights, make it harder for some Americans to vote, and limit corporate liability for harm caused to consumers -- each accomplished without the public ever knowing who's behind it.
“All of us here are very familiar with ALEC and the influence that ALEC has with many of the [legislative] members,” says Arizona State Senator Steve Farley. “Corporations have the right to present their arguments, but they don’t have the right to do it secretly.”
"United States of ALEC" is a collaboration between Okapi Productions LLC and the Schumann Media Center, headed by Bill Moyers, which supports independent journalism and public watchdogs including the Center for Media and Democracy, whose investigators are featured in the report.
Also on the Moyers & Company broadcast -- making a timely return appearance -- is master media decoder Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg Public Policy Center and founder of FactCheck.org. Jamieson joins Bill to discuss deception and truth in the 2012 campaign.
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful...
published: 14 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful and outspoken branch of government – decisions they make shape our democracy’s fate for generations to come. Now, one has only to look at Bush v. Gore, Citizens United, and the Affordable Care Act rulings to understand why some call it a “one-percent Court” -- dedicated by majority rule to preserving the power and influence of a minority of wealthy special interests.
This week on Moyers & Company, The Nation editor Katrina vanden Heuvel and Jamie Raskin, constitutional law professor and Maryland state senator, join Bill to discuss how the uncontested power of the Supreme Court is changing our elections, our country, and our lives. The two joined forces for a special upcoming issue of The Nation entitled “The One Percent Court.”
Also on the program, Bill talks with Craig Unger, author of Boss Rove: Inside Karl Rove’s Secret Kingdom of Power, about Rove’s behind-the-scenes maneuvering and collaborations to once again affect the outcome of a presidential election.
2:52
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill...
published: 30 Jan 2012
author: Pyxis Productions
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill his empty Senate seat. Polling data had Attorney General Martha Coakley leading Republican candidate Scott Brown, and she was believed to be Kennedy's guaranteed successor. This debate, produced by Pyxis Productions, marked a turning point for Brown, who later went on to win the seat handily. This debate excerpt contains perhaps the most notable sound bite of the evening, when Scott Brown reminds the debate moderator that the seat belongs not to Ted Kennedy or the Democrats, but to the people of Massachusetts.
Youtube results:
82:43
Senate Session 2012-04-25 (16:07:51-17:30:33)
The Senate continued consideration of the Violence Against Women reauthorization and the p...
published: 26 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2012-04-25 (16:07:51-17:30:33)
The Senate continued consideration of the Violence Against Women reauthorization and the postal service bill.
published: 26 Apr 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 39
68:07
Senate Session 2012-05-07 (15:06:11-16:14:17)
The Senate will begin consideration of the motion to proceed to S 2343, a bill to prevent ...
published: 09 May 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2012-05-07 (15:06:11-16:14:17)
The Senate will begin consideration of the motion to proceed to S 2343, a bill to prevent student loan interest rates from doubling in July.
*At 4:30pm, the Senate will turn to executive session to consider three judicial nominations. They are:
-Jacqueline H. Nguyen to be a US Circuit Court Judge for the Ninth Circuit
-Kristine Gerhard Baker to be a US District Court Judge for the Eastern District of
Arkansas
-John Z. Lee to be a US District Court Judge for the Northern District of Illinois
*At 5:30pm, the Senate will take roll call votes on at least one of the judicial nominations listed above. It is possible that the Baker and Lee nominations will be approved on voice votes.
published: 09 May 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 126
10:45
Senator Snowe Honors Senator Barbara Mikulski as Longest-Serving Woman in Congress
U.S. Senator Olympia J. Snowe (R-Maine) today paid tribute to Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-...
published: 14 May 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senator Snowe Honors Senator Barbara Mikulski as Longest-Serving Woman in Congress
U.S. Senator Olympia J. Snowe (R-Maine) today paid tribute to Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland) who became the longest-serving woman in the history of the U.S. Congress. Senator Snowe joined a number of her colleagues on both sides of the aisle in delivering remarks on the floor of the United States Senate this afternoon.
published: 14 May 2012
author: stianbirkholz
views: 257
64:58
Senate Session 2012-05-14 (15:07:01-16:11:58)
...
published: 15 May 2012
author: stianbirkholz
Senate Session 2012-05-14 (15:07:01-16:11:58)
0:32
Jon Tester - Begins
Family farmer and U.S. Senate candidate Jon Tester shares his views with Montanans....
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Jon Tester - Begins
Family farmer and U.S. Senate candidate Jon Tester shares his views with Montanans.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 5444
1:01
Jon Tester - Real Change
Jon Tester launches his general election campaign with positive ads, designed to make the ...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Jon Tester - Real Change
Jon Tester launches his general election campaign with positive ads, designed to make the race for U.S. Senate focus on issues important to Montanans.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 9711
0:33
Senator
The first television spot from the campaign of United States Senator Bob Menendez of New J...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Senator
The first television spot from the campaign of United States Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 4590
1:07
Mark Kennedy for U.S. Senate Ad
A personal look at Minnesota Senate candidate Mark Kennedy. Visit MarkKennedy06.com for mo...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Mark Kennedy for U.S. Senate Ad
A personal look at Minnesota Senate candidate Mark Kennedy. Visit MarkKennedy06.com for more info.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 3812
0:30
Guaranteed
The second ad from Amy Klobuchar's campaign for US Senate highlights Amy's work as a legis...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Guaranteed
The second ad from Amy Klobuchar's campaign for US Senate highlights Amy's work as a legislative advocate.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 5599
0:32
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Iraq
"In the Senate, I'll vote to bring our troops home within a year, and I'll work for an alt...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Iraq
"In the Senate, I'll vote to bring our troops home within a year, and I'll work for an alternative energy policy so we never have to fight this kind of war again," Rales says in a commercial that draws attention to the ongoing sacrifices being made in Iraq.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 556
0:32
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Oil
Rales calls for reducing America's dependence on foreign oil with a plan that increases mi...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Oil
Rales calls for reducing America's dependence on foreign oil with a plan that increases mileage standards, requires that vehicles are flex fuel capable and expands the use of alternative fuels such as ethanol.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 276
0:32
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Reading Program
The Ruth Rales-Comcast Kids Reading Network pairs second grade students with volunteers to...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Reading Program
The Ruth Rales-Comcast Kids Reading Network pairs second grade students with volunteers to improve reading skills and help close the achievement gap. The program matched over 700 students with volunteers this year alone.
The Ruth Rales-Comcast Kids Reading Network has earned the Civic Star Award in recognition of its positive impact on the Montgomery County school system.
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 757
0:31
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Education
More than 52 years after Brown vs. Board of Education it is unconscionable that the qualit...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Josh Rales for United States Senate - Education
More than 52 years after Brown vs. Board of Education it is unconscionable that the quality of our children's education is still determined by their ZIP code. This is the civil rights issue of our time. Unfortunately, children from disadvantaged backgrounds who grow up in high-poverty neighborhoods are not being taught by enough qualified teachers. However, the data is clear: children from poverty can achieve at high levels when taught by outstanding teachers in schools led by excellent principals. Therefore, it is critical that we attract and retain the best and brightest teachers and principals to our most underperforming schools. To achieve this goal, teacher and principal salaries in high-poverty schools need to reflect the difficulty of their assignment, and our poor school districts must have the means to attract and retain the best teachers and principals to their schools.
Check Out the Plan @ http://www.ralesforsenate.org/jr_education.html
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 1398
0:31
Allan Lichtman Campaign Ad
Campaign video for Allan Lichtman, candidate for U.S. Senator from Maryland...
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
Allan Lichtman Campaign Ad
Campaign video for Allan Lichtman, candidate for U.S. Senator from Maryland
published: 12 Aug 2006
author: tande72
views: 12822
Vimeo results:
4:43
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States...
published: 04 Mar 2011
author: Chris Gregory
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States Congress and the problems they face. Leading political photographers in Washington talk about the perills of the 24/7 news cycle and the increasingly sparce access.
"It's the genesis of the image as much as the ontological image itself that matters."- Dr. Kerric Harvey, Media Anthropologist at GWU.
Visit my portfolio at: www.chrisgregoryphoto.com
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corpor...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corporate-funded political force most of America has never heard of -- ALEC, the American Legislative Exchange Council. A national consortium of state politicians and powerful corporations, ALEC presents itself as a “nonpartisan public-private partnership”. But behind that mantra lies a vast network of corporate lobbying and political action aimed to increase corporate profits at public expense without public knowledge.
Using interviews, documents, and field reporting, the episode explores ALEC’s self-serving machine at work, acting in a way one Wisconsin politician describes as “a corporate dating service for lonely legislators and corporate special interests.”
In state houses around the country, hundreds of pieces of boilerplate ALEC legislation are proposed or enacted that would, among other things, dilute collective bargaining rights, make it harder for some Americans to vote, and limit corporate liability for harm caused to consumers -- each accomplished without the public ever knowing who's behind it.
“All of us here are very familiar with ALEC and the influence that ALEC has with many of the [legislative] members,” says Arizona State Senator Steve Farley. “Corporations have the right to present their arguments, but they don’t have the right to do it secretly.”
"United States of ALEC" is a collaboration between Okapi Productions LLC and the Schumann Media Center, headed by Bill Moyers, which supports independent journalism and public watchdogs including the Center for Media and Democracy, whose investigators are featured in the report.
Also on the Moyers & Company broadcast -- making a timely return appearance -- is master media decoder Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg Public Policy Center and founder of FactCheck.org. Jamieson joins Bill to discuss deception and truth in the 2012 campaign.
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful...
published: 14 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful and outspoken branch of government – decisions they make shape our democracy’s fate for generations to come. Now, one has only to look at Bush v. Gore, Citizens United, and the Affordable Care Act rulings to understand why some call it a “one-percent Court” -- dedicated by majority rule to preserving the power and influence of a minority of wealthy special interests.
This week on Moyers & Company, The Nation editor Katrina vanden Heuvel and Jamie Raskin, constitutional law professor and Maryland state senator, join Bill to discuss how the uncontested power of the Supreme Court is changing our elections, our country, and our lives. The two joined forces for a special upcoming issue of The Nation entitled “The One Percent Court.”
Also on the program, Bill talks with Craig Unger, author of Boss Rove: Inside Karl Rove’s Secret Kingdom of Power, about Rove’s behind-the-scenes maneuvering and collaborations to once again affect the outcome of a presidential election.
2:52
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill...
published: 30 Jan 2012
author: Pyxis Productions
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill his empty Senate seat. Polling data had Attorney General Martha Coakley leading Republican candidate Scott Brown, and she was believed to be Kennedy's guaranteed successor. This debate, produced by Pyxis Productions, marked a turning point for Brown, who later went on to win the seat handily. This debate excerpt contains perhaps the most notable sound bite of the evening, when Scott Brown reminds the debate moderator that the seat belongs not to Ted Kennedy or the Democrats, but to the people of Massachusetts.
Youtube results:
7:47
Judge Sotomayor's Opening Statement - Senate Confirmation Hearing
Judge Sonia Sotomayor delivers her opening statement during the first day of her confirmat...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judge Sotomayor's Opening Statement - Senate Confirmation Hearing
Judge Sonia Sotomayor delivers her opening statement during the first day of her confirmation hearing in the Senate Judiciary Committee. Once confirmed, Sotomayor would be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the United State Supreme Court.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 70226
1:23
Schumer on Sotomayor: "Could not have happened anywhere else in the world."
Senator Chuck Schumer describes the qualifications and background of Judge Sonia Sotomayor...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Schumer on Sotomayor: "Could not have happened anywhere else in the world."
Senator Chuck Schumer describes the qualifications and background of Judge Sonia Sotomayor, noting that her story is, "a great American story and a great New York story as well." Schumer was delivering opening remarks during the first day of Sotomayor's confirmation hearing in the Senate Judiciary Committee.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 1345
6:19
Judge Sotomayor's Confirmation Hearing: Day 1 Highlights
A brief review of the first day of Judge Sotomayor's appearance before the Senate Judiciar...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judge Sotomayor's Confirmation Hearing: Day 1 Highlights
A brief review of the first day of Judge Sotomayor's appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee. This video includes excerpts from Sonia Sotomayor's opening statement and remarks from Democratic and Republican senators on the Committee.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 2710
14:00
Senator Leahy Opens Sotomayor Confirmation Hearing
Senator Patrick Leahy opens the confirmation hearing of Judge Sonia Sotomayor, nominee to ...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Senator Leahy Opens Sotomayor Confirmation Hearing
Senator Patrick Leahy opens the confirmation hearing of Judge Sonia Sotomayor, nominee to the United States Supreme Court. Leahy is the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 1102
0:55
Senator Durbin on the Historic Nature of Judge Sotomayor's Nomination
Senator Dick Durbin discusses the history behind Sonia Sotomayor's nomination to America's...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Senator Durbin on the Historic Nature of Judge Sotomayor's Nomination
Senator Dick Durbin discusses the history behind Sonia Sotomayor's nomination to America's highest court.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 395
1:57
Senator Feingold on Unfounded Racism Charges
Senator Russ Feingold speaks during the opening day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's confirmatio...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Senator Feingold on Unfounded Racism Charges
Senator Russ Feingold speaks during the opening day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's confirmation hearing. He addresses issues of race while speaking in the Senate Judiciary Committee.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 470
2:39
Senators Discuss Judge Sotomayor's Qualifications
Democratic women in the Senate offered support today for Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotom...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Senators Discuss Judge Sotomayor's Qualifications
Democratic women in the Senate offered support today for Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor. During a press conference at the Capitol, Senators Barbara Boxer, Amy Klobuchar, and Kirsten Gillibrand praised Judge Sotomayor's 17-year record as a federal judge and public servant. "This woman, this excellent judge, deserves to be treated fairly and equally with those who came before her. I will work with my colleagues to ensure that Judge Sotomayor's confirmation process is fair and timely," said Boxer. The Judiciary Committee's confirmation hearing begins Monday. Sotomayor would be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the Supreme Court.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 1228
0:18
University of Toronto Professor Ira Jacobs & Moate dignity are as big as this Fart! Best Evidence
University of Toronto trains criminals to take actions against people like lawyer, doctors...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
University of Toronto Professor Ira Jacobs & Moate dignity are as big as this Fart! Best Evidence
University of Toronto trains criminals to take actions against people like lawyer, doctors, and hackers in Millions vexatious Judgements and Orders made by Toronto Judges in which only this FART can explain that even one of them has no routh to Law & Order!
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 868
1:01
Judges Are More Than Umpires
Senator Dianne Feinstein describes the qualities she sees in Judge Sonia Sotomayor's recor...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judges Are More Than Umpires
Senator Dianne Feinstein describes the qualities she sees in Judge Sonia Sotomayor's record and experience. She notes that judges should be more than, "umpires calling balls and strikes."
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 310
1:14
Sotomayor Hearing: Senator Schumer Summarizes the Morning's Proceedings
Senator Chuck Schumer recaps the morning during the first day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's S...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Sotomayor Hearing: Senator Schumer Summarizes the Morning's Proceedings
Senator Chuck Schumer recaps the morning during the first day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's Senate confirmation hearing. Once confirmed, Sotomayor will be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the nation's highest court.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 265
0:59
Judge Sonia Sotomayor Meets Democratic Senators
Judge Sonia Sotomayor met this morning with Senate Democrats. The judge is President Bara...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judge Sonia Sotomayor Meets Democratic Senators
Judge Sonia Sotomayor met this morning with Senate Democrats. The judge is President Barack Obama's nominee to fill the United States Supreme Court seat held by retiring Justice David Souter. At the Capitol today, Sotomayor met Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy. Reid has endorsed Judge Sotomayor and said he will now work to quickly confirm her in the Senate. Sotomayor would be the first Hispanic and third woman to serve on the Supreme Court. Her meetings with Senators will continue this week.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 766
1:21
Sotomayor's Clear Answers vs. Non-Answers
Judiciary Committee Republicans asserted today that Judge Sonia Sotomayor has not been com...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Sotomayor's Clear Answers vs. Non-Answers
Judiciary Committee Republicans asserted today that Judge Sonia Sotomayor has not been complete and clear in her views on particular issues. Judge Sotomayor has been clear and forthcoming in her answers to wide-ranging questions from all senators. She has been more responsive than any nominee in recent memory. In this video, Senator Jeff Sessions claims Judges Roberts and Alito were more clear. Examples of their non-answers follow.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 15122
2:27
Judge Sotomayor Responds to Senator Cornyn's Question on Experience
During the 3rd day of her Supreme Court confirmation hearing in the Senate Judiciary Commi...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judge Sotomayor Responds to Senator Cornyn's Question on Experience
During the 3rd day of her Supreme Court confirmation hearing in the Senate Judiciary Committee, Judge Sonia Sotomayor responds to a question from Senator John Cornyn. "A life experience as a prosecutor may help me listen and understand an argument in a criminal case. It may have no relevancy," said Sotomayor. "It helps that process of feeling confident that all arguments will be listened to and understood."
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 1245
5:19
Judge Sotomayor Defends Her Record in Response to GOP Questions
During the second day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's confirmation hearing, she responds to que...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judge Sotomayor Defends Her Record in Response to GOP Questions
During the second day of Judge Sonia Sotomayor's confirmation hearing, she responds to questions and criticism from Senators Jeff Sessions and Lindsey Graham. Tuesday marked the first day of questioning by senators in the Judiciary Committee.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 2903
Vimeo results:
4:43
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States...
published: 04 Mar 2011
author: Chris Gregory
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States Congress and the problems they face. Leading political photographers in Washington talk about the perills of the 24/7 news cycle and the increasingly sparce access.
"It's the genesis of the image as much as the ontological image itself that matters."- Dr. Kerric Harvey, Media Anthropologist at GWU.
Visit my portfolio at: www.chrisgregoryphoto.com
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corpor...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corporate-funded political force most of America has never heard of -- ALEC, the American Legislative Exchange Council. A national consortium of state politicians and powerful corporations, ALEC presents itself as a “nonpartisan public-private partnership”. But behind that mantra lies a vast network of corporate lobbying and political action aimed to increase corporate profits at public expense without public knowledge.
Using interviews, documents, and field reporting, the episode explores ALEC’s self-serving machine at work, acting in a way one Wisconsin politician describes as “a corporate dating service for lonely legislators and corporate special interests.”
In state houses around the country, hundreds of pieces of boilerplate ALEC legislation are proposed or enacted that would, among other things, dilute collective bargaining rights, make it harder for some Americans to vote, and limit corporate liability for harm caused to consumers -- each accomplished without the public ever knowing who's behind it.
“All of us here are very familiar with ALEC and the influence that ALEC has with many of the [legislative] members,” says Arizona State Senator Steve Farley. “Corporations have the right to present their arguments, but they don’t have the right to do it secretly.”
"United States of ALEC" is a collaboration between Okapi Productions LLC and the Schumann Media Center, headed by Bill Moyers, which supports independent journalism and public watchdogs including the Center for Media and Democracy, whose investigators are featured in the report.
Also on the Moyers & Company broadcast -- making a timely return appearance -- is master media decoder Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg Public Policy Center and founder of FactCheck.org. Jamieson joins Bill to discuss deception and truth in the 2012 campaign.
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful...
published: 14 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful and outspoken branch of government – decisions they make shape our democracy’s fate for generations to come. Now, one has only to look at Bush v. Gore, Citizens United, and the Affordable Care Act rulings to understand why some call it a “one-percent Court” -- dedicated by majority rule to preserving the power and influence of a minority of wealthy special interests.
This week on Moyers & Company, The Nation editor Katrina vanden Heuvel and Jamie Raskin, constitutional law professor and Maryland state senator, join Bill to discuss how the uncontested power of the Supreme Court is changing our elections, our country, and our lives. The two joined forces for a special upcoming issue of The Nation entitled “The One Percent Court.”
Also on the program, Bill talks with Craig Unger, author of Boss Rove: Inside Karl Rove’s Secret Kingdom of Power, about Rove’s behind-the-scenes maneuvering and collaborations to once again affect the outcome of a presidential election.
2:52
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill...
published: 30 Jan 2012
author: Pyxis Productions
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill his empty Senate seat. Polling data had Attorney General Martha Coakley leading Republican candidate Scott Brown, and she was believed to be Kennedy's guaranteed successor. This debate, produced by Pyxis Productions, marked a turning point for Brown, who later went on to win the seat handily. This debate excerpt contains perhaps the most notable sound bite of the evening, when Scott Brown reminds the debate moderator that the seat belongs not to Ted Kennedy or the Democrats, but to the people of Massachusetts.
Youtube results:
8:53
Judge Sotomayor's Confirmation Hearing: Day 2 Highlights
A brief review of the second day of Judge Sotomayor's appearance before the Senate Judicia...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judge Sotomayor's Confirmation Hearing: Day 2 Highlights
A brief review of the second day of Judge Sotomayor's appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee - her first day fielding questions. This video includes excerpts from Sonia Sotomayor's responses to questions from Democratic and Republican senators on the Committee.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 2763
4:33
Canada Sucks: Quebec & Ontario Civil Procedure, Queen & Corruption in Canada, Iranian DJ
There is no Rule of Law in Canada; thus Canada Sucks: Quebec & Ontario Civil Procedure, Qu...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Canada Sucks: Quebec & Ontario Civil Procedure, Queen & Corruption in Canada, Iranian DJ
There is no Rule of Law in Canada; thus Canada Sucks: Quebec & Ontario Civil Procedure, Queen & Corruption in Federal Court & Suprem Court of Canada, corrupt Judges of SCC
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 1763
2:47
Graham to Sotomayor: Do you have a temperament problem?
During questioning Tuesday in the Senate Judiciary Committee, Senator Lindsey Graham asked...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Graham to Sotomayor: Do you have a temperament problem?
During questioning Tuesday in the Senate Judiciary Committee, Senator Lindsey Graham asked Judge Sonia Sotomayor about her temperament as a judge. She responded saying that she does ask tough questions.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 1237
2:24
Judy Shepard Joins Reid to Announce Hate Crimes Amendment
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Judy Shepard spoke today at a media availability to ...
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
Judy Shepard Joins Reid to Announce Hate Crimes Amendment
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Judy Shepard spoke today at a media availability to announce the introduction of the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act as part of the Department of Defense Authorization Bill.
published: 15 Jul 2009
author: becosm
views: 1562
57:20
Chaplain Barry Black - The Secret of Power
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by United States Senate Chaplain Barr...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Chaplain Barry Black - The Secret of Power
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by United States Senate Chaplain Barry C Black on the need for christians to pray for power from the Holy Spirit. For more uplifting sermons and music visit www.heiscalling.com
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 10728
0:25
Chaplain Barry C. Black
Chaplain Barry C. Black provides video greeting to Eastern students...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Chaplain Barry C. Black
Chaplain Barry C. Black provides video greeting to Eastern students
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 835
40:22
Barry Black - Make Your Life Matter
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by Dr Barry C. Black, Chaplain of th...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Barry Black - Make Your Life Matter
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by Dr Barry C. Black, Chaplain of the United States of America Senate given in September 2007 at Joy of Troy Seventh-day Adventist Church. For more sermons and music see www.heiscalling.com
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 17708
42:30
Barry Black - How Dreams Come True
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by Dr Barry C. Black, Chaplain of the...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Barry Black - How Dreams Come True
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ A sermon by Dr Barry C. Black, Chaplain of the United States of America Senate given in 15 September 2007 at Joy of Troy Seventh-day Adventist Church. For more uplifting videos and audio sermons and music see http://www.heiscalling.com/
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 8633
28:19
Barry Black - When God Says Nothing
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ In this video Dr Barry C Black Chaplain of the...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Barry Black - When God Says Nothing
http://www.adventistsermons.blogspot.co.uk/ In this video Dr Barry C Black Chaplain of the United States Senate preaches on prayers that we apparently think God is not answering.
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 8351
1:13
Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate on political views
Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate on his political views....
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate on political views
Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate on his political views.
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 1368
5:28
Really Living Barry Black Interview 2
Rear Admiral (ret) , Senate Chaplain, Pastor Barry Black...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Really Living Barry Black Interview 2
Rear Admiral (ret) , Senate Chaplain, Pastor Barry Black
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 1896
10:01
Created For True Worship-Chaplin Barry Black
October 24, 2009 11am service. Bellfort SDA Church, Houston, Texas. Pastor Joe I. Grider-p...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Created For True Worship-Chaplin Barry Black
October 24, 2009 11am service. Bellfort SDA Church, Houston, Texas. Pastor Joe I. Grider-presiding. www.bellfortsda.org
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 9964
58:04
Q&A;: Barry Black
Our guest is Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate. Program from Sunday, Oct. 25, 2009....
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Q&A;: Barry Black
Our guest is Barry Black, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate. Program from Sunday, Oct. 25, 2009.
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 8543
2:29
Senate Opening March 7, 2008
The opening of the U.S. Senate March 7, 2008 with a prayer by Senate Chaplain Rear Adm. Ba...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Senate Opening March 7, 2008
The opening of the U.S. Senate March 7, 2008 with a prayer by Senate Chaplain Rear Adm. Barry Black (Ret.) followed by the Pledge of Allegiance. Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) assigns Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) to act as President pro tempore.
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 3013
6:39
Really Living Barry Black Interview 3
Interview with Dr. Barry Black on Really Living...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Really Living Barry Black Interview 3
Interview with Dr. Barry Black on Really Living
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 1588
6:46
Really Living Barry Black Interview 1
Really Living Interview of Barry Black...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
Really Living Barry Black Interview 1
8:42
US Senate Chaplain Barry Black feature
First Adventist , Black American , First Chief Naval ,US Senate Chaplain Barry Black inter...
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
US Senate Chaplain Barry Black feature
First Adventist , Black American , First Chief Naval ,US Senate Chaplain Barry Black interview with Kim Lawton
published: 05 Jan 2011
author: AtticusFinch03
views: 6374
Vimeo results:
4:43
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States...
published: 04 Mar 2011
author: Chris Gregory
The Well: Covering Capitol Hill
A rare glimpse into the way press photographers cover the politicians of the United States Congress and the problems they face. Leading political photographers in Washington talk about the perills of the 24/7 news cycle and the increasingly sparce access.
"It's the genesis of the image as much as the ontological image itself that matters."- Dr. Kerric Harvey, Media Anthropologist at GWU.
Visit my portfolio at: www.chrisgregoryphoto.com
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corpor...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 138: United States of ALEC
Moyers & Company presents "United States of ALEC," a report on the most influential corporate-funded political force most of America has never heard of -- ALEC, the American Legislative Exchange Council. A national consortium of state politicians and powerful corporations, ALEC presents itself as a “nonpartisan public-private partnership”. But behind that mantra lies a vast network of corporate lobbying and political action aimed to increase corporate profits at public expense without public knowledge.
Using interviews, documents, and field reporting, the episode explores ALEC’s self-serving machine at work, acting in a way one Wisconsin politician describes as “a corporate dating service for lonely legislators and corporate special interests.”
In state houses around the country, hundreds of pieces of boilerplate ALEC legislation are proposed or enacted that would, among other things, dilute collective bargaining rights, make it harder for some Americans to vote, and limit corporate liability for harm caused to consumers -- each accomplished without the public ever knowing who's behind it.
“All of us here are very familiar with ALEC and the influence that ALEC has with many of the [legislative] members,” says Arizona State Senator Steve Farley. “Corporations have the right to present their arguments, but they don’t have the right to do it secretly.”
"United States of ALEC" is a collaboration between Okapi Productions LLC and the Schumann Media Center, headed by Bill Moyers, which supports independent journalism and public watchdogs including the Center for Media and Democracy, whose investigators are featured in the report.
Also on the Moyers & Company broadcast -- making a timely return appearance -- is master media decoder Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg Public Policy Center and founder of FactCheck.org. Jamieson joins Bill to discuss deception and truth in the 2012 campaign.
56:46
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful...
published: 14 Sep 2012
author: BillMoyers.com
Moyers & Company Show 136: The One-Percent Court
Because of partisan gridlock in Washington, the Supreme Court has become the most powerful and outspoken branch of government – decisions they make shape our democracy’s fate for generations to come. Now, one has only to look at Bush v. Gore, Citizens United, and the Affordable Care Act rulings to understand why some call it a “one-percent Court” -- dedicated by majority rule to preserving the power and influence of a minority of wealthy special interests.
This week on Moyers & Company, The Nation editor Katrina vanden Heuvel and Jamie Raskin, constitutional law professor and Maryland state senator, join Bill to discuss how the uncontested power of the Supreme Court is changing our elections, our country, and our lives. The two joined forces for a special upcoming issue of The Nation entitled “The One Percent Court.”
Also on the program, Bill talks with Craig Unger, author of Boss Rove: Inside Karl Rove’s Secret Kingdom of Power, about Rove’s behind-the-scenes maneuvering and collaborations to once again affect the outcome of a presidential election.
2:52
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill...
published: 30 Jan 2012
author: Pyxis Productions
Debate for United States Senate
When Senator Ted Kennedy passed away, a special election was held in Massachusetts to fill his empty Senate seat. Polling data had Attorney General Martha Coakley leading Republican candidate Scott Brown, and she was believed to be Kennedy's guaranteed successor. This debate, produced by Pyxis Productions, marked a turning point for Brown, who later went on to win the seat handily. This debate excerpt contains perhaps the most notable sound bite of the evening, when Scott Brown reminds the debate moderator that the seat belongs not to Ted Kennedy or the Democrats, but to the people of Massachusetts.
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
09 Nov 2012
Our children and grandchildren will live in a vastly different global economy China and India have ramped up investment in public education, increasing high school attendance and graduation rates....
Photo: AP / Mohammad Hussain
11 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Acts of terror that strikes fear in the hearts and minds of people, such as unexpected and secretive deadly drone strikes, are always wars against hope....
Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win
09 Nov 2012
In recent months, communal violence in Burma's Rakhine state has left about 140 people dead and forced more than 100,000 from their homes. With Buddhist and Muslim communities effectively...
Photo: US Army / by Pfc. Cameron Boyd
11 Nov 2012
KABUL (Reuters) - Pakistan hopes to persuade Afghan insurgent groups, including the lethal Haqqani network, to pursue peace but worries resistance from political factions opposed to the Taliban could...
Photo: AP / Osama Faisal
10 Nov 2012
DOHA, Qatar -- Syriaâs biggest political opposition bloc Friday elected a Christian, George Sabra, as president, a move Sabra said showed that the Muslim-majority nation will not allow its national...
CNN
November 11, 2012 -- Updated 2010 GMT (0410 HKT) Chelsea captain John Terry is injured after going down in a tackle with Liverpool striker Luis Suarez. The veteran defender left Stamford Bridge on crutches after a short-lived return to the Chelsea line-up, and will have a knee scan on Monday. Terry...(size: 21.9Kb)
Smoke shop robbed
11 Nov 2012
Dayton Daily News
Dayton officers were dispatched Saturday night at 7:55pm on the report of an armed robbery totalling approximately $300 to $400 dollars in cash at the Dayton Smoke shop located at 276 Linden Ave in...(size: 1.3Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
RALPH D. RUSSO , The Associated Press Posted: Sunday, November 11, 2012, 3:33 PM NEW YORK - Oregon is No. 1 in The Associated Press college football poll after Alabama gave up the top spot following a loss to Texas A&M;....(size: 11.7Kb)
Clarion Ledger
WASHINGTON â Two senators on opposite sides of the aisle are proposing comprehensive changes to the immigration laws that would include a pathway to citizenship for the estimated 11 million illegal immigrants now in the United States. Democrat Chuck Schumer of New York and Republican Lindsey...(size: 3.9Kb)
Peace FM Online
The Ghana Catholic Bishops Conference has called on all presidential and parliamentary candidates contesting in the 2012 elections to exhibit high sense of statesmanship by accepting defeat with pride. In a communiqué issued at the end of their Annual Plenary Assembly held at Koforidua in the...(size: 2.9Kb)
Commissioners to meet on football playoff format
11 Nov 2012
Houston Chronicle
RALPH D. RUSSO, AP College Football Writer | November 11, 2012 | Updated: November 11, 2012 2:39pm Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 13.5Kb)
No. 9 Louisville eases past Portland 95-48
11 Nov 2012
Houston Chronicle
| November 11, 2012 | Updated: November 11, 2012 2:32pm Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 13.4Kb)
Malaysian charged with FB insult
11 Nov 2012
The Himalayan
Added At: 2012-11-11 9:17 PM Last Updated At: 2012-11-11 9:17 PM The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s)...(size: 4.9Kb)
Jersey Shore won't be the same for years
11 Nov 2012
North Jersey
Commuter update: MARKO GEORGIEV/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER...(size: 18.3Kb)
Houston Chronicle
CHRIS LEHOURITES, AP Sports Writer | November 11, 2012 | Updated: November 11, 2012 2:20pm Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 14.6Kb)
PhysOrg
Not even a power cord is in the mix. Mini PCIe cards and power cords will be sold separately But going bare-boned is precisely Intel's point, to enable the DIY enthusiast to enjoy what its NUC name stands for, the Next Unit of Computing. The NUC works with a dual-core ULV Ivy bridge CPU and is...(size: 2.0Kb)
PhysOrg
Protoplanetary disks occur around many Sun-like stars; they are composed of gas and dust that surround the stars and provide the materials out of which planets like the Earth form. Researchers conduct observations of protoplanetary disks to understand their evolution and the formation of planets...(size: 4.4Kb)
East Coast rape suspect: Women were objects
11 Nov 2012
Richmond Times Dispatch
WASHINGTON (AP) - The accused East Coast Rapist says he doesn't know why he couldn't stop attacking women for nearly two decades. "They were objects," Aaron Thomas told The Washington Post (http://bitly.com/W0sRiP) in a series of telephone interviews from his jail cell in Virginia's Prince William...(size: 3.9Kb)
| United States Senate | |
|---|---|
| 112th United States Congress | |
 |
|
| Type | |
| Type | Upper house |
| Term limits | Unlimited 6-year terms |
| Leadership | |
| President | Joe Biden, (D) since January 20, 2009 |
| President pro tempore | Daniel Inouye, (D) since June 28, 2010 |
| Majority Leader | Harry Reid, (D) since January 4, 2007 |
| Minority Leader | Mitch McConnell, (R) since January 4, 2007 |
| Members | 100 |
| Political groups | Democratic Caucus (53 members) Republican Conference (47 members) |
 |
|
| Elections | |
| Last election | November 2, 2010 |
| Meeting place | |
 |
|
| Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States |
|
| Website | |
| http://www.senate.gov | |
The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution.[1] Each U.S. state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered six-year terms. The chamber of the United States Senate is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C., the national capital. The House of Representatives convenes in the south wing of the same building.
The Senate has several exclusive powers not granted to the House, including consenting to treaties as a precondition to their ratification and consenting or confirming appointments of Cabinet secretaries, federal judges, other federal executive officials, military officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers,[2][3] as well as trial of federal officials impeached by the House. The Senate is both a more deliberative[4] and more prestigious[5] body than the House of Representatives, due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere.[6] The Senate is sometimes called the "world's greatest deliberative body."[7][8][9][10]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of the United States Senate
"In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people, the property of landed proprietors would be insecure. An agrarian law would soon take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation. Landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority. The senate, therefore, ought to be this body; and to answer these purposes, they ought to have permanency and stability."
--James Madison, quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates
The framers of the Constitution created a bicameral Congress primarily as a compromise between those who felt that each state, since it was sovereign, should be equally represented, and those who felt the legislature must directly represent the people, as the House of Commons did in Britain. There was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a "People's House" directly elected by the people, and with short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents. The other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not intended to represent the people of the United States equally. The Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation.[11]
The Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate. The name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders (from senex meaning old man in Latin).[12]
The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state's consent. The District of Columbia and all other territories (including territories, protectorates, etc.) are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two shadow senators, but they are officials of the D.C. city government and not members of the U.S. Senate.[13] The United States has had 50 states since 1959,[14] thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959.[15]
The disparity between the most and least populous states has grown since the Connecticut Compromise, which granted each state two members of the Senate and at least one member of the House of Representatives, for a total minimum of three presidential Electors, regardless of population. In 1787, Virginia had roughly 10 times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming, based on the 1790 and 2000 censuses. This means some citizens are effectively an order of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, reducing the disparity of representation.[citation needed]
Before the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, senators were elected by the individual state legislatures.[16] However, problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, and even bribery and intimidation gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators.[17]
Membership[link]
Qualifications[link]
| This article is part of a series on the |
| United States Senate |
|---|
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| History of the United States Senate |
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Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for senators: 1) they must be at least 30 years old, 2) they must have been citizens of the United States for at least the past nine years, and 3) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election. The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives. In Federalist No. 62, James Madison justified this arrangement by arguing that the "senatorial trust" called for a "greater extent of information and stability of character."
The Senate (not the judiciary) is the sole judge of a senator's qualifications. During its early years, however, the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members. As a result, three senators who failed to meet the age qualification were nevertheless admitted to the Senate: Henry Clay (aged 29 in 1806), Armistead Thomson Mason (aged 28 in 1816), and John Eaton (aged 28 in 1818). Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since.[18] In 1934, Rush D. Holt, Sr. was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 to take the oath of office. Likewise, Joe Biden was elected to the Senate shortly before his 30th birthday in 1972; he had passed his 30th birthday by the time the Senate conducted its swearing-in ceremony for that year's incoming senators in January 1973.
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution disqualifies from the Senate any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those who had sided with the Confederacy from serving. That Amendment, however, also provides a method to remove that disqualification: a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress.
Elections and term[link]
Originally, senators were selected by the state legislatures, not by popular elections. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums.[19] Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the 17th Amendment.
Term[link]
Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds (called classes), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a mid-term vacancy is being filled. Current senators whose six-year terms expire on January 3, 2013, belong to Class I.
A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a "senator-elect"; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a "senator-designate".
Elections[link]
Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years, Election Day, and coincide with elections for the House of Representatives.[20] Senators are elected by their state as a whole. In most states (since 1970), a primary election is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties, with the general election following a few months later. Ballot access rules for independent and minor party candidates vary from state to state. The winner is the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote. In some states, runoffs are held if no candidate wins a majority.
Mid-term vacancies[link]
The Seventeenth Amendment allows governors, with the approval of their legislature, to appoint temporary senators until either a special or regular election takes place. The official wording provides that "the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct." Some states, as stated above, provide for a special election to fill a Senate vacancy. A special election need not be held immediately after the vacancy arises; often, it may wait until the next biennial congressional election. If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state's other seat, then the two elections are not combined, but are instead contested separately. A senator elected in a special election serves until the original six-year term expires, not for a full term.
Forty-six states permit governors to make Senate appointments of varying lengths as of 2009. Oregon and Wisconsin require special elections for vacancies, and Oklahoma permits the governor to appoint only the winner of a special election.[21] In September 2009, Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late Senator Kennedy until the special election in January 2010.[22][23] In 2004, Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day, but that conflicted with each other. The effect of the ballot-approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator.[24] Because the 17th Amendment vests the power to grant that authority to the legislature – not the people or the state generally – it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority.[24] As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy.
In 2009, Wisconsin Democratic Senator Russ Feingold announced he would introduce a bill proposing a constitutional amendment to require Senate vacancies be filled by special elections, as the Constitution already requires for vacancies in the House of Representatives.[25][26][27]
Oath[link]
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The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution.[28] Congress has prescribed the following oath for new senators:
I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.—[29]
Salary and benefits[link]
The annual salary of each senator, as of 2009, is $174,000;[30] the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400.[31] In June 2003, at least 40 of the then-senators were millionaires.[32]
Along with earning salaries, senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees, and are fully vested after five years of service.[31] Senators are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) or Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). As it is for federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of a senator's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest 3 years of their salary. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952.[31]
Political prominence[link]
Senators are regarded as more prominent political figures than members of the House of Representatives because there are fewer of them, and because they serve for longer terms, usually represent larger constituencies (the exception being House at-large districts, which similarly comprise entire states), sit on more committees, and have more staffers. Far more senators have been nominees for the presidency than representatives. Furthermore, three senators (Warren Harding, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama) have been elected president while serving in the Senate, while only one Representative (James Garfield) has been elected president while serving in the House, though Garfield was also a Senator-elect at the time of his election to the Presidency, having been chosen by the Ohio Legislature to fill a Senate vacancy.
Seniority[link]
Main article: Seniority in the United States Senate
According to the convention of Senate seniority, the senator with the longer tenure in each state is known as the "senior senator"; the other is the "junior senator". This convention does not have official significance, though it is a factor in the selection of physical offices.[33] In the 111th Congress, the most-senior "junior senator" is Tom Harkin of Iowa, who was sworn in on January 3, 1985 and is currently 11th in seniority. The most-junior "senior senator" is Mark Udall of Colorado, who was sworn in on January 3, 2009 – just two weeks before the state's junior senator, Michael Bennet – and is currently 80th in seniority.
Expulsion and other disciplinary actions[link]
The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have been expelled in the history of the Senate: William Blount, for treason, in 1797, and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the Confederate secession. Although no senator has been expelled since 1862, many senators have chosen to resign when faced with expulsion proceedings – for example, Bob Packwood in 1995. The Senate has also censured and condemned senators; censure requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office. Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion, such as Robert Torricelli in 2002.
Majority and minority parties[link]
The "Majority party" is the political party that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats; if two or more parties are tied, the vice president's affiliation determines which party is the majority party. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. Independents and members of third parties (so long as they do not caucus with or support either of the larger parties) are not considered in determining which is the majority party.
Seating[link]
The Democratic Party always sits to the presiding officer's right, and the Republican Party always sits to the presiding officer's left, regardless which party has a majority of seats.[citation needed] In this respect, the Senate differs from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and other parliamentary bodies in the Commonwealth of Nations and elsewhere.
Officers[link]
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The Vice President of the United States presides over the Senate, but the party leaders have the real power and they control procedure. Many non-member officers are also hired to run the day-to-day functions of the Senate.
Presiding over the Senate[link]
The Vice President of the United States is the ex officio President of the Senate, with authority to preside over the Senate's sessions, although he can vote only to break a tie. For decades the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the vice president's principal duties. Since the 1950s, vice presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as joint sessions, or at times when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated. The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a president pro tempore (Latin for "president for a time") to preside in the vice president's absence; the most senior senator of the majority party is customarily chosen to serve in this position. Like the vice president, the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate, but typically delegates the responsibility of presiding to junior senators of the majority party, usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis. Frequently, freshmen senators (newly elected members) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body.
The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber. The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the Speaker of the House. The presiding officer calls on senators to speak (by the rules of the Senate, the first senator who rises is recognized); ruling on points of order (objections by senators that a rule has been breached, subject to appeal to the whole chamber); and announcing the results of votes.
Party leaders[link]
Each party elects Senate party leaders. Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The Senate Majority Leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. Each party elects an assistant leader (whip) who works to ensure that their party's senators vote as the party leadership desires.
Non-member officers[link]
The Senate is served by several officials who are not members. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the Secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The Assistant Secretary of the Senate aids the secretary in his or her work. Another official is the Sergeant at Arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. The Capitol Police handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. Other employees include the Chaplain, who is elected by the Senate, and Pages, who are appointed.
Procedure[link]
Daily sessions[link]
The Senate uses Standing Rules of the Senate for operation. Like the House of Representatives, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle. By tradition, Republicans sit to the right of the center aisle and Democrats to the left, facing the presiding officer.[34] Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party. By custom, the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle. Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays. Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television, usually by C-SPAN 2.
Senate procedure depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs and traditions. The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by unanimous consent. Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders. A senator may block such an agreement, but in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate, and may warn members who deviate from them. The presiding officer sometimes uses the gavel of the Senate to maintain order.
A "hold" is placed when the leader's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure. A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by a senator at any time. A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill, to negotiate changes to the bill, or to kill the bill. A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration.
Holds can be overcome, but require time-consuming procedures such as filing cloture. Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the Leader, and are sometimes referred to as "secret holds". A senator may disclose that he or she has placed a hold.
The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. A senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the presence of a quorum. Instead, quorum calls are generally used to temporarily delay proceedings; usually such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate. Once the need for a delay has ended, a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.
Debate[link]
Debate, like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate, is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate. During debate, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer, but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, who is addressed as "Mr. President" or "Madam President", and not to another member; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state or position, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia", "the gentlewoman from California", or "my distinguished friend the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee". Senators address the Senate standing next to their desk.[35]
Apart from rules governing civility, there are few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate.
The rules of the Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day. The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. However, the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved.
Filibuster and cloture[link]
Main articles: Filibuster (United States Senate) and Reconciliation (United States Congress)
The filibuster is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body – this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster – a two-thirds majority is required. In current practice, the threat of filibuster is more important than its use; almost any motion that does not have the support of three-fifths of the Senate effectively fails. This means that 41 senators, which could represent as little as 12.3% of the U.S. population, can make a filibuster happen. Historically, cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority, so a bill that already has bipartisan support is rarely subject to threats of filibuster. However, motions for cloture have increased significantly in recent years.
If the Senate invokes cloture, debate does not end immediately; instead, it is limited to 30 additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote. The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond, who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.[36]
Under certain circumstances, the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 provides for a process called "reconciliation" by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours.[37]
Voting[link]
When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either "Yea" (in favor of the motion) or "Nay" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to a casting vote. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails.[38]
Closed session[link]
Main article: Closed session of the United States Congress
On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, cameras are turned off, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session. Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or deliberations during impeachment trials. A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member, but an agreement usually occurs beforehand.[39] If the Senate does not approve release of a secret transcript, the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately sent to the national archives. The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy.[40]
Calendars[link]
The Senate maintains a Senate Calendar and an Executive Calendar.[41] The former identifies bills and resolutions awaiting Senate floor actions. The latter identifies executive resolutions, treaties, and nominations reported out by Senate committee(s) and awaiting Senate floor action. Both are updated each day the Senate is in session.
Committees[link]
Main articles: U.S. Congressional committee and List of United States Senate committees
The Senate uses committees (and their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. Formally, the whole Senate appoints committee members. In practice, however, the choice of members is made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual senators, giving priority based on seniority. Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength.
Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as finance or foreign relations. Each standing committee may consider, amend, and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. (For instance, the Judiciary Committee considers nominees for judgeships, and the Foreign Relations Committee considers nominees for positions in the Department of State.) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence.
The Senate also has several committees that are not considered standing committees. Such bodies are generally known as select or special committees; examples include the Select Committee on Ethics and the Special Committee on Aging. Legislation is referred to some of these committees, although the bulk of legislative work is performed by the standing committees. Committees may be established on an ad hoc basis for specific purposes; for instance, the Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee created to investigate the Watergate scandal. Such temporary committees cease to exist after fulfilling their tasks.
The Congress includes joint committees, which include members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees.
Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair (usually a member of the majority party). Formerly, committee chairs were determined purely by seniority; as a result, several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even senility.[42] Committee chairs are elected, but, in practice, seniority is rarely bypassed. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century, largely in the 1970s. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform.[43] The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member.[44] In the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Select Committee on Ethics, however, the senior minority member is known as the vice chair.
Recent criticisms of the Senate's operations object to what the critics argue is obsolescence as a result of partisan paralysis and a preponderance of arcane rules.[45][46][47]
Functions[link]
Legislation[link]
Further information: Act of Congress
Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress. However, the Constitution provides that "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." As a result, the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate appropriation bills, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds. Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. However, when the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament, in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures.
Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills, in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respects of taxation and spending. As Woodrow Wilson wrote:[48]
| “ | The Senate's right to amend general appropriation bills has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character. | ” |
The approval of both houses is required for any bill, including a revenue bill, to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a conference committee, which includes members of both bodies.
Checks and balances[link]
The Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to "check and balance" the powers of other elements of the Federal Government. These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments; also the Senate must ratify all treaties with foreign governments; it tries all impeachments, and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes.
The president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies, ambassadors, Justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed, but in a small number of cases each year, Senate Committees will purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in the history of the United States).[citation needed]
The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate's advice and consent. The recess appointment remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in Myers v. United States, although the Senate's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal.[49]
File:US Senate Chamber c1873.jpg
US Senate chamber c1873
The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. The Constitution provides that the president may only "make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur." However, not all international agreements are considered treaties under US domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude executive agreements without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make congressional-executive agreements with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo[50] to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.[51]
The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. If the sitting President of the United States is being tried, the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the trial. During an impeachment trial, senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation. Conviction requires a two-thirds majority of the senators present. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.
In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. (One resigned before the Senate could complete the trial.)[52] Only two presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Both trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.
Under the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. In the history of the United States, the Senate has only broken a deadlock once. In 1837, it elected Richard Mentor Johnson. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice.
Current composition and election results[link]
2 Democrats
1 Democrat and 1 Republican
2 Republicans
1 Independent, 1 DemocratCurrent party standings[link]
Main article: List of current United States Senators
The party composition of the Senate after January 3, 2011:
| Affiliation | Members | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party | 51 | ||
| Republican Party | 47 | ||
| Independent | 2 | Both caucus with the Democrats | |
| Total | 100 | ||
See also[link]
- Bibliography of U.S. congressional memoirs (U.S. senators)
- Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
- List of current United States Senators by age
- List of current United States Senators
- United States presidents and control of congress
- Women in the United States Senate
References[link]
- ^ "Constitution of the United States". Senate.gov. March 26, 2009. http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm#a1_sec3. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ "Constitution of the United States". Senate.gov. March 26, 2009. http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm#a2_sec2. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ Lugar.senate.gov
- ^ Jstor.org
- ^ Jstor.org
- ^ "Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 198". Ingentaconnect.com. June 16, 2006. DOI:10.3162/036298008784311000. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uoi/lsq/2008/00000033/00000002/art00003. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ "The World's Greatest Deliberative Body". Time. July 5, 1993. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978823,00.html.
- ^ Jstor.org
- ^ "World's greatest deliberative body watch". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2009/11/worlds_greatest_deliberative_b.html.
- ^ "Senate reform: Lazing on a Senate afternoon". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/08/senate_reform. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. Constitution: article 1, Section 1". http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#A1Sec1.
- ^ "Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: senate". http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/senate. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ "Non-voting members of Congress". http://www.opencongress.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_Congress. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "Hawaii becomes 50th state". http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hawaii-becomes-50th-state. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Constitution: article 1, Section 1". http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#A1Sec1. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ Article I, Section 3: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote."
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Origins & Development > Institutional Development > Direct Election of Senators". Senate.gov. March 26, 2009. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Direct_Election_Senators.htm. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ 1801–1850, November 16, 1818: Youngest Senator. United States Senate. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
- ^ "Direct Election of Senators". U.S. Senate official website. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Direct_Election_Senators.htm.
- ^ 2 U.S.C. § 1
- ^ Neale, Thomas H. (March 10, 2009). "Filling U.S. Senate Vacancies: Perspectives and Contemporary Developments". Congressional Research Service. p. 8. http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40421_20090310.pdf.
- ^ DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). "Temporary Appointment of US Senator". Massachusetts Great and General Court. http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/54-140.htm.
- ^ DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). "Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election". Massachusetts Great and General Court. http://www.mass.gov/legis/ht04248.pdf.
- ^ a b "Stevens could keep seat in Senate". Anchorage Daily News. October 28, 2009. http://www.adn.com/politics/story/569836.html.
- ^ Halperin, Mark (January 26, 2009). "Feingold Statement on Amendment Proposal". Time. http://thepage.time.com/feingold-statement-on-amendment-proposal/.
- ^ Thrush, Glenn (January 25, 2009). "Feingold wants Constitutional amendment to ban gov appointments". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0109/Feingold_wants_Constitutional_amendment_to_ban_gov_appointments.html?showall.
- ^ Newmark, Betsy (January 26, 2009). "Change I Can Believe In – Russ Feingold’s Very Good Idea". The Washington Times. http://foxforum.blogs.foxnews.com/2009/01/26/newmark_kennedy_blago/.
- ^ United States Constitution, Article VI
- ^ See: 5 U.S.C. § 3331; see also: Standing Rules of the Senate: Rule III[dead link]
- ^ Salaries. United States Senate. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ a b c USGovInfo.com. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ Sean Loughlin and Robert Yoon (June 13, 2003). "Millionaires populate U.S. Senate". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/06/13/senators.finances. Retrieved June 19, 2006.
- ^ Baker, Richard A.. "Traditions of the United States Senate". Page 4. http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/Traditions.pdf.
- ^ CRS Report for Congress, "Guide to Individuals Seated on the Senate Dais" (updated May 6, 2008). Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ Martin B. Gold, Senate Procedure and Practice, p.39: Every member, when he speaks, shall address the chair, standing in his place, and when he has finished, shall sit down.
- ^ Quinton, Jeff. "Thurmond's Filibuster". Backcountry Conservative. July 27, 2003. Retrieved June 19, 2006.
- ^ Reconciliation, 2 U.S.C. § 641(e) (Procedure in the Senate).
- ^ "Yea or Nay? Voting in the Senate". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/general/Features/votes.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ^ Senate.gov
- ^ Senate.gov
- ^ "Calendars & Schedules" via Senate.gov
- ^ See, for examples, American Dictionary of National Biography on John Sherman and Carter Glass; in general, Ritchie, Congress, p. 209
- ^ Ritchie, Congress, p. 44. Zelizer, On Capitol Hill describes this process; one of the reforms is that seniority within the majority party can now be bypassed, so that chairs do run the risk of being deposed by their colleagues. See in particular p. 17, for the unreformed Congress, and pp.188–9, for the Stevenson reforms of 1977.
- ^ Ritchie, Congress, pp .44, 175, 209
- ^ Mark Murray (August 2, 2010). "The inefficient Senate". Firstread.msnbc.msn.com. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/08/02/4801404-the-inefficient-senate. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ Packer, George (January 7, 2009). "Filibusters and arcane obstructions in the Senate". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/09/100809fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all#ixzz0vY0UxHu9. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Wilson Congressional Government, Chapter III: "Revenue and Supply". Text common to all printings or "editions"; in Papers of Woodrow Wilson it is Vol.4 (1968), p.91; for unchanged text, see p. 13, ibid.
- ^ Recess Appointments FAQ (PDF). US Senate, Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 20, 2007; Ritchie, Congress p. 178.
- ^ Bolton, John R. (January 5, 2009). "Restore the Senate's Treaty Power". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/05/opinion/05bolton.html.
- ^ For an example, and a discussion of the literature, see Laurence Tribe, "Taking Text and Structure Seriously: Reflections on Free-Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation", Harvard Law Review, Vol. 108, No. 6. (Apr., 1995), pp. 1221–1303.
- ^ Complete list of impeachment trials. United States Senate. Retrieved November 20, 2007
Bibliography[link]
- Baker, Richard A. The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History Krieger, 1988.
- Baker, Richard A., ed., First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century Congressional Quarterly, 1991.
- Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (1975); new edition every 2 years
- David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002)
- Caro, Robert A. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate. Knopf, 2002.
- Comiskey, Michael. Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees U. Press of Kansas, 2004.
- Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses (2005); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac.
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 (2002)
- Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 (1998)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 (1993)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 (1989)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 (1985)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 (1981)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 (1977)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 (1973)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 (1969)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 (1965), the first of the series
- Cooper, John Milton, Jr. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations. Cambridge U. Press, 2001.
- Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998). Congress and Its Members, 6th ed. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly. (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information)
- Gould, Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate (2005)
- Hernon, Joseph Martin. Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990 Sharpe, 1997.
- Hoebeke, C. H. The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators)
- Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp.
- McFarland, Ernest W. The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950–52)
- Malsberger, John W. From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952. Susquehanna U. Press 2000
- Mann, Robert. The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Harcourt Brace, 1996
- Ritchie, Donald A. Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Harvard University Press, 1991.
- Ritchie, Donald A. The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion Oxford University Press, 2001 (2nd edition).
- Ritchie, Donald A. The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Rothman, David. Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901 (1966)
- Swift, Elaine K. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841. U. of Michigan Press, 1996
- Valeo, Frank. Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976 Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader)
- VanBeek, Stephen D. Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995
- Weller, Cecil Edward, Jr. Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat. U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)
- Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002.
- Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. The Invention of the United States Senate Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history)
- Zelizer, Julian E. On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000 (2006)
- Zelizer, Julian E., ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004) (overview)
Official Senate histories[link]
The following are published by the Senate Historical Office.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–1989
- Robert Byrd. The Senate, 1789–1989. Four volumes.
- Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate
- Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers
- Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993
- Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992
- Dole, Bob. Historical Almanac of the United States Senate
- Hatfield, Mark O., with the Senate Historical Office. Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993 (essays reprinted online)
- Frumin, Alan S. Riddick's Senate Procedure. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992.
External links[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "United States Senate" article dated 2006-08-04, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: United States Senate |
- The United States Senate Official Website
- list of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
- Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825, via Tufts University
- Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index
- United States Senate at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the United States of America. For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation).
| United States of America | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Motto: In God We Trust (official) E Pluribus Unum (traditional) (Latin: Out of Many, One) |
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Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner" |
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.svg) |
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| Capital | Washington, D.C. 38°53′N 77°01′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W / 38.883; -77.017 |
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| Largest city | New York City | |||||
| Official language(s) | None at federal level[a] | |||||
| National language | English (de facto)[b] | |||||
| Demonym | American | |||||
| Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic | |||||
| - | President | Barack Obama (D) | ||||
| - | Vice President | Joe Biden (D) | ||||
| - | Speaker of the House | John Boehner (R) | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | John Roberts | ||||
| Legislature | Congress | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| Independence | from the Kingdom of Great Britain | |||||
| - | Declared | July 4, 1776 | ||||
| - | Recognized | September 3, 1783 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | June 21, 1788 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,826,675 km2 [1][c](3rd/4th) 3,794,101 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 6.76 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 313,802,000[2] (3rd) | ||||
| - | Density | 33.7/km2 87.4/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $15.094 trillion[3] (1st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $48,386[3] (6th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $15.094 trillion[3] (1st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $48,386[3] (15th) | ||||
| Gini (2007) | 45.0[1] (39th) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.910[4] (very high) (4th) |
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| Currency | United States dollar ($) (USD) |
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| Time zone | (UTC−5 to −10) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC−4 to −10) | ||||
| Date formats | m/d/yy (AD) | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| Internet TLD | .us .gov .mil .edu | |||||
| Calling code | +1 | |||||
| ^ a. English is the official language of at least 28 states—some sources give a higher figure, based on differing definitions of "official".[5] English and Hawaiian are both official languages in the state of Hawaii.
^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language. ^ c. Whether the United States or China is larger is disputed. The figure given is from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the territories. ^ d. The population estimate includes people whose usual residence is in the fifty states and the District of Columbia, including noncitizens. It does not include either those living in the territories, amounting to more than 4 million U.S. citizens (mostly in Puerto Rico), or U.S. citizens living outside the United States. |
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.svg)
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[6] The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity).[3][7] Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.[3]
Indigenous peoples descended from forebears who migrated from Asia have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact. The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution, the first successful colonial war of independence.[8] The current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a stronger central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.
Through the 19th century, the United States displaced native tribes, acquired the Louisiana territory from France, Florida from Spain, part of the Oregon Country from the United Kingdom, Alta California and New Mexico from Mexico, and Alaska from Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over the expansion of the institution of slavery and states' rights provoked the Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, its national economy was the world's largest.[9] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. It emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for 41% of global military spending,[10] and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.[11]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
See also: Names for United States citizens
In 1507, German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere "America" after Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci.[12] The former British colonies first used the country's modern name in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the "unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America".[13] On November 15, 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which states, "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'." The Franco-American treaties of 1778 used "United States of North America", but from July 11, 1778, "United States of America" was used on the country's bills of exchange, and it has been the official name ever since.[14]
The short form "United States" is also standard. Other common forms include the "U.S.", the "USA", and "America". Colloquial names include the "U.S. of A." and, internationally, the "States". "Columbia", a once popular name for the United States, derives from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name "District of Columbia".
The standard way to refer to a citizen of the United States is as an "American". Although "United States" is the official appositional term, "American" and "U.S." are more commonly used to refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S. forces"). "American" is rarely used in English to refer to people not connected to the United States.[15]
The phrase "United States" was originally treated as plural—e.g., "the United States are"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865. It became common to treat it as singular—e.g., "the United States is"—after the end of the Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States".[16]
Geography and environment[link]
Main articles: Geography of the United States, Climate of the United States, and Environment of the United States
The land area of the contiguous United States is approximately 1,900 million acres (7,700,000 km2). Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at 365 million acres (1,480,000 km2). Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, has just over 4 million acres (16,000 km2).[17] The United States is the world's third or fourth largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles (9,522,055 km2)[18] to 3,717,813 square miles (9,629,091 km2)[19] to 3,794,101 square miles (9,826,676 km2).[1] Including only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.[20]
The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont. The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest. The Mississippi–Missouri River, the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado. Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. At 20,320 feet (6,194 m), Alaska's Mount McKinley is the tallest peak in the country and in North America. Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[21]
The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The southern tip of Florida is tropical, as is Hawaii. The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Much of the Western mountains are alpine. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Extreme weather is not uncommon—the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the country, mainly in the Midwest's Tornado Alley.[22]
The U.S. ecology is considered "megadiverse": about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[23] The United States is home to more than 400 mammal, 750 bird, and 500 reptile and amphibian species.[24] About 91,000 insect species have been described.[25] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 protects threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. There are fifty-eight national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas.[26] Altogether, the government owns 28.8% of the country's land area.[27] Most of this is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; 2.4% is used for military purposes.[27]
Political divisions[link]
Main article: U.S. state
Further information: Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions
The United States is a federal union of fifty states. The original thirteen states were the successors of the thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule. Early in the country's history, three new states were organized on territory separated from the claims of the existing states: Kentucky from Virginia; Tennessee from North Carolina; and Maine from Massachusetts. Most of the other states have been carved from territories obtained through war or purchase by the U.S. government. One set of exceptions comprises Vermont, Texas, and Hawaii: each was an independent republic before joining the union. During the American Civil War, West Virginia broke away from Virginia. The most recent state—Hawaii—achieved statehood on August 21, 1959.[28] The states do not have the right to secede from the union.
The states compose the vast bulk of the U.S. land mass; the two other areas considered integral parts of the country are the District of Columbia, the federal district where the capital, Washington, is located; and Palmyra Atoll, an uninhabited but incorporated territory in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also possesses five major overseas territories: Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; and American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific.[29] Those born in the major territories (except for American Samoa) possess U.S. citizenship.[30] American citizens residing in the territories have many of the same rights and responsibilities as citizens residing in the states; however, they are generally exempt from federal income tax, may not vote for president, and have only nonvoting representation in the U.S. Congress.[31]
History[link]
Main article: History of the United States
Native American and European settlement[link]
The indigenous peoples of the U.S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are believed to have migrated from Asia, beginning between 40,000 and 12,000 years ago.[32] Some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. After Europeans began settling the Americas, many millions of indigenous Americans died from epidemics of imported diseases such as smallpox.[33]
In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish crown, reached several Caribbean islands, making first contact with the indigenous people. On April 2, 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed on what he called "La Florida"—the first documented European arrival on what would become the U.S. mainland. Spanish settlements in the region were followed by ones in the present-day southwestern United States that drew thousands through Mexico. French fur traders established outposts of New France around the Great Lakes; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a wave of migration; by 1634, New England had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans. Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, about 50,000 convicts were shipped to Britain's American colonies.[34] Beginning in 1614, the Dutch settled along the lower Hudson River, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
In 1674, the Dutch ceded their American territory to England; the province of New Netherland was renamed New York. Many new immigrants, especially to the South, were indentured servants—some two-thirds of all Virginia immigrants between 1630 and 1680.[35] By the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were becoming the primary source of bonded labor. With the 1729 division of the Carolinas and the 1732 colonization of Georgia, the thirteen British colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism. All legalized the African slave trade. With high birth rates, low death rates, and steady immigration, the colonial population grew rapidly. The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. In the French and Indian War, British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the Native Americans (popularly known as "American Indians"), who were being displaced, those thirteen colonies had a population of 2.6 million in 1770, about one-third that of Britain; nearly one in five Americans were black slaves.[36] Though subject to British taxation, the American colonials had no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain.
Independence and expansion[link]
Tensions between American colonials and the British during the revolutionary period of the 1760s and early 1770s led to the American Revolutionary War, fought from 1775 to 1781. On June 14, 1775, the Continental Congress, convening in Philadelphia, established a Continental Army under the command of George Washington. Proclaiming that "all men are created equal" and endowed with "certain unalienable Rights", the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson, on July 4, 1776. That date is now celebrated annually as America's Independence Day. In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a weak confederal government that operated until 1789.
After the British defeat by American forces assisted by the French and Spanish, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States and the states' sovereignty over American territory west to the Mississippi River. Those wishing to establish a strong federal government with powers of taxation organized a constitutional convention in 1787. The United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, and the new republic's first Senate, House of Representatives, and president—George Washington—took office in 1789. The Bill of Rights, forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791.
Attitudes toward slavery were shifting; a clause in the Constitution protected the Atlantic slave trade only until 1808. The Northern states abolished slavery between 1780 and 1804, leaving the slave states of the South as defenders of the "peculiar institution". The Second Great Awakening, beginning about 1800, made evangelicalism a force behind various social reform movements, including abolitionism.
Americans' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of Indian Wars. The Louisiana Purchase of French-claimed territory under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803 almost doubled the nation's size.[37] The War of 1812, declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. nationalism. A series of U.S. military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819. The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that stripped the native peoples of their land. The United States annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845, amid a period when the concept of Manifest Destiny was becoming popular.[38] The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest. The U.S. victory in the Mexican-American War resulted in the 1848 cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest. The California Gold Rush of 1848–49 further spurred western migration. New railways made relocation easier for settlers and increased conflicts with Native Americans. Over a half-century, up to 40 million American bison, or buffalo, were slaughtered for skins and meat and to ease the railways' spread. The loss of the buffalo, a primary resource for the plains Indians, was an existential blow to many native cultures.
Civil War and industrialization[link]
Tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments about the relationship between the state and federal governments, as well as violent conflicts over the spread of slavery into new states. Abraham Lincoln, candidate of the largely antislavery Republican Party, was elected president in 1860. Before he took office, seven slave states declared their secession—which the federal government maintained was illegal—and formed the Confederate States of America. With the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, the Civil War began and four more slave states joined the Confederacy. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 declared slaves in the Confederacy to be free. Following the Union victory in 1865, three amendments to the U.S. Constitution ensured freedom for the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves,[39] made them citizens, and gave them voting rights. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power.[40] The war remains the deadliest conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers.[41]
After the war, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln radicalized Republican Reconstruction policies aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves. The resolution of the disputed 1876 presidential election by the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction; Jim Crow laws soon disenfranchised many African Americans. In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe hastened the country's industrialization. The wave of immigration, lasting until 1929, provided labor and transformed American culture. National infrastructure development spurred economic growth. The 1867 Alaska Purchase from Russia completed the country's mainland expansion. The Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 was the last major armed conflict of the Indian Wars. In 1893, the indigenous monarchy of the Pacific Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown in a coup led by American residents; the United States annexed the archipelago in 1898. Victory in the Spanish–American War the same year demonstrated that the United States was a world power and led to the annexation of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.[42] The Philippines gained independence a half-century later; Puerto Rico and Guam remain U.S. territories.
World War I, Great Depression, and World War II[link]
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the United States remained neutral. Most Americans sympathized with the British and French, although many opposed intervention.[43] In 1917, the United States joined the Allies, and the American Expeditionary Forces helped to turn the tide against the Central Powers. After the war, the Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, which established the League of Nations. The country pursued a policy of unilateralism, verging on isolationism.[44] In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage. The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 that triggered the Great Depression. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal, a range of policies increasing government intervention in the economy, including the establishment of the Social Security system.[45] The Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.
The United States, effectively neutral during World War II's early stages after Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939, began supplying materiel to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend-Lease program. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers as well as the internment of Japanese Americans by the thousands.[46] Participation in the war spurred capital investment and industrial capacity. Among the major combatants, the United States was the only nation to become richer—indeed, far richer—instead of poorer because of the war.[47] Allied conferences at Bretton Woods and Yalta outlined a new system of international organizations that placed the United States and Soviet Union at the center of world affairs. As victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war.[48] The United States, having developed the first nuclear weapons, used them on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August. Japan surrendered on September 2, ending the war.[49]
Cold War and protest politics[link]
The United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power after World War II during the Cold War, dominating the military affairs of Europe through NATO and the Warsaw Pact, respectively. While they engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict. Resisting leftist land and income redistribution projects around the world, the United States often supported authoritarian governments. American troops fought Communist Chinese forces in the Korean War of 1950–53. The House Un-American Activities Committee pursued a series of investigations into suspected leftist subversion, while Senator Joseph McCarthy became the figurehead of anticommunist sentiment.
The 1961 Soviet launch of the first manned spaceflight prompted President John F. Kennedy's call for the United States to be first to land "a man on the moon", achieved in 1969. Kennedy also faced a tense nuclear showdown with Soviet forces in Cuba. Meanwhile, the United States experienced sustained economic expansion. A growing civil rights movement, symbolized and led by African Americans such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination. Following Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson.[50][51] He also signed into law the Medicare and Medicaid programs.[52] Johnson and his successor, Richard Nixon, expanded a proxy war in Southeast Asia into the unsuccessful Vietnam War. A widespread countercultural movement grew, fueled by opposition to the war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and others led a new wave of feminism that sought political, social, and economic equality for women.
As a result of the Watergate scandal, in 1974 Nixon became the first U.S. president to resign, to avoid being impeached on charges including obstruction of justice and abuse of power. The Jimmy Carter administration of the late 1970s was marked by stagflation and the Iran hostage crisis. The election of Ronald Reagan as president in 1980 heralded a rightward shift in American politics, reflected in major changes in taxation and spending priorities. His second term in office brought both the Iran-Contra scandal and significant diplomatic progress with the Soviet Union. The subsequent Soviet collapse ended the Cold War.
Contemporary era[link]
Under President George H. W. Bush, the United States took a lead role in the UN–sanctioned Gulf War. The longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history—from March 1991 to March 2001—encompassed the Bill Clinton administration and the dot-com bubble.[53] A civil lawsuit and sex scandal led to Clinton's impeachment in 1998, but he remained in office. The 2000 presidential election, one of the closest in American history, was resolved by a U.S. Supreme Court decision—George W. Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, became president.
On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and The Pentagon near Washington, D.C., killing nearly three thousand people. In response, the Bush administration launched the global War on Terror, invading Afghanistan and removing the Taliban government and al-Qaeda training camps. Taliban insurgents continue to fight a guerrilla war. In 2002, the Bush administration began to press for regime change in Iraq on controversial grounds.[54] Forces led by the U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003, ousting Saddam Hussein. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused severe destruction along much of the Gulf Coast, devastating New Orleans. In 2008, amid a global economic recession, the first African American president, Barack Obama, was elected. Major health care and financial system reforms were enacted two years later. In 2011, a raid by Navy SEALs in Pakistan killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. The Iraq War ended with the pullout of the remaining U.S. troops from the country.
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Federal government of the United States, state governments of the United States, and elections in the United States
The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law".[55] The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.[56] In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local; the local government's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district. There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is very rare at lower levels.
The federal government is composed of three branches:
- Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
- Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.
- Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.
The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year. As of the 2000 census, seven states have the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, has fifty-three. The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The president serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The president is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia. The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life.
The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature. The governor (chief executive) of each state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote.
The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the "great writ" of habeas corpus, and Article Three guarantees the right to a jury trial in all criminal cases. Amendments to the Constitution require the approval of three-fourths of the states. The Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times; the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was declared by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803).
Parties and ideology[link]
Main articles: Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States
The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history.[57] For elective offices at most levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered center-right or conservative and the Democratic Party is considered center-left or liberal. The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.
The winner of the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president. The 2010 midterm elections saw the Republican Party take control of the House and make gains in the Senate, where the Democrats retain the majority. In the 112th United States Congress, the Senate comprises 51 Democrats, two independents who caucus with the Democrats, and 47 Republicans; the House comprises 242 Republicans and 192 Democrats—one seat is vacant. There are 29 Republican and 20 Democratic state governors, as well as one independent.
Foreign relations and military[link]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the United States and United States Armed Forces
The United States exercises global economic, political, and military influence. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and New York City hosts the United Nations Headquarters. It is a member of the G8,[58] G20, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States.
The United States has a "special relationship" with the United Kingdom[59] and strong ties with Canada,[60] Australia,[61] New Zealand,[62] the Philippines,[63] Japan,[64] South Korea,[65] Israel,[66] and several European countries. It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world. As a share of America's large gross national income (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among twenty-two donor states. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.[67]
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The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces, including the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and the Department of the Navy in time of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors.[68]
Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System.[69] American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy's eleven active aircraft carriers, and Marine Expeditionary Units at sea with the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific fleets. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,[70] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[71] The extent of this global military presence has prompted some scholars to describe the United States as maintaining an "empire of bases".[72]
Total U.S. military spending in 2010, almost $700 billion, was 43% of global military spending and greater than the next fourteen largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.8% of GDP, the rate was the second-highest among the top fifteen military spenders, after Saudi Arabia.[73] The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012, $553 billion, is a 4.2% increase over 2011; an additional $118 billion is proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.[74] The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011;[75] 4,484 servicemen were killed during the Iraq War.[76] Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan as of April 2012;[77] as of April 4, 1,924 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan.[78]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of the United States
| Economic indicators | ||
|---|---|---|
| Unemployment | 8.2% (May 2012) | [79] |
| GDP growth | 2.2% (1Q 2012), 1.7% (2011) | [80] |
| CPI inflation | 2.3% (April 2011 – April 2012) | [81] |
| Poverty | 15.1% (2010) | [82] |
| Public debt | $15.62 trillion (April 13, 2012) | [83] |
| Household net worth | $58.5 trillion (4Q 2011) | [84] |
The United States has a capitalist mixed economy, which is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.[85] According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $15.1 trillion constitutes 22% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP).[3] Though larger than any other nation's, its national GDP is about 5% smaller than the GDP of the European Union at PPP in 2008. The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[3] The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[86]
The United States is the largest importer of goods and third largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion.[87] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.[88] In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country's largest export.[87] China is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.[89]
In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 4.3% and state and local government activity (including federal transfers) the remaining 9.3%.[91] While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8% of GDP, the United States remains an industrial power.[92] The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing.[93] Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field.[94] The United States is the third largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its largest importer.[95] It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. While agriculture accounts for just under 1% of GDP,[92] the United States is the world's top producer of corn[96] and soybeans.[97] Coca-Cola and McDonald's are the two most recognized brands in the world.[98]
In August 2010, the American labor force comprised 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of workers are unionized, compared to 30% in Western Europe.[99] The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers.[100] In 2009, the United States had the third highest labor productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands.[101] Compared to Europe, U.S. property and corporate income tax rates are generally higher, while labor and, particularly, consumption tax rates are lower.[102]
Income and human development[link]
Main article: Income in the United States
See also: Income inequality in the United States, Poverty in the United States, and Affluence in the United States
According to the United States Census Bureau, the pretax median household income in 2010 was $49,445. The median ranged from $64,308 among Asian American households to $32,068 among African American households.[82] Using purchasing power parity exchange rates, the overall median is similar to the most affluent cluster of developed nations. After declining sharply during the middle of the 20th century, poverty rates have plateaued since the early 1970s, with 11–15% of Americans below the poverty line every year, and 58.5% spending at least one year in poverty between the ages of 25 and 75.[103][104] In 2010, 46.2 million Americans lived in poverty, a figure that rose for the fourth year in a row.[82]
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The U.S. welfare state is one of the least extensive in the developed world, reducing both relative poverty and absolute poverty by considerably less than the mean for rich nations,[105][106] though combined private and public social expenditures per capita are relatively high.[107] While the American welfare state effectively reduces poverty among the elderly,[108] it provides relatively little assistance to the young.[109] A 2007 UNICEF study of children's well-being in twenty-one industrialized nations ranked the United States next to last.[110]
Between 1947 and 1979, real median income rose by over 80% for all classes, with the incomes of poor Americans rising faster than those of the rich.[111] However, income gains since then have been slower, less widely shared, and accompanied by increased economic insecurity.[111][112] Median household income has increased for all classes since 1980,[113] largely owing to more dual-earner households, the closing of the gender pay gap, and longer work hours, but the growth has been strongly tilted toward the very top.[105][111][114] Consequently, the share of income of the top 1%—21.8% of total reported income in 2005—has more than doubled since 1980,[115] leaving the United States with the greatest income inequality among developed nations.[105][116] The United States has a progressive tax system which equates to higher income earners paying a larger percentage of their income in taxes.[117] The top 1% pays 27.6% of all federal taxes, while the top 10% pays 54.7%.[118] Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated: The richest 10% of the adult population possesses 69.8% of the country's household wealth, the second-highest share among developed nations.[119] The top 1% possesses 33.4% of net wealth.[120] In 2011 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 23rd among 139 countries on its inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI), nineteen places lower than in the standard HDI.[121]
Infrastructure[link]
Science and technology[link]
Main article: Science and technology in the United States
The United States has been a leader in scientific research and technological innovation since the late 19th century. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's laboratory developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera. Nikola Tesla pioneered alternating current, the AC motor, and radio. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.[122]
The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States. During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age. The Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and computers. IBM, Apple Computer, and Microsoft refined and popularized the personal computer. The United States largely developed the ARPANET and its successor, the Internet. Today, 64% of research and development funding comes from the private sector.[123] The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.[124] As of April 2010, 68% of American households had broadband Internet service.[125] The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food, representing half of the world's biotech crops.[126]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in the United States
Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 13 million roads,[128] including one of the world's longest highway systems.[129] The world's second largest automobile market,[130] the United States has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans.[131] About 40% of personal vehicles are vans, SUVs, or light trucks.[132] The average American adult (accounting for all drivers and nondrivers) spends 55 minutes driving every day, traveling 29 miles (47 km).[133]
Mass transit accounts for 9% of total U.S. work trips,[134] ranking last in a survey of 17 countries.[135] While transport of goods by rail is extensive, relatively few people use rail to travel,[136] though ridership on Amtrak, the national intercity passenger rail system, grew by almost 37% between 2000 and 2010.[137] Light rail development has increased in recent years but, like high speed rail, is below European levels.[138] Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal.[139]
The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned. The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; Delta Air Lines is number one.[140] Of the world's thirty busiest passenger airports, sixteen are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[141]
Energy[link]
See also: Energy policy of the United States
The United States energy market is 29,000 terawatt hours per year. Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons of oil equivalent per year, the 10th highest rate in the world. In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.[142] The United States is the world's largest consumer of petroleum.[143] For decades, nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part due to public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants were filed.[144] The United States has 27% of global coal reserves.[145]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in the United States
American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. Children are required in most states to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, kindergarten or first grade) until they turn eighteen (generally bringing them through twelfth grade, the end of high school); some states allow students to leave school at sixteen or seventeen.[147] About 12% of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools. Just over 2% of children are homeschooled.[148]
The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education. According to prominent international rankings, 13 or 15 American colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in the world.[149][150] There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition. Of Americans twenty-five and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.[151] The basic literacy rate is approximately 99%.[1][152] The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.[153]
Health[link]
See also: Health care in the United States, Health care reform in the United States, and Health insurance in the United States
The United States life expectancy of 78.4 years at birth ranks it 50th among 221 nations.[155] Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere have contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 1987, when it was 11th in the world.[156] Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight;[157] the obesity rate, the highest in the industrialized world, has more than doubled in the last quarter-century.[158] Obesity-related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals.[159] The infant mortality rate of 6.06 per thousand places the United States 176th out of 222 countries, higher than all of Western Europe.[160]
The U.S. health care system far outspends any other nation's, measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP.[161] The World Health Organization ranked the U.S. health care system in 2000 as first in responsiveness, but 37th in overall performance.
Health care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts, and is not universal as in all other developed countries. In 2004, private insurance paid for 36% of personal health expenditures, private out-of-pocket payments covered 15%, and federal, state, and local governments paid for 44%.[162] In 2005, 46.6 million Americans, 15.9% of the population, were uninsured, 5.4 million more than in 2001. The main cause of this rise is the drop in the number of Americans with employer-sponsored health insurance.[163] The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.[164] A 2009 study estimated that lack of insurance is associated with nearly 45,000 deaths a year.[165] In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance.[166] Federal legislation passed in early 2010 will create a near-universal health insurance system around the country by 2014.
Crime and law enforcement[link]
Main articles: Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States
See also: Law of the United States, Incarceration in the United States, and Capital punishment in the United States
Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff's departments, with state police providing broader services. Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties. At the federal level and in almost every state, jurisprudence operates on a common law system. State courts conduct most criminal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state systems. Federal law prohibits a variety of drugs, although states sometimes pass laws in conflict with federal regulations. The smoking age is generally 18, and the drinking age is generally 21.
Among developed nations, the United States has above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence and homicide.[168] There were 5.0 murders per 100,000 persons in 2009, 10.4% fewer than in 2000.[169] Gun ownership rights are the subject of contentious political debate.
The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate[170] and total prison population[171] in the world. At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.[172] The current rate is about seven times the 1980 figure,[173] and over three times the figure in Poland, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country with the next highest rate.[174] African American males are jailed at about six times the rate of white males and three times the rate of Hispanic males.[170] The country's high rate of incarceration is largely due to sentencing and drug policies.[170][175]
Though it has been abolished in most Western nations, capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and in thirty-four states. Since 1976, when the U.S. Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty after a four-year moratorium, there have been more than 1,000 executions.[176] In 2010, the country had the fifth highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, North Korea, and Yemen.[177] In 2007, New Jersey became the first state to legislatively abolish the death penalty since the 1976 Supreme Court decision, followed by New Mexico in 2009 and Illinois in 2011.[178]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of the United States and Americans
| Race/Ethnicity (2010)[179] | |
|---|---|
| White | 72.4% |
| Black/African American | 12.6% |
| Asian | 4.8% |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.9% |
| Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander | 0.2% |
| Other | 6.2% |
| Two or more races | 2.9% |
| Hispanic/Latino (of any race) | 16.3% |
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the country's population now to be 313,802,000,[2] including an estimated 11.2 million illegal immigrants.[180] The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century, from about 76 million in 1900.[181] The third most populous nation in the world, after China and India, the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected.[182] Even with a birth rate of 13.82 per 1,000, 30% below the world average, its population growth rate is positive at 1%, significantly higher than those of many developed nations.[183] In fiscal year 2011, over 1 million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence.[184] Mexico has been the leading source of new residents for over two decades; since 1998, China, India, and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year.[185]
The United States has a very diverse population—thirty-one ancestry groups have more than one million members.[186] White Americans are the largest racial group; German Americans, Irish Americans, and English Americans constitute three of the country's four largest ancestry groups.[186] African Americans are the nation's largest racial minority and third largest ancestry group.[186] Asian Americans are the country's second largest racial minority; the two largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans.[186] In 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry (2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry (0.5 million exclusively).[187] The census counted more than 19 million people of "Some Other Race" who were "unable to identify with any" of its five official race categories in 2010.[187]
The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans (the terms are officially interchangeable) is a major demographic trend. The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent[187] are identified as sharing a distinct "ethnicity" by the Census Bureau; 64% of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent.[188] Between 2000 and 2010, the country's Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9%.[179] Much of this growth is from immigration; as of 2007, 12.6% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, with 54% of that figure born in Latin America.[189] Fertility is also a factor; as of 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.4 children in her lifetime, compared to 2.0 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.8 for non-Hispanic white women (below the replacement rate of 2.1).[190] Minorities (as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial whites) constituted 36.3% of the population in 2010,[191] and nearly 50% of children under age 1,[192] and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042.[193]
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas (including suburbs);[1] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[194] In 2008, 273 incorporated places had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than 1 million residents, and four global cities had over 2 million (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston).[195] There are fifty-two metropolitan areas with populations greater than 1 million.[196] Of the fifty fastest-growing metro areas, forty-seven are in the West or South.[197] The metro areas of Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008.[196]
| Leading population centers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Core city | Metro area pop.[198] | Metropolitan Statistical Area | Region[199] |  New York City  Los Angeles |
||
| 1 | New York City | 19,015,900 | New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA | Northeast | |||
| 2 | Los Angeles | 12,944,801 | Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA | West | |||
| 3 | Chicago | 9,504,753 | Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI MSA | Midwest | |||
| 4 | Dallas | 6,526,548 | Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA | South | |||
| 5 | Houston | 6,086,538 | Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, TX MSA | South | |||
| 6 | Philadelphia | 5,992,414 | Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD MSA | Northeast | |||
| 7 | Washington, D.C. | 5,703,948 | Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA | South | |||
| 8 | Miami | 5,670,125 | Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA | South | |||
| 9 | Atlanta | 5,359,205 | Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA | South | |||
| 10 | Boston | 4,591,112 | Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA | Northeast | |||
| based on the 2011 U.S. Population Estimate | |||||||
Language[link]
Main article: Languages of the United States
| Languages (2010)[200] | |
|---|---|
| English (only) | 229.7 million |
| Spanish, incl. Creole | 37.0 million |
| Chinese | 2.8 million |
| French, incl. Creole | 2.1 million |
| Tagalog | 1.6 million |
| Vietnamese | 1.4 million |
| Korean | 1.1 million |
| German | 1.1 million |
English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[200][201] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[5] Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[202]
While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[203] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms.[204] Many jurisdictions with large numbers of non-English speakers produce government materials, especially voting information, in the most commonly spoken languages in those jurisdictions. Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in the United States
See also: History of religion in the United States, Freedom of religion in the United States, Separation of church and state in the United States, and List of religious movements that began in the United States
The United States is officially a secular nation; the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids the establishment of any religious governance. In a 2002 study, 59% of Americans said that religion played a "very important role in their lives", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.[205] According to a 2007 survey, 78.4% of adults identified themselves as Christian,[206] down from 86.4% in 1990.[207] Protestant denominations accounted for 51.3%, while Roman Catholicism, at 23.9%, was the largest individual denomination. The study categorizes white evangelicals, 26.3% of the population, as the country's largest religious cohort;[206] another study estimates evangelicals of all races at 30–35%.[208] The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2007 was 4.7%, up from 3.3% in 1990.[207] The leading non-Christian faiths were Judaism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), Hinduism (0.4%), and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%).[206] The survey also reported that 16.1% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist, or simply having no religion, up from 8.2% in 1990.[206][207]
Family structure[link]
In 2007, 58% of Americans age 18 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 25% had never been married.[209] Women now mostly work outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor's degrees.[210]
Same-sex marriage is a contentious issue. Some states permit civil unions or domestic partnerships in lieu of marriage. Since 2003, several states have legalized gay marriage as the result of judicial or legislative action. Meanwhile, the federal government and a majority of states define marriage as between a man and a woman and/or explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage. Public opinion on the issue has shifted from general opposition in the 1990s to a statistical deadlock, to a majority in support.[211]
The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate, 79.8 per 1,000 women, is the highest among OECD nations.[212] Abortion policy was left to the states until the Supreme Court legalized the practice in 1973. The issue remains highly controversial, with public opinion closely divided for many years. Many states ban public funding of the procedure and restrict late-term abortions, require parental notification for minors, and mandate a waiting period. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 remain higher than those of most Western nations.[213]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of the United States
See also: Social class in the United States
The United States is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.[6][215] Aside from the now small Native American and Native Hawaiian populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.[216] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[6][217] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.[6]
American culture is considered the most individualistic in the world.[218] The American Dream, or the incorrect perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[219] While the mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[220] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[221] The American middle and professional class has initiated many contemporary social trends such as modern feminism, environmentalism, and multiculturalism.[222] Americans' self-images, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree.[223] While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement, being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute.[224]
Popular media[link]
Main articles: Cinema of the United States, Television in the United States, and Music of the United States
The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope. The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film, also in New York, and the United States was in the forefront of sound film's development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar and Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time.[225] American screen actors like John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe have become iconic figures, while producer/entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising. The major film studios of Hollywood have produced the most commercially successful movies in history, such as Star Wars (1977) and Titanic (1997), and the products of Hollywood today dominate the global film industry.[226]
Americans are the heaviest television viewers in the world,[227] and the average viewing time continues to rise, reaching five hours a day in 2006.[228] The four major broadcast networks are all commercial entities. Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercialized, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day.[229] Aside from web portals and search engines, the most popular websites are Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Blogger, eBay, and Craigslist.[230]
The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have deeply influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European traditions. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century. Country music developed in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities.[231]
Literature, philosophy, and the arts[link]
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.[232] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), and F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925)—may be dubbed the "Great American Novel".[233]
Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Toni Morrison in 1993. William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.[234] Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.
The transcendentalists, led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, established the first major American philosophical movement. After the Civil War, Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism. In the 20th century, the work of W. V. O. Quine and Richard Rorty, and later Noam Chomsky, brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia. John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy.
In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[235] Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.
One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P. T. Barnum, who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841. The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on Broadway; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards. Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, and August Wilson.
Though little known at the time, Charles Ives's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition, while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition. Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music. Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance, while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th-century ballet. Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography, with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, and Ansel Adams. The newspaper comic strip and the comic book are both U.S. innovations. Superman, the quintessential comic book superhero, has become an American icon.[236]
Food[link]
Main article: American cuisine
Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional American cuisine uses indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup, which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Slow-cooked pork and beef barbecue, crab cakes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies are distinctively American foods. Soul food, developed by African slaves, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana creole, Cajun, and Tex-Mex are regionally important.
Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.[237] Americans generally prefer coffee to tea. Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[238]
The American fast food industry, the world's largest, pioneered the drive-through format in the 1930s. Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%;[237] frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American "obesity epidemic".[239] Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular, and sugared beverages account for 9% of American caloric intake.[240]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in the United States
Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the late 19th century, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport.[241] Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports. College football and basketball attract large audiences. Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports,[242] but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR. Soccer is played widely at the youth and amateur levels. Tennis and many outdoor sports are popular as well.
While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and cheerleading are American inventions. Basketball was invented in Massachusetts by Canadian-born James Naismith. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact. Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The United States has won 2,301 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country,[243] and 253 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second most.[244]
Measurement systems[link]
Main article: United States customary units
The nation retains United States customary units, comprising mainly former British imperial units such as miles, yards, and degrees Fahrenheit. Distinct units include the U.S. gallon and U.S. pint volume measurements. The United States is one of only three countries that do not rely primarily on the International System of Units. However, metric units are increasingly used in science, medicine, and many industrial fields.[245]
See also[link]
 |
See more Wikipedia articles related to United States. |
- Index of United States-related articles
- Lists of U.S. states
- Outline of the United States
- Wikipedia books: United States
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- ^ a b c "New Incarceration Figures: Thirty-Three Consecutive Years of Growth". Sentencing Project. December 2006. http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_newfigures.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
- ^ Walmsley, Roy (2005). "World Prison Population List". King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. Archived from the original on 2007-06-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070628215935/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/world-prison-population-list-2005.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-19. For the latest data, see "Prison Brief for United States of America". King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. 2006-06-21. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070804061423/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/north_america_records.php?code=190. Retrieved 2007-10-19. For other estimates of the incarceration rate in China and North Korea see Adams, Cecil (2004-02-06). "Does the United States Lead the World in Prison Population?". The Straight Dope. http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2494/does-the-united-states-lead-the-world-in-prison-population. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
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- ^ "Quinn Signs Death Penalty Ban, Commutes 15 Death Row Sentences to Life". Chicago Tribune. 2011-03-09. http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/clout_st/2011/03/quinn-signs-death-penalty-ban-commutes-15-death-row-sentences-to-life.html. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
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- ^ a b c Humes, Karen R., Nicholas A. Jones, and Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin". 2007 American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G2000_B03001&-redoLog=true&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=04000US48&-format=&-_lang=en&-SubjectID=15233304. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
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- ^ Hamilton, Brady E., Joyce A. Martin, and Stephanie J. Ventura (2011-11-17). "Births: Preliminary Data for 2010". National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 60, Number 2. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_02.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ US Census Bureau: "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Final State 2010 Census Population Totals for Legislative Redistricting" see custom table, 2nd worksheet
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- ^ Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.
- ^ "Individualism". Clearly Cultural. http://www.clearlycultural.com/geert-hofstede-cultural-dimensions/individualism/. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
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- ^ Gutfield, Amon (2002). American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. ISBN 1-903900-08-5.
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- ^ Ehrenreich, Barbara (1989). Fear of Falling, The Inner Life of the Middle Class. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-097333-1.
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- ^ Village Voice: 100 Best Films of the 20th century (2001). Filmsite.org; Sight and Sound Top Ten Poll 2002. BFI. Retrieved on 2007-06-19.
- ^ "World Culture Report 2000 Calls for Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage". UNESCO. 2000-11-17. http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2000/00-120e.shtml. Retrieved 2007-09-14. "Summary: Does Globalization Thwart Cultural Diversity?". World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20071017111347/http://worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/thwart.html. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ "Media Statistics > Television Viewing by Country". NationMaster. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_tel_vie-media-television-viewing. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
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- ^ Biddle, Julian (2001). What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America. New York: Citadel, p. ix. ISBN 0-8065-2311-5.
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- ^ Quinn, Edward (2006). A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms. Infobase, p. 361. ISBN 0-8160-6243-9. Seed, David (2009). A Companion to Twentieth-Century United States Fiction. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, p. 76. ISBN 1-4051-4691-5. Meyers, Jeffrey (1999). Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Da Capo, p. 139. ISBN 0-306-80890-0.
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- ^ Boslaugh, Sarah (2010). "Obesity Epidemic", in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, ed. Roger Chapman. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 413–14. ISBN 978-0-7656-1761-3.
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- ^ Krane, David K. (2002-10-30). "Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport". Harris Interactive. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337. Retrieved 2007-09-14. Maccambridge, Michael (2004). America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.
- ^ Cowen, Tyler, and Kevin Grier (2012-02-09). "What Would the End of Football Look Like?". Grantland/ESPN. http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
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- ^ "All-Time Medal Standings, 1924–2006". Information Please. http://www.infoplease.com/ipsa/A0115207.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14. "Olympic Medals". Vancouver Organizing Committee. http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-medals/. Retrieved 2010-03-02. Norway is first.
- ^ "Appendix G: Weights and Measures". The World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
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Geographic data related to United States at OpenStreetMap- United States travel guide from Wikitravel
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States
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"Mister Rogers" redirects here. For the television show, see Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. For other people, see Frederick Rogers (disambiguation). For an asteroid, see 26858 Misterrogers.
| Fred Rogers | |
|---|---|
| 250px with the miniature set for Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood |
|
| Born | Fred McFeely Rogers (1928-03-20)March 20, 1928 Latrobe, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | February 27, 2003(2003-02-27) (aged 74) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Stomach cancer |
| Other names | Mister Rogers Mr. Rogers |
| Occupation | Educator, minister, songwriter, television host |
| Years active | 1951–2002 |
| Religion | Presbyterian Church (ordained in 1963) |
| Spouse | Sara Joanne Byrd (1952–2003) |
Fred McFeely Rogers (March 20, 1928 – February 27, 2003) was an American educator, Presbyterian minister, songwriter, author, and television host. Rogers was most famous for creating and hosting Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968–2001), which featured his gentle, soft-spoken personality and directness to his audiences.[1]
Initially educated to be a minister, Rogers was displeased with the way television addressed children and made an effort to change this when he began to write for and perform on local Pittsburgh-area shows dedicated to youth. The Public Broadcasting Service developed his own nationally-aired show in 1968 and, over the course of three decades on television, he became an indelible American icon of children's entertainment and education, as well as a symbol of compassion, patience, and morality.[2] He was also known for his advocacy of various public causes. His testimony before a lower court in favor of time shifting was cited in a U.S. Supreme Court decision on the Betamax case, and he gave now-famous testimony to a U.S. Senate committee, advocating government funding for children's television.[3]
Rogers was honored extensively for his life work in children's education. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honor; a Peabody Award for his career; and was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. Two resolutions recognizing his work were unanimously passed by U.S. Congress, one of his trademark sweaters was acquired and is on display at the Smithsonian Institution, and several buildings and works of art in Pennsylvania are dedicated to his memory.
In 1996, Mister Fred Rogers was ranked #35 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.[4]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Fred McFeely Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Pittsburgh, to James and Nancy Rogers; he had one sister, Elaine Rogers Crozier.[5] Early in life he spent much of his free time with his maternal grandfather, Fred McFeely, who had an interest in music. He would often sing along as his mother would play the piano and himself began playing at five.[6]
Rogers graduated from Latrobe High School (1946),[7] He studied at Dartmouth College (1946–48),[8] then transferred to Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, where he earned a B.A. in Music Composition in 1951.[9]
At Rollins he met Sara Joanne Byrd, an Oakland, Florida native; they married on June 9, 1952.[10] They had two sons, James (b. 1959) and John (b. 1961).[11] In 1963 Rogers graduated from Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian Church.
During the course of his career, he garnered forty honorary degrees.[6] Rogers was red-green color blind,[12] swam every morning, was a vegetarian, and neither smoked nor drank.[13]
Rogers had an apartment in New York City and a summer home on Nantucket island in Massachusetts.[11][14]
Television career[link]
Early work[link]
Fred Rogers had a life-changing moment when he first saw television in his parents' home. He entered seminary after college; but, after his first experience as a viewer, he wanted to explore the potential of the medium.[14] In an interview with CNN in his later years, Rogers stated, "I went into television because I hated it so, and I thought there was some way of using this fabulous instrument to be of nurture to those who would watch and listen."[13]
He thus applied for a job at NBC in New York City in 1951 and was hired because of his Music degree. Rogers spent three years working on the production staffs for such music-centered programming as NBC Opera Theater. He also worked on Gabby Hayes' show for children. Ultimately, Rogers decided that commercial television's reliance on advertisement and merchandising undermined its ability to educate or enrich young audiences, so he quit NBC.
In 1954, he began working at WQED, a Pittsburgh public television station, as a puppeteer on a local children's show The Children's Corner. For the next seven years, he worked with host Josie Carey in unscripted live TV, developing many of the puppets, characters, and music used in his later work, such as King Friday XIII, and Curious X the Owl.
Rogers began wearing his famous sneakers when he found them to be quieter than his work shoes as he moved about behind the set. He was also the voices of King Friday XIII and Queen Sara Saturday (named after his wife), rulers of the neighborhood, as well as X the Owl, Henrietta Pussycat, Daniel Striped Tiger, Lady Elaine Fairchild, and Larry Horse. The show won a Sylvania Award[15] for best children's show, and was briefly broadcast nationally on NBC.
During these eight years, he would leave the WQED studios during his lunch breaks to study theology at the nearby Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. Rogers, however, was not interested in preaching; and, after his ordination, he was specifically charged to continue his work with Children's Television. He had also done work at the University of Pittsburgh's program in Child Development and Child Care.
In 1963, Rogers moved to Toronto, where he was contracted by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to develop a 15-minute children's television program: Misterogers, [sic][16] which would be his debut in front of the camera. The show was a hit with children but lasted for only three seasons. Many of his famous set pieces—Trolley, Eiffel Tower, the 'tree', and 'castle'—were created by CBC designers. While in Canada, Rogers brought his friend and understudy Ernie Coombs, who would go on to create Mr. Dressup, a very successful and long-running children's show in Canada, and similar in many ways to Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. Mr. Dressup also used some of the songs that would be featured on Rogers' later program.
In 1966, Rogers acquired the rights to his program from the CBC and moved the show to WQED in Pittsburgh, where he had worked on The Children's Corner. He developed the new show for the Eastern Educational Network. Stations that carried the program were limited but did include educational stations in Boston, Washington, D.C., and New York City.
After returning to Pittsburgh, Rogers attended and participated in activities at the Sixth Presbyterian church in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, a More Light congregation which he attended until his death.[17]
Distribution of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood began on February 19, 1968. The following year, the show moved to PBS (Public Broadcasting Service). In 1971, Rogers formed Family Communications, Inc. (FCI), and the company established offices in the WQED building in Pittsburgh. Initially, the company served solely as the production arm of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, but now develops and produces an array of children's programming and educational materials.
[edit] Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
Main article: Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood began airing in 1968 and ran for 895 episodes; the last set of new episodes was taped in December 2000 and began airing in August 2001. At its peak, in 1985, 8% of U.S households tuned in to the show.[6]
- Each episode began the same way: Mister Rogers is seen coming home, singing his theme song "Won't You Be My Neighbor?", and changing into sneakers and a zippered cardigan sweater.
- In a typical episode, Rogers might have an earnest conversation with his television audience, interact with live guests, take a field trip to such places as a bakery or a music store, or watch a short film.
- Typical video subjects included demonstrations of how such inanimate objects as bulldozers and crayons work or are manufactured.
- Each episode included a trip to Rogers' "Neighborhood of Make-Believe" featuring a trolley with its own chiming theme song, a castle, and the kingdom's citizens, including King Friday XIII. The subjects discussed in the Neighborhood of Make-Believe often allowed further development of themes discussed in Mister Rogers' "real" neighborhood.
- Mister Rogers often fed his fish during episodes. They were originally named Fennel and Frieda.
- Typically, each week's episode explored a major theme, such as going to school for the first time.
- Originally, most episodes ended with a song entitled "Tomorrow", and Friday episodes looked forward to the week ahead with an adapted version of "It's Such a Good Feeling." In later seasons, all episodes ended with "Feeling."
Visually, the presentation of the show was very simple, and it did not feature the animation or fast pace of other children's shows, which Rogers thought of as "bombardment".[3] Rogers also believed in not acting out a different persona on camera compared to how he acted off camera, stating that "One of the greatest gifts you can give anybody is the gift of your honest self. I also believe that kids can spot a phony a mile away."[18] Rogers composed almost all of the music on the program.[note 1] He wanted to teach children to love themselves and others, and he addressed common childhood fears with comforting songs and skits. For example, one of his famous songs explains how a child cannot be pulled down the bathtub drain because he or she will not fit. He even once took a trip to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh to show children that a hospital is not a place to fear. During the Gulf War (1990–91), he assured his audience that all children in the neighborhood would be well cared for and asked parents to promise to take care of their own children. The message was aired again by PBS during the media storm that preceded the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Other television work[link]
In 1994, Rogers created another one-time special for PBS called Fred Rogers' Heroes which consisted of documentary portraits of four real-life people whose work helped make their communities better. Rogers, uncharacteristically dressed in a suit and tie, hosted in wraparound segments which did not use the "Neighborhood" set.
For a time Rogers produced specials for parents as a precursor to the subject of the week on the Neighborhood called "Mister Rogers Talks To Parents About [topic]". Rogers didn't host those specials though as other people like Joan Lunden, who hosted the Conflict special, and other news announcers played MC duties in front of a gallery of parents while Rogers answered questions from them. These specials were made to prep the parents for any questions the children might ask after watching the episodes on that topic of the week.
The only time Rogers appeared on television as someone other than himself was in 1996, when he played a preacher on one episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.[6]
In the mid-1980s, the Burger King fast-food chain lampooned Rogers' image with an actor called "Mr. Rodney", imitating Rogers' television character.[19] Rogers found the character's pitching fast food as confusing to children, and called a press conference in which he stated that he did not endorse the company's use of his character or likeness (Rogers did no commercial endorsements of any kind throughout his career, though he acted as a pitchman for several non-profit organizations dedicated to learning over the years). The chain publicly apologized for the faux pas, and pulled the ads.[20] By contrast, Fred Rogers found Eddie Murphy's parody of his show on Saturday Night Live, "Mister Robinson's Neighborhood," amusing and affectionate, which was also initially broadcast at a time of night when his own child audience was not likely to see it.[21]
Emmys for programming[link]
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood won four Emmy awards, and Rogers received one for lifetime achievement.
During the 1997 Daytime Emmys, the Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to Rogers. The following is an excerpt from Esquire's coverage of the gala, written by Tom Junod:
Mister Rogers went onstage to accept the award — and there, in front of all the soap opera stars and talk show sinceratrons, in front of all the jutting man-tanned jaws and jutting saltwater bosoms, he made his small bow and said into the microphone, "All of us have special ones who have loved us into being. Would you just take, along with me, ten seconds to think of the people who have helped you become who you are. Ten seconds of silence."And then he lifted his wrist, looked at the audience, looked at his watch, and said, "I'll watch the time." There was, at first, a small whoop from the crowd, a giddy, strangled hiccup of laughter, as people realized that he wasn't kidding, that Mister Rogers was not some convenient eunuch, but rather a man, an authority figure who actually expected them to do what he asked. And so they did. One second, two seconds, three seconds — and now the jaws clenched, and the bosoms heaved, and the mascara ran, and the tears fell upon the beglittered gathering like rain leaking down a crystal chandelier. And Mister Rogers finally looked up from his watch and said softly "May God be with you," to all his vanquished children.[14][22]
Other works[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121111210146/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Rogers wrote many of the songs that were used on his television program, and more than 36 books including:
- Eight New Experiences titles:
- Moving
- Going to the Doctor
- Going to the Hospital
- Going to Day Care
- Going to the Potty
- Making Friends
- The New Baby
- When a Pet Dies (1998)
- The World According to Mister Rogers: Important Things to Remember (2003)
Advocacy[link]
PBS funding[link]
In 1969, Rogers appeared before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Communications. His goal was to support funding for PBS and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, in response to significant proposed cuts. In about six minutes of testimony, Rogers spoke of the need for social and emotional education that public television provided. He passionately argued that alternative television programming like his Neighborhood helped encourage children to become happy and productive citizens, sometimes opposing less positive messages in media and in popular culture. He even recited the lyrics to one of his songs.
The chairman of the subcommittee, John O. Pastore, was not previously familiar with Rogers' work, and was sometimes described as impatient. However, he reported that the testimony had given him goosebumps, and declared, "I think it's wonderful. Looks like you just earned the $20 million." The subsequent congressional appropriation, for 1971, increased PBS funding from $9 million to $22 million.[23]
VCR[link]
During the controversy surrounding the introduction of the household VCR, Rogers was involved in supporting the manufacturers of VCRs in court. His 1979 testimony in the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. noted that he did not object to home recording of his television programs, for instance, by families in order to watch together at a later time. This testimony contrasted with the views of others in the television industry who objected to home recording or believed that devices to facilitate it should be taxed or regulated.
The Supreme Court considered the testimony of Rogers in its decision that held that the Betamax video recorder did not infringe copyright. The Court stated that his views were a notable piece of evidence "that many [television] producers are willing to allow private time-shifting to continue" and even quoted his testimony in a footnote:
Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "Neighborhood" at hours when some children cannot use it ... I have always felt that with the advent of all of this new technology that allows people to tape the "Neighborhood" off-the-air, and I'm speaking for the "Neighborhood" because that's what I produce, that they then become much more active in the programming of their family's television life. Very frankly, I am opposed to people being programmed by others. My whole approach in broadcasting has always been "You are an important person just the way you are. You can make healthy decisions." Maybe I'm going on too long, but I just feel that anything that allows a person to be more active in the control of his or her life, in a healthy way, is important.[24]
Death, awards, and memorials[link]
File:FredRogersStatueinPittsburghPA.jpg
The Fred Rogers Memorial Statue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Created by Robert Berks, and opened to the public on November 5, 2009.
Rogers was diagnosed with stomach cancer in December 2002, not long after his retirement. He underwent surgery on January 6, 2003, which was unsuccessful.[5][25] A week earlier, he served as grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade, with Art Linkletter and Bill Cosby.[26]
Rogers died on the morning of February 27, 2003 at his home with his wife by his side, less than a month before he would have turned 75.[5] His death was such a significant event in Pittsburgh that the entire front page of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette published the next day devoted its coverage to him.[27] The Reverend William P. Barker presided over a public memorial in Pittsburgh. More than 2,700 people attended the memorial at Heinz Hall, including former Good Morning America host David Hartman, Teresa Heinz Kerry, philanthropist Elsie Hillman, PBS President Pat Mitchell, Arthur creator Marc Brown, and The Very Hungry Caterpillar author-illustrator Eric Carle.[11] Speakers remembered Rogers' love of children, devotion to his religion, enthusiasm for music, and quirks. Teresa Heinz Kerry said of Rogers, "He never condescended, just invited us into his conversation. He spoke to us as the people we were, not as the people others wished we were."[28] Rogers is interred at Unity Cemetery in Latrobe.
On New Years Day of 2004, Michael Keaton hosted the PBS TV special Fred Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor. It was released on DVD September 28 that year. Keaton was a former stagehand on the show before he quit to become an actor. To mark what would have been his 80th birthday, Rogers' production company sponsored several events to memorialize him, including "Won't You Wear a Sweater Day", during which fans and neighbors were asked to wear their favorite sweaters in celebration.[29]
The television industry honored Rogers with a George Foster Peabody Award "in recognition of 25 years of beautiful days in the neighborhood" in 1987,[30] the same year he was initiated as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity, the national fraternity for men of music.[31] Rogers was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.[32] He was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1999.[33] One of Rogers' iconic sweaters was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution, which displays it as a "Treasure of American History".[34] In 2002 Rogers received the PNC Commonwealth Award in Mass Communications.[35]
File:InterpretationsOfOaklandByJohnLaidacker.jpg
"Interpretations of Oakland" by John Laidacker
He was furthermore awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002, for his contributions to children's education, justified by President George W. Bush, who said, "Fred Rogers has proven that television can soothe the soul and nurture the spirit and teach the very young". A year later, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed Resolution 16 to commemorate the life of Fred Rogers.[1] It read, in part, "Through his spirituality and placid nature, Mr. Rogers was able to reach out to our nation's children and encourage each of them to understand the important role they play in their communities and as part of their families. More importantly, he did not shy away from dealing with difficult issues of death and divorce but rather encouraged children to express their emotions in a healthy, constructive manner, often providing a simple answer to life's hardships."
Following Rogers' death, the U.S. House of Representatives in 2003 unanimously passed Resolution 111 honoring Rogers for "his legendary service to the improvement of the lives of children, his steadfast commitment to demonstrating the power of compassion, and his dedication to spreading kindness through example."[36]
The same year the U.S. Presbyterian Church approved an overture "to observe a memorial time for the Reverend Fred M. Rogers" at its General Assembly.[37] The rationale for the recognition of Rogers reads, "The Reverend Fred Rogers, a member of the Presbytery of Pittsburgh, as host of Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood since 1968, had a profound effect on the lives of millions of people across the country through his ministry to children and families. Mister Rogers promoted and supported Christian values in the public media with his demonstration of unconditional love. His ability to communicate with children and to help them understand and deal with difficult questions in their lives will be greatly missed."[38]
Several buildings, monuments, and works of art are dedicated to Rogers' memory, including a mural sponsored by the Pittsburgh-based Sprout Fund in 2006, "Interpretations of Oakland," by John Laidacker that featured Mr. Rogers.[39] Saint Vincent College in (Latrobe, Pennsylvania) completed construction of The Fred M. Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children's Media in 2008.[40] The Fred Rogers Memorial Statue on the North Shore near Heinz Field in Pittsburgh[41] was created by Robert Berks and dedicated in 2009.[42]
File:MrRogersWQED.jpg
"Fredosaurus Rex Friday XIII" by Karen Howell honoring Fred Rogers. outside WQED studios in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The asteroid 26858 Misterrogers is named after Rogers. This naming, by the International Astronomical Union, was announced on May 2, 2003 by the director of the Henry Buhl Jr. Planetarium & Observatory at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh. The science center worked with Rogers' Family Communications, Inc. to produce a planetarium show for preschoolers called "The Sky Above Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", which plays at planetariums across the United States.[43][44]
False rumors[link]
A false rumor claims that Fred Rogers was once a U.S. Marine sniper in the Vietnam War. The rumor appeared on the Internet in 1994 and re-emerged several times over the next ten years, most notably after his death in 2003.[45][46] However, Rogers never served in any branch of the military. Beginning in 1963, Rogers developed the Misterogers program for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. In 1966, he moved back to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the U.S. where he produced Mister Rogers' Neighborhood through the height of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. Related claims that Rogers had a number of military tattoos are also entirely false.[47]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Bits of incidental music, such as improvisations from members of the orchestra or music from guests to the program, weren't composed by Rogers. The recurring iconic songs, however, were all Rogers' work.
References[link]
- ^ a b "Bill Text - 108th Congress (2003-2004) - S.CON.RES.16.ATS". THOMAS. Library of Congress. 5 March 2003. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.CON.RES.16.ATS:. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Sostek, Anya (6 November 2009). "Mr. Rogers takes rightful place at riverside tribute". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09310/1011221-53.stm. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
- ^ a b "Mister Rogers defending PBS to the US Senate". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXEuEUQIP3Q. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
- ^ "Special Collectors' Issue: 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time". TV Guide (December 14–20). 1996.
- ^ a b c Owen, Rob; Barbara Vancheri (28 February 2003). "Fred Rogers dies at 74". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20030228rogersae1p1.asp. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d DeFranceso, Joyce (April 2003). "Remembering Fred Rogers: A Life Well-Lived: A look back at Fred Rogers' life". Pittsburgh Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 December 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20050103143529/www.wqed.org/mag/0403_remember3.shtml. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Brownawell, Angel (28 February 2003). "Neighborhood mourns Mister Rogers". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_120982.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "'Mister Rogers' to give Dartmouth Commencement Address". Dartmouth News (Dartmouth College Office of Public Affairs). 2 May 2002. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2002/may/050202.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Davis, Bobby (Summer 2003). "Fred McFeely Rogers". The Rollins Alumni Record. pp. 20–23. http://asp3.rollins.edu/olin/oldsite/archives/golden/rogers.htm. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Fred McFeely Rogers". UXL Newsmakers (2005) (FindArticles.com). 2005. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5221/is_2005/ai_n19141599. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
- ^ a b c Vancheri, Barbara; Rob Owen (4 May 2003). "Pittsburgh bids farewell to Fred Rogers with moving public tribute". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20030504rogers0504p1.asp. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Roddy, Dennis (March 1, 2003). "Fred Rogers kept it simple, and elegantly so". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/columnists/20030301roddy5.asp. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- ^ a b Millman, Joyce (10 August 1999). "Salon Brilliant Careers: Fred Rogers". Salon.com. Salon Media Group. http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/08/10/rogers/index.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ a b c Junod, Tom (November 1998). "Can You Say ... 'Hero'?". Esquire. http://www.pittsburghinwords.org/tom_junod.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Schultz, Mike. "Sylvania Award". uv201.com. http://uv201.com/TV_Pages/sylvania_award.htm. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Williams, Suzanne. "Fred McFeely Rogers". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=rogersfred. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Rodgers-Melnick, Ann (4 May 2003). "Liberal pastor retires after long run in city". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/localnews/20030504mccall0504p4.asp. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Owen, Rob (12 November 2000). "There goes the Neighborhood: Mister Rogers will make last episodes of show in December". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Magazine. http://www.post-gazette.com/tv/20001112rogers2.asp. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ Edwards, Joe (1984-05-21). "Burger King ad strategy pushes unit volumes near $1M". Nation's Restaurant News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v18/ai_3275741/. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
- ^ Dougherty, Philip (May 10, 1984). ADVERTISING; ; Thompson Withdraws An Ad for Burger King, The New York Times. Retrieved on January 11, 2011.
- ^ Lewis, Daniel (February 28, 2003). Fred Rogers, Host of 'Mister Rogers' Neighborhood,' Dies at 74, The New York Times. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
- ^ "Fred Rogers Acceptance Speech - 1997" Official Emmys channel on YouTube. 26 Mar 2008. Last accessed 10 Mar 2011.
- ^ "Video of Mr. Rogers testimony before Congress". 1969. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2883185966575573317. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
- ^ "SONY CORP. OF AMER. v. UNIVERSAL CITY STUDIOS, INC., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)". Supreme Court of the United States of America. 1984. http://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/464_US_417.htm#464us417n27. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Everhart, Karen (10 March 2003). "Fred Rogers, 1928-2003". Current. http://www.current.org/ch/ch0305rogers.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Grand Marshal Slide Show Main". Tournament of Roses. 2004. http://www.tournamentofroses.com/photogallery/GMs/gm2003b.htm. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=gL9scSG3K_gC&dat=20030228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
- ^ Vancheri, Barbara (May 4, 2003). Pittsburgh bids farewell to Fred Rogers with moving public tribute, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
- ^ "Won't You Wear a Sweater?". Rollins News Center. Rollins College. 21 March 2008. http://news.rollins.edu/08sweaterpics.shtml. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY AWARD WINNERS". University of Georgia, George Foster Peabody Award. http://www.peabody.uga.edu/winners/PeabodyWinnersBook.pdf.
- ^ Faith Spicer, Cheri (May 2004). "Remembering Our Neighbor: His Lessons on Listening and Love". The Sinfonian. sinfonia.org. pp. 19–21. http://www.sinfonia.org/TheSinfonian/issues/2004-05-part2.pdf. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "National Patrons & Patronesses". Delta Omicron. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317051706/www.delta-omicron.org/national/patrons.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Hall of Fame". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. http://cdn.emmys.tv/awards/halloffame/hofarchive.php. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "NMAH - Treasures of American History - American Television (page 2 of 2)". National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution. http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/small_exhibition.cfm?key=1267&exkey=143&pagekey=266. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ PNC Honors Six Achievers Who Enrich The World, PNC Financial Services Group (2002). Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Text - 108th Congress (2003-2004) - H.RES.111.EH". THOMAS. Library of Congress. 4 March 2003. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.RES.111.EH:. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Recommendations on Business before the 215th General Assembly". General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA). 2003. http://www.mlp.org/news/215GAbus.htm. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Minutes: 215th General Assembly (2003), Part I", Office of the General Assembly, Proceedings of the 215th General Assembly (2003) of the Presbyterian Church p. 107. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
- ^ "2006 Sprout Public Art Mural Kickoff Event Schedule". thisishappening. http://www.thisishappening.com/EventPage.php?eventid=41923. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ "Fred M. Rogers Center". Saint Vincent College. 2010. http://www.stvincent.edu/events/the-conference-center-at-saint-vincent-college2/fred-m.-rogers-center. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ Sostek, Anya (2009-11-05). "Sculpture of Fred Rogers unveiled on North Side". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09309/1011105-100.stm. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ Butter, Bob (2009-11-05). "World's First Sculpture of American Icon Fred Rogers Unveiled". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS187313+05-Nov-2009+PRN20091105. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
- ^ 26858 Misterrogers (1993 FR), NASA. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
- ^ Plunkett, Chuck (May 2, 2003). Mister Rogers' star status now reaches heavenly proportions, Pittsburgh Tribune Review. Retrieved on January 9, 2011.
- ^ Emery, David (November 26, 2011). "Mr. Rogers Was a Marine Sniper / Navy SEAL?". Urbanlegends.about.com. http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/fredrogers/a/mr_rogers.htm. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ "Mr. Rogers Was a Sniper In Vietnam-Fiction!". Truthorfiction.com. http://www.truthorfiction.com/rumors/m/mrrogers.htm. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ "Won't You Be My Fiend?". snopes.com. August 7, 2007. http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/mrrogers.asp. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fred Rogers |
- Fred Rogers at the Internet Movie Database
- PBS Kids: Official Site
- The Fred M. Rogers Center
- The Fred Rogers Company (formerly known as Family Communications)
- Kit and Morgan Benson (Feb 27, 2003). "Fred Rogers". Educator, Television Show Host. Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7216800. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011.
- Fred Rogers Interview at Archive of American Television
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rogers, Fred |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 20 March 1928 |
| Place of birth | Latrobe, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Date of death | 27 February 2003 |
| Place of death | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
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| Ben Cardin | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Maryland |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2007 Serving with Barbara Mikulski |
|
| Preceded by | Paul Sarbanes |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland's 3rd district |
|
| In office January 6, 1987 – January 3, 2007 |
|
| Preceded by | Barbara Mikulski |
| Succeeded by | John Sarbanes |
| 103rd Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates | |
| In office January 6, 1979 – January 6, 1987 |
|
| Preceded by | John Hanson Briscoe |
| Succeeded by | Clayton R. Mitchell, Jr. |
| Member of the Maryland House of Delegates from the 42nd District |
|
| In office January 6, 1967 – January 6, 1987 |
|
| Preceded by | Maurice Cardin |
| Succeeded by | David Shapiro |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Benjamin Louis Cardin (1943-10-05) October 5, 1943 (age 68) Baltimore, Maryland |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Myrna Edelman Cardin |
| Children | Deborah Cardin Michael Cardin |
| Residence | Baltimore, Maryland |
| Alma mater | University of Pittsburgh (B.A.) University of Maryland (J.D.) |
| Occupation | Attorney |
| Religion | Judaism[1] |
| Website | www.cardin.senate.gov |
Benjamin Louis "Ben" Cardin (born October 5, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. Before his election to the Senate, Cardin was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Maryland's 3rd congressional district from 1987 to 2007. National Journal rates him as the third most liberal Democrat in the Senate.[2]
Cardin was elected to succeed Paul Sarbanes in the 2006 U.S. Senate election, defeating Republican challenger Lieutenant Governor Michael Steele by a margin of 54%–44%.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Cardin was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Dora (née Green) and Meyer M. Cardin (1907–2005).[3] The family name was originally Kardonsky before it was changed to Cardin by Cardin's paternal grandparents, Russian Jewish immigrants. His grandfather operated a neighborhood grocery store that later turned into a wholesale food distribution company.[4] His father, Meyer Cardin, served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1935 to 1937, and later sat on the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City from 1961 to 1977.[5]
Cardin and his family attend the Modern Orthodox Beth Tfiloh Congregation near their home, with which the family has been affiliated for three generations. He graduated from Baltimore City College in 1961 and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree cum laude in 1964 from the University of Pittsburgh, where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1967, graduating first in his class. Cardin was admitted to the Maryland Bar that same year, and entered a private practice.
Political career[link]
Maryland House of Delegates[link]
Cardin served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1967 to 1986. First elected while still attending law school,[4] he served in the seat once held by his uncle, Maurice Cardin, who had decided to not run for reelection so that his nephew could instead pursue the seat. He was chairman of the Ways & Means Committee from 1974 to 1979, then Speaker of the House until he left office. At age 35, he was one of the youngest Speakers in Maryland history.[4] As Speaker, he was involved with reform efforts involving Maryland's property tax system, school financing formula, and ethical standards for elected officials.[6]
U.S. House of Representatives[link]
In 1986, with then-Congresswoman Barbara Mikulski running for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by retiring Senator Charles Mathias, Cardin ran for Mikulski’s seat representing the 3rd Congressional District. Cardin won the Democratic nomination with 82 percent of the vote, and became Congressman in the general election with 79 percent of the vote against a perennial candidate, Republican Ross Z. Pierpont.
Cardin was reelected nine times, rarely facing serious opposition. In the 2000 round of redistricting, his district was altered to add significant portions of Anne Arundel County, including the state capital of Annapolis, to his Baltimore-based district. His last two opponents hailed from Anne Arundel and nearly carried the district's portion of that county.
In the House, Cardin was involved with fiscal issues, pension reform, and health care. His legislation to increase the amount individuals can store in their 401k plans and IRAs was passed in 2001. His bill to expand Medicare to include preventive benefits such as colorectal, prostate, mammogram, and osteoporosis screening was also enacted. He also authored legislation to provide a Medicare prescription drug benefit for chronic illnesses; fund graduate medical education; and guarantee coverage for emergency services.[6]
Cardin has also advocated, via proposed legislation, welfare reform. His bill to increase education and support services for foster children between ages 18 and 21 was signed into law in 1999.[6] He authored bills to expand child support, improve the welfare-to-work program, and increase the child care tax credit.[6]
In 1998, Cardin was appointed Chairman of the Special Study Commission on Maryland Public Ethics Law by the Maryland General Assembly. In 1997, he co-chaired the Bipartisan Ethics Task Force in an effort to reform ethics procedures in the House of Representatives. He also held leadership positions on the Organization, Study and Review Committee and the Steering Committee of the House Democratic Caucus, and served as Senior Democratic Whip.
Cardin has been commended for his work with fiscal policy. He has been honored by Worth magazine and by Treasury and Risk Management for his work protecting retirement plans and government-supported medical care for the elderly. He has also received scores of 100% percent from the League of Conservation Voters and the NAACP, indicating stances that are in favor of environmental protection and civil rights. Cardin was also one of 133 members of Congress to vote against the 2002 Iraq Resolution.[7]
Committee assignments[link]
As of May 2006, Cardin served on the following House committees:
- Member of the Ways and Means Committee.
- Ranking member of the Trade Subcommittee.
- Member of the Human Resources Subcommittee.
- Chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
U.S. Senate[link]
2006 U.S. Senate election[link]
Main article: Maryland U.S. Senate election, 2006
On April 26, 2005, Cardin announced that he would seek the U.S. Senate seat of current long-standing senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD), following the announcement by Sarbanes that he would not be running for re-election in 2006. On September 12, 2006, Cardin faced a challenging primary battle with other Maryland Democrats, including Kweisi Mfume, Josh Rales, Dennis F. Rasmussen, and Allan Lichtman. Cardin won, however, with 44 percent of the vote, compared to 40 percent for Mfume, five percent for Rales, and two percent for Rasmussen.[8] He was declared the winner just after two percent of the precincts reporting.
Cardin won election on November 7, 2006, defeating Republican challenger Michael S. Steele 54 percent to 44 percent.[9] Cardin became the third consecutive Representative from Maryland's 3rd Congressional District to be elected Senator (following Sarbanes and Mikulski).
Committee assignments[link]
Cardin currently serves on the following Senate Committees in the 112th United States Congress:
- Committee on Finance
- United States Senate Finance Committee Subcommittee on Health Care
- United States Senate Finance Committee Subcommittee on Taxation & IRS Oversight
- United States Senate Finance Committee Subcommittee on Social Security, Pensions & Family Policy
- Committee on the Budget
- Committee on Environment and Public Works
- Committee on Foreign Relations
- Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
- Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Co-Chairman)
Caucus membership[link]
International experience[link]
Cardin has been a Commissioner on the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the U.S. Helsinki Commission) since 1993, serving as Ranking Member from 2003 to 2006. In the 110th Congress, he was appointed co-chairman of the Commission, and is currently Vice President of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Parliamentary Assembly.[10]
Honors[link]
Cardin holds honorary degrees from several institutions, including the University of Baltimore School of Law (1990); University of Maryland, Baltimore (1993); Baltimore Hebrew University (1994); Goucher College (1996); and Villa Julie College (2007).
From 1988 to 1995, he chaired the Maryland Legal Services Corp. Through much of his political career, he has continued to work with law policy.
From 1988 to 1999, Cardin served on the St. Mary's College of Maryland Board of Trustees, and in 2002, he was appointed to the St. Mary's Advisory Board for the Study of Democracy. In 1999, he was appointed to the Goucher College Board of Trustees.
Policies[link]
On a list by Congressional Quarterly of the members of Congress who were most supportive of President Barack Obama's legislative agenda in 2009, Cardin was tied for fifth most supportive Senator with five other Senators.[11]
Cardin supports Net Neutrality, as shown by his vote during the 109th Congress in favor of the Markey Amendment to H.R. 5252 which would add Net Neutrality provisions to the federal telecommunications code.[12] Cardin also supports Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act, which gives DOJ the tools to target those site owners who are engaged in illegal digital piracy.[13]
In 2007, Cardin supported the United States Public Service Academy Act. The Act would serve to create "an undergraduate institution devoted to developing civilian leaders." Like the Military Academies, this would give students 4 years of tuition-free education in exchange for 5 years of public service upon graduation.[14]
Cardin is also pro-Israel and pro-India.[15] He supported civilian nuclear cooperation with India.[16]
In November 2011, Cardin's intended update of the 1917 Espionage Act upset some public disclosure advocates. They complained that it "would make it harder for federal employees to expose government fraud and abuse."[17]
Family[link]
Cardin married high school sweetheart Myrna Edelman, a teacher,[18] on November 24, 1964. They have a daughter, Deborah. Their son Michael committed suicide in 1998 at age 30.[19] He has two granddaughters.
In 2002, Ben’s 32-year-old nephew, Jon S. Cardin, who graduated from University of Maryland law school in 2001, ran for election as a Delegate representing District 11 of western Baltimore County. With state legislative District 11 overlapping Congressional District 3, there were two Cardins on the ticket in this area in 2002. Present at Jon’s swearing in was the oldest living former member of the House of Delegates at 95 years of age, Meyer Cardin, Jon’s grandfather and Ben’s father. Also in attendance was Ben himself, who stated, "The next generation's taking over."[20] After Ben announced that he would vacate his Congressional seat to run for the U.S. Senate, Jon Cardin stated that he was exploring a campaign for his uncle's Congressional seat, though he ultimately decided to seek reelection to the House of Delegates.
Election history[link]
| Year | Office | Election | Subject | Party | Votes | % | Opponent | Party | Votes | % | Opponent | Party | Votes | % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 100,161 | 79.11% | Ross Pierpont | Republican | 26,452 | 20.89% | |||||||
| 1988 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 133,779 | 72.9% | Ross Pierpont | Republican | 49,733 | 27.1% | |||||||
| 1990 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 82,545 | 69.73% | Harwood Nichols | Republican | 35,841 | 30.27% | |||||||
| 1992 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 163,354 | 99.98% | Unopposed | ||||||||||
| 1994 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 117,269 | 70.97% | Robert Tousey | Republican | 47,966 | 29.03% | |||||||
| 1996 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 130,204 | 67.31% | Patrick McDonough | Republican | 63,229 | 32.69% | |||||||
| 1998 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 137,501 | 77.61% | Colin Harby | Republican | 39,667 | 22.39% | |||||||
| 2000 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 169,347 | 75.66% | Colin Harby | Republican | 53,827 | 24.05% | Joseph Pomykala | Libertarian | 238 | ||||
| 2002 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 145,589 | 65.72% | Scott Conwell | Republican | 75,721 | 34.18% | |||||||
| 2004 | Congress, MD-3 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 182,066 | 63.39% | Bob Duckworth | Republican | 97,008 | 33.77% | Patsy Allen | Green | 4,224 | 2.75% | |||
| 2006 | MD Senator, Class 1 | General | Benjamin Cardin | Democratic | 965,567 | 54.20% | Michael S. Steele | Republican | 787,352 | 44.20% | Kevin Zeese | Green | 27,570 | 1.55% | |||
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Candidate Profile: U.S. Senate: Ben Cardin (D)
- ^ "NJ Rankings". National Journal. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2010/02/national_journa_17.php.
- ^ Genealogy of Ben Cardin
- ^ a b c "About Ben Cardin". Ben Cardin for Senate. http://www.bencardin.com/about.
- ^ "Baltimore City Supreme Bench". Maryland Archives. http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/014400/014430/html/msa14430.html.
- ^ a b c d "Senator Benjamin L. Cardin : Maryland". Cardin.senate.gov. http://cardin.senate.gov/about/. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "Senator Benjamin L. Cardin : Maryland". Cardin.senate.gov. http://cardin.senate.gov/about. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "2006 Gubernatorial Election". Elections.state.md.us. http://www.elections.state.md.us/current_election/results/office_US_Senator.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Cardin, Sarbanes get high marks for Obama support; Mikulski's attendance slips". Baltimore Sun. http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/local/politics/2010/01/cardin_sarbanes_get_high_marks.html.
- ^ http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2006/roll239.xml
- ^ http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s111-3804
- ^ [www.uspublicserviceacademy.org/USPSA_BasicInformation.pdf "USPSA"]. Public Service Academy. www.uspublicserviceacademy.org/USPSA_BasicInformation.pdf.
- ^ "Benjamin Cardin - Israel". The Political Guide. http://www.thepoliticalguide.com/Profiles/Senate/Maryland/Benjamin_Cardin/views/Israel/.
- ^ http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2006/roll541.xml
- ^ "Cardin bill angers whistleblower advocates". 24 November 2011. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-11-24/news/bs-md-cardin-espionage-20111124_1_cardin-bill-bradley-manning-diplomatic-cables.
- ^ Linn, Leticia (2006-11-03). "Candidate Profile: U.S. Senate: Ben Cardin (D)". Southern Maryland Online. http://somd.com/news/headlines/2006/4752.shtml.
- ^ "For Md.'s Cardin, the Delight Is in the Details", The Washington Post, September 3, 2006.
- ^ Two famous-name freshmen begin to carve own niche in Md. House — Balitmore Sun, March 18, 2003
- Ben Cardin at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Congressional Quarterly Voting and Elections Collection
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ben Cardin |
 |
Wikinews has related news: Russian police to 'check' officer allegedly involved in large theft and murder |
- United States Senator Ben Cardin official Senate site
- Ben Cardin Senate 2006 official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Hanson Briscoe |
Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates 1979–1986 |
Succeeded by R. Clayton Mitchell, Jr. |
| United States House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by Barbara Mikulski |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland's 3rd congressional district 1987–2007 |
Succeeded by John Sarbanes |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by Paul Sarbanes |
United States Senator (Class 1) from Maryland 2007–present Served alongside: Barbara Mikulski |
Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Bob Menendez D-New Jersey |
United States Senators by seniority 59th |
Succeeded by Bernie Sanders I-Vermont |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Paul Sarbanes |
Democratic nominee for United States Senator from Maryland (Class 1) 2006 |
Succeeded by Most recent (Next election: 2012) |
|
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|
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| Representatives to the 100th–112th United States Congresses from Maryland (ordered by seniority) | ||
|---|---|---|
| 100th | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: B. Byron | R. Dyson | S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | C. T. McMillen | K. Mfume | C. Morella |
| 101st | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: B. Byron | R. Dyson | S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | C. T. McMillen | K. Mfume | C. Morella |
| 102nd | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: B. Byron | S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | C. T. McMillen | K. Mfume | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest |
| 103rd | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | K. Mfume | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn |
| 104th | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | K. Mfume | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich |
| 105th | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich | E. Cummings |
| 106th | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich | E. Cummings |
| 107th | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich | E. Cummings |
| 108th | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen |
| 109th | Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski | House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen |
| 110th | Senate: B. Mikulski | B. Cardin | House: S. Hoyer | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen | J. Sarbanes |
| 111th | Senate: B. Mikulski | B. Cardin | House: S. Hoyer | R. Bartlett | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen | J. Sarbanes | D. Edwards | F. Kratovil |
| 112th | Senate: B. Mikulski | B. Cardin | House: S. Hoyer | R. Bartlett | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen | J. Sarbanes | D. Edwards | A. Harris |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cardin, Ben |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | October 5, 1943 |
| Place of birth | Baltimore, Maryland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ben_Cardin
Related pages:
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http://pt.wn.com/Ben Cardin
http://de.wn.com/Ben Cardin
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http://pl.wn.com/Ben Cardin
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Al Franken | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Minnesota |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office July 7, 2009[1] Serving with Amy Klobuchar |
|
| Preceded by | Norm Coleman |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Alan Stuart Franken (1951-05-21) May 21, 1951 (age 61) New York City, New York |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic–Farmer–Labor |
| Spouse(s) | Franni Bryson Franken |
| Children | Thomasin Joe |
| Residence | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Alma mater | Harvard College (A.B.) |
| Occupation | U.S. Senator, comedian, actor, author, screenwriter, political commentator, politician, and radio host |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Signature |  |
| Website | franken.senate.gov Campaign website |
Alan Stuart "Al" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is the junior United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, which affiliates with the national Democratic Party.
Franken achieved note as a writer and performer for the television show Saturday Night Live from its conception in 1975 before moving to writing and acting in films and television shows. He then became a political commentator, author of five books and host of a nationally syndicated radio show on the Air America Radio network.
In 2008, Franken narrowly defeated incumbent Republican Senator Norm Coleman, by 312 votes, after a mandatory statewide manual recount. Coleman contested the outcome in court,[2] but the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously upheld Franken's victory on June 30, 2009.[3] Franken was sworn in to the Senate on July 7, 2009.[4][5]
Contents |
Early life and family[link]
Franken was born in New York City. His mother, Phoebe G. (née Kunst), was a homemaker and real estate agent, and his father, Joseph P. Franken, was a printing salesman. The family later moved to St. Louis Park, a suburb near Minneapolis.[6] Franken had a Jewish upbringing.[7] His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Germany, and his mother's family was from Russia.[8] His older brother Owen is a photojournalist; MSNBC's Bob Franken is his cousin.[9] Franken graduated in 1969 from The Blake School, where he was on the wrestling team. He attended Harvard College and graduated with an A.B. cum laude in 1973 in political science.[10]
Franken met his wife, Franni Bryson, in his first year of college. In 2005, they moved back to Minnesota and reside in Minneapolis.[11] They have two children: daughter Thomasin (born 1981) has degrees from Harvard and the French Culinary Institute and is a former elementary school teacher turned "food educator and private chef";[12] son Joe (born 1984) holds a degree in Mechanical Engineering from Princeton.
[edit] Saturday Night Live
Franken began his performing career in high school at The Blake School, where he and long-time writing partner Tom Davis were known for their humor. Franken honed his writing and performing skills at Minneapolis' Dudley Riggs' Brave New Workshop theater, specializing in political satire. He and Davis soon found themselves in "a life of near-total failure on the fringes of show business in Los Angeles."[13]
Franken and Davis were recruited as two of the original writers (and occasional performers) on Saturday Night Live (1975–1980, 1985–1995). In the latter period, only Franken returned as a performer, while Davis usually stayed behind the camera.
In Season 1 of SNL, as apprentice writers, the two shared a salary of $350 per week. Franken, who received seven Emmy nominations and three Emmy Awards for his television writing and producing, created such characters as self-help guru Stuart Smalley and such routines as proclaiming the 1980s to be the "Al Franken Decade." Franken was associated with SNL for over 15 years and, in 2002, interviewed former Vice President Al Gore while in character as Smalley. Franken and Davis wrote the script to the 1986 comedy film One More Saturday Night, appearing in it as rock singers in a band called "Bad Mouth". They also appeared in cameo roles in The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash and in the Eddie Murphy and Dan Aykroyd film Trading Places.
Franken's most notorious SNL performance may have been "A Limo for the Lame-O," a commentary he delivered near the end of the 1979–80 season during a Weekend Update segment. Franken mocked controversial NBC president Fred Silverman as "a total unequivocal failure" and displayed a chart showing the poor ratings of NBC programs. Franken proclaimed that Silverman did not deserve a limousine. As a result of this sketch, Silverman refused Lorne Michaels' request that Franken succeed him as SNL's head producer, prompting Franken to leave the show when Michaels did, at the end of the 1979–80 season.[14] Franken later returned to the show in 1985, mostly as a writer, but also as an occasional performer best known for the Stuart Smalley character. He acknowledged using cocaine while working for Saturday Night Live but says he no longer uses any illegal drugs.[15] Franken left the show in 1995 in protest over losing the role of Weekend Update anchor to Norm Macdonald.[16]
[edit] Post-SNL
Franken is the author of five New York Times best-selling books, three of which reached #1, including Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations.
USO service[link]
Franken has served as a volunteer with the United Service Organizations since he first visited Kosovo in 1999. Franken has conducted several overseas tours to both Iraq and Afghanistan, in addition to participating in numerous celebrity handshake tours at military hospitals to visit wounded soldiers. He has done seven USO tours, four of which were to Iraq.[17] His readiness to perform on USO tours was noted favorably by fellow USO performer Wayne Newton.[18] On March 25, 2009, Franken was presented with the USO's Merit Award for his 10 years of service to the organization through visiting injured and deployed servicemembers.[19]
Fox News lawsuit[link]
See also: Fox v. Franken
In 2003, Penguin Books published Franken's book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, which included a cover photo of Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly and a chapter accusing O'Reilly of lying. In August of that year, Fox News sued, claiming infringement of its registered trademark phrase "Fair and Balanced".[20] A federal judge found the lawsuit to be "wholly without merit". The incident with Fox focused media attention on Franken's book and, according to Franken, greatly increased its sales (see Streisand effect).[21][22]
Radio show[link]
Main article: The Al Franken Show
Franken signed a one-year contract in early 2004 to host a talk show for Air America Radio's flagship program with co-host Katherine Lanpher, who remained with the show until October 2005. The network was launched March 31, 2004. Originally named The O'Franken Factor but renamed The Al Franken Show on July 12, 2004, the show aired three hours a day, five days a week for three years. The stated goal of the show was to provide the public airwaves with more progressive views to counter what Franken perceived to be the dominance of conservative syndicated commentary on the radio. "I'm doing this because I want to use my energies to get Bush unelected," he told a New York Times reporter in 2004.[23]
Franken is a Grateful Dead fan, and he used their songs as bumper music on his radio show.[citation needed] Franken's last radio show on Air America Radio was on February 14, 2007, at the end of which Franken announced his candidacy for the United States Senate.
Other projects[link]
Franken wrote the original screenplay and starred in the film Stuart Saves His Family,[24] which was panned by critics (receiving a rating of 29% on the website Rottentomatoes.com). He also co-wrote the film When a Man Loves a Woman. He co-created and starred in the NBC sitcom LateLine until it was canceled in Season 2. He appeared in the 2004 remake of The Manchurian Candidate.
In 2003, Franken served as a Fellow with Harvard's Kennedy School of Government at the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy.
Since 2005, Franken has been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post. His most recent book, The Truth (With Jokes), was released in 2005.
Franken has long been associated with the International Order of Odd Fellows (Manchester Unity),[25] but in September 2009, his spokesperson said he is not a member.[26]
Political activism prior to 2008[link]
According to an article by Richard Corliss published in Time, "In a way, Franken has been running for office since the late '70s." Corliss also hinted at Franken's "possibly ironic role as a relentless self-promoter" in proclaiming the 1980s "the Al Franken Decade" and saying, "Vote for me, Al Franken. You'll be glad you did!"[27] In 1999, Franken released a parody book, Why Not Me?, detailing his campaign for the Presidency in 2000. He had been a strong supporter of Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone and was deeply affected by the senator's death in a plane crash shortly before the 2002 Senate election. After the funeral, Rush Limbaugh and several other commentators identified by Franken as "rightwing bloggers" and "Republicans"[28] accused the organizers and participants of Wellstone's remembrance ceremony of using the tragedy for political purposes. Conservative columnists Peggy Noonan and Chris Caldwell asserted that 20,000 people booed Trent Lott. Franken, who attended, denied there was widespread jeering: "Along with everyone else, I cried, I laughed, I cheered. It was, to my mind, a beautiful four-hour memorial. I didn't boo. Neither did 22,800 of the some 23,000 people there."[28] In Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them, Franken wrote that Noonan and Caldwell had later told him that they had not personally been at the memorial service.[29] Franken felt that "the right wing line on the Wellstone Memorial" was accepted by some "mainstream" journalists such as Howard Kurtz.[28]
Franken said he learned that 21% of Americans received most of their news from talk radio, then an almost exclusively conservative medium.[27] Said Franken, "I didn't want to sit on the sidelines, and I believed Air America could make a difference."[27] In November 2003, Franken talked about moving to his home state of Minnesota to run for the Senate. The seat once held by Wellstone, then occupied by Republican Norm Coleman, was to be contested in the 2008 election. In 2005, Franken announced his move to Minnesota: "I can tell you honestly, I don't know if I'm going to run, but I'm doing the stuff I need to do in order to do it."[30] He said that he would run as a Democrat.
In late 2005, Franken started his own political action committee, called Midwest Values PAC. By early 2007, the PAC had raised more than $1 million.[31][32]
Franken was the subject of the 2006 documentary film Al Franken: God Spoke, which premiered in April 2006 at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City. It was released nationally on September 13 of that year.[33]
Tax issues[link]
During the 2008 election, New York state officials asserted that Al Franken Inc. had failed to carry required workers' compensation insurance for employees who assisted him with his comedy and public speaking from 2002 to 2005. Franken paid the $25,000 fine to the state of New York upon being advised his corporation was out of compliance with the state's workers' compensation laws.[34][35] At the same time, the California Franchise Tax Board reported that the same corporation owed more than $4,743.40 in taxes, fines, and associated penalties in the state of California for 2003 through 2007 because the corporation did not file tax returns in the state for those years.[36] A Franken representative said that it followed the advice of an accountant who believed when the corporation stopped doing business in California that no further filing was required.[34][37] Subsequently, Franken paid $70,000 in back income taxes in 17 states dating to 2003 mostly from Franken's speeches and other paid appearances. Franken said he paid the income tax in his state of residence, and he will seek retroactive credit for paying the taxes in the wrong states.[38]
Views[link]
Franken had initially supported the Iraq War but opposed the 2007 troop surge. In an interview with MSNBC’s Joe Scarborough,[39] Franken said that he "believed Colin Powell", whose presentation at the United Nations convinced him that the war was necessary. However, since then he had come to believe that "we were misled into the war" and urged the Democratically-controlled Congress to refuse to pass appropriations bills to fund the war if they don't include timetables for leaving Iraq. In an interview with Josh Marshall, Franken said of the Democrats, "I think we've gotta make [President George W. Bush] say, 'OK, I'm cutting off funding because I won't agree to a timetable.'"[40]
Franken favors transitioning to a universal health care system, with the provision that every child in America should receive health care coverage, immediately. He has spoken in favor of protecting private pensions and Social Security.[41] He has also advocated cutting subsidies for oil companies, increasing money available for college students, and cutting interest rates on student loans.[42][43]
U.S. Senate[link]
2008 election[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008
On January 29, 2007, Al Franken announced his departure from Air America Radio.[44] On the day of his final show, February 14, Franken formally announced that he would run for the United States Senate from Minnesota in 2008.[45][46] Challenging him for the Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party endorsement was Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, a professor, author, and activist. Other candidates were trial lawyer Mike Ciresi, and Jim Cohen, an attorney and human rights activist who had dropped out of the race earlier.[47][48]
On April 13, 2007, Franken's campaign filed a campaign finance report. He raised $1.35 million in the first quarter of 2007. The incumbent Senator, Norm Coleman, raised $1.53 million.[49] On July 8, 2007, the Franken campaign stated that it expected to announce that Franken had raised more money than Coleman during the second quarter of the year, taking in $1.9 million to Coleman's $1.6 million,[50][51] although as of early July 2007, Coleman's $3.8 million cash on hand exceeded Franken's $2 million.[51]
In late May 2008, the Minnesota Republican Party released a letter regarding an article Franken had written for Playboy in 2000 entitled "Porn-O-Rama!" The letter, signed by six prominent GOP women, including a state senator and state representative, called on Franken to apologize for what they referred to as a "demeaning and degrading" article.[52] Several DFL leaders expressed personal and political discomfort with the article as well.[53] A Franken campaign spokesman responded that, "Al had a long career as a satirist. But he understands the difference between what you say as a satirist and what you do as a senator. And as a senator, Norm Coleman has disrespected the people of Minnesota by putting the Exxons and Halliburtons ahead of working families. And there’s nothing funny about that."[52]
On June 7, 2008, Franken was endorsed at the DFL convention. In a July 2008 interview with CNN, Franken was endorsed by Ben Stein, the noted entertainer, speechwriter, lawyer and author who is known for his conservative views and generally supports Republican candidates.[54] Stein said of Franken, "He is my pal, and he is a really, really capable smart guy. I don't agree with all of his positions, but he is a very impressive guy, and I think he should be in the Senate."
On September 9, 2008, Franken won the Democratic primary for the Senate seat.[55]
During his campaign for the Senate, Franken was criticized for advising SNL creator Lorne Michaels on a political sketch ridiculing Senator John McCain's ads attacking Barack Obama.[56] Coleman's campaign reacted, saying, "Once again, he proves he's more interested in entertainment than service, and ridiculing those with whom he disagrees."[57]
Preliminary reports on election night November 4 had Coleman ahead by over 700 votes; but the official results certified on by November 18, 2008, had Coleman leading by only 215 votes. As the two candidates were separated by less than 0.5 percent, the Secretary of State of Minnesota, Mark Ritchie, authorized the automatic recount stipulated in Minnesota election law. In the recount, ballots and certifying materials were examined by hand, and candidates could file challenges to the legality of ballots or materials for inclusion or exclusion with regard to the recount. On January 5, 2009, the Minnesota State Canvassing Board certified the recounted vote totals, with Franken ahead by 225 votes.[58]
On January 6, 2009, Coleman's campaign filed an election contest, which led to a trial before a three-judge panel.[59] The trial ended on April 7, when the panel ruled that 351 of 387 disputed absentee ballots were incorrectly rejected and ordered them counted. Counting those ballots raised Franken's lead to 312 votes. Coleman appealed to the Minnesota Supreme Court on April 20.[2][60][61] On April 24, the Minnesota Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.[62] and oral arguments were conducted on June 1.[63]
On June 30, 2009, the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously rejected Coleman's appeal and said that Franken was entitled to be certified as the winner. Shortly after the court's decision, Coleman conceded.[64] Governor Tim Pawlenty signed Franken’s election certificate that same evening.[65] Franken was sworn in to the Senate on July 7, 2009, using the Bible of late Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone.[66]
Tenure[link]
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Franken was sworn in to the Senate on July 7, 2009, 246 days after the November 2008 election.[4][67] He became the fifth senator to be sworn in since the class of 2008 was sworn in January 2009.[4][5] The desk where he sat was the same desk that Paul Wellstone used, and had been kept open for him by Senate leaders.[68]
On August 6, 2009, Franken presided over the confirmation vote of Sonia Sotomayor to be an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.[69][70] A year later on August 5, 2010, Franken presided over the confirmation vote of Elena Kagan. His first piece of legislation was the Service Dogs for Veterans Act (S. 1495), which he wrote jointly with Sen. Johnny Isakson (R). The bill, which passed the Senate via unanimous consent, established a program with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to pair disabled veterans with service dogs.[71]
A video began circulating on the Internet of Franken at the Minnesota State Fair on September 2, 2009, engaging in a discussion with a group of Tea Party protesters on health care reform, and soon found itself going viral.[72][73][74] The discussion was noted for its civility, in contrast to the explosive character of several other similar discussions between members of the 111th Congress and their constituents that had occurred over the summer.[72][75][76]
Citing the case of Jamie Leigh Jones, Franken offered an amendment to the 2010 Defense Appropriations bill that would withhold defense contracts from companies like KBR "if they restrict their employees from taking workplace sexual assault, battery and discrimination cases to court." It passed the U.S. Senate, 68 to 30, in a roll-call vote.[77]
In May 2010 Franken proposed a financial reform legislation amendment which would create a board to select which credit rating agency would evaluate a given security; currently any companies issuing a security may select which company evaluates the security.[78] The amendment was passed; however, the financial industry lobbied to have Franken's amendment removed from the final bill.[79] Negotiations between the Senate and House of Representatives, whose version of financial reform did not include such a provision,[80] resulted in the amendment's being watered down to require only a series of studies being done upon the issue for two years.[81] After the studies, if the SEC has not implemented another solution to the conflict of interest problem, Franken's solution will go into effect.[82][83]
A March 2010 poll taken by conservative Rasmussen Reports placed Franken's approval rating at 50% with Minnesotans, with 46% disapproving.[84]
In August 2010, Franken made faces and hand gestures and rolled his eyes while Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) delivered a speech in opposition to the confirmation of Solicitor General Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court.[85] [86][87] Franken's actions prompted McConnell to remark, "This isn't 'Saturday Night Live', Al."[87] Following Kagan's confirmation, Franken delivered a handwritten apology to McConnell and issued a public statement saying that McConnell had a right "to give his speech with the presiding officer just listening respectfully."[85]
Committee assignments[link]
- Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
- Committee on the Judiciary
- Committee on Indian Affairs
- Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
- Special Committee on Aging
Bibliography[link]
Books[link]
- I'm Good Enough, I'm Smart Enough, and Doggone It, People Like Me!: Daily Affirmations with Stuart Smalley (Dell Books, 1992) ISBN 0-440-50470-8
- Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations (Delacorte Press, 1996) ISBN 0-385-31474-4
- Why Not Me? (Delacorte Press, 1999) a parody-journal of the fictional “Franken campaign” for President ISBN 0-385-31809-X
- Oh, the Things I Know! A Guide to Success, or Failing That, Happiness (Plume Books, 2003) ISBN 0-452-28450-3
- Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right (Dutton Books, 2003) ISBN 0-525-94764-7
- The Truth (With Jokes) (Dutton Books, 2005) ISBN 0-525-94906-2
CDs and compilations[link]
- The Best Democracy Money Can Buy: The Truth About Corporate Cons, Globalization, and High-Finance Fraudsters with Greg Palast (2004)
- The O'Franken Factor Factor — The Best of the O'Franken Factor
- The Al Franken Show Party Album
Filmography[link]
As performer[link]
- Saturday Night Live (1975–1995) (TV)
- Franken and Davis at Stockton State (1984) (TV)
- Tunnel Vision (1976)
- The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash (1978) (TV)
- Grateful Dead: Dead Ahead (1980)
- Trading Places (1983)
- One More Saturday Night (1986)
- Stuart Saves His Family (1995)
- The Larry Sanders Show (episode "The Roast") (1997)
- LateLine (1998) (TV)
- From the Earth to the Moon (1998) (TV)
- Harvard Man (2001)
- Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism (2004)
- The Manchurian Candidate (2004)
- Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable (2004) HBO documentary (TV)
- The Al Franken Show (2004) (TV)
- Tanner on Tanner (2004) (TV)
- Al Franken: God Spoke (2006)
As writer[link]
- Saturday Night Live (1975–1995) (TV)
- The Paul Simon Special (1977) (TV)
- Steve Martin's Best Show Ever (1981) (TV)
- Bob and Ray, Jane, Laraine and Gilda (1981) (TV)
- The Coneheads (with Tom Davis) (1981) (TV)
- Franken and Davis at Stockton State (1984) (TV)
- The New Show (1984) (TV)
- One More Saturday Night (with Tom Davis) (1986)
- When a Man Loves a Woman (with Ron Bass) (1994)
- Stuart Saves His Family (1995)
- Lateline (1998) (Creator) (TV)
- The Al Franken Show (2004) (TV)
As self[link]
- Hot Coffee (2011) documentary
Electoral history[link]
|
Wikinews has related news: Minnesota court declares Franken winner; Coleman considers appeal |
| 2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election[88][89][90][91] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| DFL | Al Franken | 1,212,629 | 41.994% | −5.35% | |
| Republican | Norm Coleman | 1,212,317 | 41.983% | −7.55% | |
| Independence | Dean Barkley | 437,505 | 15.151% | +13.15% | |
| Libertarian | Charles Aldrich | 13,923 | 0.482% | N/A | |
| Constitution | James Niemackl | 8,907 | 0.308% | +0.209% | |
| Write-ins | 2,365 | 0.082% | |||
| Margin of victory | 312 | 0.011% | |||
| Turnout | 2,887,646 | ||||
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Franken was elected to the term beginning January 3, 2009, but did not take his seat until July 7, 2009, because of a recount and a subsequent election challenge.
- ^ a b Jason Hoppin (2009-04-20). "Coleman asks high court to look again at rejected votes". St. Paul Pioneer Press. http://www.twincities.com/ci_12187779. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
- ^ "Coleman concedes Minnesota Senate race after court decision". CNN. 2009-06-30. http://us.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/30/franken.ruling/index.html.
- ^ a b c Huls, Carl (July 7, 2009). "And Here’s Senator Franken". New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/and-heres-senator-franken. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ a b Bakst, Brian; (AP) (July 7, 2009). "Minnesota Lacks Senate Seniority". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1908971,00.html. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ "Al Franken Biography (1951?-)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/91/Al-Franken.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ "Beliefnet's interview with Al Franken, author of Lies & the Lying Liars about Bush, Hannity, O'Reilly and other conservatives". Beliefnet.com. http://www.beliefnet.com/News/Politics/2003/09/Why-Would-The-Anti-Christ-Write-Chorus-Line.aspx?p=3. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ http://www.wargs.com/other/franken.html
- ^ CNN Newsnight Aaron Brown. CNN. 2002-04-29. http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0204/29/asb.00.html. Retrieved 2008-11-05
- ^ Deborah White. "Profile of Sen. Al Franken of Minnesota". About.com. http://usliberals.about.com/od/senatecandidatesin2008/p/AlFranken.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
- ^ Tim Gihring (2008-07). "Starring Al Franken (as Himself)". Minnesota Monthly. http://www.minnesotamonthly.com/media/Minnesota-Monthly/July-2008/Starring-Al-Franken-as-Himself/index.php?cparticle=1&siarticle=0#artanc. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ "Thomasin Franken's ''The Huffington Post'' bio". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomasin-franken. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ Hill, Doug and Weingrad, Jeff, Saturday Night: A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live (Vintage Books, 1987) ISBN 0-394-75053-5.
- ^ Shales, Tom (2003). Live From New York, p. 191. Back Bay Books.
- ^ Cox, Ana Marie (2007-04-05). "Don't Laugh at Al Franken". CNN/Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1607252,00.html. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
- ^ Shales, pp. 433–444.
- ^ "Al Franken website, "Meet Al"". http://www.alfranken.com/pages/meet_al/.
- ^ kasindorf, Martin, and Steven Komarow (2005-12-22). "USO cheers troops, but Iraq gigs tough to book". USA TODAY. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-12-22-uso-cover_x.htm.
- ^ "USO of Metropolitan Washington Salutes "Our Nation’s Heroes" at the USO-Metro Annual Awards Dinner". USO-Metro website (USO-Metro). 2009-03-26. http://www.usometrodc.org/page.php?p=42&n=42. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
- ^ Video: "Never get into a pissing contest with a skunk" (2005). The Open Mind (TV series). 2005. http://www.archive.org/details/openmind_ep1641. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ^ Saulny, Susan (August 23, 2003). "In Courtroom, Laughter at Fox and a Victory for Al Franken". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Archived from the original on September 22, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050922092705/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/23/nyregion/23FRAN.html. Retrieved 2005-10-05.
- ^ "Comedian and Political Commentator Al Franken". National Public Radio. September 3, 2003. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1419191. Retrieved 2005-10-05.
- ^ Shorto, Russell (2004-03-21). "Al Franken, Seriously So —". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E6DA1731F932A15750C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=8. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ "The Al Franken Show from Woolsey Hall". 2005-11-08. http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/05-11-08-01.all.html.
- ^ See, e.g., http://www.sidereel.com/Al_Franken, http://www.wildriverreview.com/young/?p=26 or http://tpmcafe.talkingpointsmemo.com/talk/blogs/diachronic/2009/07/an-odd-omission-concerning-an.php?ref=reccafe
- ^ Chris Steller (2009-09-08). "Al Franken is no Odd Fellow". Minnesota Independent. http://minnesotaindependent.com/43963/al-franken-is-not-an-odd-fellow-no-matter-what-wikipedia-says. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ a b c Corliss, Richard (2007-02-14). "Vote for Me, Al Franken". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1590138,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ a b c "Al Franken: Reflections on the Wellstone Memorial and the King Funeral". Huffingtonpost.com. 2006-02-11. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/al-franken/reflections-on-the-wellst_b_15459.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them, pp. 202–209.
- ^ Kuhn, David Paul (2005-04-28). "Senator Franken?". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2005/04/28/franken/. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
- ^ Cilizza, Chris (2007-02-05). "Minnesota Senate: Is Franken the Dems' Dream Candidate?". Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thefix/2007/02/al_franken_minnesota.html?nav=rss_blog. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
- ^ "Doggone It, People Like Him". Mother Jones. 2007-09-01. http://www.motherjones.com/news/outfront/2007/09/doggone-it-people-like-him.html. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
- ^ Al Franken: God Spoke at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ a b "Franken's corporation didn't file tax returns in California". Associated Press. KXNet.com. April 16, 2008. http://www.kxmb.com/printArticle.asp?ViewPrintable=True&ArticleId=229313. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ By Kevin Duchschere, Star Tribune (2008-03-12). "Franken faces $25,000 workers' comp penalty". Startribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/16241067.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ Duchschere, Kevin (2008-04-24). "Friday: New round of financial questions dogs Franken". Startribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/18160744.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ "More furor over Franken's taxes". http://www.twincities.com/ci_8950475. (Registration required)
- ^ By Patrick Condon, Associated Press Writer (2008-04-30). "Comedian turned candidate Franken to pay $70K in back taxes". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/04/29/politics/p144139D56.DTL. Retrieved 2009-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ "Transcript, "Scarborough Country"". MSNBC. December 7, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10381687/.
- ^ "Joshua Marshall". Talkingpointsmemo.com. June 14, 2007. http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/014615.php. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Al on the Issues". Al Franken for Senate. 2008. http://www.alfranken.com/pages/issues. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ^ Al on the Issues (2008). "Higher Education". Al Franken for Senate. http://www.alfranken.com/pages/higher_education/. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
- ^ Al on the Issues (2008). "Gas Prices". Al Franken for Senate. http://www.alfranken.com/pages/gas_prices/. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Cooper, Peter (2007-02-14). "Franken enters Minn. Senate race". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/national/1110AP_Senate_Franken.html.
- ^ "Al Franken Decides He's Good Enough, Smart Enough to Run for Senate". New York Magazine. 2007-02-01. http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2007/02/al_franken_decides_hes_good_en_1.html. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ^ "This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers". Toronto: Theglobeandmail.com. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070214.wfranken0214/BNStory/Entertainment/home. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ Doyle, Pat (2008-03-11). "Ciresi in parting: Choose wisely". Startribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/16463506.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Franken Raises Over $1.9 Million In Second Quarter". Al Franken for Senate. 2007-07-08. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080203052850/http://blog.alfranken.com/2007/07/09/franken-raises-over-19-million-in-second-quarter/. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ^ a b Mulcahy, Mike (2007-07-09). "Franken leads the pack in second quarter fundraising". Polinaut. MPR. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/polinaut/archive/2007/07/franken_leads_t.shtml. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
- ^ a b "GOP Targets Al Franken's Playboy Column — ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2008-05-23. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id=4921109&page=1. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ By Kevin Diaz and Conrad Wilson, Star Tribune (2008-06-02). "Franken's porn story has party in a lather". Startribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/politics/state/19359734.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ Preston, Mark (July 28, 2008). "Preston on Politics: Bueller? Bueller? — McCain needs Rove". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/27/preston.mccain/index.html?iref=newssearch. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ Les says: (2008-06-07). "The Big Question » Blog Archive » It’s Franken in One". Ww3.startribune.com. http://ww3.startribune.com/bigquestionblog/?p=1062. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
- ^ Martin, Jonathon; Kraushaar, Josh (2008-09-20). "Franken helps craft McCain 'SNL' skit". Politico.com. Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0908/13684.html. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
- ^ Scheck, Tom (2008-09-21). "Coleman hits Franken for SNL skit". Polinaut. MPR. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/polinaut/archive/2008/09/coleman_hits_fr_1.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
- ^ Friedlander, Beau. "Al Franken Certified Winner | Air America Media". Airamerica.com. http://airamerica.com/blog/2009/jan/05/al-franken-certified-winner. Retrieved 2009-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ "Minnesota Senate Seat Election Contest". Minnesota Courts. 2009-01-06. http://www.mncourts.gov/?page=3409. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
- ^ "Al Franken is the winner of Minnesota Senate Race, court rules". New York: Daily News. 2009-04-14. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2009/04/14/2009-04-14_al_frankens_minn_victor_court_rules.html.
- ^ Muskal, Michael (2007-04-07). "Franken widens lead in Minnesota Senate recount". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-franken-recount8-2009apr08,0,4669302.story.
- ^ Minnesota Supreme Court (2009-04-24). "ORDER for briefing schedule". Minnesota Supreme Court. http://www.mncourts.gov/Documents/0/Public/Other/2008%20Elections/Order4.24.09.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "Minnesota Senate Seat ’08 Election". Minnesota Judicial Branch. http://www.mncourts.gov/?page=3409. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ "Franken wins Minn. Senate race; Coleman concedes | Top AP Stories | Chron.com — Houston Chronicle". Houston Chronicle. 2009-06-30. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/6505056.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ DOYLE, PAT (July 1, 2009). "At last, a second senator for Minnesota". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/49520987.html?page=3&c=y. Retrieved 2009-07-07. [dead link]
- ^ "From satirist to senator". CNN. 2009-07-06. http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/politics/2009/07/06/dcl.keilar.franken.cnn. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico (Tuesday, July 7, 2009). "Al Franken, The Newest U.S. Senator". First Read (MSNBC). http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/07/07/1988777.aspx. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ Brunswick, Mark (July 1, 2009). "Emotional Franken vows to honor Wellstone". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/politics/49610287.html.
- ^ "D.C. takes Franken by storm — Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. http://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090807/pl_politico/25894. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ "Senator Franken, at Center Stage, Presides Over Sotomayor Vote — Political News". FOX News. 2009-08-06. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/08/06/junior-sen-franken-presides-sotomayor-vote/. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ Jess McIntosh (2009-07-24). "Franken-Isakson Service Dogs For Veterans Act Passes Senate". Grandforks.af.mil. http://www.grandforks.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123160339. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ a b Franken works the fair on health care, blogs.usatoday.com
- ^ "TV Guide: Franken Video gets attention". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/vp/32699075. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ Using reason and facts, Franken beats back teabaggers, rawstory.com
- ^ "Franken finds fans and foes friendly at fair". Kare11.com. http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=823410&catid=391. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ TV Guide: Franken Video gets attention, msnbc.msn.com
- ^ Stein, Sam (2008-11-10). "Franken Gets His First Amendment Passed By Roll Call Vote". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/07/franken-gets-first-amendm_n_312399.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ Corkery, Michael (May 13, 2010). "Al Franken’s Credit Rating Amendment is No Joke". Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2010/05/13/al-frankens-credit-rating-amendment-is-no-joke/.
- ^ Larnder, James (June 14, 2010). "Reckoning day for the raters". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/economy-a-budget/102995-reckoning-day-for-the-raters.
- ^ Crittenden, Michael (June 2, 2010). "US Sen Franken Confident Credit Rating Measure Has Support". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100602-710930.html.
- ^ Davidoff, Steven (July 16, 2010). "Finding a Good Financial Bill in 2,300 Pages". New York Times. http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/finding-a-good-financial-bill-in-2300-pages/?src=mv.
- ^ Michael Hirsh (2010-07-05). "Al Franken Gets Serious". Newsweek. http://www.newsweekinteractive.com/2010/07/05/al-franken-gets-serious.html. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ Rachelle Younglai, Roberta Rampton, Kim Dixon and Mark Felsenthal (2010-07-15). "Factbox: Long to-do list ahead for financial regulators". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66E45J20100715. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ "rasmussenreports.com". rasmussenreports.com. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2012/toplines/toplines_tim_pawlenty_march_10_2010. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ a b Daileda, Colin (2010-08-06). "McConnell to Franken: "This Isn't SNL"". CBS News (CBS). http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20012885-503544.html. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
- ^ Alexander Bolton (8/5/10) McConnell scolds Franken for making faces from dais during his speech The Hill
- ^ a b Raju, Manu (August 5, 2010). "McConnell to Franken: This isn't 'SNL'". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0810/McConnell_to_Franken_This_isnt_.html.
- ^ "General Election Results". Minnesota Secretary of State. 2009-01-05. http://www.sos.state.mn.us/docs/recount_summary_with_ab.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
- ^ "Signing Off on a 225 Vote Franken Lead (webcast of Canvassing Board Meeting)". The Uptake. 2009-01-05. http://the-uptake.groups.theuptake.org/en/videogalleryView/id/1573/. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
- ^ "Franken/Coleman Minnesota Senate recount news". startribune.com. 2009-04-10. http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/senate/. Retrieved 2009-04-13. [dead link]
- ^ "Election Reporting". Minnesota Secretary of State. 2009-04-10. http://electionresults.sos.state.mn.us/20081104/ElecRslts.asp?M=S&R=all&P=A&Races=%27%27. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Al Franken |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Al Franken |
- Senator Al Franken official U.S. Senate site
- Al Franken for Congress official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Al Franken on National Public Radio in 2002
- Al Franken on National Public Radio in 2003
- Al Franken on National Public Radio in 2004
- Al Franken profile in Moment Magazine in 2005
- Al Franken at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Al Franken in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Walter Mondale |
DFL nominee for U.S. Senator from Minnesota (Class 2) 2008 |
Most recent |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by Norm Coleman |
United States Senator (Class 2) from Minnesota 2009-present Served alongside: Amy Klobuchar |
Incumbent |
| Preceded by Dick Durbin |
Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law 2011–present |
Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Kirsten Gillibrand D-New York |
United States Senators by seniority 82nd |
Succeeded by Scott Brown R-Massachusetts |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Franken, Al |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | May 21, 1951 |
| Place of birth | New York City, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
