Coordinates | 56°09′″N40°25′″N |
---|---|
name | Vladimir Cosma |
landscape | yes |
background | non_performing_personnel |
birth name | Vladimir Cosma |
birth date | April 13, 1940 |
birth place | Bucarest, Romania |
occupation | Composer, conductor |
genre | Film score |
years active | 1968 until now }} |
After receiving first prizes for violin and composition at the Bucharest Conservatoire of Music, he arrived in Paris in 1963 and continued his studies at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Paris, working with Nadia Boulanger. As well as for classical music, he discovered early on a passion for jazz, film music and all forms of popular music.
From 1964 he made a number of international tours as a concert violinist and began to devote himself more and more to composing. He wrote various compositions including: « Trois mouvements d’été » for symphony orchestra, « Oblique » for violoncello and string orchestra, music for theatre and ballet (« Volpone » for the Comédie Française, the opera « Fantômas»…).
In 1968, Yves Robert entrusted him with his first film music for « Alexandre le Bienheureux ».
Vladimir Cosma has since composed more than three hundred scores for feature films and TV series. His numerous successes in the cinema have notably been in collaboration with Yves Robert, Gérard Oury, Francis Veber, Claude Pinoteau, Jean-Jacques Beineix, Claude Zidi, Ettore Scola, Pascal Thomas, Pierre Richard, Yves Boisset, André Cayatte, Jean-Pierre Mocky, Edouard Molinaro, Jean-Marie Poiré… and among which: Le Grand Blond avec une chaussure noire, Diva, Les Aventures de Rabbi Jacob, La Boum, le Bal, l’As des As, la Chèvre, Les Fugitifs, Les Zozos, Pleure pas la bouche pleine, Dupont Lajoie, Un éléphant ça trompe énormément, La Dérobade, Le Père Noël est une ordure, L'Étudiante, La Gloire de mon père, Le Château de ma mère, Le dîner de cons …
Vladimir Cosma also featured in major French and American television productions: Michel Strogoff, Kidnapped, Mistral’s Daughter, Châteauvallon, Les Mystères de Paris, Les Cœurs Brûlés…
Film music allowed him to approach and develop many different musical styles: jazz (with music written for famous soloists such as Chet Baker, Toots Thielemans, Don Byas, Stéphane Grappelli, Jean-Luc Ponty, Philip Catherine, Tony Coe, Pepper Adams, la chanson (pour Nana Mouskouri, Marie Laforêt, Richard Sanderson, Diane Dufresne, Herbert Léonard, Mireille Mathieu, Nicole Croisille, Lara Fabian, Guy Marchand, original compositions inspired by folk-music (for Gheorghe Zamfir, Stanciu Simion « Syrinx », pan-flute, Liam O'Flynn- pipes, Romane-guitar), as well as classical music (Berlin Concerto for violin and orchestra, Concerto for Euphonium and orchestra, Concerto Ibérique for trumpet and orchestra, Courts Métrages for brass quintet…)
In 2006 he conducted the world premier of his composition « Eh bien ! Dansez maintenant», divertissement for narrator and symphony orchestra, from the Fables of Jean de la Fontaine, at the Victoria Hall in Geneva, with the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande and Lambert Wilson as narrator. Conducting the Orchestre National de France he gave a first performance in Paris of this work in December 2010 at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées, featuring Eric Génovèse of the Comédie Française.
Vladimir Cosma wrote the opera “Marius et Fanny”, adapted from Marcel Pagnol, for which the first production took place in September 2007 at the Opéra de Marseille with Roberto Alagna and Angela Gheorghiu in the title roles, as well as Jean-Philippe Lafont in the role of César. The performances were repeated several times on television on the channels ARTE and FR3.
In 2008 he composed the music for the musical comedy « Les Aventures de Rabbi Jacob » performed at the Palais des Congrès in Paris, with Eric Metayer, Marianne James, Spike, Julie Victor…
In June 2009, Vladimir Cosma conducted the world premier in the Eglise Sainte-Madeleine de Béziers, of his cantata «1209», for soprano, narrator, children's choir and orchestra, written especially for the 8th centenary of the Sac de Béziers.
He is dedicated to re-writing his film music with the intention of conducting performances in symphonic concerts, thus approaching a wider audience than at the cinema . Among others, he gave a concert in Geneva in 2003 with the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, a series of concerts in 2003 with the Orchestre National de Lyon, three concerts in 2005 in Paris at the Grand Rex, a concert in 2010 with the Orchestre de l'Ile-de-France in the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris.
He has also appeared in many countries with major symphony orchestras and such prestigious soloists as Ivry Gitlis, Vadim Repin, Wilhelmenia Fernandez, Patrice Fontanarosa, Jean-Luc Ponty, Didier Lockwood, Stanciu Simion « Syrinx», Philip Catherine and others. A book of interviews with Vincent Perrot entitled « Vladimir Cosma comme au cinéma » was published in 2009 in the Editions Hors Collection and an anthology of his film music regrouping 91 complete original soundtracks in two volumes has just come out. Two evenings were devoted to him by FR3 in 2010, airing his concert at the Théâtre du Châtelet and a documentary «Vladimir Cosma intime ».Vladimir Cosma received two Césars for the best movie score, for Diva (1982) and Le Bal (1984), two Golden Sevens for the best music for television, as well as a number of prizes and awards in France and other countries.
He has also obtained numerous gold and platinum records all over the world (France, Germany, Japan, England, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, Holland, Scandinavia).
Vladimir Cosma is Chevalier de l'ordre National la Légion d’Honneur, Grand Officier du Mérite Culturel Roumain, as well as Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres.
Volpone, musique de scène et de ballet pour la Comédie-Française, mise en scène de Gérard Vergez (1971)
Alcazar de Paris, musique et chansons de la revue du cabaret Alaczar de Frantz Salieri (1986)
Election Miss France, musiques, ballets et chansons (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
Marius et Fanny, opéra en deux actes d’après l’œuvre de Marcel Pagnol (2007)
Les Aventures de Rabbi Jacob, comédie musicale de Patrick Timsit (2008)
La Boum - suite d’orchestre (1991)
La Gloire de mon Père, Le Château de ma mère - suite d’orchestre (1991–2006) Habanera, Les Vacances, Isabelle, Le Parc Borelli, Massalia Rag, Valse d’Augustine
Le Grand Blond avec une chaussure noire - Danse Roumaine (1991)
Michel Strogoff - suite d’orchestre (1995) - Thème de Nadia, Danse Tartare
Les Aventures de Rabbi Jacob - Danses Hassidiques (1996)
Le Bal, pour trompette et orchestre (1994)
La Course à l’échalote - suite d’orchestre (1995)
La Dérobade (Solitude) (1995)
Le Jaguar (Thème de l’Aventure) (1999)
Les Aventures de David Balfour (La Légende de David) (2006)
Le Placard (2001)
La Chèvre (La Cabra) pour kena ou naï et orchestre (2002)
Les Compères (1991)
Les Fugitifs - suite d’orchestre (1991)
La Boum 2 - suite d’orchestre (1998)
Diva (Promenade sentimentale ) version orchestrale (2002)
Un Eléphant, ça trompe énormément (Hello Marilyn) (1991)
L’Eté 36 – suite d’orchestre (1995)
L’Amour en héritage - version orchestrale (1996)
Châteauvallon – version orchestrale (1999)
Les Cœurs brûlés - version orchestrale (1996)
Le Bal des casse-pieds (Les Casse-pieds) – pour solistes de jazz et orchestre (1999)
Le Bal des casse-pieds (Les Casse-pieds) – version orchestrale (1999)
Salut l’Artiste (Yves et Danièle) pour solistes de jazz et orchestre (1999)
L’Aile ou la Cuisse (Concerto gastronomique) pour solistes de jazz et orchestre (2003)
Le Père Noël au Paradis - suite basée sur les musiques des films : Le Père Noël est une ordure, Nous irons tous au Paradis, pour solistes de jazz et orchestre (1996–1999)
Le Dîner de cons, pour solistes de jazz et orchestre (2002)
Concerto pour Euphonium et orchestre (commande du Festival et Concours international de Tuba de Guebwiller, 1997)
Concerto Ibérique, pour trompette et orchestre (création lors du Concours international de cuivres de la ville de Narbonne, 1998)
Concerto de Berlin, pour violon et orchestre :version du film La 7ème Cible (1984) – env. 9’ :version intégrale (2001) – env.29’
Cantate 1209 , pour Récitant, Soprano, Chœurs d’enfants et orchestre (2009)
Reality du film La Boum, pour voix de ténor et orchestre (2001)
L’Amour en héritage (Only Love), pour soprano et orchestre (1996)
Your Eyes du film La Boum 2, pour soprano et orchestre (1998)
Les Cœurs brûlés, pour soprano et orchestre (1996)
Divine du film Diva pour soprano et orchestre (1996)
Air de la Wally du film Diva (A.Catalani, argt.V.Cosma), pour soprano et orchestre (1980)
You call it Love du film L’Etudiante pour soprano et orchestre (2002)
Eternity du film La Vouivre pour soprano et orchestre (2002)
Concerto Ibérique, pour trompette et orchestre d’harmonie (création lors du Concours international de cuivres de la ville de Narbonne, 1998)
La Boum - suite pour orchestre d’harmonie (2010)
La Gloire de mon Père, Le Château de ma Mère - suite pour orchestre d’harmonie (2009) - Habanera, Les Vacances, Isabelle, Valse d’Augustine
Le Grand Blond avec une chaussure noire - Danse Roumaine (2010)
Michel Strogoff - suite pour orchestre d’harmonie (2008) - Thème de Nadia, Danse Tartare
Les Aventures de Rabbi Jacob - Danses Hassidiques (2007)
L’Aile ou la Cuisse - Concerto gastronomique (2007)
Les Saxs Brothers du film Nous irons tous au Paradis pour Quintette de saxophones, Piano, Contrebasse et Batterie (2008)
9 Recueils de Musiques de Films, pour instruments solistes et accompagnement de piano - Flûte, Clarinette, Hautbois, Saxophone alto, Cor, Euphonium, Trompette, Trombone, Violon (2011)
Concerto pour Euphonium et orchestre, réduction pour Euphonium et Piano (1997) 9 Recueils de Musiques de Films, pour instruments solistes et accompagnement de piano - Flûte, Clarinette, Hautbois, Saxophone alto, Cor, Euphonium, Trompette, Trombone, Violon (2011) Concerto Ibérique, réduction pour Trompette et Piano (1998)
Concerto de Berlin, réduction pour Violon et Piano :version du film La 7ème Cible – env. 9’ (1984 – rev.1999) :version intégrale – env.29’ (2002)
Eh bien ! Dansez maintenant – divertissement d’après des Fables de Jean de La Fontaine – partition pour Récitant et Piano (2006)
Marius et Fanny, réduction pour Piano et Chant (2007)
Cantate 1209, réduction pour Piano, Récitant, Soprano, Chœurs d’enfants (2009)
La Gloire de mon père – Le Château de ma mère, recueil pour piano (1990)
Egalement une centaine de chansons parmi lesquelles :
Reality, du film La Boum, interprétée par Richard Sanderson (1980)
L’Amour en héritage (Only Love), interprétée par Nana Mouskouri (1984)
Destinée, des films Le Père Noël est une ordure et Les Sous-doués en vacances, interprétée par Guy Marchand (1982)
Puissance et Gloire, de la série TV Châteauvallon, interprétée par Herbert Léonard (1985)
Your Eyes, du film La Boum 2, interprétée par Cook Da Books (1982)
Le Ciel, La Terre et l’eau, du film Alexandre Le Bienheureux, interprétée par Isabelle Aubret (1968)
Un Souvenir heureux de la série TV Le tiroir secret, interprétée par Diane Dufresne (1986)
You call it Love, du film L’Etudiante , interprétée par Karoline Krüger (1988)
My Life, de la série TV Till we meet again, interprétée par Mireille Mathieu (1989)
Je n’ai pas dit mon dernier mot d’amour, du film La Dérobade, interprétée par Nicole Croisille (1979)
L’Année prochaine si tout va bien, interprétée par Sofie Kremen (1981)
Ballade de Clérambard, du film Clérambard , interprétée par Marie Laforêt (1969)
Pour l’Amour, de la série TV La Chambre des Dames , interprétée par Annick Thoumazeau (1983)
Les Cœurs brûlés, interprétée par Nicole Croisille (1992)
Laisse-moi rêver, du film La Neige et le feu, interprétée par Lara Fabian (1991)
Les Mondes Engloutis, interprétée par les Mini Star (1985)
Maybe you’re wrong, du film La Boum 2, interprétée par Freddie Meyer (1982)
Go on for ever, du film La Boum, interprétée par Richard Sanderson et Chantal Curtis (1980)
Get it together, du film Inspecteur La Bavure , interprétée par Chantal Curtis (1980)
1982 :Prix du Festival de Moscou de la musique du film pour Diva. :Disques d'Or et de Platine pour la B.O.F. : La Boum 2.
1983 :Grand Prix du Disque de la Musique de films (Sacem) pour l’ensemble de son œuvre à Cannes.
1984 :César de la meilleure musique de film pour Le Bal.
1985 :Disques d’Or et de Platine pour les B.O.F.: L’Amour en Héritage, Les Mondes Engloutis, Châteauvallon.
1986 :7 d’Or de la meilleure musique pour la télévision avec le film en deux parties : L’été 36. Nommé au grade de Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres.
1988 :Disque d’Or pour la B.O.F. de L’Etudiante.
1990 :Grand Prix Sacem de l’« Œuvre musicale audiovisuelle ».
1991 :7 d’Or de la meilleure musique pour la télévision.
1995 :Médaille d’honneur de la Ville de Beauvais.
2000 :Médaille d’honneur du Conseil Général de l’Yonne.
2001 :Prix Philip Award de Varsovie («Greatest Creation accomplishment in Europeen film music»).
2003 :Grand Prix Sacem de la Musique de Film.
2004 :Nommé Grand Officier du Mérite Culturel Roumain. :Nommé Chevalier dans l’Ordre National de la Légion d’Honneur.
2005 :Lumière d’Honneur – Festival La Ciotat, Berceau du Cinéma.
2006 :Médaille d’honneur de la Ville et Parrain de l’Ecole Municipale de Musique (Vandoeuvre les Nancy).
2007 :Hommage et Médaille d'honneur de la Ville de Cabourg.
2008 :Trophée «Phenix Award » saluant l’ensemble de sa carrière (Festival du Film à Spa en Belgique.)
2009 :Hommage et Médaille d’honneur de la Ville de Béziers.
2010 :Prix Henri Langlois de la Cinémathèque Française 2010.
Category:1940 births Category:Living people Category:Romanian composers Category:Romanian film score composers Category:Romanian musicians Category:Romanian conductors (music) Category:Best Music Score Golden Boll Award winners Category:École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni Category:French composers Category:French conductors (music) Category:French film score composers Category:French musicians Category:French people of Romanian descent Category:French violinists Category:People from Bucharest
az:Vladimir Kosma cs:Vladimir Cosma de:Vladimir Cosma es:Vladimir Cosma fr:Vladimir Cosma it:Vladimir Cosma he:ולדימיר קוסמה pl:Vladimir Cosma ro:Vladimir Cosma ru:Косма, Владимир sv:Vladimir Cosma tr:Vladimir Cosma uk:Владимир КосмаThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
En name | Vladimir |
---|---|
Ru name | Владимир |
Coordinates | 56°09′″N40°25′″N |
Map label position | top |
Holiday | The first Sunday of September |
Federal subject | Vladimir Oblast |
Adm ctr of | Vladimir Oblast |
Inhabloc cat | City |
Urban okrug jur | Vladimir Urban Okrug |
Leader title | Head |
Leader name | Sergey Sakharov |
Representative body | Council of People's Deputies |
Area km2 | 308 |
Pop 2010census | 345598 |
Pop 2010census rank | 51st |
Pop 2010census ref | |
Pop 2002census | 315954 |
Pop 2002census rank | 58th |
Pop 2002census ref | |
Established date | 990 or 1108 |
Dialing codes | 4922 |
Website | http://www.vladimir-city.ru/ |
Date | May 2010 }} |
Vladimir was one of the medieval capitals of Russia, and two of its cathedrals are a World Heritage Site. It is served by Vladimir Semyazino Airport, and during the Cold War Vladimir was host to Dobrynskoye air base.
The area occupied by the city of Vladimir has been inhabited by humans (at least intermittently) for approximately 25,000 years. Traditionally, the founding date of Vladimir has been acknowledged as 1108, as the first mention of Vladimir in the Primary Chronicle appears under that year. This view attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality in 1093. In 1958, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated, with many monuments from the celebrations adorning the city squares.
In the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city is older than this. Scholars reinterpreted certain passages in the Hypatian Codex, which mentions that the region was visited by Vladimir the Great, the "father" of Russian Orthodoxy, in 990, so as to move the city foundation date to that year. The defenders of the previously uncontested founding year of 1108 dispute the claims of those who support the new date, arguing that the new theory was fabricated in order to provide a reason to have a celebration in 1995.
The neighboring town of Suzdal, for instance, was mentioned in 1024, and yet its 12th century inhabitants alluded to Vladimir as a young town and treated its rulers with arrogance. In the words of a major chronicle, they said that the people of Vladimir were "their kholops and scions". In the seniority conflicts of the 12th and early 13th centuries, Vladimir was repeatedly described as a "young town" compared to Suzdal and Rostov. The Charter of Vladimir, the basic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as the date of the city's foundation .
Regardless of which founding date is most accurate, the city's most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century. Serving its original purpose as a defensive outpost for the Rostov-Suzdal principality, Vladimir had little political or military influence throughout the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), or his son Yury Dolgoruky ("long arms") (1154–1157).
It was only under Dolgoruky's son, Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157–1175), that it became the center of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Thus began the city's Golden Age, which lasted until the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237. During this time Vladimir enjoyed immense growth and prosperity, and Andrei oversaw the building of the Golden Gates and the Cathedral of the Assumption. In 1164, Andrei even attempted to establish a new metropolitanate in Vladimir, separate from that of Kiev, but was rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.
Scores of Russian, German, and Georgian masons worked on Vladimir's white stone cathedrals, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other northern buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with the high relief stone sculptures. Only three of these edifices stand today: the Assumption Cathedral, the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, and the Golden Gate. During Andrei's reign, a royal palace in Bogolyubovo was built, as well as the world-famous Intercession Church on the Nerl, now considered one of the jewels of ancient Russian architecture. Andrei was assassinated at his palace at Bogolyubovo in 1175.
Vladimir was besieged by the Mongol-Tatar hordes under Batu Khan, and finally overrun on February 8, 1238. A great fire destroyed 32 limestone buildings on the first day alone, while the grand prince and all his family perished in a church where they sought refuge from the fire. The bishop of Vladimir managed to escape.
After the Mongols, Vladimir never fully recovered, and even though the most important Rus prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes of Tver or another principality) was styled the Grand Prince of Vladimir, this title being something like a honorable symbol of majesty. From 1299 to 1325, the city was seat of the metropolitans of Kiev and All Rus, until Metropolitan Peter moved the see to Moscow. The Grand Prince of Vladimir were originally crowned in Vladimir's Assumption Cathedral, but when Moscow superseded Vladimir as the seat of the Grand Prince, the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, loosely copied by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti from Vladimir's original, became the site where the grand princes were crowned. Even after the rise of Moscow though, Grand Princes of Moscow built several new churches in Vladimir, notably the Annunciation church at Snovitsy (ca. 1501), three kilometers north-west of the city, and a charming church in the Knyaginin nunnery (ca. 1505), with murals dating to 1648.
Remains of the prince-saint Alexander Nevsky were kept in the ancient Nativity abbey of Vladimir until 1703, when Peter the Great had them transferred to the Monastery (now Lavra) of Aleksandr Nevsky in St. Petersburg. The Nativity church itself (1191–1196) collapsed several years later, when an attempt was made to make more windows in its walls in an effort to brighten the interior.
Other remarkable monuments of pre-Mongol Russian architecture are scattered in the vicinity. For more information on them, see Suzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
Vladimir is also home to the Federal Centre for Animal Health and Welfare.
Vladimir is also a hometown for Polaris-Vladimir ice hockey club, which competes in regional hockey competitions and Russian minor leagues, and both male and female Luch table-tennis teams.
Category:World Heritage Sites in Russia Category:Golden Ring of Russia Category:Holy cities
ab:Владимир ar:فلاديمير be:Горад Уладзімір bg:Владимир (Русия) ca:Vladímir cv:Улатимĕр (хула) cs:Vladimir da:Vladimir de:Wladimir (Russland) et:Vladimir el:Βλαντίμιρ es:Vladímir eo:Vladimir (urbo) fa:ولادیمیر (شهر) fr:Vladimir (ville) fy:Vladimir (stêd) ko:블라디미르 (블라디미르 주) hsb:Wladimir hr:Vladimir (Vladimirska oblast, Rusija) io:Vladimir id:Vladimir os:Владимир (сахар) it:Vladimir (Oblast' di Vladimir) he:ולדימיר ka:ვლადიმირი (ქალაქი) ku:Vladîmîr (bajar) la:Volodimiria lv:Vladimira lt:Vladimiras mk:Владимир (град) nl:Vladimir (stad) ja:ウラジーミル (ウラジーミル州) no:Vladimir nn:Vladimir pnb:ولاڈمر pl:Włodzimierz (Rosja) pt:Vladimir (cidade) ro:Vladimir rue:Володимир ru:Владимир (город) sk:Vladimír (Rusko) sr:Владимир (град) fi:Vladimir sv:Vladimir, Ryssland tl:Vladimir uk:Владимир vi:Vladimir war:Vladimir diq:Vladimir zh:弗拉基米尔This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar () is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876. Critics consider it one of Verne's best books. Unlike some of Verne's other famous novels, it is not science fiction, but a scientific phenomenon is a plot device. The book was later adapted to a play, by Verne himself and Adolphe D'Ennery. Incidental music to the play was written by Jules Massenet in 1880. The book has been adapted several times for films and cartoon series.
On his way to Irkutsk, Strogoff meets Nadia Fedor, daughter of an exiled political prisoner, Basil Fedor, who has been granted permission to join her father at his exile in Irkutsk, the English war correspondent Harry Blount and Alcide Jolivet, a Frenchman reporting for his 'cousin Madeleine'. Blount and Jolivet tend to follow the same route as Michael, separating and meeting again all the way through Siberia. He is supposed to travel under a false identity, but he is discovered by the Tartars when he meets his mother in their home city of Omsk.
Michael, his mother and Nadia are eventually taken prisoner by the Tartar forces. Ivan Ogareff alleges that Michael is a spy. Feofar decides that Michael will be blinded as punishment in the Tartar fashion, with a hot blade. For several chapters the reader is led to believe that Michael was indeed blinded, but it transpires in fact that he was saved from this fate and was only pretending.
Eventually, Michael and Nadia escape, and travel to Irkutsk with a friendly peasant. They are delayed by fire and the frozen river. However, they eventually reach Irkutsk, and warn the Tsar's brother in time of Ivan Ogareff. Nadia's father, who has been appointed commander of a suicide battalion, and later pardoned, joins them and Michael and Nadia are married.
Category:1876 novels Category:Novels by Jules Verne Category:Novels set in Russia Category:Military fiction Category:Adventure fiction Category:Russian characters in written fiction
br:Michel Strogoff cs:Carův kurýr de:Der Kurier des Zaren es:Miguel Strogoff eu:Mikel Strogoff fr:Michel Strogoff he:מיכאל סטרוגוב io:Michel Strogoff id:Michel Strogoff it:Michele Strogoff nl:Michael Strogoff, de koerier van de tsaar no:Tsarens kurér pl:Michał Strogow pt:Michel Strogoff ro:Mihail Strogoff ru:Михаил Строгов sv:Tsarens kurirThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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As we continue to develop our business, we might sell certain aspects of our entities or assets. In such transactions, user information, including personally identifiable information, generally is one of the transferred business assets, and by submitting your personal information on Wn.com you agree that your data may be transferred to such parties in these circumstances.