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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
wn.com/Afghanistan -
Aligarh
Aligarh (pronounced /Ali-garh/ (
listen)) is the district headquarter of the district with the same name, that is Aligarh district, in the Northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is among the very few metropolitan cities in India which is famous worldwide. Its fame stems from its twin legacy of ‘education’ and ‘locks work’. It’s educational legacy comes from the fact that it houses one of the most renowned and oldest existing seat of learning in India, that is, Aligarh Muslim University, giving the city titles like ‘University Town’ and ‘Mecca of Education’. The other twin legacy of the town is ‘lock works’; the town being the center of lock manufacturing in India for decades. No matter Aligarh has been popularized throughout India and abroad with terms like ‘Aligarh ka tala’ which translated into English means ‘Aligarh Locks’ and the city itself is referred to as ‘City of locks’ in popular culture. vernacular.
Though it is famous worldwide and located very close to capital city of New Delhi, being approximately 90 miles (140 km) south-east of it, still Aligarh city displays ‘old world charm’ of a small Indian city. The city also houses and acts as administrative headquarters of Aligarh District and Aligarh Division
wn.com/Aligarh -
Ankara
Ankara (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈan.ka.ɾa]; historically known as Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 938 metres (3,077 ft), and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.
Centrally located in Anatolia, Ankara is an important commercial and industrial city. It is the center of the Turkish Government, and houses all foreign embassies. It is an important crossroads of trade, strategically located at the centre of Turkey's highway and railway networks, and serves as the marketing centre for the surrounding agricultural area. The city was famous for its long-haired Angora goat and its prized wool (mohair), a unique breed of cat (Angora cat), Angora rabbits and their prized wool (Angora wool), pears, honey, and the region's muscat grapes.
The historical center of Ankara is situated upon a rocky hill, which rises 150 m (492 ft) above the plain on the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya (Sangarius) river. The city is located at 39°52'30" North, 32°52' East (39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333Coordinates: 39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333), about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul, the country's largest city. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, which is 72 m2 per head.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
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Balkh
Balkh (Persian: بلخ Ancient Greek: Baktra or Zariaspa), was an ancient city and centre of Zoroastrianism in what is now northern Afghanistan. Today it is a small town in the province of Balkh, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some 74 km (46 mi) south of the Amu Darya. It was one of the major cities of Khorasan. Marco Polo described Balkh as a "noble and great city".
The ancient city of Balkh was under the Greeks renamed Bactra, giving its name to Bactria. It was mostly known as the centre and capital of Bactria or Takharistan. Balkh is now for the most part a mass of ruins, situated some 12 km from the right bank of the seasonally flowing Balkh River, at an elevation of about 365 m (1,200 ft).
Balkh is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered to be the first city to which the Indo-Iranian tribes moved from the North of Amu Darya, between 2000 - 1500 BC. The Arabs called it Umm Al-Belaad or Mother of Cities due to its antiquity. The city was traditionally a center of Zoroastianism. The name Zariaspa, which is either an alternate name for Balkh or a term for part of the city, may derive from the important Zoroastrian fire temple Azar-i-Asp. Balkh was regarded as the first place where Zoroaster first preached his religion, as well as the place where he died.
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Behistun Inscription
Coordinates: 34°23′18″N 47°26′12″E / 34.38833°N 47.43667°E / 34.38833; 47.43667
The Behistun Inscription (also Bistun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون < Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran.
Authored by Darius the Great sometime between his coronation as king of the Persian Empire in the summer of 522 BC and his death in autumn of 486 BC, the inscription begins with a brief autobiography of Darius, including his ancestry and lineage. Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthy sequence of events following the deaths of Cyrus the Great and Cambyses II in which he fought nineteen battles in a period of one year (ending in December of 521 BC) to put down multiple rebellions throughout the Persian Empire. The inscription states in detail that the rebellions, which had resulted from the deaths of Cyrus the Great and his son Cambyses II, were orchestrated by several impostors and their co-conspirators in various cities throughout the empire, each of whom falsely proclaimed kinghood during the upheaval following Cyrus's death.
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Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library (
/ˈbɒdliən/ or /bɒdˈliːən/), the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library. Known to Oxford scholars as "Bodley" or simply "the Bod", under the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 it is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom and under Irish Law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland. Though University members may borrow some books from dependent libraries (such as the Radcliffe Science Library), the Bodleian operates principally as a reference library and in general documents may not be removed from the reading rooms.
The Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street: these range in date from the late medieval Duke Humfrey's Library to the New Bodleian of the 1930s. Since the 19th century a number of underground stores have been built below parts of these.
Today, the Bodleian also includes several off-site storage areas as well as many other libraries in central Oxford:
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Bukhara
Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро Bukhoro, Persian: بخارا; Uzbek: Buxoro; Russian: Бухара Bukhara), from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky place"), is the capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat) of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 263,400 (2009 census estimate). The region around Bukhara has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas, has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Ethnic Uzbek may constitute the largest element in Bukhara, with the native Tajiks being as numerous. The city long has had a mixed population including Jews and other ethnic minorities.
Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.
Persian-speaking Soghdians inhabited the area, and some centuries later the Persian language became dominant among them. Encyclopædia Iranica mentions that the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Soghdian βuxārak (Place of Good Fortune).
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Dushanbe
Dushanbe (Tajik: Душанбе, Dushanbe, Dyushambe until 1929; Stalinabad, Tajik: Сталинабад until 1961), population 679,400 people (2008 est.), is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in Tajik, and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday marketplace.
Situated at the confluence of two rivers, Varzob and Kofarnihon, Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Although archaeological remnants dating to the 5th century BC have been discovered in the area, there is little to suggest that Dushanbe was more than a small village until the early 20th century. In 1920, the last Emir of Bukhara briefly took refuge in Dushanbe (then called Dyushambe) after being overthrown by the Bolshevik revolution. He fled to Afghanistan after the Red Army conquered the area the next year.
Dushanbe, which means "Monday" in Persian, (فارسی), developed on the site of a Monday marketplace village, Dyushambe-Bozor, and its former name Dyushambe was a Russified version of the word meaning "Monday" in Persian (du-shanbe from du two + shanbe Saturday, lit. "second day after Saturday"). Following the Red Army victory in Central Asia the village was upgraded to town in 1925 and made the capital of the newly created Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR). After the transformation of Tajik ASSR to Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) in 1929, Dyushambe was renamed Stalinabad, after Joseph Stalin. As part of Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization initiative, the city was renamed Dushanbe in 1961.
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Gorgan
Gorgan (Persian: گرگان, also Romanized as Gorgān and Gūrgān; Caspian: Vergen; formerly, Astarabad (Persian: اَستِر آباد, also Romanized as Asterābād), is the capital of Golestan Province, Iran. It lies approximately 400 km (250 mi) to the north east of Tehran, some 30 km (19 mi) away from the Caspian Sea. At the 2006 census, its population was 269,226, in 73,702 families.
Some 150 km (93 mi) east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park. The city has a regional airport and several universities. Gorgan Airport was opened in September 2005.
The city was named Hyrcania, Hyrcani or Hyrcana in ancient Greek records, which comes from Pahlavi Varkâna -- "Land of the Wolves". Although modern Gorgan is only a city and county (sharing the same name), ancient Hyrcania was the name of a greater region on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea (encompassing all of the present day Golestan province, as well as some eastern parts of the Mazandaran province, and some southern parts of the present day Republic of Turkmenistan). In modern times and until 1937 the city used to be known as Astarabad.
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Hamadan
Hamadān or Hamedān (Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana, Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) is the capital city of Hamadan Province of Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 473,149, in 127,812 families.
Hamedan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities and one of the oldest in the world. It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100 BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, states that it was the capital of the Medes, around 700 BCE.
Hamedan has a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in the midwest part of Iran. The city is 1,850 meters above sea level.
The special nature of this old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer to this city, located approximately 360 km southwest of Tehran.
The main symbols of this city are the Ganjnameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and the Baba Taher monument. People of the city are Persians and speak Persian.
According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "Hamadan is very old city. It may conceivably, but improbably, be mentioned in cuneiform texts from ca. 1100 BC, the time of Assyrian King Tiglath-pilesar I, but is certainly mentioned by Herodotus (i.98) who says that the king of Media Diokes built the city of Agbatana or Ekbatana in the 7th century BC."
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Hamadhan
Hamadān or Hamedān (Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana, Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) is the capital city of Hamadan Province of Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 473,149, in 127,812 families.
Hamedan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities and one of the oldest in the world. It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100 BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, states that it was the capital of the Medes, around 700 BCE.
Hamedan has a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in the midwest part of Iran. The city is 1,850 meters above sea level.
The special nature of this old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer to this city, located approximately 360 km southwest of Tehran.
The main symbols of this city are the Ganjnameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and the Baba Taher monument. People of the city are Persians and speak Persian.
According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "Hamadan is very old city. It may conceivably, but improbably, be mentioned in cuneiform texts from ca. 1100 BC, the time of Assyrian King Tiglath-pilesar I, but is certainly mentioned by Herodotus (i.98) who says that the king of Media Diokes built the city of Agbatana or Ekbatana in the 7th century BC."
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Isfahan
Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609 and is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad. The Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran.
The cities of Zarrinshahr, Fooladshahr and Najafabad, Se-deh , Shahin-shahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and chiarmahin all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan.
Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world).
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Isfahan (city)
Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609 and is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad. The Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran.
The cities of Zarrinshahr, Fooladshahr and Najafabad, Se-deh , Shahin-shahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and chiarmahin all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan.
Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world).
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Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
The Ka'ba-ye Zartosht (alt: Kaba-ye Zardusht, Kaba-ye Zardosht , Persian: کعبه زرتشت), meaning the "Cube of Zoroaster," is a 5th century B.C.E. Achaemenid-era tower-like construction at Naqsh-e Rustam, an archaeological site just northwest of Persepolis, Iran. This enigmatic structure is one of many surviving examples of the achaemenid architectural design.
The name Ka'ba-ye Zartosht probably dates to the 14th century, when many pre-Islamic sites were identified with figures and events of the Qur'ān or the Shāhnāme. The structure is not actually a Zoroastrian shrine, nor are there reports of it ever having been a pilgrimage site.
The structure, which is a copy of a sister building at Pasargadae, was built either by Darius I (r. 521–486 BCE) when he moved to Persepolis, by Artaxerxes II (r. 404–358 BCE) or Artaxerxes III (r. 358–338 BCE). The building at Pasargadae is a few decades older. The wall surrounding the tower dates to Sassanid times.
The square tower is constructed of white limestone blocks, that - unlike those of the sister building - are held in place by iron cramps. Mortar was not used in its construction. Each side of the building is 7.25 m wide. The 12.5 m high structure has a slightly pyramidal roof and stands on a 1.5 m high three-stepped plinth. Each face of the building is decorated with slightly recessed false windows of black limestone.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Konye-Urgench
Konye-Urgench (Turkmen: Köneürgenç, Russian: Куня Ургенч, from Persian Kuhna Gurgānj کهنه گرگانج) also known as Konya-Urgench, Old Urgench or Urganj, is a municipality of about 30,000 inhabitants in north-eastern Turkmenistan, just south from its border with Uzbekistan. It is the site of the ancient town of Ürgenç (Urgench), which contains the unexcavated ruins of the 12th-century capital of Khwarezm. Since 2005, the ruins of Old Urgench have been protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. (See List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan)
Formerly situated on the Amu-Darya River, Old Ürgenç was one of the greatest cities on the Silk Road. Its foundation date is uncertain, but the extant ruins of the Kyrkmolla fortress have been dated (rather ambitiously) to the Achaemenid period. The 12th and early 13th centuries were the golden age of Ürgenç, it became the capital of Khorezm Empire and it surpassed in population and fame all other Central Asian cities barring Bukhara. In 1221, Genghis Khan razed it to the ground in one of the bloodiest massacres in human history.
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Nishapur
Nishapur or Nishabur (Persian: نیشاپور, also Romanized as Nīshāpūr, Nīshābūr, and Neyshābūr), is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains, near the regional capital of Mashhad. Nishapur derived its name from its alleged founder, the Sasanian king Shapur.
The region's economy is largely agricultural, based on grain and cotton, and it is also the second industrial city in Khorasan, and it is one of the most prosperous localities in Iran, although somewhat blighted by drug smuggling from nearby Afghanistan. It had a population of 205,972 people according to 2006 census. The main east-west railway line through Iran passes through the town. The region is very prone to earthquakes, with the most recent significant ones occurring in 1986 and 1997.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Persia
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Persian Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
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Qazvin (city)
Qazvin (English pronunciation: /kæzˈviːn/, Persian: قزوین, IPA: [ɢæzˈviːn], also Romanized as Qazvīn, Kazvin, Qazwin, Ghazvin is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 349,821, in 96,420 families.
Located some 165 km northwest of Tehran, in the Qazvin Province, it is at an altitude of about 1800 meters above sea level. The climate is cold but dry, due to its position south of the rugged Alborz range.
The city was a former capital of the Persian Empire. It is a provincial capital today that has been an important cultural center throughout history.
Archeological findings in the Qazvin plain reveal urban agricultural settlements for at least nine millennia. Qazvin geographically connects Tehran, Isfahan, and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian seacoast and Asia Minor, hence its strategic location throughout the ages.
The city today known as Qazvin is thought to have been founded by Shapur II, King of Persia in 250 CE, under the name Shad Shahpur, when he built a fortification there to control regional tensions.
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Ray, Iran
Rey or Ray (Persian: شهر ری, Shahr-e-Ray, "City of Ray"), also known as Rhages ( /ˈreɪdʒəz/; Greek: Ῥάγαι, Rhagai; Latin: Rhagae or Rhaganae) and formerly as Arsacia, is the capital of Rey County, Tehran Province, Iran, and is the oldest existing city in the province.
Ray today has been absorbed into the Greater Tehran metropolitan area. Ray is connected via the Tehran Metro to the rest of Tehran and has many industries and factories in operation. Limited excavations of what was not bulldozed began in 1997 in collaboration with the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (ICHTO), the Department of Archaeological Sciences of the University of Bradford and the Department of Archaeology of the University of Tehran.
Note on spelling: According to the Iranian Chamber Society, the correct spelling of the city in both English and Persian is "Ray," (with an "a" vowel sound) though variations in spelling also exist. The city university also uses the spelling "Ray" ("Azad University, Shahr-e-Ray") as does the Encyclopædia Iranica published by Columbia University.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Tehran
Tehran ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)[citation needed].
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (i/tɜrkˈmɛnɨstæn/ or i/tɜrkmɛnɨˈstɑːn/; Turkmen: Türkmenistan), formerly also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения), is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010[update] ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
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University of Paris
The University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) was a university located in Paris, France, and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid-12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250. After many changes, including a century of suspension (1793–1896), it ceased to exist in 1970 and 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII) were created from it. The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne after the collegiate institution (Collège de Sorbonne) founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon. In fact, the university as such was older and was never completely centered on the Sorbonne. Of the 13 current successor universities, the first four have a presence in the historical Sorbonne building, and three include "Sorbonne" in their names.
The universities in Paris are now essentially independent of each other, and some fall under the Académie of Créteil or the Académie of Versailles rather than the Académie of Paris. Some residual administrative functions of the 13 universities are formally supervised by a common chancellor, the Rector of the Académie of Paris, with offices in the Sorbonne. As of 2006, Maurice Quénet is the Rector of the Academy of Paris and Chancellor of the Universities of Paris. The Vice-Chancellor of the Universities of Paris is Pierre Gregory. Despite this link, and the historical ties, there is no University of Paris system that binds the universities at an academic level.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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A. I. Sabra
Abdelhamid I. Sabra (born c. 1930) is a retired professor of the history of science specializing in the history of optics and science in medieval Islam.
Sabra received his undergraduate degree at the University of Alexandria, then studied philosophy of science with Karl Popper at the University of London, where he received a Ph.D. in 1955 for a thesis on optics in the 17th century. He taught at the University of Alexandria 1955-62, at the Warburg Institute 1962-72, and at Harvard University from 1972 until he retired in 1996.
In his article on "The Appropriation and Subsequent Naturalization of Greek Science in Medieval Islam," he argued, against the theories of Pierre Duhem, that Islamic cultures did not passively receive and preserve ancient Greek science, but actively "appropriated" and modified it.[citation needed]
In 2005 he was awarded the Sarton Medal for lifetime achievement in the history of science by the History of Science Society.
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Abbas Ibn Firnas
Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887 A.D.), also known as Abbas Abu Al-Qasim Ibn Firnas Ibn Wirdas al-Takurini and عباس بن فرناس (Arabic language), was a Muslim Andalusian polymath:an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet, and Andalusian musician. Of Berber descent, he was born in Izn-Rand Onda, Al-Andalus (today's Ronda, Spain), and lived in the Emirate of Córdoba. He is known for an early attempt at aviation.
Ibn Firnas designed a water clock called Al-Maqata, devised a means of manufacturing colorless glass, invented various glass planispheres, made corrective lenses ("reading stones"), devised a chain of rings that could be used to simulate the motions of the planets and stars, and developed a process for cutting rock crystal that allowed Spain to cease exporting quartz to Egypt to be cut.
In his house, he built a room in which spectators witnessed stars, clouds, thunder, and lightning, which were produced by mechanisms located in his basement laboratory. He also devised "some sort of metronome."
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Abbas Kiarostami
Abbas Kiarostami (Persian: عباس کیارستمی Abbās Kiyārostamī; born 22 June 1940) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian film director, screenwriter, photographer and film producer. An active filmmaker since 1970, Kiarostami has been involved in over forty films, including shorts and documentaries. Kiarostami attained critical acclaim for directing the Koker Trilogy (1987–94), Taste of Cherry (1997), and The Wind Will Carry Us (1999).
Kiarostami has worked extensively as a screenwriter, film editor, art director and producer and has designed credit titles and publicity material. He is also a poet, photographer, painter, illustrator, and graphic designer. He is part of a generation of filmmakers in the Iranian New Wave, a Persian cinema movement that started in the late 1960s and includes pioneering directors such as Forough Farrokhzad, Sohrab Shahid Saless, Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Bahram Beizai, and Parviz Kimiavi. These filmmakers share many common techniques including the use of poetic dialogue and allegorical storytelling dealing with political and philosophical issues.
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Abbas Maroufi
Abbas Maroufi (Persian: عباس معروفی, born May 17, 1957 in Tehran) is an Iranian novelist and journalist. His most famous novel is The Symphony of the Deads.
Raised and educated in Tehran, Abbas Maroufi studied dramatic arts at Tehran University while teaching at schools and writing for the newspapers. He served as the editor in chief of the literary Gardun magazine from 1990 to 1995. His first published work was a collection of short stories entitled Into the Sun. He also wrote a few plays which were performed on stage. In his The Last Superior Generation, he touched on social themes. His last collection of short stories, The Scent of the Jasmine was published in the United States.
Maroufi came to prominence with the publication of The Symphony of the Deads (1989) which is narrated in the form of a symphony. In this novel, Maroufi uses the stream of consciousness technique very effectively. The Year of Turmoil and The Body of Farhad are among his other works. Maroufi is currently living in Germany with his family. Some of his works have been translated in German.
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Abdolkarim Soroush
Abdolkarim Soroush (عبدالكريم سروش), born Hosein Haj Faraj Dabbagh (born 1945; Persian: حسين حاج فرج دباغ), is an Iranian thinker, reformer, Rumi scholar and a former professor at the University of Tehran and Imam Khomeini International University. He is arguably the most influential figure in religious intellectual movement in Iran. Mr Soroush is currently a visiting scholar (not to be mistaken with tenured or permanent position) at the University of Maryland in College Park, MD. He was also affiliated with other prestigious institutions, including Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Columbia, the Leiden based International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) and the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin. Soroush idea's, founded on Relativism prompted both supporters and critics to compare his role in reforming Islam to that of Martin Luther in reforming Christianity.
Abdolkarim Soroush was born in Tehran in 1945. Upon finishing high school, Soroush began studying Pharmacy after passing the National Entrance exams of Iran. After completing his degree, he soon left Iran for London in order to continue his studies and to become familiar with the modern world.
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Abdolreza Kahani
Abdolreza Kahani is an Iranian filmmaker.
In 2009, Kahani's film Twenty won the Special Jury Prize and the Prize of Ecumenical Jury at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. The film observes a small band of employees trying to save a depressed Iranian banquet hall which the owner has decided to close in 20 days.
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Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
Mawlānā Abul-Ma'āni Mirzā Abdul-Qādir Bēdil (Persian: مولانا ابوالمعانی عبدالقادر بیدل), also known as Bedil Dehlavī (1642–1720), was a famous Persian poet and Sufi born to a family of Chaghatay Turkic descent. He was born in Khwaja Rawash, an area of Kabul province in today's Afghanistan.
He mostly wrote Ghazal and Rubayee (quatrain) in Persian and is the author of 16 books of poetry (contain nearly 147,000 verses and include several masnavi). He is considered as one of the prominent poets of Indian School of Poetry in Persian literature, and owns his unique Style in it. Both Mirza Ghalib and Iqbal-e Lahori were influenced by him. His books include Telesm-e Hairat (طلسم حيرت), Toor e Ma'refat (طور معرفت), Chahār Unsur (چهار عنصر) and Ruqa'āt (رقعات).
Possibly as a result of being brought up in such a mixed religious environment, Bedil had considerably more tolerant views than his poetic contemporaries. He preferred free thought to accepting the established beliefs of his time, siding with the common people and rejecting the clergy who he often saw as corrupt.
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Abolfazl Jalili
Abolfazl Jalili (Persian: ابوالفضل جلیلی , born 1957 in Saveh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian) film director. He belongs to Iranian new wave movement.
Jalili studied directing at the Iranian College of Dramatic Arts, then worked for national television (IRIB) where he produced several children's films. His 'Det' Means Girl (1994) won prizes in Venice film festival and Nantes. He was one of Rotterdam's Film Makers in Focus in 1999.
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Abolqasem Lahouti
Abolqāsem Lahūtī (1887 - 16 March 1957) (Tajik: Абулқосим Лоҳутӣ, Persian: ابوالقاسم لاهوتی), also transliterated as Abulqasim Lahuti and Abulqosim Lohuti, was a Persian poet and political activist who was active in Iran during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and in Tajikistan in the early Soviet era.
Born in Kermanshah to a poet by the name Mirza Ahmad Elhami, his first poem was printed in the newspaper Habal al-Mateen in Calcutta at the age of 18.
He soon entered politics and even received a medal from Sattar Khan for his efforts.
Initially, he went to clerical school, but then went to Bulgaria and wrote many poems on Islam. He then came back to Iran, and enlisted in the armed forces, and graduated as Captain in rank.
After being convicted by a court in Qom to death, he fled to Turkey, but soon returned and joined forces with Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani in Tabriz. His forces defeated Mahmud Khan Puladeen's troops, but were soon disbanded by freshly dispatched forces. He fled to Baku.
While living in Nakhichevan, he became interested in Communism. After marrying a Russian poet by the name Sisil Banu, being unable to initiate a coup d'etat against the central government of Iran, he gave up and moved to USSR where he remained until his final days.
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Abu Mansur Muwaffaq
Abu Mansur Muwaffaq of Herat flourished in the 10th century, he was an influential Pharmacist and Alchemist. Abu Mansur Muwaffaq wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, where he described 585 drugs. Due to water shortages in nearby regions he studied the properties of water and also described the distillation of sea-water for drinking. He traveled to Khwarezm and the Caspian and Aral Sea regions.
He strongly influenced and inspired the teachers and works of Abu Rayhan Biruni especially in his chapters on pharmacology and Alchemy.
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Abu Muslim Khorasani
Abu Muslim Abd Rahman ibn Muslim Khorasani or al-Khurasani (Persian: بهزادان پور ونداد هرمزد Behzādān pour Vandād Hormozd, in Arabic: أبو مسلم عبد الرحمن بن مسلم الخراساني, c. 700 – 755) was an Abbasid general of Persian origin, who led the first major and organized liberal movement against the Umayyad dynasty.
His original name was Behzadan, prior to his father Vandad Hurmoz's conversion to Islam, who adopted the name of 'Moslem' for himself. His birthplace remains obscure, though the oldest historical reference, the 11th century Al-Mahasin al-Isfahan written by Mafzal Ibn-Sa'd Maforukhi Esfahani, claims he was born in the town of Fereidan in the central Iranian province of Isfahan. It is also claimed he was born in the village of Sanjerd or Makhowan near the city of Merv in what is now Turkmenistan.
There was an Arab by the name Sharik ibn Shaikh al-Mahri in Bukhara, who wanted to spread Shia Islam firmly and oppose anyone against him. Soon, he got the support of several local rulers and many local people.
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Abu Nasr Mansur
Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq (Persian: ابو نصر منصور بن علی بن عراق; c. 960 – 1036) was a Persian Muslim mathematician. He is well known for his work with the spherical sine law.
Abu Nasr Mansur was born in Gilan, Persia, to the ruling family of Khwarezm, the "Banu Iraq". He was thus a prince within the political sphere. He was a student of Abu'l-Wafa and a teacher of and also an important colleague of the mathematician, Al-Biruni. Together, they were responsible for great discoveries in mathematics and dedicated many works to one another.
Most of Abu Nasr's work focused on math, but some of his writings were on astronomy. In mathematics, he had many important writings on trigonometry, which were developed from the writings of Ptolemy. He also preserved the writings of Menelaus of Alexandria and reworked many of the Greeks theorems.
He died in the Ghaznavid Empire (modern-day Afghanistan) near the city of Ghazna.
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Abu Rayhan Biruni
Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died in the year 13 December 1048 in Ghazni), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English, was a Persian-ChorasmianMuslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. He was conversant in Chorasmian, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic, and also knew Greek, Hebrew and Syriac. He spent a large part of his life in Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan, capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty which ruled eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. In 1017 he traveled to the Indian subcontinent and became the most important interpreter of Indian science to the Islamic world. He is given the titles the "founder of Indology" and the "first anthropologist". He was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations, and was given the title al-Ustdadh ("The Master") for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India. He also made contributions to Earth sciences, and is regarded as the "father of geodesy" for his important contributions to that field, along with his significant contributions to geography.
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Abu Sa'id al-Afif
Abu Sa'id al-Afif was a renowned Samaritan physician in fifteenth century Cairo.
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Abu Taleb Rostam
Abu Taleb Rostam, known as Majd al-Dawla, was the Buyid emir of Rayy, a city in Iran (997–1029). He was the eldest son of Fakhr al-Daula. His reign saw the removal of the Buyids as a power in central Iran.
Abu Taleb Rostam succeeded his father upon the latter's death in 997. At the time he was four years old. His younger brother, Abu Taher ("Shams al-Daula"), meanwhile, became the ruler of Hamadan. Since both brothers were in the age of minority, power was assumed by their mother Sayyida. Both sons initially declared themselves independent and assumed the title of Shâhanshâh, but by 1009 or 1010 at the latest had recognized the authority of Baha' al-Daula, who controlled Fars and Iraq, and abandoned the title.
In 1006 or 1007, with the assistance of his vizier Abu 'Ali ibn 'Ali, Majd al-Daula attempted to throw off the regency of his mother. Sayyida, however, escaped to the Kurd Abu Najr Badr ibn Hasanuya, and together with Shams al-Daula they put Ray under siege. After several battles, the city was taken and Majd al-Daula was captured. He was imprisoned by his mother in the fort of Tabarak, while Shams al-Daula took to power in Ray. After a year, Majd al-Daula was released and reinstated in Ray; Shams al-Daula returned to Hamadan. Power continued to be held by his mother.
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Abu Ubaid Juzjani
Abū 'Ubayd al-Jūzjānī (ابو عبيد جوزجانی; 980 - 1037) was a Persian physician from Juzjan in modern Afghanistan.
He was the famous pupil of Avicenna, whom he first met in Gorgan. He spent many years with his master in Isfahan, becoming his lifetime companion.
He chronicled the Ghurid Empire and its rulers.
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Abu-al-Faraj Runi
Abul Faraj Runi (Persian: ابوالفرج رونی), born in Lahore, was an 11th century Persian court poet who wrote Mathnavi. His family came from Nishapur in Khorasan.
He died at the turn of the 11th-12th century.
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Abu-Mansur Daqiqi
Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Tusi (935/942-976/980), (Persian: ابو منصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی) sometimes referred to as Daqiqi (also Dakiki, Daghighi, Persian: دقیقی), was an early Persianpoet whom is said to be born in Tus in Iran; or in Balkh, located in modern-day Afghanistan; as well as in Samarqand or Bukhara, both in today's Uzbekistan and Marv in today's Turkmenistan.
Daqiqi supported the nationalistic tendencies in Persian literature and attempted to create an epic history of Iran which is begun by history of Zarathushtra and Gashtasb. Questions have been raised as to whether Daqiqi harbored some Zoroastrian beliefs, or was simply promoting Sassanian cultural trends in the wake of Samanid domination. Nevertheless, he is viewed to have been a Zoroastrian convert to Islam. A large number of couplets by him were included in the epic Shahname (Book of Kings) by the Persian epic poet Ferdowsi. Daqiqi was murdered by his favorite slave.
Some scholars[who?] speculate that Daqiqi wrote more, but the content was too controversial to be included in Shahname and later lost. Other poems by him have survived, published, among others, in Le premier poet Persan by G.Lazard.
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Abu-Shakur Balkhi
Abu Shakur Balkhi (Persian: ابوشکور بلخی) (born 915) was a Persian (Tajik) poet of the 10th century in Samanid era, an empire originating from Balkh.
He was a contemporary of Rudaki, and wrote three mathnavis, the work Āfarin nama (written in 944) among them. Only one hundred ninety-two scraps of his verses remain today.
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Abul-Fazl Bayhaqi
Abul-Fazl Bayhaqī (Persian: ابوالفضل بیهقی, Ibn Zeyd ibn Muhammad Abul-Fazl Mohammad ibn Hossein ibn Soleyman Ayyoub Ansari Evesi Khazimi Bayhaqī Shafe'i), was a Persian historian and author.
He wrote the famous work of Persian literature Tarikh-e Mas'oudi ("Masoudian History", also known as "Tārīkh-e Bayhaqī").
Bayhaqi was born in the village Haares-Abad of Bayhaq in Khorasan Province near Sabzevar. He studied various sciences in Neishabur city, and then he was employed as a clerk in the Secretariat of King Mahmud. Abolfazl could show his efficiency there.
In 1039 his master and chief Bu-Nasr Moshkan passed and a few years later King Abd ul-Rashid elected him as the chief of the Royal Secretariat.
After the retirement in 1058, Bayhaqi started the editing of his daily notes and historical data and published them in a book, named it "Tarikh-e Baihaqi".
His book is one of the most creditable sources about the Ghaznavid Empire, and his fluent prose style has made the book considerable in Persian literature too.
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Abusaeid Abolkheir
Abusa'id Abolkhayr or Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr (Persian: ابوسعید ابوالخیر) (December 7, 967 - January 12, 1049), also known as Sheikh Abusaeid or Abu Sa'eed, was a famous Persian Sufi and poet who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition.
The majority of what is known from his life comes from the book Asrar al-Tawhid (اسرارالتوحید, or "The Mysteries of Unification") written by Mohammad Ibn Monavvar, one of his grandsons, 130 years after his death.
The book, which is an important early Sufi writing in Persian, presents a record of his life in the form of anecdotes from a variety of sources and contains a collection of his words.
During his life his fame spread throughout the Islamic world, even to Spain. He was the first Sufi writer to widely use ordinary love poems as way to express and illuminate mysticism, and as such he played a major role in foundation of Persian Sufi poetry. He spent most of his life in Nishapur.
Abū-Sa'īd was born in the village of Mihne, part of Greater Khorasan, today located near Torbat-e Heydarieh in Khorāsān-e Razavī Province. His father was a herbalist and physician with an interest in Sufism.
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Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī
Abū al-Wafāʾ, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Ismāʿīl ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Būzjānī (10 June 940 – 15 July 998) was a Persianmathematician and astronomer who worked in Baghdad. He made important innovations in spherical trigonometry, and his work on arithmetics for businessmen contains the first instance of using negative numbers in a medieval Islamic text.
He is also credited of compiling tables of sines and tangents at 15' intervals. He also introduced the sec and cosec and studied the interrelations between the six trigonometric lines associated with an arc. His Almagest was widely read by medieval Arabic astronomers in the centuries after his death. He is known to have written several other books that have not survived.
He was born in Buzhgan, (now Torbat-e Jam) in Khorasan (in today's Iran). At age 19, in 959 AD, he moved to Baghdad and remained there for the next forty years, and died there in 998. He was a contemporary of the distinguished scientists Al-Quhi and Al-Sijzi who were in Baghdad at the time and others like Abu Nasr ibn Iraq, Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Kushyar ibn Labban and Al-Biruni. In Baghdad, he received patronage by members of the Buyid court.
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Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died in the year 13 December 1048 in Ghazni), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English, was a Persian-ChorasmianMuslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. He was conversant in Chorasmian, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic, and also knew Greek, Hebrew and Syriac. He spent a large part of his life in Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan, capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty which ruled eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. In 1017 he traveled to the Indian subcontinent and became the most important interpreter of Indian science to the Islamic world. He is given the titles the "founder of Indology" and the "first anthropologist". He was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations, and was given the title al-Ustdadh ("The Master") for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India. He also made contributions to Earth sciences, and is regarded as the "father of geodesy" for his important contributions to that field, along with his significant contributions to geography.
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Abū Ḥanīfa
Nuʿmān ibn Thābit ibn Zūṭā ibn Marzubān (Persian:نعمان بن ثابت بن زوطا بن مرزبان), better known as Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, (699 — 767 CE / 80 — 148 AH) was the founder of the Sunni Hanafi school of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
Abū Ḥanīfah is regarded by some as one of the Tabi‘un, the generation after the Sahaba, who were the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. This is based on reports that he saw the Sahabi Anas ibn Malik, with some even reporting that he transmitted Hadith from him and other companions of Muhammad. Others take the view that Abū Ḥanīfah only saw around half a dozen companions, possibly at a young age, and did not directly narrate hadith from them. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that he learnt hadith from tabi'een including Ibrahim al Nakha'i.
Imām Abū Ḥanīfah was born in the city of Kufa in Iraq, during the reign of the powerful Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. Acclaimed as Al-Imām al-A'zam, or Al-A'dham (the Great Imam), Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mah was better known by his Kunya Abū Ḥanīfah. None of his sons or daughters is reported as having the name "Hanifah," so it was a type of Kuniya like Abu Hurairah or Abu Turaab etc., i.e., an epithetical name meaning "pure in monotheistic belief."
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Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr
Abusa'id Abolkhayr or Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr (Persian: ابوسعید ابوالخیر) (December 7, 967 - January 12, 1049), also known as Sheikh Abusaeid or Abu Sa'eed, was a famous Persian Sufi and poet who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition.
The majority of what is known from his life comes from the book Asrar al-Tawhid (اسرارالتوحید, or "The Mysteries of Unification") written by Mohammad Ibn Monavvar, one of his grandsons, 130 years after his death.
The book, which is an important early Sufi writing in Persian, presents a record of his life in the form of anecdotes from a variety of sources and contains a collection of his words.
During his life his fame spread throughout the Islamic world, even to Spain. He was the first Sufi writer to widely use ordinary love poems as way to express and illuminate mysticism, and as such he played a major role in foundation of Persian Sufi poetry. He spent most of his life in Nishapur.
Abū-Sa'īd was born in the village of Mihne, part of Greater Khorasan, today located near Torbat-e Heydarieh in Khorāsān-e Razavī Province. His father was a herbalist and physician with an interest in Sufism.
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Adib Sabir
Shihabuddin Sharaful-udaba Sabir, known as Adib Sabir, was a 12th century royal poet of Persia. Originating from Termedh, he was employed in the court of Sultan Sanjar.
He is said to have also been used by the Sultan as a spy against the Sultan's enemies, who eventually drowned him in the Oxus in 1143 AD.
His Persian poetry writings are fluent and refined in style.[citation needed]
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Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal Abu `Abd Allah al-Shaybani (Arabic: احمد بن محمد بن حنبل ابو عبد الله الشيباني) was an important Muslim scholar and theologian. He is considered the founder of the Hanbali school of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). Imam Ahmad is one of the most celebrated Sunni theologians, often referred to as "Sheikh ul-Islam" or the "Imam of Ahl al-Sunnah," honorifics given to the most esteemed doctrinal authorities in the Sunni tradition. Imam Ahmad personified the theological views of the early orthodox scholars, including the founders of the other extant schools of Sunni fiqh, Imam Abu Hanifa, Imam Malik ibn Anas, and Imam ash-Shafi`i.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, Iraq, and belonged to the Arab Banu Shayban tribe. His father was an officer in the Abbasid army in Khorasan and later settled with his family in Baghdad, where Ahmad was born in 780 CE.
Ibn Hanbal had two wives and several children, including an older son, who later became a judge in Isfahan.
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Ahmad Mahmoud
Ahmad Mahmoud (Persian: احمد محمود, December 25, 1931 Ahvaz, Iran – October 4, 2002 in Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian novelist.
In his youth he worked as a day laborer, driver, construction worker and suffered imprisonment for leftist political views and oppositionist activities. His first story appeared in Omid-e Iran magazine, and in 1959 Mahmoud began publishing collections of stories with Mul (The Paramour).
Other collections followed: Darya Hanuz Aram Ast (The Sea Is Still Calm) 1960, Bihudegi (Uselessness) 1962, Za'eri Zir-e Baran (A Pilgrim In The Rain) 1968, Pesarak-e Boumi (The Little Native Boy) 1971, and Gharibeh'ha (The Strangers) 1972. Modern Persian Short Stories (1980) features a translation of his 1969 story "Az Deltangi" (On Homesickness) from A Pilgrim In The Rain. Hamsayeha (The Neighbors) appeared in 1974 and gave him immediate status as a novelist.
Dastan-e Yek Shahr (Story Of One City) was published in 1981. Zamin-e Sukhteh (The Scorched Earth) was published in the spring of 1982 in a limited 11,000 copies, with a second printing a year later of 22,000 copies. The three novels are a continuing saga set in Khuzistan during three important periods: The days of nationalization of oil in 1951, the aftermath of the coup d'état which brought the Shah back to the throne in late August 1953, and Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980.
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Ahmad Shamlou
Ahmade Shamloo (Persian: احمد شاملو, Ahmade Šāmlū Persian pronunciation: [æhˈmæd(-e) ʃˈɒːmluː] also known under his pen name A. Bamdad (Persian: ا. بامداد) (December 12, 1925 — July 24, 2000) was a Persian poet, writer, and journalist. Shamlou is arguably the most influential poet of modern Iran. His poetry was initially very much influenced by and was in the tradition of Nima Youshij. Shamlou's poetry is complex, yet his imagery, which contributes significantly to the intensity of his poems, is simple. As the base, he uses the traditional imagery familiar to his Iranian audience through the works of Persian masters like Hafiz and Omar Khayyám. For infrastructure and impact, he uses a kind of everyday imagery in which personified oxymoronic elements are spiked with an unreal combination of the abstract and the concrete thus far unprecedented in Persian poetry, which distressed some of the admirers of more traditional poetry .
Shamlou has translated extensively from French to Persian and his own works are also translated into a number of languages. He has also written a number of plays, edited the works of major classical Persian poets, especially Hafiz. His thirteen-volume Ketab-e Koucheh (The Book of Alley) is a major contribution in understanding the Iranian folklore beliefs and language. He also writes fiction and Screenplays, contributing to children’s literature, and journalism.
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Ahmad Sirhindi
Imām Rabbānī Shaykh Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–1624) was an Indian Islamic scholar from Punjab, a Hanafi jurist, and a prominent member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order. He is described as Mujaddid Alf Thānī, meaning the "reviver of the second millennium", for his work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing the heterodoxies prevalent in the time of Mughal Emperor Akbar. He is said to have had considerable and longlasting influence in India and to have given "to Indian Islam the rigid and conservative stamp it bears today."
Most of the Naqshbandī suborders today, such as the Mujaddidī, Khālidī, Saifī, Tāhirī, Qasimiya and Haqqānī sub-orders, trace their spiritual lineage through Sirhindi, often referring to themselves as "Naqshbandī-Mujaddidī".
Sirhindi's shrine, known as Rauza Sharif is located in Sirhind, India.
Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi was born after midnight, on 14 Shawwal 971 H. in the village of Sirhind. From an ashraf family claiming descent from caliph Umar, he received most of his early education from his father, Shaykh 'Abd al-Ahad and memorised the Qur'an. He was then sent to Sialkot, at present in Pakistan, where he learned logic, philosophy and theology and read some advanced texts of tafsīr and hadīth before he returned home. Sirhindi also made rapid progress in the Suhrawardī, the Qadirī, and the Chistī turūq, and was given permission to initiate and train followers at the age of 17. He eventually joined the Naqshbandī order through the Sufi missionary Shaykh Muhammad al-Baqī, and became a leading master of this order. His deputies traversed the length and breadth of the Mughal Empire in order to popularize the order and eventually won some favour with the Mughal court.
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Ahmadreza Ahmadi
Ahmadreza Ahmadi (Persian: احمدرضا احمدی) is an Iranian poet and screenwriter.The history of Persian modern poetry calls him as the founder of New Wave Poetry in Iran.
Ahmadreza Ahmadi was born in 1940 in Kerman, Iran. He moved to Tehran in 1948. In Tehran he attended the Adab school and in 1954 entrered Dar ol-Fonoun. Two inidviduals who according to him have been instrumental to his love for literature are his maternal nephew, the writer Abdolrahim Ahmadi, and his teacher at Dar ul-Fonoun, Mr Mohammad Shirvāni.
Ahmadreza Ahmadi's first book of poetry, Tarh (Sketch), was published in 1962. His poetry has its roots in French Surrealism and the American Imagists specially in poets like Saint John Perse, Paul Eluard, Louis Aragon and Ezra Pound.
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Akbar Radi
Abar Radi (Persian: اکبر رادی) who was born in the city of Rasht in 1939 completed his studies at the University of Tehran in social sciences. He published his first story Rain in 1959.
The 68-year-old playwright whose works have been compared with those of Anton Chekhov and Henrik Ibsen died in a Tehran hospital on Dec. 24th, 2007.
'Melody of a Rainy City', 'The Descent', 'The Fishermen', 'Death in Autumn', 'The Glorious Smile of Mr. Gil' and 'Beneath the Saqqakhaneh Passage' are among his well-known works.
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Al Amiri
Abu al-Hassan Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Amiri (Arabic: أبو الحسن محمد ابن يوسف العامري) (died 992) was a Muslim theologian and philosopher of Persian origin, who attempted to reconcile philosophy with religion, and Sufism with conventional Islam. While al-'Amiri believed the revealed truths of Islam were superior to the logical conclusions of philosophy, he argued that the two did not contradict each other. Al-'Amiri consistently sought to find areas of agreement and synthesis between disparate Islamic sects. However, he believed Islam to be morally superior to other religions, notably Zoroastrianism and Manicheism.
Al-Amiri was the most prominent Muslim philosopher following the tradition of Kindi in Islamic Philosophy. He was contemporary of Ibn Miskawayh and his friend, and lived in a half century between Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina.
Abu'l Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-'Amiri was born in Nishapur, Khorasan, in modern-day Iran. He began his career studying under Abu Zayd al-Balkhi in Khurasan, before moving to Rey and ultimately Baghdad. It was in Baghdad where he met noted 10th century intellectuals such as al-Tawhidi and Ibn Miskawayh.
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Al-Bayhaqi
Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Husayn Ibn 'Ali Ibn Moussa al-Khosrojerdi al-Bayhaqi, البيهقي also known as Imam Al-Bayhaqi was born 994 CE/384AH in the small town of Khusraugird near Bayhaq in Khurasan. During his lifetime, he became a famous Sunni hadith expert, following the Shafi'i school in fiqh.
Al-Baihaqi was a scholar of fiqh, of the Shafi'i school of thought as well as hadith. He studied fiqh from Abu al-Fath Nasir ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Naysaburi, among others. He also studied hadith from Hakim al-Nishaburi and was his foremost pupil, among others in that subject as well. He died in 1066 CE.
Imam Bayhaqi was a prominent author in his time, having authored more than one thousand volumes according to Al-Dhahabi. Among the most well-known books authored by him are:
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Al-Birjandi
Abd Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandi Persian: عبدعلی مممدبن حسین بیرجندی (died 1528) was a prominent 16th century Persian astronomer, mathematician and physicist who lived in Birjand, Iran.
He wrote some more than 13 books and treatises; The following is a partial list of some of his works:
He also wrote some treatises on theology.
In Islamic astronomy and astrophysics, al-Birjandi continued Ali al-Qushji's debate on the Earth's rotation. In his analysis of what might occur if the Earth were moving, he develops a hypothesis similar to Galileo Galilei's notion of "circular inertia", which he described in the following observational test (as a response to one of Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi's arguments):
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Al-Bīrūnī
Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died in the year 13 December 1048 in Ghazni), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English, was a Persian-ChorasmianMuslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. He was conversant in Chorasmian, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic, and also knew Greek, Hebrew and Syriac. He spent a large part of his life in Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan, capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty which ruled eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. In 1017 he traveled to the Indian subcontinent and became the most important interpreter of Indian science to the Islamic world. He is given the titles the "founder of Indology" and the "first anthropologist". He was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations, and was given the title al-Ustdadh ("The Master") for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India. He also made contributions to Earth sciences, and is regarded as the "father of geodesy" for his important contributions to that field, along with his significant contributions to geography.
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Al-Dakhwar
Muhadhdhabuddin Abd al-Rahim bin Ali bin Hamid al-Dimashqi (Arabic: مهذب الدين عبد الرحيم بن علي بن حامد الدمشقي) known as al-Dakhwar (Arabic: الدخوار) (1170–1230) was a leading Arab physician in the 13th century where he served various rulers of the Ayyubid dynasty. He was also administratively responsible for medicine in Cairo and Damascus. Al-Dakhwar educated or influenced most of the prominent physicians of Egypt and Syria in the century, including writer Ibn Abi Usaibia and Ibn al-Nafis, the discoverer of blood circulation in the human body.
Al-Dakhwar was born and brought up in Damascus, the son of an oculist. Initially, he too was an oculist at the Nuri Hospital of Damascus, but afterward he studied medicine with Ibn al-Matran.
In 1208, al-Adil, the Sultan of Egypt, told his vizier al-Sahib ibn Shukur, that he was in need of another physician with the equivalent skill of the chief of medicine at the time, Abd al-Aziz al-Sulami. Al-Adil believed that al-Sulami was busy enough serving as physician of the army. Ibn Shukur recommended al-Dakhwar for the post and offered him 30 dinars a month. Al-Dakhwar turned him down, citing that al-Sulami receives 100 dinars a month and stating "I know my ability in this field and I will not take less!" Al-Sulami died on June 7 and soon after al-Dakhwar himself came into contact with al-Adil, and the latter was greatly impressed by him. He not only appointed him as his personal physician, but also as one of his confidants.
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Al-Ibadi
Hunayn ibn Ishaq (also Hunain or Hunein) (Syriac: ܚܢܝܢ ܒܪ ܐܝܣܚܩ, Arabic: أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; ’Abū Zayd Ḥunayn ibn ’Isḥāq al-‘Ibādī, known in Latin as Johannitius) (809–873) was a famous and influential AssyrianNestorian Christian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating Greek scientific and medical works into Arabic and Syriac during the heyday of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate. Ḥunayn ibn Isḥaq was the most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises in his day. He studied Greek and became known among the Arabs as the "Sheikh of the translators." He mastered four languages: Arabic, Syriac, Greek and Persian. His translations did not require corrections. Hunayn’s method was widely followed by later translators. He was originally from southern Iraq but he spent his working life in Baghdad, the center of the great ninth-century Greek-into-Arabic/Syriac translation movement.
In the Abbasid era, a new interest in extending the study of Greek science had arisen. At that time, there was a vast amount of untranslated ancient Greek literature pertaining to philosophy, mathematics, natural science, and medicine. This valuable information was only accessible to a very small minority of Middle Eastern scholars who knew the Greek language; the need for an organized translation movement was urgent. In time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq became arguably the chief translator of the era, and laid the foundations of Islamic medicine. In his lifetime, ibn Ishaq translated 116 works, including Plato’s Timaeus, Aristotle’s Metaphysics, and the Old Testament, into Syriac and Arabic. Ibn Ishaq also produced 36 of his own books, 21 of which covered the field of medicine. His son Ishaq, and his nephew Hubaysh, worked together with him at times to help translate. Hunayn ibn Ishaq is known for his translations, his method of translation, and his contributions to medicine.
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Al-Juwayni
Imam al-Haramayn Dhia' ul-Din Abd al-Malik ibn Yusuf al-Juwayni al-Shafi'i (1028—1085 CE; 419—478 H) was a Sunni Shafi'i hadith and Kalam scholar. His name is commonly abbreviated as Al-Juwayni; he is also commonly referred to as Imam al Haramayn, meaning "leading master of the holy cities", Mecca and Medina.
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Al-Kindi
Abu Yusuf Yaʻqūb ibn Isḥāq al-Sabbah al-Kindī (Arabic: ابو يوسف يعقوب بن اسحاق الصبّاح الكندي, Latin: Alkindus) (c. 801–873 CE), known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy in the Muslim world.
Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe. He was born and educated in Kufa, before going to pursue further studies in Baghdad. Al-Kindi became a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, and a number of Abbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of Greek scientific and philosophical texts into the Arabic language. This contact with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as Greek philosophy was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound effect on his intellectual development, and lead him to write hundreds of original treatises of his own on a range of subjects ranging from metaphysics, ethics, logic and psychology, to medicine, pharmacology,mathematics, astronomy, astrology and optics, and further afield to more practical topics like perfumes, swords, jewels, glass, dyes, zoology, tides, mirrors, meteorology and earthquakes.
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Al-Razi
Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī (Persian: محمد زکریای رازی Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists, (August 26, 865 – 925) was a Persianpolymath,a prominent figure in Islamic Golden Age,physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.
Numerous “firsts” in medical research, clinical care, and chemistry are attributed to him, including being the first to differentiate smallpox from measles, and the discovery of numerous compounds and chemicals including kerosene, among others.Edward Granville Browne considers him as "probably the greatest and most original of all the physicians, and one of the most prolific as an author".
Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, music, and philosophy, recorded in over 200 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries.
Educated in music, mathematics, philosophy, and metaphysics, he chose medicine as his professional field. As a physician, he was an early proponent of experimental medicine and has been described as the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of ophthalmology. He was among the first to use Humoralism to distinguish one contagious disease from another. In particular, Razi was the first physician to distinguish smallpox and measles through his clinical characterization of the two diseases. He became chief physician of Rey and Baghdad hospitals.
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Al-Ruhawi
Ishāq ibn ʻAlī al-Ruhāwī (Arabic: إسحاق بن علي الرهاوي) was a 9th century Arab Muslimphysician and the author of the first medical ethics book in Islamic medicine.
His Ethics of the Physician contains the first documented description of a peer review process, where the notes of a practising Islamic physician were reviewed by peers and the physician could face a lawsuit from a maltreated patient if the reviews were negative.
Al-Ruhawi was probably from Al-Ruha, modern-day Şanlıurfa in Turkey, close to the border with Syria, which is often simply known as Urfa.
Al-Ruhawi's most celebrated work is Adab al-Tabib ("Practical Ethics of the Physician" or "Practical Medical Deontology"), the earliest surviving Arabic work on medical ethics. Al-Ruhawi regarded physicians as "guardians of souls and bodies". The work was based on Hippocrates and Galen and consisted of twenty chapters on various topics related to medical ethics.
He also wrote the following books:
He compiled two works based on Galen.
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Al-Shahrastani
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (1086–1153 CE) was an influential Persian historian of religions and a historiographer. His book, Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal (lit. The Book of Sects and Creeds) was one of the pioneers in developing a scientific approach to the study of religions. Besides these, he was also an Islamic scholar, philosopher and theologian.
Very few things are known about al-Shahrastānī's life. He was born in 1086 CE / 479 A.H., in the town of Shahristān (Khorasan province of Persia) where he acquired his early traditional education. Later, he was sent to Nīshāpūr where he studied under different masters who were all disciples of the Ash`ari theologian al-Juwaynī (d. 1085 / 478). At the age of thirty, al-Shahrastānī went to Baghdad to pursue theological studies and taught for three years at the prestigious Ash`ari school, al-Nizāmiyya. Afterwards, he returned to Persia where he worked as Nā’ib (Deputy) of the chancellery for Sanjar, the Saljūq ruler of Khurāsān. At the end of his life, al-Shahrastānī went back to live in his native town, where he died in the year 1153 / 548.
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Al-Tirmidhi
Tirmidhī (Persian: ترمذی), also transliterated as Tirmizi, full name Abū ‛Īsá Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá ibn Sawrah ibn Mūsá ibn al Ḍaḥḥāk al-Sulamī al-Sulamī al-Tirmidhī (824–892, i.e. 209 AH – 13 Rajab 279 AH) or 8 October 892 CE was a Persian collector of hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad)
He wrote al-Jāmi‛ al-ṣaḥīḥ, popularly called Sunan al-Tirmidhi, one of the six canonical hadith compilations used in Sunni Islam, as well as Shamā'il Muḥammadiyyah, known popularly as "Shamaail Tirmidhi", a collection of ahadith on [[Muhammad] SAAW].
Tirmidhi was born and died in Bâgh (Persian meaning 'Garden'), a suburb of Termez, Greater Khorasan (now in Uzbekistan), to a family of the widespread Banū Sulaym tribe. Starting at the age of twenty, he travelled widely, to Kufa, Basra and the Hijaz, seeking out knowledge from, among others, Qutaybah ibn Sa‛id, Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim Nishapuri and Abu Dawud.
Tirmidhī was blind in the last two years of his life, said to have been the consequence of his weeping over the death of Bukhārī. Tirmidhi is buried in Sherobod, 60 kilometers north of Termez. He is locally known as Isa Termezi or Termez Baba "Father of Termez".
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Al-Zahrawi
Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936–1013), (Arabic: أبو القاسم بن خلف بن العباس الزهراوي) also known in the West as Abulcasis, was an Arab physician who lived in Al-Andalus. He is considered the greatest medieval surgeon to have appeared from the Islamic World, and has been described by some as the father of modern surgery. His greatest contribution to medicine is the Kitab al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices. His pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to this day.
He was the first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy, and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia.
Abū Al-Qāsim was born in the city of El-Zahra, six miles northwest of Córdoba, Andalusia. He was descended from the Ansar Arab tribe who migrated from Hejaz modern day west Saudi Arabia[citation needed] and settled earlier in Spain. He lived most of his life in Córdoba. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of El-Zahra.
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Al-Zamakhshari
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari. Known widely as al-Zamakhshari (in Persian: محمود زمخشری). Also called Jar Allah (Arabic for "God's neighbour") (1074 or 1075 – 1143 or 1144) was a medieval Muslim scholar of Chorasmian-Iranian origin, who subscribed to the Muʿtazilite theological doctrine, who was born in Khwarezmia, but lived most of his life in Bukhara, Samarkand, and Baghdad.
Al-Zamakhshari was born in Zamakhshar, Khwarezmia, and became a renowned scholar of the Mutazilite school of Islam. He used Persian for some of his work, although he was a strong supporter of the Arabic language as well as an opponent of the Shu'ubiyya movement. After losing one of his feet to frostbite, he carried a notarized declaration that his foot was missing due to accident, rather than a legal amputation for any crime.
He is best known for Al-Kashshaaf, a seminal commentary on the Qur'an. The commentary is famous for its deep linguistic analysis of the verses, however has been criticised for the inclusion of Mu'tazilite philosophical views.
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Alan Ross Anderson
Alan Ross Anderson (1925 – 1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.
A frequent collaborator with Nuel Belnap, Anderson was instrumental in the development of relevance logic and deontic logic.
Anderson died of cancer in 1973.
Anderson believed that the conclusion of a valid inference ought to have something to do with (i.e. be relevant to) the premises. Formally, he captured this "relevance condition" with the principle that
As simple as this idea appears, implementing it in a formal system requires a radical departure from the semantics of classical logic. Anderson and Belnap (with contributions from J. Michael Dunn, Kit Fine, Alasdair Urquhart, Robert K. Meyer, Anil Gupta (logician), and others) explored the formal consequences of the relevance condition in great detail in their influential Entailment books (see references below), which are the most frequently cited works in the field of relevance logic.
Anderson and Belnap were quick to observe that the concept of relevance had been central to logic since Aristotle, but had been unduly neglected since Gottlob Frege and George Boole laid the foundations for what would come to be known, somewhat ironically, as "classical" logic. (For an example of classical logic's failure to satisfy the relevance condition, see the article on the principle of explosion.)
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( /ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. In 1948 Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Laboratory at Manchester University, where he assisted in the development of the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and he predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s.
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Albertus Magnus
Albertus Magnus, O.P. (1193/1206 – November 15, 1280), also known as Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, is a Catholic saint. He was a German Dominican friar and a bishop who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. Those such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon. The Catholic Church honours him as a Doctor of the Church, one of only 34 persons with that honor.
Albertus was born sometime between 1193 and 1206 to the Count of Bollstädt in Lauingen in Bavaria. Contemporaries such as Roger Bacon applied the term "Magnus" to Albertus during his own lifetime, referring to his immense reputation as a scholar and philosopher.
Albertus was educated principally at Padua, where he received instruction in Aristotle's writings. A late account by Rudolph de Novamagia refers to Albertus' encounter with the Blessed Virgin Mary, who convinced him to enter Holy Orders. In 1223 (or 1221) he became a member of the Dominican Order, against the wishes of his family, and studied theology at Bologna and elsewhere. Selected to fill the position of lecturer at Cologne, Germany, where the Dominicans had a house, he taught for several years there, at Regensburg, Freiburg, Strasbourg and Hildesheim. In 1245 he went to Paris, received his doctorate and taught for some time as a master of theology with great success. During this time Thomas Aquinas began to study under Albertus.
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Alexander Bain
Alexander Bain (11 June 1818 – 18 September 1903) was a Scottish philosopher and educationalist in the British school of empiricism who was a prominent and innovative figure in the fields of psychology, linguistics, logic, moral philosophy and education reform. He founded Mind, the first ever journal of psychology and analytical philosophy, and was the leading figure in establishing and applying applying the scientific method to psychology. Bain was the inaugural Regius Chair in Logic and Professor of Logic at the University of Aberdeen, where he also held Professorships in Moral Philosophy and English Literature and was twice elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen.
Alexander Bain was born in Aberdeen, Scotland to George Bain, a weaver and veteran soldier, and Margaret Paul. At age eleven he left school to work as a weaver hence the description of him as Weevir, rex philosophorum. He also took to lectures at the Mechanics' Institutes of Aberdeen and the Aberdeen Public Library.
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Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish logician and mathematician. Educated at the University of Warsaw and a member of the Lwow-Warsaw School of Logic and the Warsaw School of Mathematics and philosophy, he emigrated to the USA in 1939, and taught and carried out research in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1942 until his death.
A prolific author best known for his work on model theory, metamathematics, and algebraic logic, he also contributed to abstract algebra, topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, and analytic philosophy.
His biographers Anita and Solomon Feferman state that, "Along with his contemporary, Kurt Gödel, he changed the face of logic in the twentieth century, especially through his work on the concept of truth and the theory of models."
Alfred Tarski was born Alfred Teitelbaum (Polish spelling: "Tajtelbaum"), to parents who were Polish Jews in comfortable circumstances. He first manifested his mathematical abilities while in secondary school, at Warsaw's Szkoła Mazowiecka. Nevertheless, he entered the University of Warsaw in 1918 intending to study biology.
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Alhazen
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (Arabic: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated)Alhazen) (965 in Basra – c. 1040 in Cairo) was a Muslimscientist and polymath described in various sources as either Arab or Persian. Alhazen made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to physics, astronomy, mathematics, ophthalmology, philosophy, visual perception, and to the scientific method. He also wrote insightful commentaries on works by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Greek mathematician Euclid.
He is frequently referred to as Ibn al-Haytham, and sometimes as al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra. He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second") or simply "The Physicist" in medieval Europe.
Born circa 965, in Basra, present-day Iraq, he lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74. Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he assumed that he could regulate the floods of the Nile. After being ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he quickly perceived the impossibility of what he was attempting to do, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he feigned madness and was placed under house arrest, during and after which he devoted himself to his scientific work until his death.
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Ali Abdolrezaei
Ali Abdolrezaei was born in 10 April 1969 in Langrood, Iran. After receiving his diploma in mathematics from Ghodoosi High School in 1986 he went to Tehran Technical and Engineering University where he graduated with a Masters degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1993.
Ali Abdolrezaei began his professional poetic career in 1986 and became one of the most acclaimed poets of post Revolutionary Iran. He published seven volumes of his work inside Iran before heavy censorship made his work inside the country impossible. He was banned from teaching and public speaking, which forced him to go into exile in 2002. After leaving Iran, he briefly lived in Germany, followed by two years in France. In 2005 he moved to London, where he now lives and works.
Ali Abdolrezaei's voice as a poet is clear and unmistakable. Already early on in his career he embarked upon a journey to find a new form of language to communicate new experiences. He broke away from the traditional Persian poetic language and the formal classical style of verse writing. Instead of the traditional forms of rhyme and rhythm, he uses the counting of syllables and the sound-patterns of the words in a way which reflects the patterns of Old pre-Islamic Persian poetry. His lengthy poems, in particular, are highly complex and often bring together a group of different characters within different timelines. They focus on the feelings of anxiety, isolation and the sense of loss that Iranians in general, and intellectuals in Diaspora, have been experiencing in the last 30 years.
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Ali Hatami
Ali Hatami (Persian: علی حاتمی , August 14, 1944 in Tehran, Iran – December 7, 1996 in Tehran) was an Iranian film director, screenwriter, art Director and costume designer.
Graduated in cinema from Faculty of Dramatic Arts, his debut was Hasan Kachal (Hasan the Bald - 1969), the first Iranian musical film. Since then, he paid attention to unusual rhythmic dialogs and also the use of traditional settings and architecture in his films that became the characteristics of his works.
Although his works did not attract international attention, the Iranian audience praised him. His mind was occupied with making films on the basis of historical and folkloric figures. He was usually the art director of his own films. His last film remained incomplete because of his death by cancer, on December 7, 1996 in Tehran.
Hatami made three great historical TV series, all of them are considered as eternal works in the history of Iranian TV. Meanwhile, he established a small production village as the historical site in which he made Hezar Dastan. It has been since used as the shooting location for many films and TV series, including Agency (1997), The Red Ribbon (1998), The Dead Wave (2000), The Low Heights (2001) and many others.
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Ali Qushji
Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 16 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (Ottoman Turkish/Persian language: علی قوشچی, kuşçu - falconer in Turkish;Latin: Ali Kushgii), was a Turkic or Persianastronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand, who settled in the Ottoman Empire some time before 1472. As a disciple of Ulugh Beg, he is best known for the development of astronomical physics independent from natural philosophy, and for providing empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation in his treatise, Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy. In addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work Zij-i-Sultani and to the founding of Sahn-ı Seman University[citation needed], one of the first madrasahs in the Ottoman Empire, Ali Qushji was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy.
Ali Qushji was born in 1403 in the city of Samarkand, in present-day Uzbekistan. His full name at birth was Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed al-Qushji. The last name Qushji derived from the Turkish term kuşçu - the falconer - due to the fact that Ali's father Muhammad was the royal falconer of Ulugh Beg.
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Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
Allameh Ali Akbar Dehkhodā (Persian: علیاکبر دهخدا; 1879–March 9, 1956) was a prominent Iranian linguist, and author of the most extensive dictionary of the Persian language ever published.
Dehkhoda was born in Tehran to parents from Qazvin. His father died when he was only 10 years old. Dehkhoda quickly excelled in Persian literature, Arabic and French and graduated from College studying political science.
He was also active in politics, and served in the Majles as a Member of Parliament from Kerman and Tehran. He also served as Dean of Tehran School of Political Science and later the School of Law of the University of Tehran.
In 1903, he went to the Balkan Peninsula as an Iranian embassy employee, but came back to Iran two years later and became involved in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran.
In Iran Dehkhoda, Mirza Jahangir Khan and Ghasem Khan had been publishing the Sur-e Esrafil newspaper for about two years, but the authoritarian king Mohammad Ali Shah disbanded the parliament and banished Dehkhoda and some other liberalists into exile in Europe. There he continued publishing articles and editorials, but when Mohammad Ali Shah was deposed in 1911, he returned to the country and became a member of the new Majles.
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Ali-Shir Nava'i
(Mir) ‘Alī Shīr Navā’ī (also spelled Nevā’ī) (Uzbek: Alisher Navoiy, Алишер Навоий; Persian: نظام الدین على شير هروی; Uyghur: ئەلىشىر نەۋائى), also known as Nizām-al-Din ʿAlī-Shīr Herawī (9 February 1441 – 3 January 1501) was a Central Asian Turkic politician, mystic, linguist, painter, and poet. He was the greatest representative of Chagatai language literature. He is widely considered as the founder of the Uzbek language and literature. Alī Shīr Navā’ī was born and lived in Herat. He is generally known by his pen name Navā'ī (Persian: نوایی, meaning "melodic" or "melody maker"). Because of his distinguished Chagatai language poetry, he is considered by many throughout the Turkic-speaking world to be the founder of early Turkic literature. Many places and institutions in Uzbekistan and other Turkic countries are named after Alī Shīr Navā’ī. Navoiy Province, the city of Navoiy, the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, and Navoiy Airport — all are named after him. Many of Nava'i's ghazals have become popular Uzbek folk songs, especially by Sherali Jo'rayev, and his works have been staged as plays by Uzbek playwrights.
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Alonzo Church
Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church–Turing thesis, solving the Entscheidungsproblem, Frege–Church ontology, and the Church–Rosser theorem.
Alonzo Church was born on June 14, 1903 in Washington, D.C. where his father, Samuel Robbins Church, was the judge of the Municipal Court for the District of Columbia. The family later moved to Virginia after his father lost this position because of failing eyesight. With help from his uncle, also named Alonzo Church, he was able to attend the Ridgefield School for Boys in Ridgefield, Connecticut. After graduating from Ridgefield in 1920, Church attended Princeton University where he was an exceptional student, publishing his first paper, on Lorentz transformations, and graduating in 1924 with a degree in mathematics. He stayed at Princeton, earning a Ph.D. in mathematics in three years under Oswald Veblen.
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Am'aq
Shihabuddin Am'aq (عمعق) was a 12th century Persian (Tajik) poet.
Originating from Bukhara, he was an imposing poet that carried the title amir al-shu'ara ("Amir of poets") in the Khaqanid courts. An excellent panegyrist and composer of elegies, he was praised by Anvari.
His mathnavi no longer exists, but it is said to have been written on the story of Yusof and Zoleikha (Joseph and Potiphar's wife).
It is said that he lived a long life of over 100 years and died in 1148 CE.
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Amir Khusro
Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrow (1253-1325 CE) (Persian, Urdu: ابوالحسن یمینالدین خسرو}}; Hindi: अबुल हसन यमीनुद्दीन ख़ुसरौ), better known as Amīr Khusrow (also Khusrau, Khusro) Dehlawī (امیر خسرو دہلوی; अमीर ख़ुसरौ दहलवी), was an Indian musician, scholar and poet. He was an iconic figure in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. A Sufi mystic and a spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi, Amīr Khusrow was not only a notable poet but also a prolific and seminal musician. He wrote poetry primarily in Persian, but also in Hindavi.
He is regarded as the "father of qawwali" (the devotional music of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent). He is also credited with enriching Hindustani classical music by introducing Persian and Arabic elements in it, and was the originator of the khayal and tarana styles of music. The invention of the tabla is also traditionally attributed to Amīr Khusrow.[citation needed]
A musician and a scholar, Amir Khusrow was as prolific in tender lyrics as in highly involved prose and could easily emulate all styles of Persian poetry which had developed in medieval Persia, from Khāqānī's forceful qasidas to Nizami's khamsa. He used only 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. The verse forms he has written in include Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Rubai, Do-Beti and Tarkibhand. His contribution to the development of the ghazal, hitherto little used in India, is particularly significant.
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Amir Naderi
Amir Naderi (Persian: امیر نادری, born 15 August 1946 in Abadan) is a notable Iranian film director, screenwriter and one of the most influential figures of 20th-century Iranian cinema. Mr Naderi latest feature film CUT starring Hidetoshi Nishijima and Takako Tokiwa was released in Japan in 2011 and in Korea in 2012.
Naderi developed his knowledge of cinema by watching films at the theater where he worked as a boy, reading film criticism, and making relationships with leading film critics. He began his career with still photography for some notable Iranian features. In the 1970s, Naderi turned to directing, and made some of the most important features of the New Iranian Cinema. In 1971, his directorial debut, Goodbye Friend was released in Iran. Mr. Naderi first came into the international spotlight with films that are now known as cinema classics, The Runner (1985), and Water, Wind, Dust (1989). The Runner is considered by many critics to be one of the most influential films of the past quarter century. After a number of his films were banned by the Iranian government, Mr. Naderi left the country. Expatriating to New York, Mr. Naderi continued to produce new work. He was named a Rockefeller Film and Video fellow in 1997, and has served as an artist in residence and instructor at Columbia University, the University of Las Vegas, and New York's School of Visual Arts. His U.S. films have premiered at the Film Society of Lincoln Center/MOMA's New Films New Director's series, the Venice, Cannes, Sundance and Tribeca Film Festivals. His U.S. feature, Sound Barrier (2005) won the prestigious Roberto Rossellini Prize at the Rome Film Festival. Naderi's latest feature film CUT was made in Japan in Japanese language and stars Hidetoshi Nishijima and Takako Tokiwa. The film laments the collapse of cinema through the gripping tale of a young filmmaker giving it all to make his next movie.
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Anvari
Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (Persian: اوحد الدین علی ابن محد انوری) was a Persian poet.
He was born in Abivard of (now in Turkmenistan) and died in Khurasanian Balkh, now in Afghanistan, and studied science and literature at the collegiate institute in Toon (now Ferdows, Iran), becoming a famous astronomer as well as a poet.
Anvari's poems were collected in a Deewan, and contains panegyrics, eulogies, satire, and others. His elegy "Tears of Khorasan", translated into English in 1789, is considered to be one of the most beautiful poems in Persian literature. The Cambridge History of Iran calls Anvari "one of the greatest figures in Persian literature". Despite their beauty, his poems often required much help with interpretation, as they were often complex and difficult to understand.
Anvari's panegyric in honour of the Seljuk sultan Sultan Sanjar (1117–1157), ruler of Khorasan, won him royal favour, and allowed him to go on to enjoy the patronage of two of Sanjar's successors. However, when his prophecy of disasters in October 1185 failed, he fell out of favour with the kingship, and was forced into a life of scholarly service, eventually taking his own life in 1189.
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Aref Qazvini
Abolqassem Aref Qazvini (Persian: ابوالقاسم عارف قزوینی , 1882 – January 21, 1934) was an Iranian poet, lyricist, and musician.
He was born in Qazvin.
He composed many poems about Iran and was called a national poet. Along with his powerful poetry, he also wrote lyrics for numerous songs and played music. He was a revolutionary during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and made many political and pro-revolutionary songs. He moved to Hamedan later in his life and died there in January 1934 at the age of 52.
After his death his complete works were published in Berlin and Tehran.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
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Aruzi Samarqandi
Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Alī, known as Nizamī-i Arūzī-i Samarqandī (Persian: نظامی عروضی) and also Arudi ("The Prosodist"), was a Persian poet and prose writer who flourished between 1110 and 1161 AD. He is particularly famous for his Chahar Maqala ("Four Discourses"), his only work to fully survive.
Born in Samarqand, Aruzi spent most of his time in Khorasan and Transoxiana. He served as essentially a court-poet to the Ghaznavids for many years, and is considered one of the greatest of the Persian prose writers, though his poetry is considered inferior to his prose. All that is known of his personal life is gleaned from the Chahar Maqala itself. While he was primarily a courtier, he also noted in his book that he was an astronomer and physician as well. He reports in the work that he spent time not only in his native Samarqand, but also in Herat, Tus (where he visited Ferdowsi's tomb and gathered material on the great poet) Balkh, and Nishapur, where he lived for perhaps five years. He also claimed to have studied under the astronomer-poet Omar Khayyám, a native of Nishapour.
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Asad Gulzoda
Asad Gulov ( his real name), Asad Gulzodai Bukhoroyi (Tajik: Асад Гулзодаи Бухороӣ) or Asad Gulzoda (his commonly used nicknames), is a Tajik Persian-language poet, linguist and journalist.
Asad Gulzoda was born in 1935 in the village of Shavgon of Peshku district, Bukhara Province, Uzbekistan. He received his secondary education at the same place. In 1958 he graduated from the Tajik Language and Literature Department, University of Dushanbe. His next work and activity is related with teaching and journalism in the State Broadcasting Company of Bukhara region.
Asad Gulzoda went into poetry during his adolescence. His poems were published in the newspapers of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
Poems of Asad Gulzoda were published in the books "Murghobi chi mekobad?", "Labzi Shirin" in "Maorif" publishing house of Dushanbe. And also his poems are found in the collections "Kahkashoni orzu" (Tashkent) and "Guli murod" (Dushanbe).
In the books "Nasimi Bukhoro" (Bukhara, 2001), "Khati peshona" (Dushanbe, "Surushan", 2003) some of the best poems of the poet are collected, written in the bright periods of his life.
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Asadi Tusi
Abu Mansur Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (Persian: ابومنصور علی بن احمد اسدی طوسی) (born: Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan - died: 1072 Tabriz, Iran) is arguably the second most important Persian poet of the Iranian national epics, after Ferdowsi who also happens to come from the same town of Tus. He was a poet, a linguist and copyist of ancient manuscripts.
The information on Asadi's lifetime is scant. During Asadi's time, and for some time after, much of the Khorasan province was under violent attack from various rival Turkic groups. Many native intellectuals left Khorasan as a result of these conflicts, while many of those who remained lived in seclusion. As a result of the violence, Asadi, who lived the first twenty years of his life in Khorasan, left Khorasan for the Iranian province of Azarbaijan and stayed there until his death. He first served as a poet in the court of the Daylamite Abu Nasr Jastan. Later he went to Nakhjavan and in 1065-1066, completed his seminal work, the Garshapnama. He dedicated this work to Abu Dolaf, the ruler of Nakhjavan. Later on, he went to serve at the court of the Shaddadid king Manuchehr who ruled over Ani. His tomb is located in city of Tabriz.
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Asghar Farhadi
Asghar Farhadi (Persian: اصغر فرهادی Persian pronunciation: [æsɣæɾ fæɾhɒːdiː]; born 1 January 1972) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter. For his work as director, he has received one Golden Globe Award and one Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.He was named as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the world by Time magazine in 2012.
Farhadi was born in Homayoonshahr (Khomeynishahr), Province of Isfahan. He is a graduate of Theatre, with a BA in Dramatic Arts and MA in Stage Direction from Tehran University and Tarbiat Modarres University, respectively. Farhadi made short 8mm and 16mm films in Isfahan branch of Iranian Young Cinema Society before moving on to writing plays and screenplays for IRIB. He also directed such TV series as A Tale of a City and co-wrote the screenplay of Ebrahim Hatamikia’s Low Heights. Dancing in the Dust was his feature film debut, which he followed with A Beautiful City.
His third film, Fireworks Wednesday won the Gold Hugo at the 2006 Chicago International Film Festival. His fourth film, About Elly won the Silver Bear for Best Director at 59th International Berlin Film Festival as well as Best Picture at Tribeca Film Festival. It is about a group of Iranians who take a trip to the Caspian Sea that turns tragic. Famous film theorist and film critic David Bordwell has called About Elly a masterpiece.
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Asjadi
Abu Nazar Abdul Aziz ibn Mansur Asjadi was a 10th century and 11th century royal Persian (Tajik) poet of Ghaznavid empire located in Ghazni province of current Afghanistan.
Originating from Merv, and in some accounts Herat, he was a follower of the panegyric school of poetry of Unsuri in Khorasan.
His Divan does not remain.
He died in 1040 CE.
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Attar of Nishapur
Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (1145-1146 - c. 1221; Persian: ابو حمید ابن ابوبکر ابراهیم), better known by his pen-names Farīd ud-Dīn (فریدالدین) and ‘Attār (عطار - "the perfumer"), was a Persian Muslim poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer from Nīshāpūr who had an abiding influence on Persian poetry and Sufism.
Information about Attar's life is rare. He is mentioned by only two of his contemporaries, `Awfi and Tusi. However, all sources confirm that he was from Nishapur, a major city of medieval Khorasan (now located in the northeast of Iran), and according to `Awfi, he was a poet of the Seljuq period. It seems that he was not well known as a poet in his own lifetime, except at his home town, and his greatness as a mystic, a poet, and a master of narrative was not discovered until the 15th century.
`Attar was probably the son of a prosperous chemist, receiving an excellent education in various fields. While his works say little else about his life, they tell us that he practiced the profession of pharmacy and personally attended to a very large number of customers. The people he helped in the pharmacy used to confide their troubles in `Attar and this affected him deeply. Eventually, he abandoned his pharmacy store and traveled widely - to Baghdad, Basra, Kufa, Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Khwarizm, Turkistan, and India, meeting with Sufi Shaykhs - and returned promoting Sufi ideas.
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Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
Augustus De Morgan was born in 1806. His father was Col. Augustus De Morgan, who held various appointments in the service of the East India Company. His mother descended from James Dodson, who computed a table of anti-logarithms, that is, the numbers corresponding to exact logarithms. Augustus De Morgan became blind in one eye a month or two after he was born. The family moved to England when Augustus was seven months old. As his father and grandfather had both been born in India, De Morgan used to say that he was neither English, nor Scottish, nor Irish, but a Briton "unattached", using the technical term applied to an undergraduate of Oxford or Cambridge who is not a member of any one of the Colleges.
When De Morgan was ten years old, his father died. Mrs. De Morgan resided at various places in the southwest of England, and her son received his elementary education at various schools of no great account. His mathematical talents went unnoticed until he was fourteen, when a family-friend discovered him making an elaborate drawing of a figure in Euclid with ruler and compasses. She explained the aim of Euclid to Augustus, and gave him an initiation into demonstration.
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Averroes
ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd (Arabic: أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد), better known just as Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد), and in European literature as Averroes ( /əˈvɛroʊ.iːz/; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics. He was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, modern-day Spain, and died in Marrakesh, Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism.
Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against claims from the influential Islamic theologian Ghazali who attacked philosophy so it would not become an affront to the teachings of Islam.
Averroes' name is also seen as Averroës, Averroès or Averrhoës, indicating that the "o" and the "e" form separate syllables. Averroes is a Latinisation of a Hebrew transcription of the Arab name Ibn Rushd.
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Avicenna
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (Persian پورسينا Pur Sina [ˈpuːr ˈsiːnɑː] "son of Sina"; c. 980, Afshana near Bukhara– 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persianpolymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities. The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the universities of Montpellier and Leuven as late as 1650. Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicine provides a complete system of medicine according to the principles of Galen (and Hippocrates).
His corpus also includes writing on philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, as well as poetry. He is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age.
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Avicennism
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (Persian پورسينا Pur Sina [ˈpuːr ˈsiːnɑː] "son of Sina"; c. 980, Afshana near Bukhara– 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persianpolymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities. The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the universities of Montpellier and Leuven as late as 1650. Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicine provides a complete system of medicine according to the principles of Galen (and Hippocrates).
His corpus also includes writing on philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, as well as poetry. He is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age.
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Awhadi Maraghai
Awhaduddin Awhadi Maragheie (also written Ohadi) (1271–1338) was a Persian poet from the city Maragha in Iran.
He is usually surnamed Maraghei, but also mentioned as Awhadi Esfahani because his father hailed from Isfahan and he himself spent part of his life there. He first chose the pen-name Ṣāfī, but changed it to Awhadi after becoming a devotee of the school of the famous mystic Shaikh Auhaduddin Kermani.
Awhadi has a divan of 8000 verses which consists of the Persian poetic forms Qasida, Ghazals, Tarji'bands and Quatrains. The Qasidas are in praise of Abu Said and his Vizir, Ghiyath al-Din, the son of Rashid al-Din Fazzlah. His other poems play on various themes including mysticism, ethnics and religious subjects. He also is known for his marsiyas (elegies) and his Ghazals.
In addition to his divan, he has left two important Persian works in Mathnavi. The Dah-nama or Manteq al-Oshaaq consists of 600 verses and was completed in 1307 for Wajih Al-din Yusef, the grandson of the famous Nasir al-Din Tusi. His most important and well known work was the Mathnavi Jam-i Jam ("The Cup of Jamshid) also called Jam-e-Jahanbin ("The mirror of the universe"). It was written in 1333 and has 5000 verses and follows the style of Sanai's Hadiqah. Awhadi died in 1338 and is buried in Maragheh.
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Baba Taher
Baba Tahir, (var. Baba Taher, in Persian: بابا طاهر) was an 11th century poet in Persian literature/Kurdish literature and mystic. In Kurdish literature, he is the first poet who has a collection of poems.
Baba Tahir is known as one of the most revered and respectable early poets in Iranian literature. Most of his life is clouded in mystery. He was born and lived in Hamadan, the capital city of the Hamedan Province in Iran. He was known by the name of Baba Taher-e Oryan (The Naked), which suggests that he may have been a wandering dervish. Legend tells that the poet, an illiterate woodcutter, attended lectures at a religious school, where he was not welcomed by his fellow-students. The dates of his birth and death are unknown. One source indicates that he died in 1019. If this is accurate, it would make Baba Tahir a contemporary of Ferdowsi and Pour Sina (Avicenna) and an immediate precursor of Omar Khayyam. Another source reports that he lived between 1000 and 1055, which is most unlikely. Reliable research notes speculate that Baba Tahir lived for seventy-five years. Rahat al-sodur of Ravandi (completed 603/1206), describes a meeting between Baba Tahir, and the Saljuq conqueror Togrel (pp. 98–99). According to L. P. Elwell-Sutton: He could be described as the first great poet of Sufi love in Persian literature. In the last two decades his do-baytis have often been put to music.
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Bahman Farmanara
Bahman Farmanara (Persian: بهمن فرمانآرا , born Jan.23, 1942 in Tehran) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, and film producer. Bahman Farmanara is the second son in a family of four brothers and one sister. The family business was Textile and he was the only son who did not join the business and went off to United Kingdom and later on to US to study acting and directing. He graduated from University of Southern California with a BA in Cinema in 1966.After returning to Iran and doing military service, he joined the National Iranian Radio and Television.
He produced some major films, including Abbas Kiarostami's first feature, The Report (1977), Bahram Bayzai's The Crow (1977), Khosrow Haritash's Divine One (1976), Mohammad-Reza Aslani's Wind and Chess (1976) and Valerio Zurlini's Desert of the Tartars (1977 co-production with Italy and France).
Farmanara moved to France and then to Canada in 1980, establishing a distribution company and a film festival for children and young adults in Vancouver. He returned to Iran in the mid 1980s. He made and starred in Smell of Camphor, Fragrance of Jasmine (film) in 2000, which won several prizes from the International Fajr Film Festival, including The Best Film and The Best Director awards.
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Bahman Ghobadi
Bahman Ghobadi (Persian: بهمن قبادی, Kurdish: بههمهن قوبادی) is an Iranian film director of Kurdish ethnicity. He was born on February 1, 1969 in Baneh, Kurdistan Province. Ghobadi belongs to the so called "new wave" of Iranian cinema.
He was born in Baneh, a northwestern Kurdistan Province of Iran. His family moved to Sanandaj in 1981. Ghobadi received a Bachelor of Arts in film directing from Iran Broadcasting College. After a brief career in industrial photography, Ghobadi began making short 8 mm films. His documentary Life In Fog won numerous awards. Bahman Ghobadi was assistant director on Abbas Kiarostami's The Wind Will Carry Us.[citation needed]
Bahman Ghobadi founded Mij Film in 2000, a company with the aim of production of films in Iran about its different ethnic groups. His first feature film was A Time for Drunken Horses (2000), the first Kurdish film produced in Iran.[who?] The film won the Caméra d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. His second feature was Marooned in Iraq (2002), which brought him the Gold Plaque from the Chicago International Film Festival. His third feature, Turtles Can Fly, followed in 2004, winning the Glass Bear and Peace Film Award at the Berlin International Film Festival and the Golden Shell at the San Sebastian International Film Festival.[citation needed]
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Bahram Bayzai
Bahrām Beyzāi (also spelt Bahrām Beizai, Bahrām Beyzaie, Persian: بهرام بیضائی, born 26 December 1938 in Tehran) is an Iranian film director, theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, film editor, producer, and researcher.
Bahram Beyzai is the son of the poet Ostād Ne'mat'ollāh Beyzāi (best known by his literary pseudonym Zokā'i Beyzāi - ذکائی بیضائی). The celebrated poet Adib Ali Beyzāi, considered as one of the most profound poets of the twentieth-century Iran, is Bahram Beyzai's paternal uncle. Bahram Beyzai's paternal grandfather, Mirzā Mohammad-Rezā Ārāni (Ebn Ruh - ابن روح), and paternal great-grandfather, the mulla Mohammad-Faqih Ārāni (Ruh'ol-Amin - روح الامین), were also renown poets.
Beyzai is part of a generation of filmmakers in the Iranian New Wave, a Persian cinema movement that started in the late 1960s and includes other pioneering directors such as Abbas Kiarostami, Forough Farrokhzad, Sohrab Shahid Sales, and Parviz Kimiavi. The filmmakers share many common techniques including the use of poetic dialog, references to traditional Persian art and culture and allegorical story-telling often dealing with political and philosophical issues.
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Bal'ami
AMĪRAK BALʿAMĪ, name given to ABŪ ʿALĪ MUḤAMMAD Abu Ali Muhammad (Persian: ابو علی محمد )(also called Baḷʿamī-e Kūček “the lesser, younger"), son of Abu’l-Fażl Muḥammad b. ʿUbayd Allāh Baḷʿamī Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ubaydallah (Persian: ابو علی محمد ابن عبیدالله)(also called Baḷʿamī-e Buzurg “the greater, elder”); both served as viziers of the Samanids . Mostly known as Bal'ami (Persian: بلعمی) , was a Persian historian, writer, and vizier to the Samanids. He was born in Lashjerd in the district of Marv, a city in modern Afghanistan. His most famous work is Tarikh-e Bal'ami, which is a translation of Tabari's History of the Prophets and Kings. It contains supplementary material, some of which is found nowhere else. Having been written in 963, it is the oldest New Persian prose work after the preface of the Shah-nama by Abu Mansur
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Behrouz Gharibpour
Behrouz Gharibpour (born 1950) is a renowned Iranian theatre director and pioneer of traditional Persian puppet theatre.
He studied theatre at Tehran University and at Dramatic Arts Academy in Rome (Silvio D'Amico). He founded Tehran and Esfahan puppet theatre centres and changed the Tehran’s slaughterhouse into the greatest Iran’s Cultural Centre. He has experienced in writing and directorship in fields such as theatre, puppet theatre, cinema, documentary movies, and T.V.
Gharibpour is known for his solid research works on the Iranian puppetry as was commonly practiced during Qajar era. He was the president of the UNIMA.
ASHURA marionette opera. As the first celestial opera and marionette opera in Islamic World. Rumi based on phillosophical story of great mistic poet of Islamic world.
He got Sierna d'Oro (Arrivano dal mare 2008)
Founder of first Iranianian permanent theatre for children and young adult (1979) Founder of Bahman Cultural center (ex slaughter house) Founder of Iranian Artists Forum (ex Army center) Reviver of Iranian Opera and founder of Iranian marionette opera (2003): Rostam &Sohrab, Macbeth, Ashura, Rumi(Molawi)
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense. He was born in Monmouthshire, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain.
Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 20th century. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his friend Ludwig Wittgenstein, and is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. He co-authored, with A. N. Whitehead, Principia Mathematica, an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy." His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.
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Bijan Jalali
Bijan Jalali (in Persian: بیژن جلالی) (born 1927 in Tehran, Iran) is a renowned modern Persian poet.
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Bijan Najdi
Bijan Najdi (Persian: بیژن نجدی, pronounced [biːʒæn nædʒdiː];) (15 November 1941, Khash , Iran – 25 August 1997, Lahijan , Iran) was an Iranian writer and poet. Najdi is most famous for his short story collection "The leopards who have run with me" (1994).
Bijan Najdi was born in Khash a county in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. His parents were from Gilan.He lost his father when he was four in a murder incident. He spent his basic education in Rasht. He got his M.A in Mathematics and was one of the first writers to go to the front in Iran-Iraq war. He started writing when he was young but published his notable book "The leopards who have run with me" in 1994. This book received a Gardoun award as one of the best short story collection ever written in Iran.
Among Najdi's works both there are poems and fictions. He just published the short story collection "The leopards who have run with me" when he was alive and his other works were published after his death by his wife.
Sepideh Farsi made a film based on four of his short stories.
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Bozorg Alavi
Bozorg Alavi (بزرگ علوی in Persian) (February 2, 1904 – February 18, 1997) was an influential Iranian writer, novelist, and political intellectual. He was a founding member of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran in the 1940s and – following the 1953 coup against Premier Mohammad Mossadegh – spent the rest of his life in exile in Germany, first during the Pahlavi regime, then returning to Germany once more following the 1979 revolution. His finest novel is Chashm'hā'yash (Her Eyes), which was published in Iran in 1952 and was subsequently banned.
Bozorg Alavi (born Seyyed Mojtaba Alavi) was born in Tehran, Iran. He was the third of six children. His father, Abol Hassan Alavi, took part in the 1906 Constitutional Revolution and later published (with Hasan Taqizadeh) the progressive newsletter Kaveh (Kaweh) in Germany. His paternal grandfather was Seyyed Mohammad Sarraf, a wealthy banker and merchant, who was a leading constitutionalist and member of the first Majles. Sarraf was a younger brother of Haj Seyyed Javad Khazaneh, treasurer of Nasser ed-Din Shah Qajar and later Mozaffar ed-Din Shah Qajar. Bozorg Alavi derived his nickname 'Bozorg' from being named after his great-grandfather -his Agha Bozorg- Agha Seyyed Mojtaba Ghannad, sugar merchant, confectioner and shipowner, who died in the year Bozorg was born,
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Brethren of Purity
The Brethren of Purity (Arabic: اخوان الصفا Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafā; also The Brethren of Sincerity) were a secret society of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in the 10th century CE.
The structure of this mysterious organization and the identities of its members have never been clear. Their esoteric teachings and philosophy are expounded in an epistolary style in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Rasa'il Ikhwan al-safa'), a giant compendium of 52 epistles that would greatly influence later encyclopedias. A good deal of Muslim and Western scholarship has been spent on just pinning down the identities of the Brethren and the century in which they were active.
The Arabic phrase Ikhwan al-Safa (short for, among many possible transcriptions, Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ wa Khullān al-Wafā wa Ahl al-Ḥamd wa abnāʾ al-Majd, meaning "Brethren of Purity, Loyal Friends, People worthy of praise and Sons of Glory") can be translated as either the "Brethren of Purity" or the "Brethren of Sincerity"; various scholars such as Ian Netton prefer "of Purity" because of the group's ascetic impulses towards purity and salvation.
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C. Brockelmann
Carl Brockelmann (1868–1956), German Semiticist, was the foremost orientalist of his generation. He was a professor at the universities in Breslau, Berlin and, from 1903, Königsberg. He is best known for his multi-volume Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (1898–1902) (History of Arabic literature) which included all writers in Arabic to 1937, and remains the fundamental reference volume for all Arabic literature, apart from the Christian Arabic texts (covered by Georg Graf).
He also published Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar (1899), Semitische Sprachwissenschaft (1906), Lexicon syriacum (1928), and Arabische Grammatik (under his own name 1941, but this was the 11th edition of the grammar of Albert Socin, previously revised by Brockelmann several times).
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Carl Benjamin Boyer
Carl Benjamin Boyer (November 3, 1906 – April 26, 1976) was a historian of sciences, and especially mathematics. David Foster Wallace called him the "Gibbon of math history". He wrote the books History of Analytic Geometry, The History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development, A History of Mathematics, and The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics. He served as book-review editor of Scripta Mathematica.
Boyer was valedictorian of his high school class. He received an A.B. from Columbia College in 1928 and an M.A. in 1929. He received his Ph.D. in Mathematics from Columbia University in 1939.
He was a full professor of Mathematics at Brooklyn College from 1952 until his death, although he had begun tutoring and teaching at Brooklyn College in 1928.
Boyer was instrumental as an inspiration to the founding of The Metropolitan New York Section of the History of Science Society.
He was a 1954 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in History of Science & Technology.
He died of a heart attack in New York in 1976.
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Charaka
Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, born c. 300 BC was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in Ancient India. He is sometimes referred to as the Father of Indian Medicine.
The term Caraka is a label said to apply to ‘wandering scholars’ or ‘wandering physicians.’ Buddhists also claim that Charaka was Buddhist.
According to Charaka's translations health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort and attention to lifestyle. As per Indian heritage and science of Ayurvedic system, prevention of all types of diseases have a more prominent place than treatment, including restructuring of life style to align with the course of nature and four seasons, which will guarantee complete wellness.
The following statements are attributed to Acharya Charaka:
These remarks appear obvious today, though they were often not heeded, and were made by Charaka, in his famous Ayurvedic treatise Charaka Samhita. The treatise contains many such remarks which are held in reverence even today. Some of them are in the fields of physiology, etiology and embryology.
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Chrysippus
Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς, Chrysippos ho Soleus; c. 279 BC – c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
Chrysippus excelled in logic, the theory of knowledge, ethics and physics. He created an original system of propositional logic in order to better understand the workings of the universe and role of humanity within it. He adhered to a deterministic view of fate, but nevertheless sought a role for personal freedom in thought and action. Ethics, he taught, depended on understanding the nature of the universe, and he taught a therapy of extirpating the unruly passions which depress and crush the soul. He initiated the success of Stoicism as one of the most influential philosophical movements for centuries in the Greek and Roman world.
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Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
Da'ud Abu al-Fadl (1161–1242) was a Karaite Jewish physician who lived in Egypt in the twelfth century CE. He born at Cairo in 1161 and died there about 1242. Having studied medicine under the Jewish physician Hibat Allah ibn Jami, and under Abu al-Fafa'il ibn Naqid, he became the court physician of the sultan al-Malik al-'Adil Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub, the brother and successor of Saladin. He was also chief professor at the al-Nasiri hospital at Cairo, where he had a great many pupils, among them being the historian ibn Abi Usaibiyyah. The latter declared that Abu al-Fadl was the most skillful physician of the time and that his success in curing the sick was miraculous. Abu al-Fadl was the author of an Arabic pharmacopoeia in twelve chapters, entitled Aḳrabadhin, and treating chiefly of antidotes.
Kohler, Kaufmann and M. Seligsohn. "Fadl, Daud Abu al-". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906, citing:
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Dailam
The Daylamites or Dailamites were an Iranian people inhabiting the mountainous regions of northern Iran on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. They were employed as soldiers from the time of the Sassanid Empire, and long resisted the Arab conquest of Iran and subsequent Islamization. In the 930s, the Dailami Buyid dynasty emerged and managed to gain control over much of modern-day Iran, which it held until the coming of the Seljuk Turks in the mid-11th century.
The Dailamites lived in the highlands of Dailam, part of the Alborz mountain range, between Gilan and Tabaristan. However, the earliest Zoroastrian and Christian sources indicate that the Dailamites originally came from Anatolia near the Tigris River, where Iranian ethnolinguistic groups including Dimli tribes live today. They spoke the Deilami language, a northwestern Iranian dialect similar to that of the neighbouring Gilites.Nestorian Christianity had spread among them due to the activities of John of Dailam, and bishoprics are reported in the remote area as late as the 790s, while it is possible that some remnants survived there until the 14th century. During the Sassanid period, they were employed as high-quality infantry. According to the Byzantine historians Procopius and Agathias, they were a warlike people and skilled in close combat, being armed each with a sword, a shield and spears or javelins. They supported the rebellion of Bahram Chobin against Khosrau II, but he later employed an elite detachment of 4,000 Dailamites as part of his guard. The Sassanid general Wahriz, who was sent by Khosrau I in 570 to capture Yemen, was also probably of Dailamite descent, and his troops included Deilamites, who would later play a significant role in the conversion of Yemen to the nascent Islam.
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Dante Alighieri
Durante degli Alighieri, mononymously referred to as Dante (UK /ˈdænti/, US /ˈdɑːnteɪ/; Italian: [ˈdante]; c1265–1321), was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem Commedia, later named La divina commedia (Divine Comedy), considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.
In Italy he is known as il Sommo Poeta ("the Supreme Poet") or just il Poeta. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also known as "the three fountains" or "the three crowns". Dante is also called the "Father of the Italian language".
Dante was born in Florence, Italy. The exact date of Dante's birth is unknown, although it is generally believed to be around 1265. This can be deduced from autobiographic allusions in La Divina Commedia, "the Inferno" (Halfway through the journey we are living, implying that Dante was around 35 years old, as the average lifespan according to the Bible (Psalms 89:10, Vulgate) is 70 years; and as the imaginary travel took place in 1300, Dante must have been born around 1265). Some verses of the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy also provide a possible clue that he was born under the sign of Gemini: "As I revolved with the eternal twins, I saw revealed from hills to river outlets, the threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious" (XXII 151-154). In 1265 the Sun was in Gemini approximately during the period of May 11 to June 11.
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Dariush Mehrjui
Dariush Mehrju'i (Persian: داریوش مهرجویی , born 8 December 1939 in Tehran), also spelled as Mehrjui, Mehrjoui, and Mehrjuyi, is an Iranian director, screenwriter, producer, and film editor.
Mehrjui was a founding member of the Iranian New Wave movement of the early 1970s. His second film Gaav is considered to be the first film of this movement, which also included Masoud Kimiai and Nasser Taqvai. Most of his films are inspired by literature and adapted from Iranian and foreign novels and plays.
Dariush Mehrjui was born to a middle class family in Tehran. He showed interest in painting miniatures, music, and playing santoor and piano. He spent a lot of time going to the movies, particularly American films which were un-dubbed and inter-spliced with explanatory title cards that explained the plot throughout the films. At this time Mehrjui started to learn English so as to better enjoy the films. The film that had the strongest impact on him as a child was Vittorio De Sica's Bicycle Thieves. At the age of 12 Mehrjui built a 35mm projector, rented two-reel films and began selling tickets to his neighborhood friends. Although raised in a religious household, Mehrjui has said that at the age of 15 "the face of God gradually became a little hazy for me, and I lost my faith."
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert, FRS (German pronunciation: [ˈdaːvɪt ˈhɪlbɐt]; January 23, 1862 – February 14, 1943) was a German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.
Hilbert adopted and warmly defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers. A famous example of his leadership in mathematics is his 1900 presentation of a collection of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century.
Hilbert and his students contributed significantly to establishing rigor and developed important tools used in modern mathematical physics. Hilbert is known as one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic, as well as for being among the first to distinguish between mathematics and metamathematics.
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David Mahmoudieh
David Mahmoudieh (born London, England) is a British-Iranian screenwriter, director and second unit director of film, music videos and commercials. He directs music videos under a variety of pseudonyms, including "R&D", "Merlin", "Uncle Rumple" and "Jury & Executioner". In the field of commercials he operates mainly as a second unit director under the moniker Murlep Snilttski - an acronym of his favourite fairytale character, Rumpelstiltskin.
Written works include the short-stories Perception, Return To Sender and I Kill Kilkally, the short films The Confession and Wolves Who Hunt Smiling, and the feature screenplay Fool's Gold[1].
In 1999, whilst still at school, David won The Casa Nostra short-story competition and was consequently approached to pen a screen adaptation of Frederick Ayer's turn-of-the-century novel Reminiscences. Upon the completion of his schooling, Mahmoudieh began development on three projects, including an original comic book series, a Batman graphic novel and his first feature-length screenplay, Fools Gold.
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De Slane
William McGuckin (also Mac Guckin and MacGuckin), known as Baron de Slane (Belfast, Ireland, 12 August 1801 - Paris, France, 4th August 1878) was a nineteenth-century Irish orientalist, student of Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy, (September 1758 - February 1838), a teacher also of Jean François Champollion, who was given the French nationality since 31 December 1838, being nominated Principal Interpreter of Arabic of the French Army since 1st September 1846 till his retirement on 28th March 1872 . He was born in County Antrim. He is known for his extensive translations from Arabic literature.
While in France he got promoted to the following positions:
(vol. 1, vol.2, vol. 3vol. 4)
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Descartes
René Descartes (French pronunciation: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution and has been described as an example of genius.
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Duns Scotus
John (Johannes, Ioannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1256 – November 18, 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was given the medieval accolade Doctor Subtilis (Subtle Doctor) for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought.
Scotus has had considerable influence on Roman Catholic thought. The doctrines for which he is best known are the "univocity of being," that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the formal distinction, a way of distinguishing between different aspects of the same thing; and the idea of haecceity, the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual. Scotus also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the Immaculate conception of Mary.
Little is known of Scotus' life. He was probably born in 1265, probably at Duns, in Berwickshire, Scotland. In 1291 he was ordained as a priest in Northampton, England. A note in Codex 66 of Merton College, Oxford, records that Scotus "flourished at Cambridge, Oxford and Paris. He began lecturing on Peter Lombard's Sentences at the prestigious University of Paris in the Autumn of 1302. Later in that academic year, however, he was expelled from the University of Paris for siding with then Pope Boniface VIII in his feud with Philip the Fair of France, over the taxation of church property.
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Ebrahim Golestan
Ebrahim Golestan (Taghavi Shirazi) (also spelt Ibrahim Golestan, Persian: ابراهیم گلستان , born 1922 in Shiraz, Iran) is an Iranian filmmaker and literary figure with a career spanning half a century. He has lived in Sussex, United Kingdom, since 1975.
He is the father of Iranian photojournalist Kaveh Golestan, and Lili Golestan, translator and owner and artistic director of the Golestan Gallery in Tehran, Iran. His grandson, Mani Haghighi, is also a film director.
He was closely associated with the controversial and eminent Iranian poet Forough Farrokhzad until her death, whom he met while she was in Europe in 1958. He is said to have inspired her to live more independently .
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Ebrahim Hatamikia
Ebrahim Hatamikia is an Iranian filmmaker.
Ebrahim Hatamikia, who is internationally renowned for his role in the cinema of Iran in the 1990s, was born in 1961 in Tehran, Iran. He left the Art University where he studied script writing. He began his directing career with the film "The Identity" in 1986 and some short films and documentaries about the Iran–Iraq War. His movies are considered to be the best that tackles the war and the issues surrounding it. His works have often received admiration in national film festivals. "The Glass Agency" and "In the Name of the Father" have won him the best screenplay and directing awards in the sixteenth and twenty-fourth Fajr International Film Festival respectively. His recent works have also been on international screens: "The Glass Agency" in Berlin and "The Red Ribbon" in San Sebastian.
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Edmund F. Robertson
Edmund Frederick Robertson FRSE B.Sc M.Sc Ph.D., born on 1 June 1943, St Andrews, Scotland, is a Professor emeritus of pure mathematics at the University of St Andrews.
He is one of the creators of the noted MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive along with John J. O'Connor. He has written over one hundred research articles, mainly in the theory of groups and semigroups. He is the author or co-author of seventeen textbooks.
In 1998 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
He lives at home with his wife Helena, and his two sons Colin and David.
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Ernst Schröder
Ernst Schröder (25 November 1841, Mannheim, Baden, Germany – 16 June 1902, Karlsruhe, Germany) was a German mathematician mainly known for his work on algebraic logic. He is a major figure in the history of mathematical logic (a term he may have invented), by virtue of summarizing and extending the work of George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, Hugh MacColl, and especially Charles Peirce. He is best known for his monumental Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik (Lectures on the algebra of logic), in 3 volumes, which prepared the way for the emergence of mathematical logic as a separate discipline in the twentieth century by systematizing the various systems of formal logic of the day.
Schröder learned mathematics at Heidelberg, Königsberg, and Zürich, under Hesse, Kirchhoff, and Franz Neumann. After teaching school for a few years, he moved to the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt in 1874. Two years later, he took up a chair in mathematics at the Polytechnische Schule in Karlsruhe, where he spent the remainder of his life. He never married.
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Esmail Khoi
Esmail Khoi is an Iranian poet born in 1938 in Mashad, Iran currently living in the United Kingdom after exile from Iran during the 1980s. Khoi was originally a lecturer in Philosophy before the Iranian Revolution.
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F. Wüstenfeld
Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (1808-1899) was a German orientalist, known as a literary historian of Arabic literature, born at Münden, Hanover.
He studied theology and oriental languages at Göttingen and Berlin. He taught at Göttingen, becoming a professor there (1842-90). He published many important Arabic texts and valuable works on Arabic history.
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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Arabic/Persian:أبو عبدالله محمد بن عمر بن الحسین فخرالدین الرازی آملی), most commonly known as Fakhruddin Razi was a well-known Persian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher. He was born in 1149 in Ray (today located in Iran), and died in 1209 in Herat (today located in Afghanistan). He also wrote on medicines, physics, astrology, literature, history and law.
He should not to be confused with Rhazes, also known as al-Razi.
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib al-'Aliya, criticizes the idea of the geocentric model within the universe and "explores the notion of the existence of a multiverse in the context of his commentary" on the Qur'anic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds." He raises the question of whether the term "worlds" in this verse refers to "multiple worlds within this single universe or cosmos, or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe."
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Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
Fakhr al-dīn Ibrahīm ‘Irāqī (Persian: فخرالدین ابراهیم عراقی; June 10, 1213 – 1289), Sufi writer.
Often referred to as ‘Iraqi or ‘Araqi, he was born in Hamadan in Persia in 1213. During his lifetime he spent many years in Multan, (present day Pakistan) as well as Konya and Toqat in present day Turkey. He is known by many Sufis as a commenter on Sufi teachings, one of the great Persian poets, and an artist. ‘Iraqi is also considered to have reached an exalted station of spiritual realization within the Sufi tradition.
Born in 1213, ‘Iraqi lived during the height of the revival of Islamic spirituality. ‘Iraqi was highly educated in both theology and literary disciplines and it is believed that he not only knew the Holy Qur'an, hadith, commentary and Islamic theology (Kalam), but that he also knew Persian and Arabic literature. By the time he was seventeen ‘Iraqi had learned all the sciences there were to teach, and had even begun to teach others.
Soon after he began teaching he met a group of wandering dervishes and decided to join them. The group traveled to Multan where he would eventually be in the service of Shaykh Baha’uddin Zakariyya’ Multan who was the head of the Suhrawardi Order. Soon after he arrived in Multan he was betrothed to Shaykh's daughter and would have a son with her named Kabiruddin. ‘Iraqi would be in the service of Shaykh for a total of twenty-five years during which time he continued to write poetry.
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Farid al-Din Attar
Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (1145-1146 - c. 1221; Persian: ابو حمید ابن ابوبکر ابراهیم), better known by his pen-names Farīd ud-Dīn (فریدالدین) and ‘Attār (عطار - "the perfumer"), was a Persian Muslim poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer from Nīshāpūr who had an abiding influence on Persian poetry and Sufism.
Information about Attar's life is rare. He is mentioned by only two of his contemporaries, `Awfi and Tusi. However, all sources confirm that he was from Nishapur, a major city of medieval Khorasan (now located in the northeast of Iran), and according to `Awfi, he was a poet of the Seljuq period. It seems that he was not well known as a poet in his own lifetime, except at his home town, and his greatness as a mystic, a poet, and a master of narrative was not discovered until the 15th century.
`Attar was probably the son of a prosperous chemist, receiving an excellent education in various fields. While his works say little else about his life, they tell us that he practiced the profession of pharmacy and personally attended to a very large number of customers. The people he helped in the pharmacy used to confide their troubles in `Attar and this affected him deeply. Eventually, he abandoned his pharmacy store and traveled widely - to Baghdad, Basra, Kufa, Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Khwarizm, Turkistan, and India, meeting with Sufi Shaykhs - and returned promoting Sufi ideas.
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Farrokh Ghaffari
Farrokh Ghaffari (1921 – 17 December 2006) was an Iranian film director, actor, critic and author. Along with Ebrahim Golestan and Fereydoun Rahnema he was one of the founders of Iran's New Wave film movement. By establishing the first National Iranian Film Society in 1949 at the Iran Bastan Museum and organizing the first Film Week during which English films were exhibited, Ghaffari laid the foundation for alternative and non-commercial films in Iran.
Ghaffari was born in Tehran, but was educated in Belgium and at the University of Grenoble in France.
In 1958, Ghaffari made one of the first neorealist films in Iranian cinema, Jonoub-e Shahr (South of the City). Because of its depictions of working class poverty the film was banned by the Shah's government, who feared the Soviet Union would use it as a propaganda tool to show the distressed economic condition of Iran's lower classes. In 1963, a heavily edited version of the film entitled Reghabat Dar Shahr (Urban Rivalry) was finally released. In 1964, he produced and directed his next film Shab-e Quzi (Night of the Hunchback). Based on One Thousand and One Nights, the film was originally set during the time of Caliph Harun al-Rashid but was changed to contemporary times because of censor objections. Shab-e Quzi is a black comedy about smugglers who try to hide the body of a dead hunchback who is left on their doorstep. The film starred Ghaffari and Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz in his film debut. Ghaffari worked for National Iranian Television during this time. In 1975, Ghaffari released his final film Zanbourak (The Running Canon) starring Parviz Sayyad and Shahnaz Tehrani. In 1979 with the onslaught of the Iranian Revolution, Ghaffari moved to Paris where he worked as a film critic for the magazine Positif. He lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2006.
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Farzona
Inoyat Hojieva (Tajik/Persian: Иноят Ҳоҷиева/عنایت حاجییوا), mostly known as Farzona (Tajik/Persian: Фарзона/فرزانه) is a Tajik poet and writer.
Farzona was born on November 3, 1960, in Khujand, Tajikistan. She was influenced by Forough Farrokhzad and other Persian poets, such as Firdowsi and Rumi.
Farzona's works are well known throughout Persian-speaking countries. She is known as Forough of Tajikistan.
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Fazlallah Astarabadi
Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādī (Nāimī) (Persian: فضلالله استرآبادی), also known as Fażlullāh Tabrīzī Astarābādī by a pseudonym al-Ḥurūfī and a pen name Nāimī, was an Iranian mystic who founded the Ḥurūfī movement. The basic belief of the Ḥurūfiyyah was that the God was incarnated in the body of Fażlullāh and that he would appear as Mahdī when the Last Day was near in order to save Muslims, Christians and Jews.. His followers first came from the village of Toqchi near Isfahan and from there, the fame of his small community spread throughout Khorasan, ʿErāq, Azerbaijan and Shirvan. The center of Fażlullāh Nāimī's influence was Baku and most of his followers came from Shirvan.. Among his followers was the famous Ḥurūfī poet Seyyed Imadaddin Nasimi, one of the greatest Turkic mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries.
Fażlullāh was born in Astarābād, Iran, circa 1339/1340, to a family of judges. According to the traditional Ḥurūfī biography, Fażlullāh Astarābādī was born in a household that traced its descent to the seventh Shī‘ah Imam, Musa al-Kazim. Fażlullāh's predecessor, in eighth or ninth generation, was Muhammad al-Yamanī, from the family which originated in Yemen, the center of heterodox Islam at the time. Fażlullāh's family was from the Shāfi‘ī school of Sunni Islam - however, this did not figure greatly in his religious development.
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Ferdowsi
Hakīm Abu'l-Qāsim Ferdowsī Tūsī (Persian: حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی) known as Ferdowsi (فردوسی; also spelled as Firdausi; 940–1020 CE) was a highly revered Persian poet. He was the author of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran and related societies.
The Shahnameh was originally composed by Ferdowsi for the princes of the Samanid dynasty, who were responsible for a revival of Persian cultural traditions after the Arab invasion of the seventh century. The Shahnameh chronicles the legendary history of the pre-Islamic kings of Iran from Keyumars to Yazdegerd III. Ferdowsi continued work on the poem after the Samanids were conquered by the Ghaznavids. The new ruler Mahmud of Ghazni, a Turk, may have lacked the interest in Ferdowsi's work shown by the Samanids, resulting in him losing favor with the royal court. In later passages of his poem, Ferdowsi complains about poverty and the ravages of old age. Ferdowsi spent over three decades (from 977 to 1010) working on the Shahnameh, which became one of the most influential works of Persian literature.
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Fereydun Gole
Fereydun Gole (also spelled Fereydoun Goleh) (1942–2005) was an Iranian screenwriter, film director, and film editor. He was active in producing urban drama films throughout the 1970s, dealing with such issues as the social stratification of Tehran. His most famous film was Beehive. After he died in 2005, the 2006 documentary film Iran: A Cinematographic Revolution was dedicated to him.
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Forough Farrokhzad
Forugh Farrokhzād (Persian: فروغ فرخزاد) (b. January 5, 1935, Tehran, Iran — February 13, 1967) was an Iranian poet and film director. Forugh Farrokhzad is arguably one of Iran's most influential female poets of the twentieth century. She was a controversial modernist poet and an iconoclast.
Forugh (also spelled Forough) was born in Tehran to career military officer Colonel Mohammad Bagher Farrokhzad and his wife Touran Vaziri-Tabar in 1935. The third of seven children (Amir, Massoud, Mehrdad, Fereydoun Farrokhzad, Pouran Farrokhzad, Gloria), she attended school until the ninth grade, then was taught painting and sewing at a girl's school for the manual arts. At age sixteen she was married to Parviz Shapour, an acclaimed satirist. Farrokhzad continued her education with classes in painting and sewing and moved with her husband to Ahvaz. A year later, she bore her only child, a son named Kāmyār (subject of A Poem for You).
Within two years, in 1954, Farrokhzad and her husband divorced; Parviz won custody of the child. She moved back to Tehran to write poetry and published her first volume, entitled The Captive, in 1955.
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Fuzûlî
Fużūlī (or Fuduli, فضولی; Azerbaijani: Füzuli, c. 1483 – 1556) was the pen name of the Azerbaijani or the Bayat branch of Oghuz Turkish and Ottoman poet, writer and thinker Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان). Often considered one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Azerbaijani literature, Fuzûlî in fact wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani Turkic, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkish works are written in the Azeri dialect of Turkish, he was well-versed in both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkic literary traditions as well. He was also well versed in mathematics and astronomy.
Fuzûlî is generally believed to have been born around 1483 in what is now Iraq, when the area was under Ak Koyunlu Turkmen rule; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf. He is believed to belong to Bayat tribe, one of the Turkic Oghuz tribes who were related to the Ottoman Kayı clan and were scattered throughout the Middle East, Anatolia, and the Caucasus at the time[citation needed]. Though Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, the family had long since settled in towns.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (b. 129 AD, d. circa 200 AD), better known as Galen of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), was a prominent Roman (of Greek ethnicity) physician, surgeon and philosopher. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy,physiology, pathology,pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.
The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. He traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors.
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Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor ( /ˈkæntɔr/ KAN-tor; German: [ɡeˈɔʁk ˈfɛʁdinant ˈluːtvɪç ˈfiːlɪp ˈkantɔʁ]; March 3 [O.S. February 19] 1845 – January 6, 1918) was a German mathematician, best known as the inventor of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor established the importance of one-to-one correspondence between the members of two sets, defined infinite and well-ordered sets, and proved that the real numbers are "more numerous" than the natural numbers. In fact, Cantor's method of proof of this theorem implies the existence of an "infinity of infinities". He defined the cardinal and ordinal numbers and their arithmetic. Cantor's work is of great philosophical interest, a fact of which he was well aware.
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George Boole
George Boole ( /ˈbuːl/; 2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was an English-born mathematician and logician. His work was in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic, and he is now best known as the author of The Laws of Thought. As the inventor of the prototype of what is now called Boolean logic, which became the basis of the modern digital computer, Boole is regarded in hindsight as a founder of the field of computer science. Boole said,
... no general method for the solution of questions in the theory of probabilities can be established which does not explicitly recognise ... those universal laws of thought which are the basis of all reasoning ...
George Boole's father, John Boole (1779–1848), was a tradesman in Lincoln and gave him lessons. He had an elementary school education, but little further formal and academic teaching. William Brooke, a bookseller in Lincoln, may have helped him with Latin; which he may also have learned at the school of Thomas Bainbridge. He was self-taught in modern languages. At age 16 Boole took up a junior teaching position in Doncaster, at Heigham's School, being at this point the breadwinner for his parents and three younger siblings. He taught also in Liverpool, briefly.
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George Boolos
George Stephen Boolos (September 4, 1940, New York City – May 27, 1996) was a philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Boolos graduated from Princeton University in 1961 with an A.B. in mathematics. Oxford University awarded him the B.Phil in 1963. In 1966, he obtained the first Ph.D. in philosophy ever awarded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, under the direction of Hilary Putnam. After teaching three years at Columbia University, he returned to MIT in 1969, where he spent the rest of his career until his death from cancer.
A charismatic speaker well known for his clarity and wit, he once delivered a lecture (1994b) giving an account of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, employing only words of one syllable. At the end of his viva, Hilary Putnam asked him, "And tell us, Mr. Boolos, what does the analytical hierarchy have to do with the real world?" Without hesitating Boolos replied, "It's part of it".
An expert on puzzles of all kinds, in 1993 Boolos reached the London Regional Final of The Times crossword competition. His score was one of the highest ever recorded by an American. He wrote a paper on "the hardest logic puzzle ever"—one of many puzzles created by Raymond Smullyan.
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George Saliba
George Saliba is Professor of Arabic and Islamic Science at the Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies, Columbia University, New York, United States, where he has been working since 1979.
Saliba received his Bachelor of Science (1963) in mathematics and a Master of Arts (1965) from the American University of Beirut; he earned a Master of Science degree in Semitic languages and a doctorate in Islamic sciences from the University of California, Berkeley. He has received a number of awards and honors, including the History of Science Prize given by the Third World Academy of Science in 1993, and the History of Astronomy Prize in 1996 from the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science. He was also selected as a Distinguished Kluge Chair, at the Library of Congress (2005-2006), and as a Distinguished Carnegie Scholar (2009-2010).
In his website he writes about himself: "I study the development of scientific ideas from late antiquity until early modern times, with a special focus on the various planetary theories that were developed within the Islamic civilization and the impact of such theories on early European astronomy."
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George Sarton
George Sarton (1884–1956) was a Belgian chemist and historian who is considered the founder of the discipline of history of science. He left Belgium because of the First World War and settled in the United States where he spent the rest of his life researching and writing about the history of science. His daughter is the American writer May Sarton.
George Alfred Leon Sarton was born in Ghent, Belgium on August 31, 1884. He graduated from the University of Ghent in 1906 and two years later won a gold medal for one of his papers on chemistry. He received his PhD in mathematics at the University of Ghent in 1911. He married Mabel Eleanor Elwes, an English artist, in 1911 and their daughter Eleanore Marie (known as: May) was born the following year. Although he emigrated to England after World War I broke out, he came to the United States in 1915, where he would live for the rest of his life. He worked for the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace and lectured at Harvard University, 1916-18, where he became a lecturer in 1920 and then professor of the history of science from 1940 until his retirement in 1951. He was also a research associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1919 until 1948.
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Gerhard Gentzen
Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909, Greifswald, Germany – August 4, 1945, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German mathematician and logician. He had his major contributions in the foundations of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died in 1945 after the Second World War, because he was deprived of food after being arrested in Prague.
Gentzen was a student of Paul Bernays at the University of Göttingen. Bernays was fired as "non-Aryan" in April 1933 and therefore Hermann Weyl formally acted as his supervisor. At great risk to his career Gentzen kept in contact with Bernays until the beginning of the Second World War. In November 1933, he joined the Sturmabteilung to pass the state exam for teachers.[citation needed] In 1935, he corresponded with Abraham Fraenkel from Jerusalem and was implicated by the Nazi teachers' union as one who "keeps contacts to the Chosen People." In 1935 and 1936, Hermann Weyl, head of the Göttingen mathematics department in 1933 until his resignation under Nazi pressure, made strong efforts to bring him to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
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Ghazaleh Alizadeh
Ghazaleh Alizadeh (Persian: غزاله علیزاده) (born 16 February 1947, Mashhad, Iran , died 12 May 1996) was an Iranian poet and writer. Her mother was also a poet and writer. She married Bizhan Elahi and they have a daughter called Salma.
She was an extroverted, smart, and energetic student at school. She got her diploma in Humanism from Mahasti High School and at the same time became a vegetarian.
She received her BA in Political Sciences from Tehran University, then went to France to study philosophy and cinema in Sorbonne University. In fact, she initially went to Paris to pursue her PhD in law, but changed her major to Illuminationism and wanted to write her dissertation on Molavi, but she left it due to the sudden death of her father.
She started her literal career with writing short stories in Mashhad. Her major work was the novel Khaneye Edrisiha lit. The Edrissis’ House (خانه ادریسیها). Some of her short stories are: The Crossroad, After Summer, The In-transitory Journey, and her other novels include: Two Landscapes and Tehran Nights. Some of her works have been translated into English by Rosa Jamali
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Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe peˈaːno]; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named the Peano axioms in his honor. As part of this effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin.
Peano was born and raised on a farm at Spinetta, a hamlet now belonging to Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy. He attended the Liceo classico Cavour in Turin, and enrolled at the University of Turin in 1876, graduating in 1880 with high honours, after which the University employed him to assist first Enrico D'Ovidio, and then Angelo Genocchi, the Chair of Infinitesimal calculus. Due to Genocchi's poor health, Peano took over the teaching of the infinitesimal calculus course within 2 years. His first major work, a textbook on calculus, was published in 1884 and was credited to Genocchi. A few years later, Peano published his first book dealing with mathematical logic. Here the modern symbols for the union and intersection of sets appeared for the first time.
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Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925, pronounced [ˈɡɔtloːp ˈfreːɡə ]) was a German mathematician, logician and philosopher. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern logic and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics. He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, for his writings on the philosophy of language and mathematics. While he was mainly ignored by the intellectual world when he published his writings, Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) introduced his work to later generations of logicians and philosophers.
Frege was born in 1848 in Wismar, in the state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (the modern German federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). His father Carl (Karl) Alexander Frege (3 August 1809 – 30 November 1866) was the co-founder and headmaster of a girls' high school until his death. After Carl's death, the school was led by Frege's mother Auguste Wilhelmine Sophie Frege (née Bialloblotzky, 12 January 1815 – 14 October 1898).
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Gulrukhsor Safieva
Golrokhsar Safi (born 1947) is a prominent Iranologist, Persian literary figure and Tajikistan's national poet. In the late 1970s Golrokhsar Safi was an editor-in-chief of the newspaper Pioneer of Tajikistan.
Golrokhsar is known for her contribution to Iranistics, modern Persian poetry and Persian folk songs. She is highly regarded throughout Iranian cultural continent.
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Hafez
Khwāja Shamsu d-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāzī (Persian: خواجه شمسالدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), known by his pen name Hāfez (1325/1326–1389/1390), was a Persian lyric poet. His collected works composed of series of Persian poetry (Divan) are to be found in the homes of most Persian speakers in Iran and Afghanistan, as well as elsewhere in the world, who learn his poems by heart and use them as proverbs and sayings to this day. His life and poems have been the subject of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-fourteenth century Persian writing more than any other author.
Themes of his ghazals are the beloved, faith, and exposing hypocrisy. His influence in the lives of Iranians can be found in "Hafez readings" (fāl-e hāfez, Persian: فال حافظ), frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art and Persian calligraphy. His tomb in Shiraz is visited often. Adaptations, imitations and translations of Hafez' poems exist in all major languages.
Hafez was born in Shiraz, modern Iran. Despite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known. Accounts of his early life rely upon traditional anecdotes. Early tazkiras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable. The preface of his Divān, in which his early life is discussed, was written by an unknown contemporary of Hafez whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām. Two of the most highly regarded modern editions of Hafez's Divān are compiled by Moḥammad Qazvini and Qāsem Ḡani (495 ghazals) and by Parviz Natil Khanlari (486 ghazals).
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Hakim al-Nishaburi
Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah al-Hakim al-Nishaburi (Arabic: أبو عبدالله محمد بن عبدالله الحاكم النيسابوري) (933 - 1012) , and also known as Ibn Al-Baiyi.) was a Sunni scholar and the leading traditionist of his age, frequently referred to as the "Imam of the Muhaddithin" or the "Muhaddith of Khorasan."
Al-Hakim, who hailed from Nishapur, had vast amounts of teachers in Khurasan, Iraq, Transoxiana and elsewhere. He had scores of notable students, including Imam al-Bayhaqi who was a scholarly giant in his own right.
Al-Hakim gained a substantial reputation for writing Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain. He started writing al-Mustadrak in the year when he was 72 years old. Al-Hakim is quoted to have said: "I drank water from Zamzam and asked Allâh for excellence in writing books".
On the 3rd of Safar 405 al-Hakim went into the bath, came out after bathing, said "Ah" and died wearing but a waist-cloth before he had time to put on a shirt. Later, one of al-Hakim's students, Al-Hasan ibn Ash`ath al-Qurashî said: "I saw al-Hâkim in my dream riding a horse in a handsome appearance and saying: 'Salvation.' I asked him: `Al-Hakim! In what?' He replied: 'Writing hadith.'"
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Hamid Farrokhnezhad
Hamid Farrokhnezhad (Persian: حمید فرخنژاد) (born 17 April 1969) is an Iranian actor, writer and director. He graduated from the Theatre Director program in Tehran University's Fine Arts Department. His practical thesis was based on the play "He Said Yes / He Said No" (Bertolt Brecht) and his theoretical thesis was titled, "Theater in the East"
He won his first two Crystal Simorgh, a notable award in Iranian cinema given annually at the Fajr Film Festival, for Aroos-e Atash (The Bride of the Fire), in the acting in a supporting role and screenwriting categories.
He started his career in student theatre and making some short films. After acting in Khosroe Sinai's Dar Kooche-haye Eshgh he had the chance to play a role in another movie by Sinai, Aroos-e Atash aka Bride of fire which brought him many awards in Fajr Film Festival, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and Khane-ye Cinema award. He had roles in three films by Sinai and had worked with notable Iranian directors such as Ebrahim Hatamikia, Asghar Farhadi and Bahram Beyzayi.
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Haskell Curry
Haskell Brooks Curry (September 12, 1900 – September 1, 1982) was an American mathematician and logician. Curry is best known for his work in combinatory logic; while the initial concept of combinatory logic was based on a single paper by Moses Schönfinkel, much of the development was done by Curry. Curry is also known for Curry's paradox and the Curry–Howard correspondence. There are three programming languages named after him, Haskell, Brooks and Curry, as well as the concept of currying, a technique used for transforming functions in mathematics and computer science.
Curry was born on September 12, 1900, in Millis, Massachusetts, to Samuel Silas Curry and Anna Baright Curry, who ran a school for elocution. He entered Harvard University in 1916 to study medicine but switched to mathematics before graduating in 1920. After two years of graduate work in electrical engineering at MIT, he returned to Harvard to study physics, earning a MA in 1924. Curry's interest in mathematical logic started during this period when he was introduced to the Principia Mathematica, the attempt by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell to ground mathematics in symbolic logic. Remaining at Harvard, Curry pursued a Ph.D. in mathematics. While he was directed by George Birkhoff to work on differential equations, his interests continued to shift to logic. In 1927, while an instructor at Princeton University, he discovered the work of Moses Schönfinkel in combinatory logic. Schönfinkel's work had anticipated much of Curry's own research, and as a consequence, he moved to Göttingen where he could work with Heinrich Behmann and Paul Bernays, who were familiar with Schönfinkel's work. Curry was supervised by David Hilbert and worked closely with Bernays, receiving a Ph.D. in 1930 with a dissertation on combinatory logic.
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Hassan Ghaznavi
Ashrafuddin Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Muhammad Husayni Ghaznavi (Persian: اشرفالدین ابو محمد حسن بن محمد حسینی غزنوی) known as Ashraf (اشرف) was a 12th century Persian (Tajik) poet.
Originating from Ghazna now in Afghanistan, he served mostly under Yamin ud-Dawlah Bahram Shah of the Ghaznavid dynasty. He also served Sultan Sanjar for a while.
His divan contains 83 ghazals.
He died in 1160.
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Hatefi (poet)
Hatefi, 'Abd-Allah (Persian: هاتفی) was a Persian poet (1454–1521) and nephew of Abdul Rahman Jami.
He was born around 1454 at Ḵargerd, a village on the outskirts of the Khorasanian town Jām (modern Afghanistan). He spent his whole life in his native city and served as the custodian of the Qasim Anvar museum. He entered Timurid literary circles after passing a test that was set up by his uncle, the famous Persian poet 'Abdul Rahman Jami. Uncle his uncle, Hatefi was a Shi'ite and was thus honored by Shah Ismai'l the founder of the Safavid dynasty. He interceded on behalf of the Sunni inhabitants of Jām towards whom this Safavid ruler was hostile.
Hatefi composed poetry in several genre but he is known above all for his Khamsa (pentalogue). Modelled after previous petanologues of Persian literature including those of Nizami Ganjavi, his Khamsa became famous even outside of Iran. Lami'i Chelebi, produced an Ottoman translation of his work, and the several editions of his Khamsa in the Ottoman Empire and in India are proof of his widespread fame. Hatefi’s literary fame rests on his realistic and straightforward style. He displayed a remarkable originality in hadling his stories and his style was often emulated by later poets. Four of his works in his Khamsa have been published thus far.
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Hazin Lahiji
Hazīn Lāhījī (1692, Esfahan, Iran — 1766, Benares, India) (Persian: حزین لاهیجی), is the pen-name of Mohammad Ali ibn Abi Tāleb ibn Abd Āllah, also known as Mohammad Ali ibn Abi Tāleb Hazin Lāhiji, Mohammad ibn Abi Tāleb Gilāni and Sheikh Mohammad Ali Hazin Lāhiji. He was an Iranian poet and scholar, born into an eminent family in Esfahan. His ancestors were scholars and landowners from Gilān (see Lāhijān). In 1734 he emigrated to India where he contributed to the Persianization of the ruling élites. He regarded the Persian of the Indian writers with much contempt. Hazin Lāhiji is considered to be one of the most prominent scholars of the Safavid era whose knowledge extended over the theological learning of his time as well as Natural Science, a fact testified by his extant writings.
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Henry Corbin
Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 - 7 October 1978) was a philosopher, theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, France.
Corbin was born in Paris in April 1903. As a boy he revealed the profound sensitivity to music so evident in his work. Although he was Protestant by birth, he was educated in the Catholic tradition and at the age of 19 received a certificate in Scholastic philosophy from the Catholic Institute of Paris. Three years later he took his "licence de philosophie" under the great Thomist Étienne Gilson. In 1928 he encountered the formidable Louis Massignon, director of Islamic studies at the Sorbonne, and it was he who introduced Corbin to the writings of Suhrawardi, the 12th century Persian mystic and philosopher whose work was to profoundly affect the course of Corbin’s life. The stage was then set for a personal drama that has deep significance for understanding those cultures whose roots lie in both ancient Greece and in the prophetic religions of the Near East reaching all the way back to Zoroaster. Years later Corbin said “through my meeting with Suhrawardi, my spiritual destiny for the passage through this world was sealed. Platonism, expressed in terms of the Zoroastrian angelology of ancient Persia, illuminated the path that I was seeking.”
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Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist, who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
In philosophy of mind, Putnam is known for his argument against the type-identity of mental and physical states based on his hypothesis of the multiple realizability of the mental, and for the concept of functionalism, an influential theory regarding the mind-body problem. In philosophy of language, along with Saul Kripke and others, he developed the causal theory of reference, and formulated an original theory of meaning, inventing the notion of semantic externalism based on a famous thought experiment called Twin Earth.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos (Ancient Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs; c. 460 BC – c. 370 BC) was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession.
However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician, credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.
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Homam Tabrizi
Homam-e Tabrizi (Persian: همام الدین تبریزی) or HOMĀM-AL-DIN B. ʿALĀʾ TABRIZI (1238/39 to 1314/1315) was an Persian poet of the Ilkhanid era. He was a follower of Saadi and his poetry was mostly in form of ghazal.
His birthplace is unknown as are details of his life and education. Most sources following Dowlatshah Samarqandi claim that he was a student of Nasir al-Din Tusi. He is also said to be a student or associate of Qutb al-Din Shirazi. He roses in prominence in the political and intellectual circles of Tabriz and was close to the Jovayni family. He also founded a Sufi lodge house (Khanghah) in Tabriz which was endowed by the Jovayni family. Homam mentions a travel to Baghdad and is said to have made a pilgrimage to Mecca. He is buried in the poet's monument Maqbaratoshoara in Tabriz. An important book detailing cultural activities of Tabriz in the Ilkhanid era called Safina-yi Tabriz sheds more light on the cultural activities of the city.
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Homer
In the Western classical tradition, Homer ( /ˈhoʊmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC. Modern researchers appear to place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece. Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds.
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Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus. The rhetorician Quintillian regarded his Odes as almost the only Latin lyrics worth reading, justifying his estimate with the words: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."
Horace also crafted elegant hexameter verses (Sermones and Epistles) and scurrilous iambic poetry (Epodes). The hexameters are playful and yet serious works, leading the ancient satirist Persius to comment: "as his friend laughs, Horace slyly puts his finger on his every fault; once let in, he plays about the heartstrings". Some of his iambic poetry, however, can seem wantonly repulsive to modern audiences.
His career coincided with Rome's momentous change from Republic to Empire. An officer in the republican army that was crushed at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, he was befriended by Octavian's right-hand man in civil affairs, Maecenas, and became something of a spokesman for the new regime. For some commentators, his association with the regime was a delicate balance in which he maintained a strong measure of independence (he was "a master of the graceful sidestep") but for others he was, in John Dryden's phrase, "a well-mannered court slave".
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Hossein Jafarian
Hossein Jafarian (Persian: حسین جعفریان , born 25 March 1944 in Tehran) is an Iranian cinematographer.
Hossein Jafarian is a graduate of Tehran's University of Dramatic Arts. He began his career working for Iranian state-run television where he shot over 40 documentaries and TV shows before retiring early soon after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. His feature film debut was with 1984's Tatooreh. But it wasn't until 1992's Nargess that he established himself as a leading cinematographer in Iran. It was with Nargess that he for the first time captured "real nights" on the Iranian film screen. Jafarian has a distinctive style of his own. His work draws comparisons with the American cinematographer Gordon Willis for his use of darkness and low-key lighting. Many of his films have gone on to win awards at international film festival, including; Abbas Kiarostami's Through the Olive Trees, Jafar Panahi's Crimson Gold and Asghar Farhadi's Fireworks Wednesday and About Elly. He was a guest at 2004's Camerimage with Crimson Gold and was nominated for the 'Golden Frog' in 2009 for About Elly.
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Houshang Golshiri
Houshang Golshiri (Persian: هوشنگ گلشیری; March 16 , 1938 — June 6, 2000) was an Iranian fiction writer, critic and editor. He was one of the first Iranian writers to use modern literary techniques, and is recognized as one of the most influential writers of Persian prose of the 20th century.
Golshiri was born in Isfahan in 1938 and raised in Abadan. He came from a large family of modest circumstances. From 1955 to 1974, Golshiri lived in Isfahan, where he completed a bachelor's degree in Persian at the University of Isfahan and taught elementary and high school there and in surrounding towns.
Golshiri began writing fiction in the late 1950s. His publication of short stories in Payam-e Novin and elsewhere in the early 1960s, his establishment of Jong-e Isfahan (1965/73), the chief literary journal of the day published outside of Tehran, and his participation in efforts to reduce official censorship of imaginative literature brought him a reputation in literary circles[citation needed].
Golshiri's first collection of short stories was As Always (1968). He became famous for his first novel Prince Ehtejab (1968/69). Translated in Literature East & West 20 (1980), it is the story of aristocratic decadence, implying the inappropriateness of monarchy for Iran. Shortly after production of the popular feature film based on the novel, Pahlavi authorities arrested Golshiri and incarcerated him for nearly six months.
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Hujwiri
Abul Hassan Ali Ibn Usman al-Jullabi al-Hajvery al-Ghaznawi (ابوالحسن علی بن عثمان الجلابی الهجویری الغزنوی) or Abul Hassan Ali Hajvery (sometimes spelled Hujwiri, Hajweri, Hajveri), also known as Daata Ganj Bakhsh (Persian/Punjabi: (داتا گنج بخش) (which means the master who bestows treasures) or Daata Sahib (Persian/Urdu: (داتا صاحب), was a Persian Sufi and scholar during the 11th century. He significantly contributed to the spreading of Islam in South Asia.
He was born around 990 CE near Ghazni, Afghanistan during the Ghaznavid Empire and died in Lahore (in present day Punjab, Pakistan) in 1077 CE. His most famous work is Revelation of the Veiled (Kashf Al Mahjub) (کشفُ المحجوب), written in the Persian language. The work, which is one of the earliest and most respected treatises of Sufism, debates Sufi doctrines of the past.
Ali Hajvery is also famous for his mausoleum in Lahore, which is surrounded by a large marble courtyard, a mosque and other buildings. It is the most frequented of all the shrines in that city, and one of the most famous in Pakistan and nearby countries. His name is a household word, and his mausoleum the object of pilgrimage from distant places.
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Hunayn ibn Ishaq (also Hunain or Hunein) (Syriac: ܚܢܝܢ ܒܪ ܐܝܣܚܩ, Arabic: أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; ’Abū Zayd Ḥunayn ibn ’Isḥāq al-‘Ibādī, known in Latin as Johannitius) (809–873) was a famous and influential AssyrianNestorian Christian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating Greek scientific and medical works into Arabic and Syriac during the heyday of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate. Ḥunayn ibn Isḥaq was the most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises in his day. He studied Greek and became known among the Arabs as the "Sheikh of the translators." He mastered four languages: Arabic, Syriac, Greek and Persian. His translations did not require corrections. Hunayn’s method was widely followed by later translators. He was originally from southern Iraq but he spent his working life in Baghdad, the center of the great ninth-century Greek-into-Arabic/Syriac translation movement.
In the Abbasid era, a new interest in extending the study of Greek science had arisen. At that time, there was a vast amount of untranslated ancient Greek literature pertaining to philosophy, mathematics, natural science, and medicine. This valuable information was only accessible to a very small minority of Middle Eastern scholars who knew the Greek language; the need for an organized translation movement was urgent. In time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq became arguably the chief translator of the era, and laid the foundations of Islamic medicine. In his lifetime, ibn Ishaq translated 116 works, including Plato’s Timaeus, Aristotle’s Metaphysics, and the Old Testament, into Syriac and Arabic. Ibn Ishaq also produced 36 of his own books, 21 of which covered the field of medicine. His son Ishaq, and his nephew Hubaysh, worked together with him at times to help translate. Hunayn ibn Ishaq is known for his translations, his method of translation, and his contributions to medicine.
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Hushang Ebtehaj
Hushang Ebtehaj (هوشنگ ابتهاج), with the pen name of H. E. Sayeh (ه. ا. سایه, or H. E. Sayeh, lit. Shade) is an eminent Iranian poet of the 20th century, whose life and work spans many of Iran's political, cultural and literary upheavals.
He was born February 25, 1928 in Rasht, Iran, and had his primary schooling there before moving to Tehran. His first book of poetry, with an introduction by eminent poet Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi, was published when he was 19 years old. During Iran's open period following WWII, Sayeh got involved in various literary circles and contributed to various literary magazines such as Sokhan, Kavian, Sadaf, Maslehat, and others. Unlike many other literary figures of the time who got deeply involved in politics and left-leaning activities, Sayeh stayed true to his social and political consciousness but refrained from deeper involvement. He was employed at the National Cement Company for 22 years while continuing his literary activities. Later he was invited by the national Iranian Radio to produce the traditional music program "Golhaye Taze" and "Golchin Hafte."
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Ibn Abi Usaibia
Ibn Abi Usaibia (1203-1270) (Arabic,ابن أبي أصيبعة موفق الدين أبو العباس أحمد بن القاسم بن خليفة الشعري الخزرجي, Ibn Abī Uṣaibiʿa Muaffaq-addin Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed Ibn Al-Qasem Ibn Khalifa Al-Khazraji), an Arab physician and historian, was born at Damascus, a descendant of the Banu Khazraj tribe and the son of an oculist, and studied medicine at Damascus and Cairo. In 1236 he was appointed physician to a new hospital in Cairo, but he surrendered the appointment the following year to take up a post given him by the amir of Damascus in Salkhad near that city. There he lived and died.
He wrote ʿUyūn ul-Anbāʾ fī Ṭabaqāt ul-Aṭibbāʾ (Arabic,عيون الأنباء في طبقات الأطباء), or Lives of the Physicians, which in its first edition (1245-1246) was dedicated to the vizier of Damascus. This he enlarged, though it is uncertain whether the new edition was made public in the lifetime of the author. An edition was published by August Müller (Königsberg, 1884). This work is notable as a source for Aristotle's biography (see Düring, Aristotle in the Ancient Biographical Tradition, pp. 213ff.). Its material on Pythagoras' biography is included as an appendix to Angelo R. Sodano, Vita di Pitagora (Milan, 1998).
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Ibn al-Baitar
Ibn al-Bayṭār al-Mālaqī, Ḍiyāʾ Al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdllāh Ibn Aḥmad (or just Ibn al-Baytar, Arabic: ابن البيطار) (1197-1248) was a muslim scientist, botanist, pharmacist and physician who worked during the Islamic Golden Age and Arab Agricultural Revolution. His main contribution was to systematically record the discoveries made by Islamic physicians in the Middle Ages, which added between 300 and 400 types of medicine to the one thousand previously known since antiquity.
Born in the Andalusian city of Málaga at the end of the 12th century, he learned botany from the Málagan botanist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati with whom he started collecting plants in and around Spain. Al-Nabati was responsible for developing an early scientific method, introducing empirical and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. Such an approach was thus adopted by Ibn al-Baitar.
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Ibn al-Jazzar
Ahmed Ben Jaafar Ben Brahim Ibn Al Jazzar Al-Qayrawani (ca. 895- ca. 979) (Arabic: أبو جعفر أحمد بن أبي خالد بن الجزار القيرواني), was an influential 10th-century Muslim physician who became famous for his writings on Islamic medicine. He was born in Qayrawan in modern-day Tunisia. He was known in Europe by the Latinized name Algizar.
We know the biography of Ibn Al Jazzar only by an Andalusian physician Ibn Joljol and he only knew it by his student Ibn Bariq, who went to Qayrawan, Tunisia to learn medicine. The writers of Tabakates or "classes of famous men" generally considered writing only for Faquih, the benefactors and the saints. The information we have about Ibn Al Jazzar are second hand, they are either incomplete, or controversial.
“Ahmed Ben Jaafar Ben Brahim Ibn Al Jazzar” was born in Qayrawan around 895, and died around 979. He lived about 84 years. Married he would not let childs. He had learned the Koran at kuttab in his youth, grammar, theology, fiqh and history at the mosque Okba Ibn Nafaa. He had learned medicine from his father and his uncle that were physicians, and from Ishaq Ibn Suleiman (Isaac Ben Salomon), a physician in Qayrawan.
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Ibn al-Khatib
Lisan ad-Din ibn al-Khatib (Born 16 November 1313, Loja– died 1374, Fes, Morocco) (Full name Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Said ibn Ali ibn Ahmad al-Salmani) was a poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician and politician from Emirate of Granada. Some of his poems decorate the walls of the Alhambra in Granada.
He was born at Loja, near Granada. al-Khatib spent most of his life as vizir at the court of Muhammed V, but was exiled from Granada twice and lived for some time in the Marinid empire in Morocco (the first time 1360-62 and the second time 1371-74 in Ceuta and Tlemcen and Fes). In 1374, he was imprisoned and accused of heresy (Zandaqa) and atheism for which he was sentenced to death by suffocation. His body was burned then buried at "Bab Mahruq", one of the gates of the city of Fes. His private feuds with the Nasrid Kings of Granada were the main reason of this treatment.
He excelled as a historian and he wrote excellent poetry some of which was put to music as muwashshahat.
His autobiography, written in 1369, is to be found in part of his 'al-Ihata fi akhbar Gharnata' (The Complete Source on the History of Granada) ed. Muhammad Abd Allah Inan (Cairo: Maktabat al-Khanji, 1978).
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Ibn al-Nadim
Abu'l-Faraj Muhammad bin Is'hāq al-Nadim (Arabic: ابوالفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم) (died September 17, 995 or 998) was a Shia Muslim scholar and bibliographer. He is famous as the author of the Kitāb al-Fihrist. It is in his own words "an Index of the books of all nations, Arabs and non-Arabs alike, which are extant in the Arabic language and script, on every branch of knowledge ; comprising information as to their compilers and the classes of their authors, together with the genealogies of those persons, the dates of their birth, the length of their lives, the times of their death, the places to which they belonged, their merits and their faults, since the beginning or every science that has been invented down to the present epoch : namely, the year 377 of the Hijra.". His choice of the rather rare Persian word pehrest (fehrest/ fehres/ fahrasat) for the title of a handbook on Arabic literature is noteworthy in this regard.(See Encyclopaedia Iranica under Fehrest)
Very little is actually known about his life. He was a bookseller, a calligrapher who copied manuscripts for sale, as his father, known as al-Warrāq (الورّاق), was before him. He lived in Baghdad and sometimes he mentions a sojourn in Mosul. In 988 AD, the year his book was compiled, he reports he was in Constantinople (Dar al-Rum). However, Carlo Alfonso Nallino believes this is a misunderstanding and Dar al-Rum does not mean Constantiople, rather al-Nadim meant that he met someone in a Christian neighborhood in Baghdad.
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Ibn al-Quff
Amīn-ad-Daula Abu-'l-Faraǧ ibn Yaʻqūb ibn Isḥāq Ibn al-Quff al-Karaki (Arabic: أمين الدولة أبو الفرج بن يعقوب بن إسحاق بن القف الكركي; 1233 CE – 1286 CE) was an Arab physician and surgeon and author of the earliest medieval Arabic treatise intended solely for surgeons.
Ibn al-Quff was born in the city of Al Karak (in modern-day Jordan), hence the attributive title Al-Karaki.
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Ibn Al-Thahabi
Abu Mohammed Abdellah Ibn Mohammed Al-Azdi (Arabic: ابو محمد عبدالله بن محمد الأزدي) (ca. ? - 1033 CE), known also as Ibn Al-Thahabi, was an Arab physician, famous for writing the first known alphabetical encyclopedia of medicine.
He was born in Suhar, Oman. He moved then into Basra, then to Persia where he studied under Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina. Later he migrated to Jerusalem and finally settled in Valencia, in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
He is famous for his book Kitab Al-Ma'a (The Book of Water), which is a medical encyclopedia. that lists the names of diseases, its medicine and a physiological process or a treatment. It is the first known alphabetical classification of medical terms. In this encyclopedia, Ibn Al-Thahabi not only lists the names but adds numerous original ideas about the function of the human organs. Indeed, he explains an original idea of how the vision takes place. It also contains a course for the treatment psychological symptoms. The main thesis of his medication is that cure must start from controlled food and exercise and if it persists then use specific individual medicines if it still persists then use medical compounds. If the disease continued, surgery was performed.
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Ibn Arabi
Ibn ʿArabī (Arabic: ابن عربي) (Murcia July 28, 1165 – Damascus November 10, 1240) was an Arab Andalusian Sufi mystic and philosopher.
He was sometimes referred to as "the Son of Plato" (Ibn Aflatun) for his devotion to Plato.
'Abū 'Abdillāh Muḥammad ibn 'Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn `Arabī (أبو عبد الله محمد ابن علي ابن محمد ابن عربي ) was born into a respectable family in Murcia, Taifa of Murcia on the 17th of Ramaḍān 561 AH (27th or 28 July 1165 AD). Muḥyiddin Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Arabī was widely known as al-Shaykh al-Akbar; in medieval Europe he was called Doctor Maximus.
His father, ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad, served in the Army of ibn Mardanīsh. When ibn Mardanīsh died in 1172 AD, ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad swiftly shifted his allegiance to the Almohad Sultan, Abū Ya’qūb Yūsuf I, and became one of his military advisers. His family then relocated from Murcia to Seville.
ibn ‘Arabī’s dogmatic and intellectual training began in Seville, then the cultural and civilized center of Muslim Iberia, in 578 AH. Most of his teachers were the clergy of the Almohad era and some of them also held the official posts of Qadi or Khatib. He was a young boy when his father sent him to the renowned jurist Abū Bakr ibn Khalaf to study the Qur'an. ibn ‘Arabī learned the recitation of the Qur'an from the book of Al-Kafi in the seven different Qira'at. The same work was also transmitted to him by another ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Ghālib ibn al-Sharrāt. At the age of ten, he was well-versed in the Qira’āt; afterwards he learned the sciences of Hadith, Fiqh and Sirah from the famous scholars of the time such as Al-Suhayli.
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Ibn Butlan
Ibn Butlan (Arabic: ابن بطلان; died 1038, or 1066) was an Iraqi Christian physician of the Islamic Golden Age.
He wrote the Taqwim al-Sihhah (The Maintenance of Health). The work treated matters of hygiene, dietetics, and exercise. It emphasized the benefits of regular attention to the personal physical and mental well-being. The continued popularity and publication of this medieval text of Middle Eastern origin into the sixteenth century is thought to demonstrate the influence that Arabic culture had on early modern Europe.
Arnaldez, R. (2008) [1970-80]. "Ibn Buṭlān, Abuʾl-Ḥasan Al-Mukhtār Ibn ʿAbdūn Ibn SaʿDūn". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900727.html.
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Ibn Hazm
Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm (Arabic: أبو محمد علي بن احمد بن سعيد بن حزم; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; November 7, 994 – August 15, 1064 (456 AH)) was an Andalusian philosopher, litterateur, psychologist, historian, jurist and theologian born in Córdoba, present-day Spain. He was a leading proponent of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought and produced a reported 400 works of which only 40 still survive, covering a range of topics such as Islamic jurisprudence, logic, history, ethics, comparative religion, and theology, as well as The Ring of the Dove, on the art of love.
Ibn Hazm was born into a notable family. His great-grandfather Hazm was a convert to Islam, his grandfather Sa'id moved to Córdoba and his father Ahmad both held high advisory positions in the court of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham II. The family claimed to be of Persian descent. However, some modern day scholars believe that there is evidence that Ibn Hazm was a descendant of a Christian Iberian family in Manta Lisham (near Sevilla).
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Ibn Jazla
Abu ali Yahya ibn Isa Ibn Jazla Al Baghdadi or Ibn Jazlah (Arabic,أبو يحيى ابن عيسى بن جزله), Latinized as Buhahylyha Bingezla, was an 11th-century physician of Baghdad and author of an influential treatise on regimen that was translated into Latin in 1280 AD by the Sicilian Jewish physician Faraj ben Salem.
Ibn Jazla was born of Christian Nestorian parents at Baghdad. He converted to Islam in 1074. He died in 1100 under the tutelage of Abu `Ali ibn Al-Walid Al-Maghribi.
His Taqwim al-Abdan fi Dadbir al-Insan (Dispositio corporum de constittutione hominis, Tacuin agritudinum), as the name implies: tables in which diseases are arranged like the stars in astronomical tables, was translated into Latin.
There is a story which says that he was one of the physicians to Charlemagne and that he wrote Tables or Tacuin at the instigation of the latter. This story has no historical foundation unless Ibn Jazla was born two centuries earlier, for indeed, Charlemagne was emperor up to 814. The Tacuin was translated by the Jew Faraj ben Salim and the Latin version was published in 1532. A German translation was published at Strasbourg in 1533 by Hans Schotte.
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Ibn Juljul
Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān ibn Ḥassān Ibn Juljul (Arabic: سليمان بن حسان ابن جلجل) (c. 944 Córdoba, Spain, – c. 994) was an influential Andalusian Muslim physician and pharmacologist who wrote an important book on the history of medicine. His works on pharmacology were frequently quoted by physicians in Muslim Spain during the 10th and 11th centuries. Some of his works were later studied by Albertus Magnus, like De secretis, but were attributed to a Latinized version of his name, Gilgil.
Starting from the age of fourteen, Ibn Juljul studied medicine for ten years working under the physician Hasdai ibn Shaprut. He later became the personal physician of Caliph Hisham II, and continued working as a teacher of medicine. Ibn al-Baghunish of Toledo was one of his disciples.
Ibn Juljul's major book is Ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbā’ w’al-hukamā’ (Generations of physicians and Wise Men, Arabic: طبقات الأطباء والحكماء) which is an important work on the history of medicine using both Eastern and Western sources. The book includes 57 biographies of famous Greek, Islamic, African, and Spanish physicians and philosophers, and contains interesting information on the earliest accounts of Syriac translations into Arabic. The included biographies of contemporary Spanish physicians are notable because they give a clear insight about life in Cordoba during the 10th century. Composed in 377/987, the Ṭabaqāt is considered to be the second oldest collection of biographies of physicians written in Arabic, where the earliest being Taʾrīkh al-aṭibbāʾ by Ishaq ibn Hunayn. The Ṭabaqāt also records some of Ibn Juljul's thoughts on the decline of science in the Eastern Islamic provinces. Ibn Juljul states that:
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Ibn Khallikan
Shams al-Dīn Abū Al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Khallikān (Arabic: شمس الدين أبو العباس أحمد بن محمد بن خلكان) (September 22, 1211 – October 30, 1282) was a 13th Century Shafi'i Islamic scholar of Kurdish origin.
Ibn Khallikan was born in Arbil, Iraq on September 22, 1211, studied there and in Aleppo and Damascus. He also studied jurisprudence at Mosul and then settled in Cairo. He gained prominence as a jurist, theologian and grammarian. Ibn Khallikan married in the year 1252.
He was an assistant to the chief judge in Egypt until 1261 when he assumed the position of chief judge in Damascus. Ibn Khallikan was removed from this position in 1271, returned to Egypt and taught there until being reinstated as judge in Damascus in the year 1278. He retired from this position in 1281 and died in Damascus on October 30, 1282.
Ibn Khallikan's most renowned work is the biographical dictionary entitled Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān (Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch). He began compiling this work in 1256 and continued until 1274, referencing the works of earlier scholars.Deaths of Eminent Men does not include biographies of individuals already sufficiently covered, such as the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and the caliphs. This work has been translated into English by William McGuckin de Slane, (1801–1878), and is over 2,700 pages long.
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Ibn Rassam
Ibn al-Rassam literally (Son of the Draftsman), was an Egyptian Muslim Alchemist and tile-maker and Mosaic designer, who flourished during the Mamluk Bahri dynasty (1250–1382).
Ibn Rassam is widely known to have invented the techniques through which he obtained copper from varieties of malachite, he also ascertained indigo by heating various substances. He was also a colleague of the chemist, Abul Ashba ibn Tammam (d.1361).
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Ibrahim ibn Baks
Ibrahim ibn Baks (Arabic: إبراهيم بن بكس; died in 1003 CE) was a physician and a regular lecturer in Al-'Adudi Hospital, a bimaristan located in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age. He became blind towards the end of his life.
According to Ibn Abi Usaibi'a, Ibn Baks translated many works into the Arabic-language.
Among his works are a large and a small compendium of medicine and monographs on diseases of the skin, of the eyes, on anatomy and on antidotes. His works include:
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Ikhwan al-Safa
The Brethren of Purity (Arabic: اخوان الصفا Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafā; also The Brethren of Sincerity) were a secret society of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in the 10th century CE.
The structure of this mysterious organization and the identities of its members have never been clear. Their esoteric teachings and philosophy are expounded in an epistolary style in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Rasa'il Ikhwan al-safa'), a giant compendium of 52 epistles that would greatly influence later encyclopedias. A good deal of Muslim and Western scholarship has been spent on just pinning down the identities of the Brethren and the century in which they were active.
The Arabic phrase Ikhwan al-Safa (short for, among many possible transcriptions, Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ wa Khullān al-Wafā wa Ahl al-Ḥamd wa abnāʾ al-Majd, meaning "Brethren of Purity, Loyal Friends, People worthy of praise and Sons of Glory") can be translated as either the "Brethren of Purity" or the "Brethren of Sincerity"; various scholars such as Ian Netton prefer "of Purity" because of the group's ascetic impulses towards purity and salvation.
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Iraj Pezeshkzad
Iraj Pezeshkzad (Persian: ایرج پزشکزاد , Iraj Pezeshk'zād, born 1928 in Tehran) is an Iranian writer and author of the famous Persian novel Dā'i Jān Napoleon (Dear Uncle Napoleon, translated as My Uncle Napoleon) published in the early 1970s.
Iraj Pezeshkzad was born in Tehran, Iran in 1928 and was educated in Iran and France, where he received his degree in Law. He served as a judge in the Iranian Judiciary for five years prior to joining the Iranian Foreign Service. He served as a diplomat until the Iranian revolution in 1979, and left the Foreign Service to reside in France after the revolution, where he joined Shapour Bakhtiar and his party the National Movement of Iranian Resistance against the Islamic regime established in Iran. He wrote many political books for the party (example: "Moroori bar vagheye 15 khordad 42, az entesharat e nehzat e moghavemat e melli e Iran, Iraj Pezeshkzad").
He began writing in the early 1950s by translating the works of Voltaire and Molière into Persian and by writing short stories for magazines. His novels include Haji Mam-ja'far in Paris, Mashalah Khan in the Court of Haroun al-Rashid, Asemun Rismun, Honar-e Mard beh ze Dolat-e oost, and Dai Jan Napoleon. He has also written several plays and various articles on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.
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Iskandar Khatloni
Iskandar Khatloni (October 1954 - 22 September 2000) was a journalist from Tajikistan who worked for Radio Free Europe and was murdered in Moscow, Russia while covering the Second Chechen War.
In the 1980s at the onset of glasnost in the Soviet Union Khatloni began worked as a BBC correspondent. In 1996 he became a correspondent for the Tajik language division of the Prague-based Radio Free Europe. In addition to his journalistic work, Khatloni was a distinguished poet and had published four volumes of verse.
Before his death Khatloni had been assigned to Moscow to report on human rights abuses in Chechnya.
On the evening of 22 September 2000 Khatloni was attacked inside of his Moscow apartment by an unknown, axe-wielding assailant. Khatloni was struck twice in the head and then stumbled onto the street and collapsed. He was later found by a passerby and taken to Moscow's Botkin Hospital, where he died that night of a serious head wound.
Speculation surrounding Khatloni’s murder has focused on his coverage of the war in Chechnya, a politically sensitive topic that brought great peril to Russian based journalists coving the subject. Just the previous spring, Igor Domnikov of Novaya Gazeta had been murdered while covering abuses by the Russian armed forces in Chechnya. Radio Free Europe's coverage of the Chechen conflict had caused the Russian Media Ministry to declare earlier in the year that the independent radio station was "hostile to our state." Moscow police opened an investigation of Khatloni’s murder, but no arrests were ever made in the case.
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Ja'far al-Sadiq
Quotations related to Jafar Us-Sadiq at Wikiquote
Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad al-Sādiq (Arabic: جعفر بن محمد الصادق) (702–765 C.E. or 17th Rabī‘ al-Awwal 83 AH – 25th Shawwāl 148 AH) was a descendant of Muhammad and a prominent Muslim jurist. He is revered as an Imam by the adherents of Shi'a Islam and as a renowned Islamic scholar and personality by Sunni Muslims. The Shi'a Muslims consider him to be the sixth Imam or leader and spiritual successor to Muhammad. The internal dispute over who was to succeed Ja'far as Imam led to schism within Shi'a Islam. Al-Sadiq was celebrated among his brothers and peers and stood out among them for his great personal merits. He is highly respected by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims for his great Islamic scholarship, pious character, and academic contributions.
Although he is perhaps most famous as the founder of Shi'a Islamic fiqh, known as Ja'fari jurisprudence, he had many other accomplishments. He was the teacher of many subsequent Muslim scholars such as the founders of both Sunni and Shi'a Islamic schools of jurisprudence. As well as being considered an Imam of the Shi'a, he is revered by the Naqshbandi Sunni Sufi chain. He was a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist.[citation needed] He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence.
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Jafar Panahi
Jafar Panahi (Persian: جعفر پناهی ; born July 11, 1960 Meyaneh, East Azarbaijan) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter and film editor. After several years of making short films and working as an assistant director for Abbas Kiarostami, Panahi first achieved international recognition with his feature film debut The White Balloon in 1995, which won the Caméra d'Or at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. Panahi was quickly recognized as one of the most influential filmmakers in the Iranian New Wave movement. Although his films were often banned in his own country, he continued to receive international acclaim from film theorists and critics and has won numerous awards, including the Golden Leopard at the 1997 Locarno International Film Festival for The Mirror, the Golden Lion at the 2000 Venice Film Festival for The Circle and the Silver Bear at the 2006 Berlin Film Festival for Offside. His films are often noted for their humanistic perspective, often focusing on the hardships of children, the impovershed and women in Iran.
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Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
Jalal Al-e-Ahmad (December 2, 1923 – September 9, 1969) was a prominent Iranian writer, thinker, and social and political critic.
Jalal was born into a religious family in Tehran. His father was an Islamic cleric originally from the small village of Owrazan in Taleghan mountains. After elementary school Al-e-Ahmad was sent to earn a living in the Tehran bazaar, but also attended Marvi Madreseh for a religious education, and without his father's permission, night classes at the Tehran Polytechnic. He became "acquainted with the speech and words of Ahmad Kasravi" and was unable to commit to the clerical career his father and brother had hoped he would take, describing it as "a snare in the shape of a cloak and an aba."
In 1946 he earned an M.A. in Persian literature from Tehran Teachers College and became a teacher, at the same time making a sharp break with his religious family that left him "completely on his own resources." He pursued academic studies further and enrolled in a doctoral program of Persian literature at Tehran University but quit before he had defended his dissertation in 1951. In 1950, he married Simin Daneshvar, a well-known Persian novelist. Jalal and Simin were infertile, a topic that was reflected in some of Jalal's works.
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Jalaladdin Davani
Jalaluddin Muhammad bin As'ad Kazeruni Siddiqi (1426–1502 in Kazerun), often referred to as Jalaluddin Davani or Allamah Davani, was a leading philosopher, theologian, jurist and poet of 15th Century Iran. He spent most of his life in Kazerun and he had strong connections with the local Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, Timurid and Ottoman rulers, accepting a number of important government positions from them. He wrote a number of works on theology, philosophy and law. He died shortly after the founding of the Safavid dynasty, but before Shah Isma'il I captured the province of Fars.
Davani began his studies with his father, who was a student of Mir Gorgani (d.1413), but moved to Shiraz while he was still young to study theology, philosophy, logic, fiqh and usul ul-fiqh under notable scholars such as Homām-al-Dīn Golbārī, Safiuddin Iji, Muhiyudin Muhammad Kushkenari Ansari (Himself a student of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, who was also a student of Gorgani). Davani was often in disagreement with his contemporary and fellow philosopher-theologian, Sadruddin Dashtaki, who frequently criticized the former's views and writings.
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Jami
Nur ad-Dīn Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (Persian: نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی) also known as DJāmī, Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti who is commonly known as Jami (August 18, 1414 – November 17, 1492), is known for his achievements as a scholar, mystic, writer, composer of numerous lyrics and idylls, historian, and one of the greatest Persian and Sufi poets of the 15th century. Jami was primarily an outstanding poet-theologian of the school of Ibn Arabī and a prominent Khwājagānī Sũfī. He was recognized for his eloquent tongue and ready at repartee who analyzed the idea of the metaphysics of mercy. Among his famous poetical works are: Haft Awrang, Tuhfat al-Ahrar, Layla wa -Majnun, Fatihat al-Shabab, Lawa'ih, Al-Durrah al-Fakhirah.
Jami was born in Khardijird/Kharjerd in central Khorasan. Previously his father Nizām al-Dīn Ahmad b. Shams al-Dīn Muhammad had come from Dasht, a small town in the district of Isfahan. A few years after his birth, his family migrated to the cultural city of Herat where he was able to study Peripateticism, mathematics, Arabic literature, natural sciences, language, logic, rhetoric and Islamic philosophy at the Nizamiyyah University of Herat. His father became his first teacher and mentor, who was also a Sufi. While in Herat, Jami was a central role and function of the Timurid court, involved in the politics, economics, philosophy, religion, and Persian culture.
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Janet Afary
Janet Afary is an Iranian author, feminist activist and researcher in history, religious Studies and women studies. She now lives in the United States of America, and teaches at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Her research field includes politics of contemporary Iran and gender and sexuality in modern Middle East. She is known for her writings and research on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
Afary is a professor of Religious Studies and Feminist Studies at the University of California Santa Barbara. She received her M.A. from University of Tehran and her Ph.D. in Modern Middle East History from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She was the recipient of the Horace H. Rackham Distinguished Dissertation Award from the University of Michigan.
Afary is married to Kevin B. Anderson, Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Feminist Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
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John Philoponus
John Philoponus[pronunciation?](Greek: Ἰωάννης ὁ Φιλόπονος; AD. 490–AD. 570), also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria, was a Christian and Aristotelian commentator and the author of a considerable number of philosophical treatises and theological works. A rigorous, sometimes polemical writer and an original thinker who was controversial in his own time, John Philoponus broke from the Aristotelian-Neoplatonic tradition, questioning methodology and eventually leading to empiricism in the natural sciences.
He was posthumously condemned as a heretic by the Orthodox Church in 680-81 because of what was perceived of as a tritheistic interpretation of the Trinity.
His works were widely printed in Latin translations in Europe from the 15th century onwards. His critique of Aristotle in the Physics commentary was a major influence on Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Galileo Galilei, who cited Philoponus substantially in his works.
Possibly born into a Christian family, nothing is known of his early life. Philoponus studied at the school of Alexandria and began publishing from about 510. He was a pupil and sometime amanuensis to the Neoplatonic philosopher Ammonius Hermiae, who had studied at Athens under Proclus.
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Jon Barwise
Kenneth Jon Barwise (June 29, 1942 – March 5, 2000) was an American mathematician, philosopher and logician who proposed some fundamental revisions to the way that logic is understood and used.
Born in Independence, Missouri to Kenneth T. and Evelyn, he was a precocious child.
A pupil of Solomon Feferman at Stanford University, Barwise started his research in infinitary logic. After positions as assistant professor at the Universities of Yale and Wisconsin, during which time his interests turned to natural language, he returned to Stanford in 1983 to direct the Center for the Study of Language and Information. He began teaching at Indiana University in 1990. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999.
Barwise contended that, by being explicit about the context in which a proposition is made, the situation, many problems in the application of logic can be eliminated. He sought ... to understand meaning and inference within a general theory of information, one that takes us outside the realm of sentences and relations between sentences of any language, natural or formal. In particular, he claimed that such an approach resolved the liar paradox. He made use of Peter Aczel's non-well-founded set theory in understanding "vicious circles" of reasoning.
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June Goodfield
June Goodfield is a British historian and scientist, and writer of both fiction and non-fiction.
Born Gwyneth June Goodfield in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1927, she read Zoology at the University of London and undertook a PhD in History and Philosophy of Science at Leeds University, graduating in 1959, and spending the following year as a research assistant at Oxford University. After teaching biology at both Benenden School, Kent, and Cheltenham Ladies' College, Goodfield went on to lecture History and Philosophy of Science at Leeds University until 1960. Since then she has held many academic posts, including consultant at Harvard University's Department of Education (1960-65), Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Wellesley College (1966-69), Professor of Human Medicine and Philosophy at Michigan State University (1969-78), Senior Research Fellow at the Rockefeller University (1977-82), and Robinson Professor at George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
In her long career, Goodfield has also been an active member of many professional bodies, including the Institute of Society, Ethics and the Life Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Zoological Society, the Royal Society of Medicine, and also holding the position of President of the United Nations Association in 1986-7.
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Jābir ibn Hayyān
Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān (al-Azdi / al-Kufi / al-Tusi / al-Sufi), often known simply as Geber, (Persian: جابر بن حیان)(Arabic: جابر بن حیان) (born c. 721 in Tus, Persia; died c. 815 in Kufa, Iraq) was a prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geographer, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician. Born and educated in Tus, he later traveled to Kufa. Jābir is held to have been the first practical alchemist.
As early as the tenth century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jābir was in dispute in Islamic circles. His name was Latinized as "Geber" in the Christian West and in 13th century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as Pseudo-Geber, produced alchemical and metallurgical writings under the pen-name Geber.
In 987 Ibn al-Nadim compiled the Kitab al-Fihrist which mentions Jabir as a spiritual leader and as a companion to Jafar as-Sadiq (he is not listed among the students of Jafar as-Sadiq but many of the writings of the Jabirian corpus are dedicated to Jafar as-Sadiq). In another reference al-Nadim reports that a group of philosophers claimed Jabir was one of their own members. Another group, reported by al-Nadim, says only The Large Book of Mercy is genuine and that the rest are pseudographical. Their assertions are rejected by al-Nadim. Joining al-Nadim in asserting a real Jabir; Ibn-Wahshiyya ("Jaber ibn Hayyn al-Sufi ...book on poison is a great work..") Rejecting a real Jabir; (the philosopher c.970) Abu Sulayman al-Mantiqi claims the real author is one al-Hasan ibn al-Nakad al-Mawili. 14th century critic of Arabic literature, Jamal al-Din ibn Nubata al-Misri declares all the writings attributed to Jabir doubtful.
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Kamal Khujandi
Kamal Khujandi (Persian: کمال خجندی), also Kamal Khojandi, Kamaleddin Khojandi, or Kamal-E Khojandi, was a Persian (Tajik) Sufi and Persian ghazal poet of 14th century (8th century hijri).
He was born in Khujand, today the capital of Sughd Province in Tajikistan. He lived in Tabriz and died in 1400 CE (807 AH).
He is counted among great romantic poets of the 14th century, like Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Khwaju Kermani and Hafez. He was also a contemporary of Hafez. The modern Persian novelist and short story writer Sadegh Hedayat and his family trace their ancestry to Kamal Khojandi.
His tomb is located in the Tomb of Two Kamals at Tabriz, Iran, beside the tomb of Kamaleddin Behzad. There is also a statue of Kamal Khojandi nearby.
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Kambuzia Partovi
Kambuzia Partovi (also spelt Kambozia Partovi, born 1955) is an Iranian filmmaker and scriptwriter.
Partovi's latest movie, Café Transit, was nominated for the Oscars at 2007 to represent Iranian cinema in the competition for the best foreign language films. He has also written screenplays for other directors, most notably The Circle by maestro Jafar Panahi. Partovi trained and supported many Iranian artists and film makers, most notably Bahman Ghobadi.
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Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād
Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād (c. 1450 – c. 1535), also known as Kamal al-din Bihzad or Kamaleddin Behzad (Persian: کمالالدین بهزاد), was a Persian painter and head of the royal ateliers in Herat and Tabriz during the late Timurid and early Safavid periods.
Behzad was born, lived and worked in Herat (now in Afghanistan) under the Timurids, and later in Tabriz under the Safavid dynasty. An orphan, he was raised by the prominent painter Mirak Naqqash, and was a protege of Mir Ali Shir Nava'i. His major patrons in Herat were the Timurid sultan Husayn Bayqarah (ruled 1469 - 1506) and other amirs in his circle. After the fall of the Timurids, he was employed by Shah Ismail I Safavi in Tabriz, where, as director of the royal atelier, he had a decisive impact on the development of later Safavid painting. Behzad died in 1535 and his tomb is located in Herat, in Saeede Mukhtar which is located in north of Herat city on the top of a hill. A statue of Behzad is placed in 2-Kamal Tomb.
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Khaghani
Khāqāni or Khāghāni (1121/1122, Shamakhi – 1190, Tabriz) (Persian: خاقانی) was a Persian poet. He was born in the historical region known as Shirvan (located now in present country of Azerbaijan), under the Shirvanshah (a vassal of the Seljuq empire) and died in Tabriz, Iran.
Khaqani (real name, Afzaladdin Badil (Ibrahim) ibn Ali Nadjar) was born into the family of a carpenter in Melgem, a village near Shamakhy. Khaqani lost his father at an early age and was brought up by his uncle, Kafi-eddin Umar Shervani, a doctor and astronomer at the Shirvanshah’s court, who for seven years (until his death) acted "both as nurse and tutor" to Khaghani. Khaqani's mother, originally of Nestorian faith, later accepted Islam. The poet himself had a remarkable knowledge of Christianity, and his poetry is profused with Christian imagery and symbols. He was also taught by his cousin (son of Kafi-eddin Umar) in philosophy. His master in poetry was the famous Abul-Ala Ganjavi who introduced him to the court of Khaqan Manuchehr Shirvanshah and Khaqani got his title from this king. He also married daughter of Abul-Ala.
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Khalid ibn Barmak
Khalid ibn Barmak (AD 705–782) was a member of the powerful Persian Barmakids family. When Balkh the native town of Barmakids fell to the Arabs in 663, Khalid ibn Barmak and his brothers moved to the garrison town of Basra in Iraq, where they converted to Islam. Their ancestor was a Pramukh (corrupted by the Arabs to Barmak), a title borne by the high priest in the Buddhist temple of Nawbahār.
He played an important role in the formation of the Abbasid dynasty. He is the first Barmakid about whom much is known. Khalid supported the revolt of As-Saffah, who was to become the first Abbassid caliph. In 747, he was put in charge of the distributions of war spoils from the revolt, then of the district of Dayr Qunna, and then in 749, was minister along with Abu Al-Jahm, and was chief of the land Tax bureau. He was also entrusted with the upbringing of the caliph's daughter.
Under the Caliphate of al-Mansur, he was appointed governor of Fars and, after helping obtain Prince Isa ibn Musa's renunciation of succession to the caliphate in 765, was governor of Tabaristan. He built the town of Mansura; and was later involved in the founding of Baghdad, and protested the use of material from Ctesiphon to build the new city
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Khalilullah Khalili
Khalilullah Khalili (1907 – 1987; Persian: خلیلالله خلیلی - Ḫalīlallāḥ Ḫalīlī; alternative spellings: Khalilollah, Khalil Ullah) was Afghanistan's foremost 20th century poet as well as a noted historian, university professor, diplomat and royal confidant. He was the last of the great classical Persian poets and among the first to introduce modern Persian poetry and Nimai style to Afghanistan. He had also expertise in Khorasani style and was a follower of Farrukhi Sistani. Almost alone among Afghanistan's poets, he enjoyed a following in Iran where his selected poems have been published. His works have been praised by renowned Iranian literary figures and intellectuals. Many see him as the greatest contemporary poet of the Persian language in Afghanistan. He is also known for his major work "Hero of Khorasan", a controversial biography of Habībullāh Kalakānī, Emir of Afghanistan in 1929.
Khalili was born in Kabul Province, and came from the same village as Habibullah Kalakani. He wrote exclusively in Persian and is sometimes associated with Tajik nationalist ideology. He belonged to the Persian-speaking Safi clan of Kohistan (modern Parwan). His father, Mirzā Muhammad Hussein Khān, was King Habibullah Khan's finance minister and owned mansions in Kabul and Jalalabad, but was later dismissed and hanged by Habibullah Khan's son and successor, Amanullah Khan. His mother was the daughter of Abdul Qādir Khān, a regional Safi tribal leader. She died when Khalili was seven.
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Khwaju Kermani
Khwaju Kermani (Persian: خواجوی کرمانی) whose full name is Abu’l-ʿAṭā Kamāl-al-Din Maḥmud b. ʿAli b. Maḥmud Morshedi (1280–1352) was a famous Persian poet and Sufi mystic from Persia.
He was born in Kerman, Iran in 24 December 1290. His nickname Khwaju is a diminutive of the Persian word Khwaja which he uses as his poetic penname. This title points to descent from a family of hish social status. The nisba (name title) Morshedi indicates his associate with the Persian sufi master Shaykh Abu Eshaq Kazeruni, the founder of the Morshediyya order. He died around 1349 in Shiraz, Iran, and his tomb in Shiraz is a popular tourist attraction today. When he was young, he visited Egypt, Syria, Jerusalem and Iraq. He also performed the Hajj in Mecca. One purpose of his travel is said to have been education and meeting with scholars of other lands. He composed one his best known work Homāy o Homāyun in Baghdad. Returning to Persian lands in 1335, he strove to find a position as a court poet by dedicating poems to the rulers of his time, such as the Il-Khanid rulers Abu Saʿid Bahādor Khan and Arpā Khan, the Mozaffarid Mobārez-al-Din, and Abu Esḥāq of the Inju dynasty.
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Kisai Marvazi
Abul Hasan Abu Ishaq Kisa'i Marvazi was a 10th century poet of Persia.
Born in 953 CE and originating from Merv, he paid flattery first and foremost to the courts of the Samanids, but also to the Abbasids and Ghaznavids, particularly Mahmud of Ghazni.
He is said to have later converted to Shia Islam.
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Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (/ˈkɜrt ɡɜrdəl/; German pronunciation: [ˈkʊʁt ˈɡøːdəl] ( listen); April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian/American logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Later in his life he emigrated to the United States to escape the effects of World War II. One of the most significant logicians of all time, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when many, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead and David Hilbert, were pioneering the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics.
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems, published in 1931 when he was 25 years old, one year after finishing his doctorate at the University of Vienna. The more famous incompleteness theorem states that for any self-consistent recursive axiomatic system powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the natural numbers (for example Peano arithmetic), there are true propositions about the naturals that cannot be proved from the axioms. To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.
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Leopold Löwenheim
Leopold Löwenheim (26 June 1878 in Krefeld, Germany (also the birthplace of Max Zorn) – 5 May 1957 in Berlin) was a German mathematician, known for his work in mathematical logic. The Nazi regime forced him to retire because under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered only three quarters Aryan. In 1943 much of his work was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin. Nevertheless, he survived the Second World War, after which he resumed teaching mathematics.
Löwenheim (1915) gave the first proof of what is now known as the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, often considered the starting point for model theory.
Primary:
Secondary:
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Loiq Sher-Ali
Loiq Sher-Ali (born 1940, Tajiki/Persian: Лоиқ Шералӣ/لائق شیرعلی) was a Tajik poet, Iranologist and one of the most cellebrated Persian literary figures of Tajikistan and central Asia.
Loiq Sher-Ali had expertise in classical Persian poetry. The influence of Firdowsi, Khayyam and Molana Jalaleddin-e Balkhi is evident in Shir-Ali's works. He also translated several literary master pieces into Persian.
He was the head of Tajik-Persian Language International Foundation in Middle Asia and he was called as Shah-Poet of Tajikistan. A chosen collection of his works is published in Iran, 1994. Another collection, "Rakh's Spirit" is published in Iran, 1999, by Mirzo Shakurzoda.
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Louis L'Amour
Louis Dearborn L'Amour ( /ˈluːiː ləˈmɔr/; March 22, 1908 – June 10, 1988) was an American author. His books consisted primarily of Western fiction novels (though he called his work 'Frontier Stories'), however he also wrote historical fiction (The Walking Drum), science fiction (The Haunted Mesa), nonfiction (Frontier), as well as poetry and short-story collections. Many of his stories were made into movies. L'Amour's books remain popular and most have gone through multiple printings. At the time of his death some of his 105 existing works were in print (89 novels, 14 short-story collections, and two full-length works of nonfiction) and he was considered "one of the world's most popular writers".
Louis Dearborn LaMoore was born in Jamestown, North Dakota, in 1908, the seventh child of Dr. Louis Charles LaMoore and Emily Dearborn LaMoore. He was of French ancestry through his father and Irish through his mother. Dr. LaMoore was a large-animal veterinarian, local politician and farm-equipment broker who had arrived in Dakota Territory in 1882.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He was professor in philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947. In his lifetime, he published just one book review, one article, a children's dictionary, and the 75-page Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). In 1999, his posthumously published Philosophical Investigations (1953) was ranked as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy, standing out as "...the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations".Bertrand Russell described him as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating".
Born in Vienna into one of Europe's wealthiest families, he gave away his entire inheritance. Three of his brothers committed suicide, with Ludwig contemplating it too. He left academia several times: serving as an officer on the frontline during World War I, where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages, where he encountered controversy for hitting children when they made mistakes in mathematics; and working during World War II as a hospital porter in London, where he told patients not to take the drugs they were prescribed, and where no-one knew he was one of the world's most famous philosophers. He described philosophy, however, as "the only work that gives me real satisfaction."
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Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
Mahmoud Dowlatabadi (Persian: محمود دولتآبادی) (born 1940 in Dowlatabad, Sabzevar) is an Iranian writer and actor. He is known as a realist writer of stories of rural life, in which he largely draws on his own experiences.
Mahmoud Dowlatabadi was born in Dowlatabad, a village in the Sabzevar, the north-western part of the Khorasan Province, Iran, and spent his youth helping his father with farming and tending the flocks and reading tales of Persian folklore. But as a teenager, he became bored with rural life, left the keys to his shop with a village boy, and moved to Mashhad, where he stayed for just a year until his love of theatre brought him to Tehran. Soon after arriving in Tehran, he enrolled in acting classes and started to write whenever he found the time. He later joined the Anahita Drama Group. In 1975, he was arrested and spent over a year in prison.
Since he began writing in the 1960s, Dowlatabadi has published over ten novels as well as a number of novellas, short story collections, and plays. His first story, "The End of the Night," was published in 1962 in the Anahita Literary Magazine. His writing combines the poetic tradition of his culture with the everyday speech of the villages.
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Mahmud Shabistari
Mahmūd Shabistarī (1288 – 1340) (Persian: محمود شبستری) is one of the most celebrated PersianSufi poets of the 14th century.
Shabistari was born in the town of Shabestar near Tabriz in 1288 (687 AH), where he received his education. He became deeply versed in the symbolic terminology of Ibn Arabi. He wrote during a period of Mongol invasions.
His most famous work is a mystic text called The Secret Rose Garden (Gulshan-i Rāz) written about 1311 in rhyming couplets (Mathnawi). This poem was written in response to seventeen queries concerning Sufi metaphysics posed to "the Sufi literati of Tabriz" by Rukh Al Din Amir Husayn Harawi (d. 1318). It was also the main reference used by François Bernier when explaining Sufism to his European friends (in: Lettre sur le Quietisme des Indes; 1688)
Other works include The Book of Felicity (Sa'adat-nāma) and The Truth of Certainty about the Knowledge of the Lord of the Worlds (Ḥaqq al-yaqīn fi ma'rifat rabb al-'alamīn. The former is regarded as a relatively unknown poetic masterpiece written in khafif meter, while the later is his lone work of prose.
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Mahsati
Mahsati Ganjavi (Persian: مهستی گنجوی), (born circa 1089 Ganja, a city in modern Republic of Azerbaijan—after 1159) was a 12th century Persianpoet. Mahsati (مهستی) is a compound of two Persian words "Maah" (Moon) and "Sati" (Lady). The title appears in the works of Saadi, Nizami, Sanai, Rumi and Attar.. As an eminent poet, she was composer of quatrains (ruba'is).Originated from Ganja, she was said to have associated with both Omar Khayyam and Nizami. She is also said to have been a companion of Sultan Sanjar. Her alleged free way of living and peddled verses have stamped her as a Persian Madame Sans-Gêne. Her purported love affairs are recounted in the works of Jauhari of Bukhara.
No details about her life are documented except that she was born in Ganja and was highly esteemed at the court of sultan Sanjar of the Seljuk dynasty. She is said to have attracted the notice and gained the favor of Sanjar by the following verse, which she extemporized one evening when the King, on going out from his audience-hall to mount his horse, found that a sudden fall of snow had covered the ground.
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Mahshid Amirshahi
Mahshid Amirshahi is a contemporary Iranian writer born in Kermanshah. She is an active proponent of establishing a secular democracy in Iran, and as an opponent of the current Islamic republic, for which she moved into exile in France after the 1979 Iranian revolution.
During the revolution, Amirshahi was one of the only politically active writers openly supporting Shahpour Bakhtiar. She even published an article in Ayandegan in January 1979, warning the danger of a religious regime, and stressing on the necessity of supporting Bakhtiar, whom she named a national hero and maverick. She has continued her long enduring support for Bakhtiar to date, saying "It's a great pain to be a maverick, but at the same time, it brings you pride, which is a cure to that pain."
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Maimonides
Mosheh ben Maimon משה בן מימון, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (Arabic: موسى بن ميمون), or RaMBaM (רמב"ם – Hebrew acronym for "Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon"), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover Eve, 1135, and died in Egypt (or Tiberias) on 20th Tevet, December 12, 1204. He was a rabbi, physician and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt.
Although his writings on Jewish law and ethics were met with acclaim and gratitude from most Jews even as far off as Spain, Iraq and Yemen, and he rose to be the revered head of the Jewish community in Egypt, there were also vociferous critics of some of his rulings and other writings particularly in Spain. Nevertheless, he was posthumously acknowledged to be one of the foremost rabbinical arbiters and philosophers in Jewish history, his copious work a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship. His fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still carries canonical authority as a codification of Talmudic law. In the Yeshiva world he is known as "haNesher haGadol" (the great eagle) in recognition of his outstanding status as a bona fide exponent of the Oral Torah.
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Majid Majidi
Majid Majidi (Persian: مجید مجیدی , born 17 April 1959) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian film director, film producer, and screenwriter. Majidi's films have touched on many themes and genres and he has won many international awards.
Born in an Iranian middle class family, he grew up in Tehran and at the age of 14 he started acting in amateur theater groups. He then studied at the Institute of Dramatic Arts in Tehran.
After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, his interest in cinema brought him to act in various films, most notably Mohsen Makhmalbaf's Boycott in 1985.
In 1998, Majidi directed the film Children of Heaven, which was nominated to receive the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Though it lost to the Italian film Life Is Beautiful by Roberto Benigni, Children of Heaven is the first Iranian film to have been nominated by the Academy.
Majidi has directed several other feature films since Children of Heaven: The Color of Paradise in 2000, Baran in 2001, and The Willow Tree in 2005; alternate English title One Life More). He also recently directed a feature-length documentary titled Barefoot to Herat which chronicles life in refugee camps and the city of Herat during and after the anti-Taliban offensive of 2001.
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Malik Bin Deenar
Mālik bin Dīnār (Arabic: مالك بن دينار) (died 748 CE) was from the generation of the sahaaba. He is mentioned as a reliable traditionist, transmitting from such authorities as Malik ibn Anas and Ibn Sirin. He was the son of a Persian slave from Kabul who became a disciple of Hasan al-Basri. He died at the age of ninety in Basra.
The first Indian mosque is thought to have been built in 629 A.D, purportedly at the behest of Rama Varma Kulashekhara is a Chera dynasty ruler, who is considered the first Indian Muslim, during the lifetime of Muhammad in Kodungallur, in district of Thrissur, Kerala by Malik Bin Deenar. His grave is situated in Malik Deenar Mosque, Kasaragod, Kerala. It is a famous pilgrim point among Sunni Muslims in India
As the tradition goes, a Chera king, Cheramanperumal of Kodungallur, left for Makkah, embraced Islam, and accepted the name Thajudeen. He married the sister of then King of Jeddah. On his return trip, accompanied by many Islamic religious leaders, led by Malik-ibn-Dinar (RA), he fell sick and died. But he had given introductory letters for the team to proceed to ‘Musiris’ (Kodungallur, the Chera capital. The visitors came to Musiris and handed over the latter to the reigning king, who treated the guests with all respect and extended facilities to establish their faith in the land. The king also organised help for the artisans to build the first Mosque at Kodungallur, by converting Arathali temple into a Juma-Masjid. It was build in 629 A.C., and the area around it had been ear-marked for the team’s settlement.
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Manouchehr Atashi
Manouchehr Atashi (Persian: منوچهر آتشی) (September 25, 1931 - November 20, 2005) was a Persian poet, writer, and journalist.
He was born in 1931 in Dashtestan, Bushehr province His poetry is the poetry of the revolting warrior of the humiliated southern tribesman. He takes his work seriously and although attached to his native birthplace his poems are universal scope. In his later works Atashi has relaxed his rhythm and has moved toward direct expression of emotion.
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Manuchehri
Abu Najm Ahmad ibn Ahmad ibn Qaus Manuchehri (Persian: ابونجم احمد ابن احمد ابن قوص منوچهری دامغانی), a.k.a. Manuchehri Damghani, was a royal poet of the 11th century in Persia.
He was from Damghan in Iran and he is said to invent the form of musammat in Persian poetry and has the best ones too. He traveled to Tabarestan and was admitted to the court of King Manuchihr of Ziyarid dynasty and that's where he got his pen name. He later was a royal poet in the court of Sultan Shihab ud-Dawlah Mas'ud I of Ghazni son of Mahmud of Ghazna.
He has left behind a divan. His works were extensively studied by A. de Biberstein-Kazimirski in 1886.
He died in 1040 CE.
The following is the opening lines of one of his most famous musammat:
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Massoud Nawabi
Massoud Nawabi (1954–2010; Persian: مسعود نوابی-; alternative spellings: Masood Nawabi) also known as Ustad Nawabi, was an Afghan poet, writer, Director as well as a cultural personality, founder of Educational Committee for Afghan Refugees (ECAR), Afghan Cultural Center, Ghulam Habib Nawabi, Chief Administrator of the Afghan Ibn-e-Sina University and Principle of Ariana Mahajir High School. Massoud Nawabi was the Son of Ghulam Habib Nawabi, who was the last of the great Persian Poet and among the first to introduce modern Dari poetry to Afghanistan.
Massoud Nawabi Born to a Intellectual and Educated family in Kabul Afghanistan. He was well known for his literary criticism and his cultural works. He had hundreds of students, many are now themselves poets and writers. He wrote many topics, contents and published magazines like Beenish (بينش), Pohyesh (پويش) and Dewah (ديوه) on literary criticism in Persian Dari. He also initiated and edited several literary journals.
Nawabi was one of the initial script writers and feature writers for some Afghan based drama serials and Afghan Films like Samarqand and Tabloye Khanavade. He left a record about thousands of articles for different magazines, newspapers, websites, Afghan films and dramas and for the Ministry of Information and Culture of Afghanistan.
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Masud Sa'd Salman
Mas'ud-i Sa'd-i Salmān (Persian: مسعود سعد سلمان) was an 11th century Persian poet of the Ghaznavid empire who is known as the prisoner poet. He lived from 1046 to 1121.
He was born in 1046 in Lahore to wealthy parents from Hamadan, present-day Iran. his father Sa'd bin Salman was a great Persian ambassador who was sent to India by Ghaznavids.Masud was born there and he was highly learned in astrology, hippology, calligraphy, literature and also in Arabic and Indian languages.
In 1085, due to politics in the royal court, he was thrown into prison. He was released in 1096, when he returned to Lahore and was appointed governor of Chalander. Two years later, continued political changes resulted in a prison stay of 8 years, with his release in 1106. The last years of his life was spent in high favor most of his best poems were written in the Nay prison.
He also known as a great Persian poet. His poems are so beautiful and painful. Most of his works are written in the qasideh form. He has some poems in other styles such as quatrian and qet'eh. In the qasideh he followed the famous Unsuri. During one of his prison stays, he wrote the Tristia, a celebrated work of Persian poetry. He had relationships with some of the Persian Poets like: Othman Mokhtari , Abul-faraj Runi, Sanai.
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Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
Mehdi Akhavān-Sāles (مهدی اخوان ثالث), or Akhavān-Sāless (1928, Mashhad, Iran — 1990, Tehran, Iran), pen name M. Omid (م. امید, Hope) was a prominent Iranian poet. He is one of the pioneers of Free Verse (New Style Poetry) in Persian language.
Akhavan Sales was born in 1928 in Mashhad, Iran. He gave up an interest in music to appease his father. When the government of prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh was toppled, he was imprisoned along with other political activists. His daughter Laleh, was born while he was in prison.
After his release from prison in 1957, he started to work in radio, and soon after was transferred to Khouzestan to work in TV. Later on, he taught literature on radio and TV and at the university. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution he was granted membership to the Iranian Academy of Artists and Writers. In 1981 he was forced to retire from government service without pay. In 1990, following an invitation from the cultural organization in Germany, he traveled abroad for the first time. Few months after his return, he died at Mehr Hospital in Tehran. He is buried on the grounds of the mausoleum of Ferdowsi in Tus.
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Mir Fendereski
Mir Fendereski (Persian:میر فندرسکی) (From 1562 to 1640) was a renowned Iranian philosopher, poet and mystic of the Safavid era. His full name is given as Sayyed Mir Abulqasim Astarabadi (Persian: سید ابولقاسم استرآبادی), and he is famously known as Fendereski. He lived for a while in Isfahan at the same time as Mir Damad, spent a great part of his life in India among yogis and Zoroastrians, and learnt certain things from them. He was patronized by both the Safavid and Mogul courts. The famous Persian philosopher Mulla Sadra also studied under him.
Mir Fendereski remains a mysterious and enigmatic figure about whom we know very little. He was probably born around 1562-1563 and that he died at the ripe age of eighty.
Mir Fendereski was trained in the works of Avicenna as he thought the Avicennian medical and philosophical compendiums of al-Qanun (The Canon) and Al-Shifa (The Cure) in Isfahan.
A number of works are attributed to him, although these have not been studied in detail. He made extensive commentary on the Persian translation of the Mahabharata (Razm-Nama in Persian) and the philosophical text of the Yoga Vaishtaha. "Resâle Sanaie" , "Resâleh dar kimiyâ" and "Šahre ketabe mahârat", in Persian language, are some of his most famous works. Also his criticism of the Persian translation of Yoga Vaishtaha indicates he was familiar with Sanskrit.
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Mirzo Tursunzoda
Mirzo Tursunzoda (Tajik: Мирзо Турсунзода) (1911—1977) - was an important poet and a prominent politic figure. Today Tursunzoda has been elevated to the level of a national hero of Tajikistan. Tursunzoda's face appears on the front of the one Somoni note. The town of Tursunzoda is named in his honor. He was awarded the Stalin prize.
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Mohammad Sadri
Mohammad Sadri (Persian: محمد صدري ; September 8, 1963) is an Iranian film director, writer, film producer and cinematographer.
Sadri was born in Tehran, Iran. He graduated in cinema from the Art University Of Tehran. He has travelled extensively, particularly in war zones such as Afghanistan, Cuba, Ghana, Bosnia Herzegovina, Iraq and Sudan. He took part in the war between Iran and Iraq as a cinematographer with a filming group named "Revaiat e Fat'h" with his friendMorteza Aviny.
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Mohammad Yaghoubi
Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammad Yaqubi is an influential Iraqi Twelver Shi'a cleric. He is one of the leaders of the influential Shi'a organization Hawza, headed by Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. He was a close companion of Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr.
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Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
Mohammad-Taqí Bahār (محمد تقی بهار in Persian) (November 6, 1884, Mashhad, Iran — April 22, 1951, Tehran, Iran), widely known as Malek o-Sho'arā (ملک الشعراء) and Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār (literally: the king of poets), is a renowned Iranian poet and scholar, who was also a politician, journalist, historian and Professor of Literature. Although he was a 20th-century poet, his poems are fairly traditional and strongly nationalistic in character.
Mohammad-Taqí Bahār was born on November 6, 1884 in the Sarshoor District of Mashhad, the capital city of the Khorasan Province in the north-east of Iran. Bahār began his primary education when he was 3, with his father, Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri, as his tutor. Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri was the Poet Laureate of the shrine in Mashad and had the honorific title of Malek o-Sho'arā, The King of Poets.
In addition to his private schooling, Bahār attended one of the traditional schools, Maktab Khāneh, in Mashhad. To enhance his knowledge of the Persian and Arabic, he further attended the classes of Adib Nai'shābouri, a traditional poet and literary scholar who promoted the style of the poets of Khorasan in the early Islamic era, in the tradition of the so-called bāzgasht-e adabī (literary regress). It has been said that Bahār knew by heart a very good portion of the Koran at a very early age. According to Bahār himself, at seven he read Shahnameh and fully grasped the meaning of Ferdowsi's Epic poems.
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Mohsen Fayz Kashani
Muhsen Feyz Kashani (Persian: محسن فیض کاشانی) was an Iranian Muslim poet, philosopher and muhaddith (died 1680).
Mohsen Fayz Kashani was born in Kashan to a scholarly family renowned for its learning, Fayz started his education his father, Shah Morteza. His father owned a rich library which benefited Fayz. When he reached the age of twenty, he travelled to Isfahan for further study. However, after a year in Isfahan, he moved to Shiraz to study Hadith and Fiq (Jurisprudence) under Majid Bahrani, one of the leading Shi'ite scholars of his time. Bahrani died a few months later, and Fayz returned to Isfahan where he joined the circles of great scholar Shaikh Bahai and studied philosophy under Mir Damad. After performing the hajj, he stayed a short time before returning to Persia.
Upon his return he found a new master, Qom Molla Sadra who taught him in different disciplines. Sadra taught him for eight years, studying ascetic exercises and learning all of the sciences. Sadra gave Fayz one of his daughters to marry, they later had a son named, Muhammad Alam al-Huda, who followed in his fathers footsteps. Fayz is said to have produced works that mixed Islamic scriptual moral concerns with Aristotelian, Platonic schemas and illunminationist mysticism- a rationalist gnostic approach.(Rizvi) Some of his works brought him bad attention, he was criticized by Unlama for not using the Idjma in questioning jurisprudence, such as the legitimacy of music and the definition of impurity. One of Fayz students later blames him for encouraging his students to listen to music.(Chittick)Fayz taught at the Molla'Ábd-Allah madrasa and led Friday prayer in Isfahan. After an unknown period of time Fayz returned to Kasan where he later died in the year 1680.
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Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Mohsen Makhmalbaf (Persian: محسن مخملباف, Mohsen Makhmalbaaf, born May 29, 1957) is an Iranian film director, writer, editor, and producer. During 2007 he was the president of Asian Film Academy.
Makhmalbaf's films have been widely presented in international film festivals in the past ten years. The multi-award-winning director, belongs to the new wave movement of Iranian cinema. Time magazine selected Makhmalbaf's 2001 film, Kandahar, as one of top 100 films of all time. In 2006, he was a member of the Jury at the Venice film festival.
Makhmalbaf left Iran in 2005 shortly after the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and now lives in Paris. As of June 12, 2009, and following the events of the 2009 Iranian presidential election, Mohsen Makhmalbaf has claimed that he has been appointed the official spokesman of Mir-Hossein Moussavi's campaign abroad.
Mohsen Makhmalbaf is a major figure in Iranian cinema. His films have explored the relationship between the individual and a larger social and political environment. As a result, his work serves as an extended commentary on the historical progression of the Iranian state and its people. Makhmalbaf focuses on several genres, from realist films to fantasy and surrealism, from minimalism to large frescos of everyday life, with a predilection (common to Iranian directors) for the themes of childhood and cinema.
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Mostafa Mastoor
Mostafa Mastoor (born 1965, Ahvaz) is an Iranian writer, translator and researcher. He has translated Carver's books into Persian.
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Mu'izzi
Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi (also written Mu'ezzi) was an 11th century and 12th century poet of Persia. The was the poet laureate of Sanjar . Born in 1048 CE and originating from Nisa, he ranks as one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.
He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His divan of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari accuses Mu'izzi of copying the verses of other poets (which cannot be proven for certain), yet Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by the arrow shot at him by the King's son in 1125 CE for reasons unknown. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.
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Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.
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Muhammad al-Bukhari
Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari (Persian: محمد بن اسماعيل بن ابراهيم بن مغيره بن بردزبه بخاری), popularly known as Bukhari or Imam Bukhari, (196-256AH / 810-870AD), was a Sunni Islamic scholar of Persia. He authored the hadith collection named Sahih Bukhari, a collection which Sunni Muslims regard as the most authentic of all hadith compilations.
He was born in 810/194 in the city of Bukhara in Khorasan (now in Uzbekistan). His father, Ismail Ibn Ibrahim, was a known hadith scholar who died while he was young
The historian al-Dhahabi described his early academic life:
He began studying hadith in the year 205 (A.H.). He memorized the works of [‘Abdullah] ibn al-Mubaarak while still a child. He was raised by his mother because his father died when he was an infant. He traveled with his mother and brother in the year 210 after having heard the narrations of his region. He began authoring books and narrating hadith while still an adolescent. He said, “When I turned eighteen years old, I began writing about the Companions and the Followers and their statements. This was during the time of ‘Ubaid Allah ibn Musa (one of his teachers). At that time I also authored a book of history at the grave of the Prophet at night during a full moon.
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Muhammad Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال) (November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938), also known as Allama Iqbal (Urdu: علامہ اقبال), was a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages.
Iqbal is admired as a prominent classical poet by Pakistani, Indian and other international scholars of literature. Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times". His first poetry book, Asrar-e-Khudi, appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz. Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his various Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural, social, religious and political disputes over the years. In 1922, he was knighted by King George V, giving him the title "Sir".
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Mulla Sadra
Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī also called Mulla Sadrā (Persian: ملا صدرا; also spelt Molla Sadra, Mollasadra or Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin Persian: صدرالمتألهین;) (c. 1572–1640) was a Iranian Shia Islamic philosopher, theologian and ‘Ālim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century. According to Oliver Leaman, Mulla Sadra is arguably the single most important and influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years.
Though not its founder, he is considered the master of the Illuminationist, or (Ishraghi or Ishraqi) school of Philosophy, a seminal figure who synthesized the many tracts of the Islamic Golden Age, and Andalusian, philosophies into what he called the Transcendent Theosophy or al-hikmah al-muta’liyah.
Mulla Sadra brought "a new philosophical insight in dealing with the nature of reality" and created "a major transition from essentialism to existentialism" in Islamic philosophy, although his existentialism should not be too readily compared to Western existentialism. His was a question of existentialist cosmology as it pertained to Allah, and thus differs considerably from the individual, moral, and/or social, questions at the heart of Russian, French, German, or American Existentialism.
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Nader Ebrahimi
Nader Ebrahimi (Persian: نادر ابراهیمی) (April 3, 1936 – June 5, 2008) was an Iranian writer, screenwriter, photographer, director and actor. Nader Ebrahimi He was born in 1936 in Tehran.
Ebrahimi is mostly known as a novelist. Three Opinions about the Man Who Came from Nowhere, A Quiet Loving and Forty Letters to My Wife, are some of the many books he has written. Ebrahimi's career ended in 2001 when he was afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Nader El-Bizri
Nader El-Bizri (Arabic نادر البزري / b. 1966, Sidon) is a Lebanese philosopher, historian of science, and architect living in Britain.
His name is ‘Nader M. Mouhib El-Bizri’. He was born in 1966 in the city of Sidon (Saida) in south Lebanon. He completed his schooling at the Jesuit Collège Notre Dame de Fatima des Frères Maristes in Sidon. He qualified for his BArch in architecture from the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture at the American University of Beirut (1989), and received the MArch-II in architecture from the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University (1994). He read philosophy at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University (1995), and got a PhD in Philosophy from the Graduate Faculty of the New School of Social Research in New York (1999). [1], [2], [3]
Nader El-Bizri's areas of expertise are in Phenomenology, in Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, and Architectural Humanities. He focuses mainly on theories of space/place and of perception, with a particular interest in classical optics and perspective Renaissance traditions. His interpretation of history of science and philosophy is guided by contemporary debates in epistemology and ontology (metaphysics). His philosophical analysis is principally oriented by phenomenological methods of investigation and interpretation, and his thinking is influenced by the traditions of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
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Nadia Anjuman
Nadia Anjuman (1980? – 4 November 2005) was an Afghan poet and journalist from Afghanistan.
In 2005, while still a student at Herat University, she had her first book of poetry published, Gul-e-dodi ("Dark Red Flower") which proved popular in Afghanistan, Pakistan and even nearby Iran. Then, on November 4 of that year, police officers found her body in her home in the western city of Herat. Soon afterward, a senior police officer, Nisar Ahmad Paikar, stated that her husband had confessed to battering her, following a row, but not to killing her. It was reported that she died as a result of injuries to her head.
The United Nations condemned the killing soon afterwards. Their spokesperson, Adrian Edwards, said that "[t]he death of Nadia Anjuman, as reported, is indeed tragic and a great loss to Afghanistan... It needs to be investigated and anyone found responsible needs to be dealt with in a proper court of law". Paikar confirmed that her husband had indeed been charged. According to friends and family, Anjuman was apparently a disgrace to her family due to her poetry, which described the oppression of Afghan woman. A selection from one of Nadia Anjuman's poems is as follows: I am caged in this corner / full of melancholy and sorrow... my wings are closed and I cannot fly... I am an Afghan woman and I must wail". During the Taliban regime, Anjuman and other female writers of the Heret literary circle would study banned writers such as William Shakespeare and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Had they been caught, they risked being hanged.
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Nafi ibn al-Harith
Nafi ibn al-Harith bin Kalada al-Thaqafi (in Arabic نافع بن الحارث بن كلدة الثقفي ) (died 670 AD) was an Arab physician of the Banu Thaqif and was recommended by prophet Muhammad and treated Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas, and when Abu Bakr was dying, he designated his illness as poisoning.
Trained in Yemen, he is reported to have written a book named Dialog in Medicine. He was the chief physician and teacher at the Academy of Gundishapur in Persia.
He was half brother of Nufay ibn al-Harith (also known as Abu Bakra bin Kalada al-Thaqafi at-Thaifi).
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Nasimi
‘Alī ‘Imādu d-Dīn Nasīmī (Azerbaijani: Seyid Əli İmadəddin Nəsimi عمادالدین نسیمی, Arabic: عمادالدین نسیمی), often known as Nesimi, (1369 Unknown) –1417 skinned alive in Aleppo) was a 14th-century Azerbaijani[citation needed] or TurkmenḤurūfī poet. Known mostly by his pen name (or takhallus) of Nesîmî, he composed one divan in Azerbaijani, one in Persian, and a number of poems in Arabic. He is considered one of the greatest Turkic mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history.
Very little is known for certain about Nesîmî's life, including his real name. Most sources indicate that his name was İmâdüddîn, but it is also claimed that his name may have been Alî or Ömer. It is also possible that he was descended from Muhammad, since he has sometimes been accorded the title of sayyid that is reserved for people claimed to be in Muhammad's line of descent.
Nesîmî's birthplace, like his real name, is wrapped in mystery: some claim that he was born in a province called Nesîm — hence the pen name — located either near Aleppo in modern-day Syria, or near Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, but no such province has been found to exist. There are also claims that he was born in Shamakhi-which is mostly likely because his brother is buried in Shamakhi, Azerbaijan.
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Khawaja Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī (Persian: محمد بن محمد بن الحسن طوسی) (born 18 February 1201 in Ṭūs, Khorasan – died on 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah district of metropolitan Baghdad), better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (Persian: نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persianpolymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed. He was of the Ismaili-, and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief. The Muslim scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in the city of Tus in medieval Khorasan (now in north-eastern Iran) in the year 1201 and began his studies at an early age. In Hamadan and Tus he studied the Qur'an, Hadith, Shi'a jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.
He was apparently born into a Shī‘ah family and lost his father at a young age. Fulfilling the wish of his father, the young Muhammad took learning and scholarship very seriously and travelled far and wide to attend the lectures of renowned scholars and acquire the knowledge which guides people to the happiness of the next world. At a young age he moved to Nishapur to study philosophy under Farid al-Din Damad and mathematics under Muhammad Hasib. He met also Farid al-Din al-'Attar, the legendary Sufi master who was later killed by Mongol invaders and attended the lectures of Qutb al-Din al-Misri.
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Nasir al-Din Tusi
Khawaja Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī (Persian: محمد بن محمد بن الحسن طوسی) (born 18 February 1201 in Ṭūs, Khorasan – died on 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah district of metropolitan Baghdad), better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (Persian: نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persianpolymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed. He was of the Ismaili-, and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief. The Muslim scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in the city of Tus in medieval Khorasan (now in north-eastern Iran) in the year 1201 and began his studies at an early age. In Hamadan and Tus he studied the Qur'an, Hadith, Shi'a jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.
He was apparently born into a Shī‘ah family and lost his father at a young age. Fulfilling the wish of his father, the young Muhammad took learning and scholarship very seriously and travelled far and wide to attend the lectures of renowned scholars and acquire the knowledge which guides people to the happiness of the next world. At a young age he moved to Nishapur to study philosophy under Farid al-Din Damad and mathematics under Muhammad Hasib. He met also Farid al-Din al-'Attar, the legendary Sufi master who was later killed by Mongol invaders and attended the lectures of Qutb al-Din al-Misri.
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Nasir Khusraw
Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī [also spelled as Nasir Khusrow and Naser Khosrow] (1004 - 1088 AD (Persian: ناصر خسرو قبادیانی,Tajik: Носири Хусрав) was a Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar, traveler and one of the greatest writers in Persian literature. He was born in Qubadyan, a village in middle-age Bactria in eastern Iranian province of Khorasan, now present-day in modern Tajikistan and died in Yamagan, Central Asia (now in Afghanistan). He is considered one of the great poets and writers in Persian literature. The Safarnama, an account of his travels, is his most famous work.
Nasir Khusraw was born in 1004 AD, in Qubadyan. He was well versed in the branches of the natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and astrology, Greek philosophy, and the writings of al-Kindi, al-Farabi and Ibn Sina; and in the interpretation of the Qur'an. He also studied Arabic, Turkish, Greek, the vernacular languages of India and Sindh, and perhaps even Hebrew; and had visited Multan and Lahore, and the splendid Ghaznavid court under Sultan Mahmud, Firdousi's patron. He later chose Merv for his residence, and was the owner of a house and garden there.
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Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Khawaja Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī (Persian: محمد بن محمد بن الحسن طوسی) (born 18 February 1201 in Ṭūs, Khorasan – died on 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah district of metropolitan Baghdad), better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (Persian: نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persianpolymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed. He was of the Ismaili-, and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief. The Muslim scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in the city of Tus in medieval Khorasan (now in north-eastern Iran) in the year 1201 and began his studies at an early age. In Hamadan and Tus he studied the Qur'an, Hadith, Shi'a jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.
He was apparently born into a Shī‘ah family and lost his father at a young age. Fulfilling the wish of his father, the young Muhammad took learning and scholarship very seriously and travelled far and wide to attend the lectures of renowned scholars and acquire the knowledge which guides people to the happiness of the next world. At a young age he moved to Nishapur to study philosophy under Farid al-Din Damad and mathematics under Muhammad Hasib. He met also Farid al-Din al-'Attar, the legendary Sufi master who was later killed by Mongol invaders and attended the lectures of Qutb al-Din al-Misri.
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Nima Yooshij
Nimā Yushij (Persian: نیما یوشیج) (November 12, 1896 – January 6, 1960) also called Nimā (نیما), born Ali Esfandiāri (علی اسفندیاری), was a contemporary Tabarian and Persian poet who started the she’r-e now (شعر نو, "new poetry") also known as she’r-e nimaa'i (شعر نیمایی, "Nimaic poetry") trend in Iran. He is considered as the father of modern Persian poetry.
He died of pneumonia in Shemiran, in the northern part of Tehran and was buried in his native village of Yush, Nur County, Mazandaran, as he had willed.
He was the eldest son of Ibrahim Nuri of Yush (a village in Nur County, Mazandaran province of Iran). He was a Tabarian but had also Georgian roots. He grew up in Yush, mostly helping his father with the farm and taking care of the cattle. As a boy, he visited many local summer and winter camps and mingled with shepherds and itinerant workers. Images of life around the campfire, especially those emerging from the shepherds' simple and entertaining stories about village and tribal conflicts, impressed him greatly. These images, etched in the young poet's memory waited until his power of diction developed sufficiently to release them.
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Nizam al-Mulk
Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092), better known as Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk Tusi (Persian: خواجه نظامالملک طوسی - Khwāğa Nizāmu l'Mulk al-Ṭusī) was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire. He was also for a short time the sole ruler of the Seljuq Empire.
"Nizam al-Mulk" was an honorific which he assumed after achieving prominence. It translates into English as: "good order of the kingdom."
Born in Tus in Persia (modern Iran), and initially serving the Ghaznavid sultans, Nizam al-Mulk became chief administrator of the entire Khorasan province by 1059 C.E.
From 1063, he served the Seljuqs as vizier and remained in that position throughout the reigns of Alp Arslan (1063–1072) and Malik Shah I (1072–1092). He left a great impact on organization of the Seljuq governmental bodies and hence the title Nizam al-Mulk which translates as "the order of state". He was pivotal figure who bridged the political gap between both the Abbasids and the Seljuqs against their various rivals such as the Fatimids and the Buyids.
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Nizami Ganjavi
Nizami Ganjavi (Persian: نظامی گنجوی; Kurdish: Nîzamî Gencewî, نیزامی گهنجهوی, Nezāmi-ye Ganjavi; Azerbaijani: Nizami Gəncəvi, نظامی گنجوی; 1141 to 1209), Nizami Ganje'i,Nizami, or Nezāmi (Persian: نظامی), whose formal name was Niẓām ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Ilyās ibn-Yūsuf ibn-Zakkī, was a 12th-century Persian poet. Nezāmi is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic. His heritage is widely appreciated and shared by Afghanistan,Azerbaijan,Iran,Kurdistan region and Tajikistan.
His personal name was Ilyas and his chosen pen-name was Nezami (also spelled as Nizami and Neẓāmi). He was born of an urban background in Ganja (Great Seljuq empire now present-day Azerbaijan) and is believed to have spent his whole life in South Caucasus. According to De Blois, Ganja was a city which at that time had predominantly an Iranian population. The Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi (Ca. 1200-1271) mentions that: "This city was densely populated with Iranians and a small number of Christians".
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Nosrat Rahmani
Nosrat Rahmani (نصرت رحمانی; in Persian; (1929 — June 16, 2000) was an Iranian poet and writer .
Rahmani was born in the slums of Tehran. He received his college degree from Ministry of PTT. After just a few years of services in the Ministry, Nosrat Rahmani sought employment with the state radio. Subsequently he abandoned government employment for journalism and freelance writing.
His poetry is the poetry of the stubborn, humiliated and revolting down-town people in Tehran's slums; he never forgets his concern for the plight of the urban poor. His memoirs entitled, The Man Lost in the Dust (1957), provide an emotional account of the life of an addict. During the 60's and 70's, Rahmani was especially popular among the youth. As a whole, his poetry is dramatic in structure and fantastic in effect, often attempting to recapture the past by poeticizing its recollections.
He died in Rasht in June 2000 at the age of 71.
Migration and Desert
Cashmere
Rendezvous in the Slime
The Burning of Wind
Harvest, Sword
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Omar Khayyám
Omar Khayyám (1048–1131; Persian: عمر خیام) was a Persian polymath: philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy, music, climatology and Islamic theology.
Born in Nishapur, at a young age he moved to Samarkand and obtained his education there, afterwards he moved to Bukhara and became established as one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the medieval period. He is the author of one of the most important treatises on algebra written before modern times, the Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra, which includes a geometric method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. He contributed to a calendar reform.
His significance as a philosopher and teacher, and his few remaining philosophical works, have not received the same attention as his scientific and poetic writings. Al-Zamakhshari referred to him as “the philosopher of the world”. Many sources have testified that he taught for decades the philosophy of Avicenna in Nishapur where Khayyám was born and buried and where his mausoleum today remains a masterpiece of Iranian architecture visited by many people every year.
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Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who is best known as the author of the three major collections of poetry: Heroides, Amores, and Ars Amatoria, and of the Metamorphoses, a mythological hexameter poem. He is also well known for the Fasti, about the Roman calendar; and the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, two collections of poems written in exile on the Black Sea. Ovid was also the author of several smaller pieces, the Remedia Amoris, the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, and the long curse-poem Ibis. He also authored a lost tragedy, Medea. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonic poets of Latin literature. The scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the canonical Latin love elegists. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, decisively influenced European art and literature and remains as one of the most important sources of classical mythology.
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Pari Saberi
Pari Saberi (Persian: پری صابری , born 1932 in Kerman) is an Iranian drama and theatre director and winner of the French Literature and Art Cavalier Badge by French President Jacques Chirac.
She studied at Vaugirard Cinematography College which is one of the famous cinematographic higher education institutes of France.
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Parvin E'tesami
Parvin E'tesami (Persian: پروین اعتصامی) (March 16, 1907 – April 5, 1941), also Parvin Etesami was a 20th century Persian poet of Iran. According to Ali Akbar Dehkhoda, her given name was Rakhshanda (Persian: رخشنده).
Parvin E'tesami was born in 1907 in Tabriz to Mirza Yusuf Etesami Ashtiani (E'tesam-al-Molk), who in turn was the son of Mirza Ebrahim Khan Mostawfi Etesam-al-Molk. Mirza Ebrahim Khan Mostawfi Etesam-al-Molk was originally from Ashtiyan, but moved to Tabriz and was appointed financial controller of the province of Azerbaijan by the Qajar administration. Parvin had four brothers and her mother died in 1973.
Her family moved to Tehran early in her life, and in addition to the formal schooling, she obtained a solid understanding of Arabic and classical Persian literature from her father.
She studied at the American Girls College in Tehran, graduated in 1924 from the Iran Bethel, an American high school for girls. Afterwards, she taught for a while at that school. In 1926, she received an invitation to become the tutor of the queen of the new Pahlavi court, but she refused.
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Parviz Shahbazi
Parviz Shahbazi (born 1962 in Tehran, Iran) is a famous Iranian filmmaker.
Shahbazi is a graduate of filmmaking from Tehran's Iran Broadcasting College. During the early 80’s he began writing short stories and directing short films. He edited several films and directed 12 short films before making his first feature film, Traveler from the South, in 1996.
His debut feature film, Traveler from the South (1996) as well as his second film, Whispers (2000) went to countless festivals and brought him international recognition, collecting several prizes along the way. In 2002, his third film, Deep Breath was shown at the Directors' Fortnight at Cannes Film Festival to great success. Among other accolades it won a FIPRESCI award at Pusan and the Jury special award at Turin as well as the Best Film award at the Belgrade Author Festival.
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Paul Bernays
Paul Isaac Bernays (17 October 1888, London – 18 September 1977, Zurich) was a Swiss mathematician, who made significant contributions to mathematical logic, axiomatic set theory, and the philosophy of mathematics. He was an assistant to, and close collaborator with, David Hilbert.
Bernays spent his childhood in Berlin. Bernays attended the Köllner Gymnasium, 1895-1907. At the University of Berlin, he studied mathematics under Issai Schur, Edmund Landau, Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, and Friedrich Schottky; philosophy under Alois Riehl, Carl Stumpf and Ernst Cassirer; and physics under Max Planck. At the University of Göttingen, he studied mathematics under David Hilbert, Edmund Landau, Hermann Weyl, and Felix Klein; physics under Voigt and Max Born; and philosophy under Leonard Nelson.
In 1912, the University of Berlin awarded him a Ph.D. in mathematics, for a thesis, supervised by Landau, on the analytic number theory of binary quadratic forms. That same year, the University of Zurich awarded him the Habilitation for a thesis on function theory and Picard's theorem. The examiner was Ernst Zermelo. Bernays was Privatdozent at the University of Zurich, 1912-17, where he came to know George Pólya.
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Payrav Sulaymoni
Payrav Sulaymoni (Tajik: پیرو سلیمانی / Пайрав Сулаймонӣ) (1899 — 1933), also transliterated as Pairaw Sulaimani, was a writer and poet from Tajikistan.
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Pedanius Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides (Ancient Greek: Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης; circa 40—90 AD) was a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, the author of De Materia Medica -- a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years.
A native of Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, Dioscorides "practiced in Rome at the time of Nero. He was a surgeon with the army of the emperor, so he had the opportunity to travel extensively, seeking medicinal substances (plants and minerals) from all over the Roman and Greek world."
Between 50 and 70 AD Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, known more widely by its Latin title De Materia Medica ("Regarding Medical Materials") that is a "precursor to all modern pharmacopeias". It remained in use until about CE 1600. Unlike the case of many classical authors, his works were not "rediscovered" in the Renaissance, because his book never left circulation. In the medieval age, De Materia Medica was circulated in Latin, Greek, and Arabic. While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary on Dioscorides' work, with minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources. The most important Greek manuscripts survive today in Mount Athos monasteries.[citation needed] A number of illustrated manuscripts of the De Materia Medica survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated Vienna Dioscurides produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian has persisted over the centuries although some modern Western sources use Iranic/Iranian as a wider term that includes the term Persian as well as related Iranian languages and ethnic groups. However, these terms have been used both synonymously as well as in a complementary fashion since ancient times; as the Ancient Iranian peoples such as the Old Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Parthians and Avesta peoples considered themselves to be part of the greater Iranian ethnic stock.
The term Persian translates to "from or of Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires (such as the Medes and the Elamites), and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences by incorporating the Babylonian empire, and the Lydian empire. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire is the first Persian empire well recognized by Greek and Persian historians for its massive cultural, military and social influences going as far as Athens, Egypt, and Libya.
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Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach, MA, FBA ( /ˈɡiːtʃ/; born 29 March 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
Geach was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. He taught at Birmingham University (1951–1966) and from 1966 at the University of Leeds where he was Professor of Logic in the Department of Philosophy. Geach was given the title of Emeritus Professor of Logic on his retirement in 1981.
Geach was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1965.
He has been awarded the papal cross "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice" by the Holy See for his philosophical work.
His early work includes the classic texts Mental Acts and Reference and Generality, the latter defending an essentially modern conception of reference against medieval theories of supposition.
His Catholic perspective is integral to his philosophy. He is perhaps the founder of Analytical Thomism (though the current of thought running through his and Elizabeth Anscombe's work to the present day was only ostensibly so named forty years later by John Haldane), the aim of which is to synthesise Thomistic and Analytic approaches. He defends the Thomistic position that human beings are essentially rational animals, each one miraculously created. He dismisses Darwinistic attempts to regard reason as inessential to humanity, as "mere sophistry, laughable, or pitiable." He repudiates any capacity for language in animals as mere "association of manual signs with things or performances."
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Philip Sherrard
Philip Sherrard (23 September 1922 — 30 May 1995) was a British author, translator, and philosopher. His work includes important translations of Modern Greek poets, and books on Modern Greek literature and culture, metaphysics, theology, art and aesthetics. A pioneer of Modern Greek studies in England, he was influential in making major Greek poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries known in the English-speaking world. He was also a prolific writer on theological and philosophical themes, addressing the origins of the social and spiritual crisis he believed was occurring in the developed world, and specifically exploring modern attitudes towards the environment from a Christian perspective.
Philip Owen Arnould Sherrard was born on 23 September 1922 in Oxford. His family had many connections with the literary world of the period: his mother, Brynhild Olivier, had been a member of Rupert Brooke's circle before the First World War, and his half-sister was married to Quentin Bell, the nephew of Virginia Woolf. He was educated at Dauntsey's School and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he obtained a degree in History.
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Plato
Plato ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad"; 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
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Plotinus
Plotinus (Greek: Πλωτῖνος) (ca. 204/5–270 CE) was a major philosopher of the ancient world. In his system of theory there are the three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition. Historians of the 19th century invented the term Neoplatonism[citation needed] and applied it to him and his philosophy which was influential in Late Antiquity. Much of the biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry's preface to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads. His metaphysical writings have inspired centuries of Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Gnostic metaphysicians and mystics.
Porphyry reported that Plotinus was 66 years old when he died in 270, the second year of the reign of the emperor Claudius II, thus giving us the year of his teacher's birth as around 205. Eunapius reported that Plotinus was born in the Deltaic Lycopolis; "Lyco-" from the Greek meaning "wolf" (Greek: λύκος, lykos). It is the same root that gave rise to Aristotle's Lyceum (place of the wolf) in Egypt, which has led to speculations that he may have been a native Egyptian of Roman,Greek, or Hellenized Egyptian descent.
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Pouran Derakhshandeh
Pourān Derakh'shandeh (Persian: پوران درخشنده) (born 1951, Kermanshah, Iran) is an Iranian film director, producer, screen writer, and researcher.
Pourān Derakh'shandeh graduated in film directing in 1975 from Advanced School of Television and Cinema (مدرسه عالی تلویزیون و سینما) in Tehran. She started her professional career by making documentary films for the Kermanshah Television and subsequently for the Tehran Television. Her motion pictures include Relationship (1986), A Little Bit Happiness (1987), Passing Through the Dust (1988), Lost Time (1989), A Love Without Frontier (1998), Candle in the Wind (2003), Wet Dream (2005) and Eternal Children (2006).
DIRECTOR, screen writer, Producer and researcher, Pouran derakhshandeh was born in 1951, Iran. Graduated Form “X-NIRT’s collage of cinema and television” in 1975. At the time she began working at NIRT and Produced “Plague”; A documentary about plague disease in Kurdistan Province. Next year, she produced a documentary about “Last Wednesday of the year “Ceremony in some areas of Iran. In 1978 she director “mineral springs of rah haraz” and a trilogy doc about handicraft in Kurdistan titled, “Moj, janamaz and sajadeh”, “Nazok kari” and “short –napped coarse carpet”. Four episode “syn the tic and natural Fibber” was a research documentary about thread, worsted cotton, silk and synthetic fiber. During 1979-1980: Pouran derakhshandeh Produced “the wheels whirl”. It has a look to economical and society depression and closed manufactures like Iran National. A “Shokaran”, focused on addiction 17 episode doc. Difficulties in women /men and children, drug’s smuggles and its Prevention ways. The production longed from 1980 to 1982.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Qatran Tabrizi
Abū-Mansūr Qatrān-i Tabrīzī (Persian: قطران تبريزى, born 1009, died 1072) was a royal Persian poet.
He was born in Sahar near Arrah, bihar Tabriz and was the most famous panegyrist of his time in Iran. His full name according to an old manuscript handwritten by the famous poet Anvari Abivardi (529 Hijra about 60 years after the death of Qatran) is Abu Mansur Qatran al-Jili al-Azerbaijani. The Al-Jili would identify his ancestry from Gilan while he himself was born in Shadiabad. He also identifies himself as part of the Dehqan class.
According to Jan Rypka: “He sings the praise of some thirty patrons. His work has aroused the interest of historians, for in many cases Qatran has perpetuated the names of members of regional dynasties in Azerbayjan and the Caucasus region that would have otherwise fallen in oblivion. His best qasidas were written in his last period, where he expressed gratitude to the prince of Ganja, the Shaddadid Fadlun, for the numerous gifts that were still recollected by the famous Jami (d. 1492). Qatran’s poetry follows in the wake of the poets of Khurasan and makes an unforced use of the rhetorical embellishment. He is even one of the first after Farrukhi to try his hand at the Qasida-i Masnu’i, ‘particular artificial qasida’".
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Qazi Sa’id Qumi
Qazi Sa’id Qumi was an Iranian Muslim philosopher (1633-1692).
In Isfahan he was the pupil of Rajab Ali Tabrizi, Muhsen Feyz and Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji. Thus, after the Persian treatise Kalid-i bihisht (The Key of Paradise), where he takes up the theory of the equivocalness of being professed by his teacher Rajab Ali, he started to write an extremely complex Commentary on Forty Hadith, but he does not get beyond the twenty-eighth. This is followed by a Book of Forty Treatises, of which only ten or possibly eleven were written. He left a notebook of annotations on the Theology attributed to Aristotle, a work which our philosophers have always continued to read. Finally, there is his magnum opus in commentating the al-Tawhid by al-Shaykh al-Saduq.
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Qeysar Aminpour
Kaiser Aminpour (Persian: قیصر امینپور) (died 2007) was an Iranian poet.
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Qusta ibn Luqa
Qusta ibn Luqa (820–912) (Costa ben Luca, Constabulus) was a Melkite physician, scientist and translator, of Byzantine Greek extraction. He was born in Baalbek. Travelling to parts of the Byzantine Empire, he brought back Greek texts and translated them into Arabic.
Qusta ibn Luqa al-BaBa'albakki, i. e. from Baalbek or Heliopolis, Lebanon, a Melkite Christian of Greek origin, was born in 860 and flourished in Baghdad. He was a philosopher, physician, mathematician and astronomer.
Translations of Diophantos, Theodosius of Bithynia's Sphaerica, Autolycus, Hypsicles, Aristarchus, Theophrastus’ Meteora, Galen’s catalogue of his books, Hero of Alexandria's (Heron's) Mechanics, and John Philoponus were made or revised by him, or made under his direction. He wrote commentaries on Euclid and a treatise on the Armillary sphere. He was a prominent figure in the Graeco-Arabic translation movement that reached its peak in the 9th century. At the request of wealthy and influential commissioners, Qusta translated Greek works on astronomy, mathematics, mechanics and natural science into Arabic. He also produced works of his own: more than sixty treatises are attributed to him. He wrote mainly on medical subjects, but also on mathematics and astronomy. Only a small part of his production has so far been edited. The extant editions of Qusta’s medical works show that he was thoroughly acquainted with Hippocratic-Galenic humoral medicine– the theoretical system that constituted the basis of formal medicine in Islam.
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Rabia Balkhi
Rābi'a bint Ka'b al-Quzdārī (Persian: رابعه بنت کعب), popularly known as Rābi'a Balkhī (رابعه بلخی) and Zayn al-'Arab (زین العرب), is a semi-legendary figure of Persian literature and was possibly the first poetess in the history of New Persian poetry. References to her can be found in the poetry of Rūdakī and 'Attār. Her biography has been primarily recorded by Zāhir ud-Dīn 'Awfī and renarrated by Nūr ad-Dīn Djāmī. The exact dates of her birth and death are unknown, but it is reported that she was a native of Balkh in Khorāsān (now in Afghanistan). Some evidences indicate that she lived during the same period as Rūdakī, the court poet to the Samanid Emir Naṣr II (914-943).
Her name and biography appear in 'Awfī's lubābu 'l-albāb, 'Attār's maṭnawīyat, and Djāmī's nafahātu 'l-uns. She is said to have been descended from a royal family, her father Ka'b al-Quzdārī, a chieftain at the Samanid court, reportedly descended from Arab immigrants who had settled in eastern Persia during the time of Abu Muslim.
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Rashidun al-Suri
Rashidun al-Suri (Arabic: رشيد الدين الصوري, 1177–1241) was a leading physician and botanist in the Islamic world in the 13th century. He served the leading figures of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Al-Suri was born and brought up in Tyre, then part of the Crusader-ruled Lebanon and derives his name al-Suri from the name of the city in Arabic "Sur". After completing his preliminary education in Tyre, he moved to Jerusalem, under Ayyubid control, where he served as a physician at a hospital. He later met and greatly impressed the Ayyubid sultan al-Adil in the early 13th century. Al-Adil brought al-Suri to Cairo and made him his personal physician. He also served al-Adil's son, al-Mu'azzam and grandson, an-Nasir Dawud, the successive governors of Damascus.
Besides medicine, al-Suri held an interest for plant life and was a botany researcher. He used to roam about and study herbs and plants in their natural surroundings. He employed a professional painter to sketch and paint for him the plants in different stages of their growth as specific as possible by the use of various colors and dyes. His book, entitled al-Adwiyat al-Mufradah ("The Simple Medicines") is not extant.
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Rasul Sadr Ameli
Rasool Sadr Ameli (Persian: رسول صدر عاملی , born 1953 in Isfahan, Iran) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, and film producer.
He made his directorial debut, The Liberation in 1982 after a decade of working in journalism. In nearly all his films, he is fascinated by family melodrama. His The Chrysanthemums (1985), was one of the top grossing films of the year. Sadr Ameli won an award for the Best Director as well as the Best Script award (as the co-writer) at the 20th Fajr International Film Festival for Man, taraneh, panzdah sal daram.and his film every night of solitude won an award in the Chicago film festival.
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Raymond Smullyan
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
Born in Far Rockaway, New York, his first career (like Persi Diaconis a generation later) was stage magic. He then earned a BSc from the University of Chicago in 1955 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959. He is one of many logicians to have studied under Alonzo Church.
Born in Far Rockaway, New York, he showed musical talent, winning a gold medal in a piano competition when he was aged 12. The following year, his family moved to Manhattan and he attended Theodore Roosevelt High School in The Bronx as this school offered courses suited to his musical talents, but he left to study on his own as the school did not offer similar courses in mathematics.
He attended several colleges, studying mathematics and music.
While a Ph.D. student, Smullyan published a paper in the 1957 Journal of Symbolic Logic showing that Gödelian incompleteness held for formal systems considerably more elementary than that of Gödel's 1931 landmark paper. The contemporary understanding of Gödel's theorem dates from this paper. Smullyan later made a compelling case that much of the fascination with Gödel's theorem should be directed at Tarski's theorem, which is much easier to prove and equally disturbing philosophically. The culmination of Smullyan's lifelong reflection on the classic limitative theorems of mathematical logic is quite readable:
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Raziq Faani
Raziq Faani (Persian: رازق فانی) was a renowned Persian poet and novelist from Kabul. He published more than ten volumes of poetry and novels in Persian.
Raziq Faani was one of Afghanistan’s most celebrated contemporary poets, whose work is described as mystical, compassionate, and patriotic. His poems describe the suffering of the his people through decades of war, destruction, and exile.
Faani received his primary and secondary education in Afghanistan, and earned a Master’s degree in political economy in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1967. He had already published his first book of poetry, “Armaghan-e Jawani”, in 1966. Returning to Afghanistan, it was only following the Soviet invasion that he returned to literary work. His second work, the novel "Baaraana" was published in Kabul in 1983. In 1987, with the situation in Kabul worsening, he published a selection of political satire entitled “Ameer e Ba Salaheyat” (Competent director). He left Afghanistan in 1988, and lived with his family in San Diego, California. His nephew is the Afghan singer Ahmad Shah Hassan. He died on 22 April 2007 at age 63, in California.
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René Guénon
René Guénon (November 15, 1886 – January 7, 1951), also known as Shaykh `Abd al-Wahid Yahya, was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the domain of metaphysics, having written on topics ranging from metaphysics, "sacred science" and traditional studies to symbolism and initiation.
In his writings, he proposes either "to expose directly some aspects of Eastern metaphysical doctrines", these doctrines being defined by him as of "universal character", or "to adapt these same doctrines for Western readers while keeping strictly faithful to their spirit"; he only endorsed the act of "handing down" these Eastern doctrines, while reiterating their "non-personal character".
He wrote and published in French and his works have been translated into more than twenty languages.
René Guénon was born in Blois, a city in central France approximately 100 miles (~ 160 km) from Paris. Guénon, like most Frenchmen of the time, was born into a Roman Catholic family. Little is known of his family, although it appears that his father was an architect. By 1904, Guénon was living as a student in Paris, where his studies focused on mathematics and philosophy. He was known as a brilliant student, notably in mathematics, in spite of his poor health.
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Reza Amirkhani
Reza Amirkhani is a contemporary Iranian novelist.
He started writing at high school with "ERMIA" novel. He has studied mechanical engineering at Sharif University of Technology and is a graduate of National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents; he also writes essays and researches about scientific & social problems. Some of his novels, remarkably Man-e-oo (His Ego)[citation needed], "AZ BE", "NASER ARMANI" has received some popular acclaim[citation needed]. There are also Dastan-e-Sistan and Nasht-e-Nesha written by him that describes some social problems and their solutions.
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Reza Baraheni
Reza Baraheni (Persian: رضا براهنی, born in Tabriz, Iran in 1935) is an exiled Iranian novelist, poet, critic, and political activist.
Former president of PEN Canada, the often called "Iran's finest living Writer"[citation needed] lives in Toronto, Canada, where he used to teach at the Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto.
He’s the author of more than fifty books of poetry, fiction, literary theory and criticism, written in Persian and English.[citation needed]
His works has been translated in a dozen of languages.[citation needed]
Moreover, he has translated into Persian works by Shakespeare, Kundera, Mandelstam, Andric, and Fanon.
Winner of the Scholars-at-Risk-Program Award of the University of Toronto and Massey College, Baraheni has taught in the University of Tehran, Iran,[citation needed] University of Texas in Austin, Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, the University of Toronto and York University. He has also been Fellow of St. Antony’s College, Oxford University, Britain, Fellow of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, and Fellow of Winters College, York University.
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Reza Ghassemi
Reza Ghasemi (born 1949) is an Iranian novelist and musician.
He was born in Mahshahr from Isfahanian descent. Besides his excellence in the field of fiction, for which he is so popular, he has an undeniable talent in classical Iranian music. He is a true master of the Persian Lute the Setar. He has composed some songs for the Iranian Pavarotti master Shahram Nazeri. He has also been on stage with some other leading Iranian vocalists such as master Mohammad Reza Shajarian and Sepideh Raissadat.
His best-known composition is the last track on the best-selling classical Iranian album, Gol-e Sadbarg released in 1984. This album, which includes compositions from Jalal Zolfonoun, Shahram Nazeri as well as Reza Ghassemi, is believed to have the most influential effect on Iranian young artists who were reluctant to learn the Setar.
Since the release of the album Gol-e Sadbarg, Setar found unbelievably great popularity among Iranians. In truth, Ghassemi and his two famous colleagues, mentioned above, began a new era in Iranian classical music. Though he lives in France, Ghassemi has not given up teaching Iranian music. Farrokhzad Layegh has studied Setar with Mr. Ghassemi, among some other masters.
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Rhazes
Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī (Persian: محمد زکریای رازی Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists, (August 26, 865 – 925) was a Persianpolymath,a prominent figure in Islamic Golden Age,physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.
Numerous “firsts” in medical research, clinical care, and chemistry are attributed to him, including being the first to differentiate smallpox from measles, and the discovery of numerous compounds and chemicals including kerosene, among others.Edward Granville Browne considers him as "probably the greatest and most original of all the physicians, and one of the most prolific as an author".
Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, music, and philosophy, recorded in over 200 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries.
Educated in music, mathematics, philosophy, and metaphysics, he chose medicine as his professional field. As a physician, he was an early proponent of experimental medicine and has been described as the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of ophthalmology. He was among the first to use Humoralism to distinguish one contagious disease from another. In particular, Razi was the first physician to distinguish smallpox and measles through his clinical characterization of the two diseases. He became chief physician of Rey and Baghdad hospitals.
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Robert Briffault
Robert Stephen Briffault (1876 – 11 December 1948) was trained as a surgeon, but found fame as a social anthropologist and in later life as a novelist.
According to one source, Briffault was born in Nice, France. According to others he was born in London, though he spent time in France and elsewhere in Europe following his diplomat father. After the death of his father, Briffault and his Scottish-born mother emigrated to New Zealand.
His first wife (m 1896) was Anna Clarke with whom he had three children. After her death he married Herma Hoyt (1898-1981), an American writer and translator.
Briffault received his MB, ChB from the University of Dunedin in New Zealand and commenced medical practice. After service on the Western Front during World War I (where he was awarded the Military Cross, he settled in England where he turned to the study of sociology and anthropology. He also lived for some time in the USA, and later Paris.
Briffault debated marriage with Bronisław Malinowski in the 1930s and corresponded with Bertrand Russell.
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Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon, O.F.M. (c. 1214–1294), (scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis, meaning "wonderful teacher"), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle and later pseudo-Aristotelian works, like the works of Muslim scientist Alhazen. However, more recent reevaluations emphasize that he was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his "experimental" knowledge obtained from books, in the scholastic tradition. A survey of the reception of Bacon's work over centuries found that it often reflects the concerns and controversies central to the receivers.
Roger Bacon was born in Ilchester in Somerset, England, possibly in 1213 or 1214 at the Ilchester Friary. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the Opus Tertium, written in 1267, that "forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet". The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and may have meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220/1222. In the same passage he reports that for all but two of those forty years he had always been engaged in study. His family appears to have been well-off, but, during the stormy reign of Henry III of England, their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driven into exile.
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Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism.
Carnap was born to a west German family that had been humble until his parents' generation. He began his formal education at the Barmen Gymnasium. From 1910 to 1914, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. But he also studied carefully Kant's Critique of Pure Reason during a course taught by Bruno Bauch, and was one of very few students to attend Gottlob Frege's courses in mathematical logic. After serving in the German army during World War I for three years, he was given permission to study physics at the University of Berlin, 1917–18, where Albert Einstein was a newly appointed professor. Carnap then attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a thesis defining an axiomatic theory of space and time. The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. Carnap then wrote another thesis, with Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space in a more orthodox Kantian style, and published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue of Kant-Studien (1922). In it he makes the clear distinction between formal, physical and perceptual (e.g., visual) spaces.
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Rufaida Al-Aslamia
Rufaida Al-Aslamia (also transliterated Rufaida Al-Aslamiya)(Arabic: رفيدة الأسلمية) was the first female Muslim nurse
Rufayda Al-Aslamiyyah is a woman from the tribe of Aslam in Madeenah; it is for this reason that she was called Al-Aslamiyyah. She was a woman from the women of Ansaar, and she had a tent by Muhammad's mosque (in Madeenah) where she used to treat the sick as reported by Al-Bukhaari in “Al-Adab Al-Mufrad”, in a Hadeeth which was classified by Al-Albaani as Saheeh [sound]
When Sa’d Ibn Mu’aath was injured in the battle of Al-Khandaq (The Trench), Muhammad ordered that he be placed and treated in her tent.
However, we have not come across any evidence that suggests that she used to go out in some battles to treat the injured. However, this matter is confirmed about other female Companions among whom was Umm ‘Atiyyah, Umm Sulaym, Hamnah Bint Jahsh, Layla Al-Ghifaariyyah (the wife of Abu Tharr), Umm Ayman, and Rubayyi’ Bint Mu’awwith.
Moreover, Anas Ibn Maalik said: “Muhammad used to go out to the battles taking Umm Sulaym and some other women of the Ansaar with him; when he fights in the battle, they [i.e. the women] would give water to the soldiers and treat the injured.”
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Rumi
Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī (Persian: جلالالدین محمد بلخى Persian pronunciation: [dʒælɒːlæddiːn mohæmmæde bælxiː]), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمد رومی Persian pronunciation: [dʒælɒːlæddiːn mohæmmæde ɾuːmiː]) and popularly known as Mevlānā in Turkey and Mawlānā (Persian: مولانا Persian pronunciation: [moulɒːnɒː]) in Iran and Afghanistan but known to the English-speaking world simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273) was a 13th-century PersianMuslim poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic.Rūmī is a descriptive name meaning "Roman" since he lived most of his life in an area called "Rûm" (then under the control of Seljuq dynasty) because it was once ruled by the Eastern Roman Empire. He was one of the figures who flourished in the Sultanate of Rum.
It is likely that he was born in the village of Wakhsh, a small town located at the river Wakhsh in Persia (in what is now Tajikistan). Wakhsh belonged to the larger province of Balkh, and in the year Rumi was born, his father was an appointed scholar there. Both these cities were at the time included in the greater Persian cultural sphere of Khorasan, the easternmost province of Persia and was part of the Khwarezmian Empire.
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Sa'ad al-Dawla
Sa'ad al-Dawla ibn Hibbat Allah ibn Muhasib Ebheri (Arabic: سعد الدولة بن هبة الله بن محاسب ابهري) (c. 1240 – March 5, 1291) was a Jewish physician and statesman in thirteenth-century Persia. He was grand vizier from 1289 to 1291 under the Mongolian Ilkhan in Persia, Arghun Khan. According to Abu al-Faraj, Sa'ad was father-in-law of the prefect of Baghdad. Sa'ad held a position in the treasury department, where he so distinguished himself that the Mongolian governor was jealous and recommended him to court as a physician. Here Sa'ad made a friend of Ordu Kia, a powerful general, and through his influence was sent to collect the arrears of taxes in Baghdad. He was so successful in raising money that Arghun appointed him assistant (musharrif) in the department of finances at Baghdad, Ordu Kia being appointed military governor, or emir, of that province. The historian Wassaf says that Sa'ad cured Arghun of an illness, and, having thus gained his confidence, informed the Ilkhan of the corruption among the officials at Baghdad. At the same time he impressed Arghun with his own ability by his knowledge of the Mongolian and Turkish languages, and by his intimate acquaintance with the conditions existing in the province. He was soon made general controller of the finances of Baghdad, and then of the whole empire, becoming grand vizier. "Thus," remarks Abu al-Faraj, "were the Muslims reduced to having a Jew in the place of honor," a situation which they greatly resented. Arghun, as a Lamaist Buddhist, had no such compunctions.
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Saadi (poet)
Abū-Muḥammad Muṣliḥ al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī, Saadi Shirazi (Persian: ابومحمد مصلح الدین بن عبدالله شیرازی) better known by his pen-name as Saʿdī (Persian: سعدی) or, simply, Saadi, was one of the major Persian poets of the medieval period. He is not only famous in Persian-speaking countries, but he has also been quoted in western sources. He is recognized for the quality of his writings, and for the depth of his social and moral thoughts.
Shaikh Saadi was a direct descendant of the first Caliph of Islam, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq.[citation needed]
A native of Shiraz, his father died when he was an infant. Saadi experienced a youth of poverty and hardship, and left his native town at a young age for Baghdad to pursue a better education. As a young man he was inducted to study at the famous an-Nizzāmīya center of knowledge (1195–1226), where he excelled in Islamic Sciences, law, governance, history, Arabic literature and theology.
The unsettled conditions following the Mongol invasion of Khwarezm and Iran led him to wander for 30 years abroad through Anatolia (he visited the Port of Adana, and near Konya he met proud Ghazi landlords), Syria (he mentions the famine in Damascus), Egypt (of its music and Bazaars its clerics and elite class), and Iraq (the port of Basra and the Tigris river). He also refers in his work about his travels in Sindh (Pakistan across the Indus and Thar with a Turkic Amir named Tughral), India (especially Somnath where he encountered Brahmans) and Central Asia (where he meets the survivors of the Mongol invasion in Khwarezm).
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Sadegh Hedayat
Sadegh (also spelled as Sadeq) Hedayat (in Persian: صادق هدایت; February 17, 1903, Tehran — 4 April 1951, Paris, France) was Iran's foremost modern writer of prose fiction and short stories.
Hedayat was born to a northern Iranian aristocratic family in Tehran and was educated at Collège Saint-Louis (French catholic school) and Dar ol-Fonoon (1914–1916). In 1925, he was among a select few students who travelled to Europe to continue their studies. There, he initially went on to study engineering in Belgium, after a year he gave this up to study architecture in France. While there, he gave up architecture to pursue dentistry. In this period he became acquainted with Therese, a Parisian with whom he had a love affair. In 1927 Hedayat attempted suicide by throwing himself into the river Marne, however he was rescued by a fishing boat. After four years in France and Belgium, he finally surrendered his scholarship and returned home in the summer of 1930 without receiving a degree. In Iran he held various jobs for short periods.
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Sadeq Chubak
Sādeq Chubak (Persian: صادق چوبک), sometimes Sādegh Choubak, (August 5, 1916—July 3, 1998), was an author of short fiction, drama, novels and one of the leading 20th-century writers of Iran. Chubak's short stories are characterized by their intricacy, economy of detail, and concentration on a single theme, leading some to compare them to Persian miniature paintings.
Sadeq Chubak was born in Bushehr, where he first studied before moving to Shiraz and then Tehran. For some time he was employed the Ministry of Education and the Oil Company. Widely considered as the greatest naturalist writer in Persian literature, he has written a large bulk of works including novels, short stories, and plays. The collected stories Puppet Show and The Monkey Whose Master had Died have exercised profound influence on modern Persian literature. Chubak died on July 3, 1998, in Berkeley, California, U.S.
In his works, Chubak studies the lives of the downtrodden people of the society who are victimized by iniquities and natural deterministic forces. Sympathetic to the sorrows and miseries of such people, he offers one single solution, combating corruption and injustice.
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Sadriddin Ayni
Sadriddin Ayni (Tajik: Садриддин Айнӣ, Persian: صدرالدين عيني, also Sadriddin Aini; April 1878 - 15 July 1954) was a Tajik intellectual who wrote poetry, fictional writing, journalism, history and lexicography. He is regarded[by whom?] as Tajikistan's national poet and one of the most important writers in the country's history.
Ayni was born in a peasant family in the village of Saktara in what was then the Emirate of Bukhara. He became an orphan at 12 and moved to join his older brother in Bukhara, where he attended a madrasa and learned to write in Arabic.[citation needed]
In the early 1920s Ayni helped to propagate the Russian Revolution in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In 1934 he attended the Soviet Congress of Writers as the Tajik representative. By purporting national identity in his writings, he was able to escape the Soviet censors that quieted many intellectuals in Central Asia. Ayni survived the Soviet Purges, and even outlived Stalin by one year. He was member of the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan for 20 years, was awarded the Order of Lenin three times, and was the first president of the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR. After 1992, his writing helped to bind together a sense of Tajik nationalism that survived the collapse of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]
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Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی, Selah'edînê Eyubî) (ca. 1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a KurdishMuslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and parts of North Africa.
Under his personal leadership, his forces defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, leading the way to his re-capture of Palestine, which had been seized from the Fatimid Egyptians by the Crusaders 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for a period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslims and Arabs. As such, Saladin is a prominent figure in Kurdish, Arab, and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict adherent of Sunni Islam. His noble and chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the Siege of Kerak, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders, he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.
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Samuel Khachikian
Samuel Khachikian (Persian: ساموئل خاچیکیان , 1923, Armenian: Սամուէլ Խաչիկեան, Tabriz Iran, – 22 October 2001, Tehran) was an Iranian film director, screenwriter, author, and film editor of Armenian descent. He was one of the most influential figures in Iran's movie industry and was nicknamed "Iran's Hitchcock".
Born 1923 in Tabriz to a family of Armenian immigrants, Samuel Khachikian published his first poem “The Prison” in the Alik newspaper when he was nine. Five years later, he gave his first stage performance in Tabriz in a play titled “Seville”. He completed his education in History and Journalism, and wrote eight plays which went on stage not only in different cities of Iran, but also in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Greece.
Khachikian made his first film in 1953, titled “The Return”. He was among the first and few directors who used the decoupage technique on the film set, preparing the complete shooting script in advance. The success of his works attracted a lot of attention to the advantages of this filmmaking approach. As an innovative filmmaker, he turned the production of murder mysteries into a popular new wave in the Iranian filmmaking. He made the first ever movie trailer in the history of Iranian cinema for the movie “A Girl from Shiraz” in 1954. Some of his films such as “The Strike” and “The Eagles” were box office hits of their times. Samuel's son Edwin Khachikian is currently a director in Tehran, Iran. Samuel's brother Souren Khachikian was also heavily involved in the production of his films. Souren's grandson Ara H. Keshishian [1] is currently working as a film editor in Hollywood.
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Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts. Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
Kripke has made influential and original contributions to logic, especially modal logic, since he was a teenager. Unusual for a professional philosopher, his only degree is an undergraduate degree from Harvard, in mathematics. His work has profoundly influenced analytic philosophy, with his principal contribution being a semantics for modal logic, involving possible worlds as described in a system now called Kripke semantics. Another of his most important contributions is his argument that necessity is a 'metaphysical' notion, which should be separated from the epistemic notion of a priori, and that there are necessary a posteriori truths, such as "Water is H2O." He has also contributed an original reading of Wittgenstein, referred to as "Kripkenstein." His most famous work is Naming and Necessity (1980).
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Seyyedeh Khatun
Seyyedeh Malek Khatun (Persian: سیده ملک خاتون) (died 1029) was a Sultaness of Buwayhid dynasty of Ray (Rages), Isfahan and Hamadan in Iran. She was of Bavand Dynasty in Tabaristan.. After the death of her husband Fakhr od-Dowleh the Deylamid, her 4-year old son, Majd od-Dowleh (993–1029), officially inherited the reign, however she was the true ruler up until her death.
During her rule, she was able to protect her realm against powerful opponents, such as Mahmud of Ghazni and Ghaboos of Ziyarid, by her insightful policies. It was said that when the army of Mahmud of Ghazni approached Ray, Seyyedeh Khatun rejected an offer to surrender despite the fact that her defenses were greatly outnumbered. She responded with a letter, stating “We will fight and if I prevail, it will be known everywhere that I conquered great Mahmud. But if you prevail, will you announce that you had conquered a woman?” Shortly after her death, Mahmud of Ghazni captured Ray and the Buwayhid realm of Ray, Hamadan and Isfahan came to its end.
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Shah Nimatullah Wali
Shāh Nimatullāh or Shāh Ni'matullāh Wali (1330–1431) (Persian: شاه نعمتالله ولی Shāh Ni'matullāh-i Valī), also spelled as Ne'matollah, Ni'matallah and Ni'mat Allah, was a Sufi Master and poet from the 14th and 15th centuries. Today there is a Sufi order Nimatullahi that considers him its founder.
Born in Aleppo, Syria, Ni’mattullah traced his own descent from the seventh Ismaili Imam, Muhammad ibn Ismail in both a poetic work as well as an epistle reproduced by his biographers ‘Abd al-Razzāq Kirmānī and ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Wā’iẓ. Ni'matullah travelled widely through the Muslim world, learning the philosophies of many masters, but not at first finding a personal teacher he could dedicate himself to. During this time, Ni'matullah also studied the writings of the great Sufi philosopher and mystic Ibn ʿArabī.
Ni'matullah met Abdollah Yafe'i in Mecca and subsequently became his disciple. He studied intensely with his teacher for seven years until, spiritually transformed, he was sent out for a second round of travels, this time as a realized teacher.
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Shah Waliullah
Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlawi (February 21, 1703 – August 20, 1762) was an Islamic scholar and reformer. He was born during the reign of Aurangzeb. He worked for the revival of Muslim rule and intellectual learning in South Asia, during a time of waning Muslim power. He invited Ahmed Shah Abdalli (Durrani) to attack India and quell the rising power of Marathas. He opposed the divisions and deviations within Islam and its practice in India and hoped to "purify" the religion and unify all Indian Muslims under his "banner of truth". He is also thought to have anticipated a number of progressive social, economic, and political ideas of the modern era such as social reform, equal rights, labour protection, welfare entitlement of all to food, clothing and housing. Religious tolerance was one of the ideas of the modern era that he promoted.
Shah Waliullah was a descendent of the Quraish tribe of Arabia and his genealogy can be traced to the second khalifa of Islam, Umar on his paternal side. His father, Shah Abdur Rahim, named his son 'Qutbuddin Ahmad'. He was dubbed as 'Shah Waliullah' because waliullah means "friend of God" and he was a pious individual. He was from the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah and was an adherent of Hanafi jurisprudence. His complete name was Shah Waliullah Qutbuddin Ahmad and he was born in Phulat, a town in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India on February 21, 1703.
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Shahrnush Parsipur
Shahrnush Parsipur (Persian: شهرنوش پارسی پور , born February 17, 1946 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian novelist. She is the daughter of an attorney in the Iranian Justice Ministry originally from Shiraz.
Born and raised in Tehran, she received her B.A. in sociology from Tehran University in 1973 and studied Chinese language and civilization at the Sorbonne from 1976 to 1980. Her first book was Tupak-e Qermez (The Little Red Ball – 1969), a story for young people. Her first short stories were published in the late 1960s. One early story appeared in Jong-e Isfahan, no. 9 (June 1972), a special short-story issue which also featured stories by Esma'il Faish, Houshang Golshiri, Taqi Modarresi, Bahram Sadeqi, and Gholam Hossein Saedi. Her novella Tajrobeh'ha-ye Azad (Trial Offers – 1970) was followed by the novel Sag va Zemestan-e Boland (The Dog and the Long Winter), published in 1976. In 1977, she published a volume of short stories called Avizeh'ha-ye Bolur (Crystal Pendant Earrings).
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Shams Langeroodi
Mohammad Shams Langeroodi (Persian: شمس لنگرودی) (b. November 17, 1950 in Langerood, Iran) is a contemporary Iranian poet, author and university lecturer. He has researched extensively on different periods of Persian poetry, most famous of which has resulted in An Analytic History of Persian Modern Poetry in four volumes. He is currently in the process of publishing his second novel.
Shams Langeroodi was born in Langerood, Gilan, Iran as Mohammad Taghi Javaheri Gilani. Later his father changed their last name to Shams.
He published his first poetry book in 1976, but it wasn't until 1980s that he established himself as one of the major poets of that decade when his poetry gained attention due to its novel imagery and surreal elements.
He currently lives in Tehran, Iran and is also the editor of Ahang-e Digar publications along with Hafez Mousavi and Shahab Mogharabin.
Published in 1998 in four volumes, An Analytic History of Persian Modern Poetry was the first extensive research work done on the contemporary Persian poetry. It starts from 1905 and goes year by year describing the events in Iran's political and social scenes, poetry and criticism conditions, literary magazines and poetry books published each year along with selected reviews including a brief review by the author up until 1979. In order to focus on research Shams Langeroodi did not publish any poetry book for 10 years.
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Shams Tabrizi
Shams-i-Tabrīzī or Shams al-Din Mohammad (1185-1248) was a PersianMuslim, who is credited as the spiritual instructor of Mewlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhi, also known as Rumi and is referenced with great reverence in Rumi’s poetic collection, in particular Diwan-i Shams-i Tabrīzī (The Works of Shams of Tabriz). Tradition holds that Shams taught Rumi in seclusion in Konya for a period of forty days, before fleeing for Damascus. The tomb of Shams-i Tabrīzī was recently nominated to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
According to Sipah Salar, a devotee and intimate friend of Rumi who spent forty years with him, Shams was the son of the Imam Ala al-Din. In a work entitled Manāqib al-‘arifīn (Eulogies of the Gnostics), Aflaki names a certain ‘Ali as the father of Shams-i Tabrīzī and his grandfather as Malikdad. Apparently basing his calculations on Haji Bektash Veli's Maqālāt (Conversations), Aflaki suggests that Shams arrived in Konya at the age of sixty years. However, various scholars have questioned Aflaki’s reliability.
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Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tusi (Persian: شیخ توسی), full name: Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi (Persian: ابوجعفر محمد بن حسن توسی), known as Shaykh al-Taʾifah (Arabic: شيخ الطائفة) was a prominent Persian scholar of the Shi'a Twelver Islamic belief.
Abu Jaʿfar Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. ʿAli b. al-Hasan al-Tusi was born in Tus in Iran in the year 385 of the Islamic era.
Al-Shaikh al-Tusi grew up in Tus and began his studies there. In 408 A.H. he left Tus to study in Baghdad. There he first studied under al-Shaikh al-Mufid, who died in 413 A.H. Leadership of the Shi'ite scholars then fell to al-Sharif al-Murtada. The latter remained in this position until his death in 436 A.H. During this time al-Shaikh al-Tusi was closely associated with al-Sharif al-Murtada. His vast scholarship and learning made him a natural successor of al-Sharif al-Murtada as the leading spokesman of Shi'ite Islam. So impressive was his learning that the Abbasid caliph, al-Qadir, attended his lectures and sought to honour him.
In the closing years of al-Shaikh al-Tusi's life the political situation in Baghdad and the domains of the Abbasid caliphate was in turmoil. The Saljuqids fiercely anti-Shiʿite, were gaining commanding power in the centre of the Islamic Empire at the expense of the Buyids who had always seemed tolerant to Shi'ite views. In 447 Tughril-bek the leaders of the Saljuqids entered Baghdad. At this time many of the 'ulama' in Baghdad, both Sunni and Shiʿite were killed. The house of al-Shaikh al-Tusi was burnt down, as were his books and the works he had written in Baghdad, together with important libraries of Shi'ite books. Fanaticism against the Shi'a was great.
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Siavash Kasraie
Siavash Kasraie (also spelled Siavash Kasrai, Siavash Kasra'i, or Siavash Kasraei, Persian: سياوش كسرايي ) (February 25, 1927, Isfahan - February 8, 1996, Vienna) was an Iranian poet.
Kasraie graduated from Tehran University, Faculty of Law. He was a native of Isfahan. His first collection of poetry was published in 1957 followed in 1959 by "Arash the Archer", based on the mythological tale of Arash. The second collection of poetry brought him to fame immediately.
Life
Translation: Mohammad Rajabpur
Oh, yeah
Oh, yeah
Life is beautiful
Life is an eternally-built fireplace
If lit, you can behold its flame dance from each side
If not, it’s out & its being out is our fault.
زندگی
آری
آری
زندگی زیباست
زندگی آتشگهی دیرینه پابرجاست
گربیفروزیش رقص شعله اش در هر کران پیداست
ورنه خاموش است و خاموشی گناه ماست
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Simin Behbahani
Simin Beh'bahāni (Persian: سیمین بهبهانی) (born July 20, 1927, Tehran, Iran) is one of the most prominent figures of the modern Persian literature and one of the most outstanding amongst the contemporary Persian poets. She is Iran's national poet and an icon of the Iranian intelligentsia and literati who affectionately refer to her as the lioness of Iran. She has been nominated twice for the Nobel Prize in literature, and has "received many literary accolades around the world."
Simin Behbahani, whose real name is Simin Khalili (سيمين خليلي), is the daughter of Abbās Khalili (عباس خلیلی), poet, writer and Editor of the Eghdām (Action) newspaper, and Fakhr-e Ozmā Arghun (فخرعظمی ارغون), poet and teacher of the French language. Abbās Khalili (1893–1971) wrote poetry in both Persian and Arabic and translated some 1100 verses of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh into Arabic. Fakhr-e Ozmā Arghun (1898–1966) was one of the progressive women of her time and a member of Kānun-e Nesvān-e Vatan'khāh (Association of Patriotic Women) between 1925 and 1929. In addition to her membership of Hezb-e Democrāt (Democratic Party) and Kānun-e Zanān (Women's Association), she was for a time (1932) Editor of the Āyandeh-ye Iran (Future of Iran) newspaper. She taught French at the secondary schools Nāmus, Dār ol-Mo'allemāt and No'bāvegān in Tehran.
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Simin Daneshvar
Simin Dāneshvar (Persian: سیمین دانشور) (28 April 1921 – 8 March 2012) was an Iranian academic, novelist, fiction writer and translator, largely regarded as the first major Iranian woman novelist. Daneshvar had a number of firsts to her credit. In 1948, her collection of Persian short stories was the first by an Iranian woman to be published. The first novel by an Iranian woman was her Savushun ("Mourners of Siyâvash", also known as A Persian Requiem, 1969), which went on to become a bestseller. Daneshvar's Playhouse, a collection of five stories and two autobiographical pieces, is the first volume of translated stories by an Iranian woman author.
Simin Daneshvar was born on 28 April 1921 in Shiraz, Persia. Her father, Mohammad Ali Danesvhar, was a physician. Her mother was a painter. Daneshvar attended the English bilingual school, Mehr Ain. Daneshvar entered the Persian literature department at the University of Tehran in the fall of 1938. In 1941, her third year of university, her father died, and to support herself she began writing pieces for Radio Tehran as the "Nameless Shirazi." She wrote about cooking and food as well as other things. She also began writing for the foreign affairs section of a newspaper in Tehran, since she could translate from English.
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Socrates
Socrates ( /ˈsɒkrətiːz/; Greek: Σωκράτης, Ancient Greek pronunciation: [sɔːkrátɛːs], Sōkrátēs; c. 469 BC – 399 BC) was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity.
Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. It is Plato's Socrates that also made important and lasting contributions to the fields of epistemology and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains strong in providing a foundation for much western philosophy that followed.
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Sohrab Sepehri
Sohrab Sepehri (Persian: سهراب سپهری) (October 7, 1928 - April 21, 1980) was a notable modern Persian poet and a painter.
He was born in Kashan in Isfahan province. He is considered to be one of the five most famous modern Persian (Iranian) poets who have practised "New Poetry" (a kind of poetry that often has neither meter nor rhyme). Other practitioners of this form were Nima Youshij, Ahmad Shamlou, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, and Forough Farrokhzad.
Sohrab Sepehri was also one of Iran's foremost modernist painters.
Sepehri died in Pars hospital in Tehran of leukemia. His poetry is full of humanity and concern for human values. He loved nature and refers to it frequently. The poetry of Sohrab Sepehri bears great resemblance to that of E.E. Cummings.
Well-versed in Buddhism, mysticism and Western traditions, he mingled the Western concepts with Eastern ones, thereby creating a kind of poetry unsurpassed in the history of Persian literature. To him, new forms were new means to express his thoughts and feelings.
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Sohrab Shahid-Saless
Sohrab Shaheed Salles (Persian: سهراب شهید ثالث) (Alternative Dictation: Sohrab Shahid-Saless) 28 June 1943, Tehran – 2 July 1998, Chicago, Illinois) was an Iranian film director and screenwriter and one of the most celebrated figures in Iranian cinema in the 20th century. After 1976 he worked in the Cinema of Germany and was an important component of the film diaspora working in the German industry.
Sohrab Shaheed Salles was born in Tehran in 1943 and lived in Tehran. He studied film in Vienna and Paris. After returning to Iran, he first worked for the Ministry of Arts and Culture, where he made 22 films. In 1976, he left Iran for Germany, where he worked as a filmmaker until 1991, then moving to Chicago. He died in Chicago, IL in July 1998.
In his first feature, the milestone film A Simple Event (1973), he describes the everyday life of a ten-year-old boy living in a small town with an ill mother and a father struggling to make a living smuggling fish. In contrast, Still Life (1974) explores the monotony in the life of an old railway switchman – a film that won many prizes, including one at the 1974 Berlinale. In 1975 Sohrab directed Far from Home (1975).
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Stephen Cole Kleene
Stephen Cole Kleene (January 5, 1909, Hartford, Connecticut, United States – January 25, 1994, Madison, Wisconsin) was an American mathematician who helped lay the foundations for theoretical computer science. One of many distinguished students of Alonzo Church, Kleene, along with Alan Turing, Emil Post, and others, is best known as a founder of the branch of mathematical logic known as recursion theory. Kleene's work grounds the study of which functions are computable. A number of mathematical concepts are named after him: Kleene hierarchy, Kleene algebra, the Kleene star (Kleene closure), Kleene's recursion theorem and the Kleene fixpoint theorem. He also invented regular expressions, and was a leading American advocate of mathematical intuitionism.
Kleene pronounced his last name /ˈkleɪniː/ KLAY-nee. Commonplace mispronunciations include /ˈkliːniː/ and /ˈkliːn/. (His son, Ken Kleene, wrote: "As far as I am aware this pronunciation is incorrect in all known languages. I believe that this novel pronunciation was invented by my father.")[citation needed]
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Stephen Toulmin
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 - 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science.
Stephen Toulmin was born in London, England, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1942. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination on the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin’s own work.
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Sultan Walad
Baha al-Din Muhammad-i Walad (Persian: بها الدین محمد ولد), more popularly known as Sultan Walad (Persian: سلطان ولد), was the eldest son of Jalal Al-Din Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi, and one of the founders of the Mawlawiya (Persian: مولویه)order.
He was given the name of his grandfather Sultan al-Ulama Baha al-Din Walad. Mawlana Jalal al-Din Rumi sent Sultan Walad and his brother Ala al-Din Muhammad to Aleppo and Damascus for the study of religious sciences. Sultan Walad was deeply trusted by Rumi, and it was him that Rumi sent to seek Shams Tabrizi after the disappearance of Shams.
Sultan Walad married the daughter of Salah al-Din Zarkub, Fatima Khatun. He had two daughters by her and one son (Jalal Ali-Din Arif). Sultan Walad at the insistence of his entourage, took up the succession which, at his father's death, he had declined in favour of Husam Al-Din.
With Sultan Walad, the Mawlawiya order starts in the true sense of the word, since he gathered the followers (Murids) of his father around himself and organized the order. He also erected a mausoleum for his Rumi, which also became the center of his order.
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Sushruta
Suśruta (Sanskrit: सुश्रुत (sʊʃɾʊt̪), fl. 800 BCE) was an ancient Indian surgeon and is the author of the book Suśruta Saṃhitā, in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures, 120 surgical instruments and classifies human surgery in eight categories. He lived, taught and practiced his art on the banks of the Ganges in the area that corresponds to the present day city of Varanasi in North India.
Because of his seminal and numerous contributions to the science and art of surgery he is also known by the title "Father of Surgery." Much of what is known about this inventive surgeon is contained in a series of volumes he authored, which are collectively known as the Sushruta Samhita.
Sushruta was educated in Varanasi.
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Taha Abdurrahman
Taha Abdurrahman is a Morrocan philosopher who is considered as one of the leading philosophers and thinkers in Islamic world whose research centers on logic, philosophy of language and philosophy of morality.[citation needed] He believes in the variety of modernities and seeks to establish an ethical humanitarian modernity based on the values and principles of the Islamic religion.
He was born in 1944 and raised in El Jadida (province of El Jadida) there he went to basic school, after that he moved to Casablanca where he continued his high school, and then he joined the Mohammed V University (Rabat, Morocco) where he obtained his licentiate in philosophy. He completed his studies at the university of Sorbonne where he received his second licentiate and obtained his doctoral third level in the year of 1972 on the subject: "Language and philosophy: a study of the linguistic structures of ontology", and in 1985 he earned his Ph.D in the philosophy on the subject "study of argumentation and its methods"(in french:Essai sur les logiques des raisonnements argumentatifs et naturesl).
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Tahir ibn Husayn
Tahir ibn Husayn (Arabic, Persian: طاهر بن حسين) (died 822) was a general and governor during the Abbasid caliphate. In Arabic he is known as Zol-Yamanein meaning the warrior with two right hands as he used to fight with two sword in his both hands. Taher did was a rebel and an anti-caliphate person who strengthened the independence movements which Persians had started 70 to 80 years before him. According to Majma-altawarikh he was assassinated by two mercenaries while in bed. He never served under any Caliph. Weaker unknown histories narrate that""Specifically, he served under al-Ma'mun and led the armies that would defeat al-Amin, making al-Ma'mun the caliph. He was born in Phoshang which is a village in ancient city of Herat (then Khorasan present day Afghanistan)"".
Afterwards, Tahir was made governor of the eastern Abbasid lands, effectively making him governor of Persia. Tahir later declared independence from the Abbasid empire in 822 by omitting any mention of al-Ma'mun during a Friday sermon.[citation needed] However, he died the same night and al-Ma'mun appointed Tahir's son to continue at his father's post. This established the Tahirid dynasty, which ruled a semi-autonomous state in eastern Persia.
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Theophrastus
Theophrastus (Greek: Θεόφραστος; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He came to Athens at a young age, and initially studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle bequeathed to Theophrastus his writings, and designated him as his successor at the Lyceum. Theophrastus presided over the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school flourished greatly. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus.
The interests of Theophrastus were wide-ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, were an important influence on medieval science. There are also surviving works On Moral Characters, On Sensation, On Stones, and fragments on Physics and Metaphysics all written in Greek. In philosophy, he studied grammar and language, and continued Aristotle's work on logic. He also regarded space as the mere arrangement and position of bodies, time as an accident of motion, and motion as a necessary consequence of all activity. In ethics, he regarded happiness as depending on external influences as well as on virtue, and famously said that "life is ruled by fortune, not wisdom."
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Thoralf Skolem
Thoralf Albert Skolem (23 May 1887 – 23 March 1963) (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtuːɾɑlf ˈskuːləm]) was a Norwegian mathematician known mainly for his work on mathematical logic and set theory.
Although Skolem's father was a primary school teacher, most of his extended family were farmers. Skolem attended secondary school in Kristiania (later renamed Oslo), passing the university entrance examinations in 1905. He then entered Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet to study mathematics, also taking courses in physics, chemistry, zoology and botany.
In 1909, he began working as an assistant to the physicist Kristian Birkeland, known for bombarding magnetized spheres with electrons and obtaining aurora-like effects; thus Skolem's first publications were physics papers written jointly with Birkeland. In 1913, Skolem passed the state examinations with distinction, and completed a dissertation titled Investigations on the Algebra of Logic. He also traveled with Birkeland to the Sudan to observe the zodiacal light. He spent the winter semester of 1915 at the University of Göttingen, at the time the leading research center in mathematical logic, metamathematics, and abstract algebra, fields in which Skolem eventually excelled. In 1916 he was appointed a research fellow at Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet. In 1918, he became a Docent in Mathematics and was elected to the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
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Unsuri
Abul Qasim Hasan Unsuri Balkhi (Persian: ابوالقاسم حسن عنصری بلخی) (died 1039/1040) was a 10-11th century Persian poet.
He is said to have been born in Balkh, today located in Afghanistan, and he eventually became a poet of the royal court, and was given the title Malik-us Shu'ara (King of Poets').
His Divan is said to have contained 30,000 distichs, of which only 2500 remain today.
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Uthman Mukhtari
Uthman Mukhtari was an 11th century and 12th century poet of Ghaznavids, an empire originating from Ghazna located in Afghanistan.
Originating from Ghazna, he is thought to have written the Shahryar-nama, which describes the struggles of Muslims against Indian heathens during the Ghaznavid era.
He was a great fan of Masud Sa'd Salman.
The epic was composed in 3 years. Parts of it remain in the British Museum.
He died in 1149 CE.
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Varuzh Karim-Masihi
Varuzh Karim-Masihi (Persian: واروژ کریم مسیحی, born 1953, Arak, Iran) is an Iranian - Armenian film director, film editor and screenplay writer.
As director:
As editor:
As writer:
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Vincent of Beauvais
The Dominican friar Vincent of Beauvais (Vincentius Bellovacensis or Vincentius Burgundus) (c. 1190 – 1264?) wrote the Speculum Maius, the main encyclopedia that was used in the Middle Ages.
The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown, and not much detail has surfaced concerning his career. Conjectures place him first in the house of the Dominicans at Paris between 1215 and 1220, and later at the Dominican monastery founded by Louis IX of France at Beauvais in Picardy. It is more certain, however, that he held the post of "reader" at the monastery of Royaumont on the Oise, not far from Paris, also founded by Louis IX, between 1228 and 1235. The king read the books that Vincent compiled and supplied the funds for procuring copies of such authors as he required. Queen Margaret and her son-in-law, Theobald V of Champagne and Navarre, are also named among those who urged him to the composition of his "little works", especially De morali principis institutione.
Though Vincent may well have been summoned to Royaumont even before 1240, there is no actual proof that he lived there before the return of Louis IX and his wife from the Holy Land, early in the summer of 1254; but it is evident that he must have written his work De Eruditione Filiorum Nobilium (where he styles himself as "Vincentius Belvacensis, de ordine praedicatorum, qualiscumque lector in monasterio de Regali Monte") after this date and yet before January 1260, the approximate date of his Tractatus Consolatorius occasioned by the death of the king's son Louis that year.
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Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜrdʒəl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him.
Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably the Divine Comedy of Dante, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.
Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.
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Wasef Bakhtari
Wasef Bakhtari (Persian: استاد واصف باختری) (born 1942 in Balkh, Afghanistan) is a renowned Persian poet, literary figure and intellectual.
Even though his father was from Kabul, he spent most of his childhood in Mazari Sharif. He attended Bakhtar School for his primary and for most of his secondary education. After his family moved to Kabul He finished Habibia High School in 1965. Wasef Bakhtari holds a BA degree in Persian literature from Kabul University. He did his graduate studies in the U.S. and received a masters degree in education from Columbia University in 1976. In 1996 Bakhtari, then a professor of literature at Kabul University, and his wife Noriajan were forced to flee Afghanistan because of the intolerance of the Taliban. They sought refuge in Pakistan, but with a rise in Taliban influence there as well, returned to the United States with the help of World Relief and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, which resettled them in New Port Richey, Florida.
For 15 years Bakhtari worked for the Ministry of Education, writing and translating text books. In 1978 he became the editor in chief of Zhwandoon Magazine. He has also served as a professor at Kabul University and influenced many other Persian writers and poet in Afghanistan.
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Wasil ibn Ata
Wasil ibn Ata (700–748) (Arabic: واصل بن عطاء) was an important Muslim theologian and jurist of his time, and by many accounts is considered to be the founder of the Mutazilite school of Islamic thought.
Born around the year 700 in the Arabian Peninsula, he initially studied under Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, the grandson of the renowned Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib. Later he would travel to Basra in Iraq to study under Hasan al-Basri (one of the Tabi‘in). In Basra he began to develop the ideologies that would lead to the Mutazilite school. These stemmed from conflicts that many scholars had in resolving theology and politics. His main contribution to the Mutazilite school was in planting the seeds for the formation of its doctrine.
Wasil ibn Ata died in 748 in the Arabian Peninsula.
He married the sister of Amr ibn Ubayd.
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William Harvey
William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who was the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart, although blood circulation was described by Ibn al-Nafis earlier in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (1242). After his death the William Harvey Hospital was constructed in the town of Ashford, several miles from his birthplace of Folkestone.
Harvey's father: Tom Harvey, was a jurat of Folkestone where he served the office of mayor in 1600. Records and personal descriptions delineate him as an overall calm, diligent and intelligent man whose "sons... revered, consulted and implicitly trusted in him... (they) made their father the treasurer of their wealth when they acquired great estates...(He) kept, employed and improved their gainings to their great advantage." Thomas Harvey's portrait can still be seen in the central panel of a wall of the dining-room at Rolls Park, Chigwell, in Essex.
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William of Ockham
William of Ockham ( /ˈɒkəm/; also Occam, Hockham, or several other spellings; c. 1288 – c. 1348) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the fourteenth century. Although he is commonly known for Ockham's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, William of Ockham also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April.
William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at an early age. It is believed that he studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but never completed his master's degree (the usual undergraduate degree in those times). Because of this, he acquired the byname Venerabilis Inceptor, or "Worthy Beginner" (an inceptor was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities). He was also known as the Doctor Invincibilis or "Unconquerable Teacher."
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William Osler
Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet (/ˈɒz.lə/, July 12, 1849 – December 29, 1919) was a Canadian physician. He was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at Johns Hopkins Hospital as the first Professor of Medicine and founder of the Medical Service there. (The "Big Four" were William Osler, Professor of Medicine; William Stewart Halsted, Professor of Surgery; Howard A. Kelly, Professor of Gynecology; and William H. Welch, Professor of Pathology.) Osler created the first residency program for specialty training of physicians, and he was the first to bring medical students out of the lecture hall for bedside clinical training.
He has been called the "Father of modern medicine." Osler was a multifaceted physician and individual, functioning as a pathologist, internist, educator, bibliophile, historian, author, and renowned practical joker.
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Yadollah Royaee
Yadollah Royaee (Persian: یدالله رویایی; born 1932 in Damqan, Semnan Province, Iran) is the poet of the New Wave or the Poem of Imagination in Iranian Modern Literature.
He is a graduate of college of law and human sciences and he has worked for the state television for several years. His poetry renewed debate about the relative value of form and context in modern Persian poetry. Yadollah is careful to produce unity in his poems. His sea songs reflect French symbolism. He moves to exotic marine landscape and creates glorious lyrical images, focusing mostly on symbols rather than metaphors in image building. His lyrics are and deeply imbued with Persian mysticism. Royaee invented and introduced a style in Persian poetry which he named Spacment Poetry.[1] His work "je passant en je Singature" was translated into French in 2002.
On Empty Roads
Sea Songs
The Lonliness
Of I love you
Overflowing
Seventy Gravestones
The Past me: Signature, by Caravan Books
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Yahya ibn Khalid
Yahya ibn Khalid (Arabic: يحيى بن خالد), yaḥyā bin ḫālid) (died 806) was a member of the powerful Persian Barmakids family, son of Khalid ibn Barmak. Around 765, he was appointed to Azerbaijan by the Caliph Al-Mansur. Yahya's son Fadl ibn Yahya was born at Ar-Reiy, at the same time as Caliph al-Mahdi's son Harun. Al-Mahdi entrusted Yahya in 778 with Harun's education.
When Al-Hadi was Caliph, Yahya dissuaded the Caliph several times from proclaiming his own son as heir instead of Harun. He eventually did so, and cast Yahya into jail, but died shortly after. When Harun became Caliph as Harun al-Rashid, he made Yahya Vizier. Under his influence, the Caliph invited to Baghdad many scholars and masters from India, especially Buddhists. A catalogue of both Muslim and non-Muslim texts prepared at this time, Kitab al-Fihrist, included a list of Buddhist works. Among them was an Arabic version of the account of Buddha’s previous lives, Kitab al-Budd.[1]
He had three sons, among which Jafar succeeded him as Vizier, Musa ruled Damascus, and Fadl was governor of Khurasan, then of Egypt. In 803, his family fell into disgrace, and he was cast into prison, where he died in 806 (according to the story, because his son Jafar had an affair with Harun al-Rashid's sister, most likely because the family had too much power).
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Yousef Alikhani
Yousef Alikhani (born 1975) is an Iranian writer.
Alikhani was born in the village of Milek, Qazvīn Province. He studied Arabic literature at the University of Tehran.
Alikhani released his third collection of short stories in April 2010.
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Youssof Kohzad
Youssof Kohzad (Persian: يوسف كهزاد) (also spelled as Youssef Kohzad) (born 1935) is an ethnic Tajik writer, painter, playwright, artist, poet, actor, and art consultant from Afghanistan. He has now taken residence in Tracy, California, United States since his emigration from Afghanistan. He is married to Zakia Kohzad.
Youssef Kohzad was born in 1935 in the Chendawol district of Kabul, Afghanistan. During his high school years, he wrote plays and created artwork for Kabul Theater. Kohzad graduated from Nejat (Amani) High School in Kabul in 1953. He finished his formal art education from the Academy of Art in Rome, Italy in 1965. After returning from Italy, he traveled to the former Soviet Union, India and former Eastern Germany to exhibit his art along with other contemporary Afghan artists. Many of his works are showcased in the Middle Eastern Studies museums in Moscow.
From 1966-1969 he held executive positions at the Ministry of Media and Culture, in which he was the head of the Fine Arts Department.
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Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景) (150 — 219), formal name Zhang Ji (张机), was a Han Dynasty physician and one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Han Dynasty. He established medication principles and summed up the medicinal experience up until that time, thus making a great contribution to the development of traditional Chinese medicine.
Though extremely well known in modern Chinese medicine and considered one of the finest Chinese physicians in history, very little is known about his life. According to later sources, he was born in Nanyang, held an official position in Changsha and lived from approximately 150 to 219 AD. Exact dates regarding his birth, death and works vary, but an upper limit of 220 AD is generally accepted.
During his time, with warlords fighting for their own territories, many people were infected with fevers. Zhang's family was no exception. He learned medicine by studying from his towns fellow and later teacher Zhang Bozu, assimilating from previous medicinal literature such as Emperor canon of Internal medicine (黄帝内经), and collecting many prescriptions elsewhere, finally writing the medical masterpiece Shanghan Zabing Lun' (Chinese: 傷寒雜病論; pinyin: Shānghán Zábìng Lùn, lit. "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases"). Shortly after its publication, the book was lost during the wars that ravaged China during the period of the Three Kingdoms. Due to Zhang's contribution to traditional Chinese medicine, he is often regarded as the sage of Chinese medicine.
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Ziauddin Sardar
Ziauddin Sardar (born 31 October 1951, Pakistan) is a London-based scholar, writer and cultural-critic who specialises in Muslim thought, the future of Islam, futures studies and science and cultural relations. Prospect magazine has named him as one of Britain's top 100 public intellectuals and The Independent newspaper calls him: 'Britain's own Muslim polymath'
Ziauddin Sardar was born in Pakistan, but educated and brought up in Britain. He read physics and then information science at the City University, London. After a five-year stint at King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia - where he became a leading authority on the hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca - he returned to work as Middle East correspondent of the science magazines Nature and New Scientist. In 1982, he joined London Weekend Television as a reporter and helped launch the trend setting Asian programme ‘Eastern Eye’. In the early 1980s, he was among the founders of Inquiry, a magazine of ideas and policy focusing on Muslim countries, which played a major part in promoting reformist thought in Islam. While editing Inquiry, he established the Center for Policy and Futures Studies at East-West University in Chicago.
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Ziryab
Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘ (Persian and Arabic: أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع; Kurdish: ئهبو ئهلحهسهن عهلی إبن نافع) (c. 789–857), nicknamed Ziryab (Persian language: Zaryâb, Kurdish: زۆراو Zorab), was a Persian or Black African or Kurdishpolymath: a poet, musician, singer, chemist, cosmetologist, fashion designer, trendsetter, strategist, astronomer, botanist and geographer. He was active at the Umayyad court of Córdoba in Islamic Iberia. He first achieved notoriety at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, Iraq, his birth place, as a performer and student of the great Kurdish musician and composer, Ishaq al-Mawsili.
Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850). He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (d. 833) and moved to Córdoba in southern Iberian Peninsula, where he was accepted as court musician in the court of Abd al-Rahman II of the Umayyad Dynasty (822-52).
As the Islamic armies conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th century conquest of nearly all of Hispania, which they renamed Al-Andalus, the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time, greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. With their arrival, the Muslim Berbers and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well known centers for music within the Islamic world. During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. While many were talented, Ziryab surpassed them all.
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Avicenna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:50
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Peter Adamson discusses the philosophy of Avicenna. Melvyn Bragg discusses the Persian Islamic philosopher Avicenna. With Peter Adamson, Nader El-Bizri and Amira Bennison.
http://wn.com/Avicenna
Avicenna - Impostor, Philosopher, Healer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
Avicenna was a brilliant polymath and healer who lived in the East from 980-1037. He bundled the knowledge of his time and wrote 450 tractates. His "Book of Healing" and his "Canon of Medicine" established modern medicine. Avicenna lived in a time, where Europeans lived in their own filth and the Islamic world reached her pinacle. Welcome to a world of art and scholarship!
http://wn.com/Avicenna_Impostor,_Philosopher,_Healer
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 980—1037AD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:29
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Discussion on the Persian Islamic philosopher, Avicenna.
http://wn.com/Ibn_Sina_Avicenna_980—1037AD
Ibn Sina (performed by Roger Worrod)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
An interview with Avicenna (Ibn Sina), a thousand years ago. 5 questions, 5 answers. GB Studions, Switzerland. Actor: Roger Worrod.
http://wn.com/Ibn_Sina_performed_by_Roger_Worrod
Awesome Dude of the Week - Avicenna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
this is the first Awesome Dude of the Week. The sound and editing leave much to be desired, but whatever behind the scenes info and notes and stuff here: ianm1121.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Awesome_Dude_of_the_Week_Avicenna
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) The Father of Modern Medicine.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:49
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
A video project in partial fulfillment for the Islamic Knowledge and Sciences course, done by students from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS. Narrator: Ixat Sketcher: AJ Camera Works: Alan, Zahhar, Arel Thanks to our lecturer, Dr Muhaimin Sulam :)
http://wn.com/Ibn_Sina_Avicenna_The_Father_of_Modern_Medicinewmv
Amri Maruf Tajikistan http://www.facebook.com/Avicenna.IbnSina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:17
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон Tajikistan tadjikistan dushanbe Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон tajikistan tachikistan Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania -- Macedonia, Republic of -- Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America Uzbekistan ...
http://wn.com/Amri_Maruf_Tajikistan_http_wwwfacebookcom_AvicennaIbnSina
AVICENNA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Abu Ali al-Hussein Ibn Sina famous with the name of Avicenna, was born in Persia in the 980 to Afshana, near Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
http://wn.com/AVICENNA
Iran honors its great genius, Avicenna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Abu Ali al-Hussein also known in the West as Avicenna is one of the foremost philosophers of the golden age of Islamic tradition. He is also known as al-Sheikh al-Rais( or the leader among the wise men). In the west he is also known as the "Prince of Physicians" for his famous medical text al-Qanun or "Canon". In Latin translations, his works influenced many Christian philosophers. He was also an astronomer, chemist, geologist, Islamic psychologist, logician and poet. He is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age. He started studying philosophy by reading various Greek, Muslim and other books on this subject. He also knew well about the philosophy of Aristotle. Some of his scientific and philosophical theories and ideas still stand today which cause scientists and philosophers from around get together every year to discuss his thoughts and commemorate his outstanding contributions to the world of philosophy and science even more than 1000 years after his death. The book is known for the discovery of contagious and sexually transmitted diseases and the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of infectious diseases. His other most famous works are The Book of Healing and a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia. Many of his treatises and books were taught at different universities around the world. It is said that so far only 40% of his works have been published and a delegation from the United Nations has been assigned ...
http://wn.com/Iran_honors_its_great_genius,_Avicenna
Avicenna's Floating Maori
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 22 Aug 2010
From September to October, 2009, I helped install a Whales exhibit at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. This exhibit came from New Zealand & 4 New Zealanders came w/ it to supervise the install. One of the most interesting aspects of this job for me was that the exhibit techs underwent a ceremony in wch we were instructed in the protocols for proper treatment of the whale skeletons & such-like as sacred objects - as conceived by Maori culture. Shane James blew a Putatara (conch-shell trumpet) & recited a text in "te reo" (the language spoken by the Maori) & explained things to the techs before we were allowed to handle the objects. This lead to the 64th HiTEC session wch was preceded by Shane explaining the Maori instruments that he's made. Then we realized a HiTEC System entitled "Avicenna's Floating Systems Manager". Making this session even more exciting was that I got to work w/ some particularly fine Pittsburgh musicians that I'd never had a chance to play w/ before. The internationality of the instruments was exceptional. - October 22, 2009 notes from tENTATIVELY, a cONVENIENCE
http://wn.com/Avicenna's_Floating_Maori
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 1 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:02
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند! پر آوازه ترین کتابهای پور سینا "شفا" و "قانون" میباشند که نزدیک به 5 سده / تا سده هجدهم در دانشگاههای پر آوازه خاور و باختر / اروپا آموزش داده میشده! مچنین لباس فارغ التحصیلی دانشگاه های تراز اول جهان یا همان ردای بلند و کلاه چهارگوش، میراث پدر علم جهان یا ابوعلی سینای ایرانی است. Pur Sina (son of Sina / c. 980, born in Afshana near Bukhara, died in 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ebn Sina or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is renowned to be the "Father of Modern Medicine". He wrote almost 450 works on a wide range of subjects, of which 240 have survived. His most famous work "The Book of Healing" and "The Canon of Medicine" which were the standard text at many eastern and European universities for five centuries up until the 18th century. Avecenna was known to have operated a friend's gall bladder. Also the graduation outfit across the western universities is adopted from Avicenna's style in his honour.
http://wn.com/Iranian_Series,_Avicenna_Part_1_سریال_ایرانی_بوعلی_سینا
Avicenna - Arzt, Wissenschaftler & Philosoph - Abu Ali Sina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:44
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Es wird behauptet, dass Ibn Sina 21 Haupt- und 24 Nebenwerke in Philosophie, Medizin, Theologie, Geometrie, Astronomie und anderen Gebieten vollendet hat. Andere Autoren schreiben Ibn Sina 99 Bücher zu: 16 über Medizin, 68 über Theologie und Metaphysik, 11 über Astronomie und 4 über das Drama. Die meisten von ihnen waren arabisch; aber auch in seiner Muttersprache Persisch schrieb er eine große Auswahl philosophischer Lehren, genannt Danischnama-yi Alai, und eine kurze Abhandlung über den Puls.
http://wn.com/Avicenna_Arzt,_Wissenschaftler_Philosoph_Abu_Ali_Sina
Afghans In History Episode Two - Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Avicenna (980-1037) is a renowned historical Afghan figure who is considered to be the father of modern medicine. He was also a polymath and the foremost physician Hnd philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, Islamic psychologist, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, logician, pale...ontologist, mathematician, Maktab teacher, physicist, poet, and scientist.
http://wn.com/Afghans_In_History_Episode_Two_Avicenna_Ibn_Sina
Pain Free Florida - Avicenna Laser Therapy Neuropathy Pain Management
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
neuropathy.PainFreeFlorida.com Neuropathy Treatment In Sarasota, FL you have neuropathy pain treatment via high power laser therapy (HPLT) with Dr. Matthew Burks. Near Venice, FL you get pain relief from peripheral neuropathy or diabetic neuropathy. Sometimes chemo causes neuropathy, and you need what doctors know is the only treatment that works for neuropathy pain.
http://wn.com/Pain_Free_Florida_Avicenna_Laser_Therapy_Neuropathy_Pain_Management
Avicenna High Power Laser Therapy Education Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 18 Apr 2012
Education video that uncovers the truth behind high power laser therapy and its role in revolutionizing pain management. Avicenna Laser provides the most effective non-invasive therapeutic laser in the market.
http://wn.com/Avicenna_High_Power_Laser_Therapy_Education_Video
Avicenna Directory of Medicine Listed and Acceprable at GMC-UK & MCNZ: IUSOM MD Degree Admissions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 25 Jun 2011
International University School of Medicine (IUSOM) is currently accepting applications from national and international students for Admissions for the Doctor of Medicine (MD) Degree Program for September 2011 Semester as well for the subsequent semesters, to be offered at its Worldwide Campuses located at Bonaire (Dutch Caribbean) (Formerly Netherlands Antilles), Barranquilla (Colombia), México City (México), and Sialkot (Pakistan). Work Permits for Foreign Students on Student Visa in Bonaire After dissolution of Formerly Netherlands Antilles on October 10, 2010, three islands, namely, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (BES) Islands were collectively integrated more closely to the Kingdom of The Netherlands in European Union (EU). Consequently, the Government of The Netherlands in Den Haag, The Netherlands now permits the MD and/or PreMed Foreign Students (on Student Visa) enrolled and attending the International University School of Medicine (IUSOM), to apply for the Work Permit to work in Bonaire Island, to partially finance their costs for international medical education at IUSOM. IUSOM Charter, Statutes, and Medical Educational Licenses - Both International University School of Medicine (IUSOM) and its daughter entity were established and then registered at Bonaire Chamber of Commerce in September 2005. - International University School of Medicine (IUSOM) has been licensed, permitted and approved by the Government of the Bonaire Island in Dutch Caribbean (Formerly ...
http://wn.com/Avicenna_Directory_of_Medicine_Listed_and_Acceprable_at_GMC-UK_MCNZ_IUSOM_MD_Degree_Admissions
Sports day Avicenna PKG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:41
- Updated: 21 Feb 2012
http://wn.com/Sports_day_Avicenna_PKG
Avicenna Community Acupuncture Clinic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
Although we specialise in acupuncture treatment for painful conditions, we treat much more. The ideal option for those who want treatment for a painful condition, an immediate treatment, or a reduced cost option. www.avicenna.co.uk
http://wn.com/Avicenna_Community_Acupuncture_Clinic
4 star Avicenna Hotel Istanbul
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
www.ghotw.com
http://wn.com/4_star_Avicenna_Hotel_Istanbul
![[Avicenna] Sensory System Examination](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/6LRffugm8tg/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Sensory System Examination")
[Avicenna] Sensory System Examination
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011. ================== TheAvicenna Project is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field. Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge". At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country. With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Sensory_System_Examination
Appadiya - Avicenna History
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works. When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Dailam and central Persia, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's ...
http://wn.com/Appadiya_Avicenna_History
![[Avicenna] Examination Of The Cardiovascular System](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OXLTzDUFadc/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Examination Of The Cardiovascular System")
[Avicenna] Examination Of The Cardiovascular System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:32
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
This video is copyrighted by International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It shows steps of conducting physical examination targeting to cardiovascular system, performed by Prof. Dr. Latiff. This video is displayed during Avicenna's Medical Seminar, April 2011. It is uploaded only for Avicenna's Members viewing. ================== TheAvicenna Project is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field. Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge". At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country. With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Examination_Of_The_Cardiovascular_System
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Gregg Braden about the twin sisters born prematurely
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Gregg Braden tells the story of the twin sisters who were born seven weeks prematurely. Fascinating story indeed. Did you feel that? Let's start creating our world with our heart. Like we once used to do!
This is from a presentation called "Language of the Divine Matrix" recorded in Italy, May 30th 2007.
http://wn.com/Gregg_Braden_about_the_twin_sisters_born_prematurely
13. Gregg Braden Healing & Future of Energy Medicine! (Also Reiki, Hypnosis, Yuen Method, Dr. Oz,)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.ChineseEnergetics.com Gregg Braden Healing, Dr. Oz, Yuen Method, EFT, NLP, Reiki, Hypnosis are Energy Medicine areas we cover. What is Yuen Method? What Gregg Braden Healing & Dr. Oz say about future of Energy Medicine? Chinese Energetics consists of Yuen Method, Reiki, EFT, NLP, Hypnosis, and more...
http://wn.com/13_Gregg_Braden_Healing_Future_of_Energy_Medicine!_Also_Reiki,_Hypnosis,_Yuen_Method,_Dr_Oz,
Gregg Braden on Curing Cancer using our own Technology of Emotion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Gregg Braden presents a video showing cancer being cured in less than 3 minutes using the language of emotion. Using the technology of emotion that's inside all of us and mirror that expection to the field that's all around us. You must feel the feeling as if it has already happened.
These clips are from a presentation called "Language of the Divine Matrix" recorded in Italy, May 30th 2007. During the video you will see the screen hidden at times but you are not missing anything since that entire part is shown right before as you will see for yourselves.
Cancer can only manifest if we forget the true nature of who we really are. That is if we don't live our lives the way that is best for us, that is true to us and if we keep doing that for too long. It's not our fault it's come to this. We have been deceived and deluded from the truth about who we really are. We just have to remember! We are doing that right now all over the planet.
More movies containing information on curing cancer:
Run From the Cure - Hemp Oil Cancer Cure
The Beautiful Truth - Gerson Cancer Cure
David Icke in Melbourne 2009 DVD2 - Salvestrol Cancer Cure
http://wn.com/Gregg_Braden_on_Curing_Cancer_using_our_own_Technology_of_Emotion
Healing Touch Program: An Introduction to Healing Touch part 1of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Come with us on a journey that explores the wonderful gifts of Healing Touch. This is part 1 of an 18 minute visual documentary of how Healing Touch changes people's lives; from the effects of Healing Touch to how it is used in hospitals and around the world. Meet the people that use Healing Touch in their careers and those have experienced Healing Touch in their lives.
For more information on Healing Touch visit www.HealingTouchProgram.com
http://wn.com/Healing_Touch_Program_An_Introduction_to_Healing_Touch_part_1of_2
The Power To Heal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Energy Healing is an innate skill that is easy to learn!
http://wn.com/The_Power_To_Heal
Healing Touch Program: An Introduction to Healing Touch part 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Come with us on a journey that explores the wonderful gifts of Healing Touch. www.HealingTouchProgram.com... This is the second part of a two part 18 minute visual documentary of how Healing Touch changes people's lives; from the effects of Healing Touch to how it is used in hospitals and around the world. Meet the people that use Healing Touch in their careers and those have experienced Healing Touch in their lives.
For more information on Healing Touch visit www.HealingTouchProgram.com
http://wn.com/Healing_Touch_Program_An_Introduction_to_Healing_Touch_part_2_of_2
Chinese Man With Extreme Healing Powers Of Chi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Healing by sending energy through the hands, "and He laid hands on each one of them and healed them," is based on the healer's ability to connect with and consciously direct the cosmic energy of God. The body lives in an omnipresent sea of this vibratory power...
One who knows his soul knows how to work miracles through the life force, the master of life and death, by sending it through the hands in healing rays to burn out disease in any stricken person.
http://wn.com/Chinese_Man_With_Extreme_Healing_Powers_Of_Chi
Structured Water: Future of Medicine? 1/8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Structured water is most beneficial to our health. Structured, hexagonal water acts as a powerful anti-oxidant, capable of destroying vast numbers of excess free radicals which can accumulate in our bodies and a wide variety of additional tasks that water in its basic, H2O format, cannot do.
http://wn.com/Structured_Water_Future_of_Medicine?_1_8
1. Dr. Nelson's Body Code System Webinar 12-18-2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
An overview of Dr. Bradley Nelson's Body Code System, the most complete home study course on holistic healing ever devised. Global webinar held 12-18-2009 shortly after the Body Code System was released to the public, this video includes demonstration of the Body Code System being successfully used remotely on callers with various health issues. All credit for the Body Code System goes to God, the Father of us all. Welcome to the 21st Century and the impending transformation of the planet.
Dr. Brad : )
http://wn.com/1_Dr_Nelson's_Body_Code_System_Webinar_12-18-2009
Dr. Bradley Nelson on The Amega Wand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dr. Bradley Nelson, author of "The Emotion Code," discusses the "Amega Wand," made by Amega of SIngapore. For more information visit www.ZeroPointPainWand.com
http://wn.com/Dr_Bradley_Nelson_on_The_Amega_Wand
Homeopathic Remedies THE TRUTH - Vortex Energy Part 11 of 28
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Vortex Energy Part 11 of 28 - Homeopathic Remedies. This method of healing does not work without intent. Some people would say this proves that it does not work. I say it proves the true potential and power fhe mind.
http://www.soundcloud.com/gridkeeeper
https://twitter.com/#!/GridkeeperMusic
http://wn.com/Homeopathic_Remedies_THE_TRUTH_Vortex_Energy_Part_11_of_28
Healing Machines - Vortex Energy Part 12 of 29 - Tesla, Lakhovsky, Reich, Rife and Dinshah.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Healing Machines - Vortex Energy Part 12 of 29 - Tesla, Lakhovsky, Reich, Rife and Dinshah. Audio and edit by http://www.youtube.com/gridkeeper Vortex energy series at this playlist http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=7451FAA21CF24AEA
http://www.soundcloud.com/gridkeeeper
https://twitter.com/#!/GridkeeperMusic
http://wn.com/Healing_Machines_Vortex_Energy_Part_12_of_29_Tesla,_Lakhovsky,_Reich,_Rife_and_Dinshah
Energy Medicine - Vortex Energy Part 13 of 28
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Energy Medicine - Vortex Energy Part 13 of 28
http://www.youtube.com/gridkeeper
http://www.soundcloud.com/gridkeeeper
https://twitter.com/#!/GridkeeperMusic
http://wn.com/Energy_Medicine_Vortex_Energy_Part_13_of_28
Women having sex with many men
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video by gloriatv is an excellent interview about the consequences on the woman's body by having more than one sexual partner. It backs up the scriptures teaching that of two becoming one body. A must see for any woman who is thinking that free love doesn't come with a price.
http://wn.com/Women_having_sex_with_many_men
The Energetics Of Healing - Vol. 2 - Part 10 of 10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Caroline Myss speaks on chakras and healing energy.
http://wn.com/The_Energetics_Of_Healing_Vol_2_Part_10_of_10
Ibn Sina (performed by Roger Worrod)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
An interview with Avicenna (Ibn Sina), a thousand years ago. 5 questions, 5 answers. GB Studions, Switzerland. Actor: Roger Worrod.
http://wn.com/Ibn_Sina_performed_by_Roger_Worrod
Quantum-Touch: The Power to Heal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:45
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
An overview of QT with demonstrations of healing. This is a basic human skill that transforms lives.
http://wn.com/Quantum-Touch_The_Power_to_Heal
Healing Carpal Tunnel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A personal story about how chronic carpal tunnel syndrome was helped by energy healing.
http://wn.com/Healing_Carpal_Tunnel
When People Don't Heal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Self-Created Health is a method for discovering, releasing and healing emotional causation that leads to tremendous gratitude, love and physical well being. This is Jennifer Taylor, CEO of QT and Richard Gordon the founder.
http://wn.com/When_People_Don't_Heal
Sending Love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
When energy is sent using Quantum-Touch, the results can be incredibly surprising. Enjoy.
www.quantumtouch.com
http://wn.com/Sending_Love
"Life Force Energy" HD Lecture 2, Richard Gordon, Quantum-Touch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Watch in HD! Part 2 of Richard Gordon's Quantum-Touch lecture in Los Angeles October 2008 at the Kula Space. Produced and Directed by Suzanne Doucet and Richard Kashanski. Camera Richard Kashanski and James Bell. Editing Suzanne Doucet, Renuka Gupta. © 2008 Quantum-Touch. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Life_Force_Energy_HD_Lecture_2,_Richard_Gordon,_Quantum-Touch
Quantum-Touch and Qigong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Short video how Quantum-Touch can work with Qigong and massage therapy to create amazing results easily!
http://wn.com/Quantum-Touch_and_Qigong
Quantum-Touch, chronic sciatica pain healed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Short story and experiences with Quantum-Touch, an energy healing modality.
http://wn.com/Quantum-Touch,_chronic_sciatica_pain_healed
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![[Avicenna] April 2010 Seminar First - Medical Rotation](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/_4ZSo9Y3TII/default.jpg "[Avicenna] April 2010 Seminar First - Medical Rotation")
[Avicenna] April 2010 Seminar First - Medical Rotation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
April Seminar First
Saturday, 9th April 2011
Hostel 3, Medicine Street, Nizhniy Novgorod
- LIVE Audio conference with Dr. Noor Ain Nasir, MD (Russia) (Hospital Melaka)
- Presentation on the epidemiological data and statistics of Malaysia regarding Diabetes Mellitus, Dengue Fever, Myocardial Infarction / Arterial Hypertension and COPD/Asthma
Thanks for the support! The hall was full, there's even some people standing at the back due to lack of chairs!
Stay tune for our next seminar, coming within this month! =)
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_April_2010_Seminar_First_Medical_Rotation
![[Avicenna] Denggi / Dengue [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LdB8DGZsanY/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Denggi / Dengue [HD]")
[Avicenna] Denggi / Dengue [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
April Seminar : Dengue's Introduction for The Avicenna Project.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country. With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Denggi_Dengue_HD_
![[PROMO] The Avicenna Project - Russian Medical Graduates [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/aI2DMvypq4A/default.jpg "[PROMO] The Avicenna Project - Russian Medical Graduates [HD]")
[PROMO] The Avicenna Project - Russian Medical Graduates [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare medical graduates for housemanship/internship program in each of their respective countries.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
CREDITS
Clips and Snapshots:
Malaysiakini
TheStar
TheSun
Pagalavan.com
BBC
Soundtrack:
Hand Balance Redux (Edited)
Produced by:
Leokid
for
The Avicenna Project
2011
http://wn.com/_PROMO_The_Avicenna_Project_Russian_Medical_Graduates_HD_
H
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A tourniquet test (also known as a Rumpel-Leede Capillary-Fragility Test or simply a capillary fragility test) determines capillary fragility. It is a clinical diagnostic method to determine a patient's haemorrhagic tendency. It assesses fragility of capillary walls and is used to identify thrombocytopenia (a reduced platelet count).
The test is defined by the WHO as one of the necessary requisites for diagnosis of Dengue fever. A blood pressure cuff is applied and inflated to a point between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures for five minutes. The test is positive if there are more than 20 petechiae per square inch (a petechia is a small red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage).
This test does not have high specificity. Interfering factors with this test are women who are premenstrual, postmenstrual and not taking hormones, or those with sun damaged skin, since all will have increased capillary fragility.
http://wn.com/H
arterial blood gas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
How to take arterial blood for gas analysis. It could also be done from femoral artery.
http://wn.com/arterial_blood_gas
NEJM Procedure: Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segmented Elevation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Reperfusion therapy (mechanical or pharmacologic) is indicated for patients with chest pain consistent with a myocardial infarction with a duration of 12 hours or less in association with ST-segment elevation greater than 0.1 mV in two or more contiguous electrocardiographic leads or a new (or presumed new) left bundle-branch block. Primary PCI is preferred if a skilled interventional cardiologist and catheterization laboratory with surgical backup are available and if the procedure can be performed within 90 minutes after initial medical contact with the patient.
http://wn.com/NEJM_Procedure_Primary_PCI_for_Myocardial_Infarction_with_ST-Segmented_Elevation
![[Avicenna] Cranial Nerve Examination](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/qwed0LeqTN4/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Cranial Nerve Examination")
[Avicenna] Cranial Nerve Examination
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Cranial_Nerve_Examination
![[Avicenna] Understanding Asthma](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/-ltdRHQAx5g/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Understanding Asthma")
[Avicenna] Understanding Asthma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Understanding_Asthma
![[Avicenna] Treating Asthma](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/aYySUaoD6YY/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Treating Asthma")
[Avicenna] Treating Asthma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Treating_Asthma
![[Avicenna] Stroke Evaluation Simulation - Clinical Assessment](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/P8pjgVJFOsk/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Stroke Evaluation Simulation - Clinical Assessment")
[Avicenna] Stroke Evaluation Simulation - Clinical Assessment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Stroke_Evaluation_Simulation_Clinical_Assessment
![[Avicenna] Insulin Production and Type1 Diabetes](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/n7xyqFAHe48/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Insulin Production and Type1 Diabetes")
[Avicenna] Insulin Production and Type1 Diabetes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Insulin_Production_and_Type1_Diabetes
[Avicenna] Sensory System Examination
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Sensory_System_Examination
![[Avicenna] Motor System Examination](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/9ihJ3hJuPxc/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Motor System Examination")
[Avicenna] Motor System Examination
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Motor_System_Examination
[Avicenna] Examination Of The Cardiovascular System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is copyrighted by International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
It shows steps of conducting physical examination targeting to cardiovascular system, performed by Prof. Dr. Latiff.
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Medical Seminar, April 2011. It is uploaded only for Avicenna's Members viewing.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Examination_Of_The_Cardiovascular_System
![[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part Two](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/AhHICOi_51E/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part Two")
[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part Two
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Blood_Pressure_Regulation_Part_Two
![[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part One](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/SQ_rtvsTcQ8/default.jpg "[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part One")
[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Blood_Pressure_Regulation_Part_One
![[Avicenna] - Neurological Training By Dr Hazim](http://web.archive.org./web/20121118134413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/rgNrKpGUIYE/default.jpg "[Avicenna] - Neurological Training By Dr Hazim")
[Avicenna] - Neurological Training By Dr Hazim
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
As demonstrated during our Avicenna Medical Practical Seminar, 30th April 2011 at Hall, 3rd Hostel.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
Visit our website at http://avicenna.my
http://wn.com/_Avicenna_Neurological_Training_By_Dr_Hazim
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Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 1 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
پر آوازه ترین کتابهای پور سینا "شفا" و "قانون" میباشند که نزدیک به 5 سده / تا سده هجدهم در دانشگاههای پر آوازه خاور و باختر / اروپا آموزش داده میشده!
مچنین لباس فارغ التحصیلی دانشگاه های تراز اول جهان یا همان ردای بلند و کلاه چهارگوش، میراث پدر علم جهان یا ابوعلی سینای ایرانی است.
Pur Sina (son of Sina / c. 980, born in Afshana near Bukhara, died in 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ebn Sina or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is renowned to be the "Father of Modern Medicine". He wrote almost 450 works on a wide range of subjects, of which 240 have survived. His most famous work "The Book of Healing" and "The Canon of Medicine" which were the standard text at many eastern and European universities for five centuries up until the 18th century.
Avecenna was known to have operated a friend's gall bladder. Also the graduation outfit across the western universities is adopted from Avicenna's style in his honour.
http://wn.com/Iranian_Series,_Avicenna_Part_1_سریال_ایرانی_بوعلی_سینا
سریال تلویزیونی بوعلی سینا (۱۳۶۵)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
سریال تلویزیونی بوعلی سینا (۱۳۶۵)
بازیگران : امین تارخ - فیروز بهئت محمدی - محمد ابرهی - سعید اویسی - اسماعیل محرابی - محسن سهرابی چنگیز وثوقی - محمد ساربان - اصغر محبی - عبدالله اسفندیاری - حسین محبت اهری - سرور نجابت الهی - نصرین فروتنیان - شهرزاد کمالی - صالح نجفی - آیت نجفی - ماهی رهگذار
کارگردان : مرحوم کیهان رهگذار
درباره این سریال :
مجموعه تلویزیونی "بو علی سینا" به نویسندگی و کارگردانی مرحوم کیهان رهگذر یکی از مجموعه های ماندگار تلویزیون در دهه 60 است.
داستان اين سريال درباره بوعلي سينا، دانشمند بزرگ ايراني است، هرچند زندگي بوعلي سينا محور داستان است، اما تاريخ ايران در زمان زندگي اين دانشمند با ظرافت تمام تصوير شده و با ديدن اين سريال مي توان باور كرد كه دانشمندان ايراني هميشه خواهان زيادي داشته اند و حاكمان كشورهاي مجاور خيلي زود از اعتبار اين دانشمندان آگاه مي شدند و مي خواستند به هر شكلي كه شده آنان را مانند خاك كشور همسايه از آن خود كنند.
در سريال بوعلي سينا، پادشاهان ايراني با افكار مختلف نشان داده مي شوند كه گاهي ميان آنان مي توان حاكمي را هم ديد كه دوست دارد كشور ترقي كند و پادشاه ساماني از اين دست است. در كنار داستان زندگي نابغه اي چون بوعلي سينا كه خدمت به مردم براي او اولويت اول است، مي توان فقر و تنگدستي مردم ايران را در دوره هاي مختلف ديد و مي توان فهميد كه فيلسوفان ايراني چگونه در خدمت به اسلام گام برمي داشته اند و در سراسر دنيايي كه ارتباط در آن به شكل امروز نبوده، افكار خود را ترويج مي كرده اند. سريال بوعلي سينا نشان مي دهد يكي از پايه هاي ايران متمدن براساس استاد و شاگردي و احترام شاگرد به استاد شكل گرفته است.
http://wn.com/سریال_تلویزیونی_بوعلی_سینا_۱۳۶۵
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 3 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
http://wn.com/Iranian_Series,_Avicenna_Part_3_سریال_ایرانی_بوعلی_سینا
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 4 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
http://wn.com/Iranian_Series,_Avicenna_Part_4_سریال_ایرانی_بوعلی_سینا
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 5 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:17
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
http://wn.com/Iranian_Series,_Avicenna_Part_5_سریال_ایرانی_بوعلی_سینا
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 6 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
http://wn.com/Iranian_Series,_Avicenna_Part_6_سریال_ایرانی_بوعلی_سینا
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 2 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
پر آوازه ترین کتابهای پور سینا "شفا" و "قانون" میباشند که نزدیک به 5 سده / تا سده هجدهم در دانشگاههای پر آوازه خاور و باختر / اروپا آموزش داده میشده!
مچنین لباس فارغ التحصیلی دانشگاه های تراز اول جهان یا همان ردای بلند و کلاه چهارگوش، میراث پدر علم جهان یا ابوعلی سینای ایرانی است.
Pur Sina (son of Sina / c. 980, born in Afshana near Bukhara, died in 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ebn Sina or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is renowned to be the "Father of Modern Medicine". He wrote almost 450 works on a wide range of subjects, of which 240 have survived. His most famous work "The Book of Healing" and "The Canon of Medicine" which were the standard text at many eastern and European universities for five centuries up until the 18th century.
Avecenna was known to have operated a friend's gall bladder. Also the graduation outfit across the western universities is adopted from Avicenna's style in his honour.
http://wn.com/Iranian_Series,_Avicenna_Part_2_سریال_ایرانی_بوعلی_سینا
8:13
Gregg Braden about the twin sisters born prematurely
Gregg Braden tells the story of the twin sisters who were born seven weeks prematurely. Fa...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Gregg Braden about the twin sisters born prematurely
Gregg Braden tells the story of the twin sisters who were born seven weeks prematurely. Fascinating story indeed. Did you feel that? Let's start creating our world with our heart. Like we once used to do!
This is from a presentation called "Language of the Divine Matrix" recorded in Italy, May 30th 2007.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 24200
author:
MMichael Espavo
6:02
13. Gregg Braden Healing & Future of Energy Medicine! (Also Reiki, Hypnosis, Yuen Method, Dr. Oz,)
http://www.ChineseEnergetics.com Gregg Braden Healing, Dr. Oz, Yuen Method, EFT, NLP, Reik...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
13. Gregg Braden Healing & Future of Energy Medicine! (Also Reiki, Hypnosis, Yuen Method, Dr. Oz,)
http://www.ChineseEnergetics.com Gregg Braden Healing, Dr. Oz, Yuen Method, EFT, NLP, Reiki, Hypnosis are Energy Medicine areas we cover. What is Yuen Method? What Gregg Braden Healing & Dr. Oz say about future of Energy Medicine? Chinese Energetics consists of Yuen Method, Reiki, EFT, NLP, Hypnosis, and more...
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 37862
author:
MMichael Espavo
14:39
Gregg Braden on Curing Cancer using our own Technology of Emotion
Gregg Braden presents a video showing cancer being cured in less than 3 minutes using the ...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Gregg Braden on Curing Cancer using our own Technology of Emotion
Gregg Braden presents a video showing cancer being cured in less than 3 minutes using the language of emotion. Using the technology of emotion that's inside all of us and mirror that expection to the field that's all around us. You must feel the feeling as if it has already happened.
These clips are from a presentation called "Language of the Divine Matrix" recorded in Italy, May 30th 2007. During the video you will see the screen hidden at times but you are not missing anything since that entire part is shown right before as you will see for yourselves.
Cancer can only manifest if we forget the true nature of who we really are. That is if we don't live our lives the way that is best for us, that is true to us and if we keep doing that for too long. It's not our fault it's come to this. We have been deceived and deluded from the truth about who we really are. We just have to remember! We are doing that right now all over the planet.
More movies containing information on curing cancer:
Run From the Cure - Hemp Oil Cancer Cure
The Beautiful Truth - Gerson Cancer Cure
David Icke in Melbourne 2009 DVD2 - Salvestrol Cancer Cure
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 231510
author:
MMichael Espavo
9:36
Healing Touch Program: An Introduction to Healing Touch part 1of 2
Come with us on a journey that explores the wonderful gifts of Healing Touch. This is part...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Healing Touch Program: An Introduction to Healing Touch part 1of 2
Come with us on a journey that explores the wonderful gifts of Healing Touch. This is part 1 of an 18 minute visual documentary of how Healing Touch changes people's lives; from the effects of Healing Touch to how it is used in hospitals and around the world. Meet the people that use Healing Touch in their careers and those have experienced Healing Touch in their lives.
For more information on Healing Touch visit www.HealingTouchProgram.com
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 60774
author:
MMichael Espavo
2:31
The Power To Heal
Energy Healing is an innate skill that is easy to learn!...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
The Power To Heal
Energy Healing is an innate skill that is easy to learn!
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 14044
author:
MMichael Espavo
9:24
Healing Touch Program: An Introduction to Healing Touch part 2 of 2
Come with us on a journey that explores the wonderful gifts of Healing Touch. www.HealingT...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Healing Touch Program: An Introduction to Healing Touch part 2 of 2
Come with us on a journey that explores the wonderful gifts of Healing Touch. www.HealingTouchProgram.com... This is the second part of a two part 18 minute visual documentary of how Healing Touch changes people's lives; from the effects of Healing Touch to how it is used in hospitals and around the world. Meet the people that use Healing Touch in their careers and those have experienced Healing Touch in their lives.
For more information on Healing Touch visit www.HealingTouchProgram.com
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 17544
author:
MMichael Espavo
9:52
Chinese Man With Extreme Healing Powers Of Chi
Healing by sending energy through the hands, "and He laid hands on each one of them and he...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Chinese Man With Extreme Healing Powers Of Chi
Healing by sending energy through the hands, "and He laid hands on each one of them and healed them," is based on the healer's ability to connect with and consciously direct the cosmic energy of God. The body lives in an omnipresent sea of this vibratory power...
One who knows his soul knows how to work miracles through the life force, the master of life and death, by sending it through the hands in healing rays to burn out disease in any stricken person.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 270074
author:
MMichael Espavo
10:08
Structured Water: Future of Medicine? 1/8
Structured water is most beneficial to our health. Structured, hexagonal water acts as a ...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Structured Water: Future of Medicine? 1/8
Structured water is most beneficial to our health. Structured, hexagonal water acts as a powerful anti-oxidant, capable of destroying vast numbers of excess free radicals which can accumulate in our bodies and a wide variety of additional tasks that water in its basic, H2O format, cannot do.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 41926
author:
MMichael Espavo
9:58
1. Dr. Nelson's Body Code System Webinar 12-18-2009
An overview of Dr. Bradley Nelson's Body Code System, the most complete home study course ...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
1. Dr. Nelson's Body Code System Webinar 12-18-2009
An overview of Dr. Bradley Nelson's Body Code System, the most complete home study course on holistic healing ever devised. Global webinar held 12-18-2009 shortly after the Body Code System was released to the public, this video includes demonstration of the Body Code System being successfully used remotely on callers with various health issues. All credit for the Body Code System goes to God, the Father of us all. Welcome to the 21st Century and the impending transformation of the planet.
Dr. Brad : )
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 25939
author:
MMichael Espavo
9:57
Dr. Bradley Nelson on The Amega Wand
Dr. Bradley Nelson, author of "The Emotion Code," discusses the "Amega Wand," made by Ameg...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Dr. Bradley Nelson on The Amega Wand
Dr. Bradley Nelson, author of "The Emotion Code," discusses the "Amega Wand," made by Amega of SIngapore. For more information visit www.ZeroPointPainWand.com
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 9430
author:
MMichael Espavo
4:14
Homeopathic Remedies THE TRUTH - Vortex Energy Part 11 of 28
Vortex Energy Part 11 of 28 - Homeopathic Remedies. This method of healing does not work w...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Homeopathic Remedies THE TRUTH - Vortex Energy Part 11 of 28
Vortex Energy Part 11 of 28 - Homeopathic Remedies. This method of healing does not work without intent. Some people would say this proves that it does not work. I say it proves the true potential and power fhe mind.
http://www.soundcloud.com/gridkeeeper
https://twitter.com/#!/GridkeeperMusic
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 39577
author:
MMichael Espavo
5:55
Healing Machines - Vortex Energy Part 12 of 29 - Tesla, Lakhovsky, Reich, Rife and Dinshah.
Healing Machines - Vortex Energy Part 12 of 29 - Tesla, Lakhovsky, Reich, Rife and Dinshah...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Healing Machines - Vortex Energy Part 12 of 29 - Tesla, Lakhovsky, Reich, Rife and Dinshah.
Healing Machines - Vortex Energy Part 12 of 29 - Tesla, Lakhovsky, Reich, Rife and Dinshah. Audio and edit by http://www.youtube.com/gridkeeper Vortex energy series at this playlist http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=7451FAA21CF24AEA
http://www.soundcloud.com/gridkeeeper
https://twitter.com/#!/GridkeeperMusic
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 39008
author:
MMichael Espavo
10:00
Energy Medicine - Vortex Energy Part 13 of 28
Energy Medicine - Vortex Energy Part 13 of 28
http://www.youtube.com/gridkeeper
http://www...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Energy Medicine - Vortex Energy Part 13 of 28
Energy Medicine - Vortex Energy Part 13 of 28
http://www.youtube.com/gridkeeper
http://www.soundcloud.com/gridkeeeper
https://twitter.com/#!/GridkeeperMusic
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 23929
author:
MMichael Espavo
11:20
Women having sex with many men
This video by gloriatv is an excellent interview about the consequences on the woman's bod...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Women having sex with many men
This video by gloriatv is an excellent interview about the consequences on the woman's body by having more than one sexual partner. It backs up the scriptures teaching that of two becoming one body. A must see for any woman who is thinking that free love doesn't come with a price.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 224451
author:
MMichael Espavo
Vimeo results:
3:37
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin Razali - Short Film
A short film of two love birds, Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali. A story about similaritie...
published: 22 Oct 2011
author: Avicenna Studio
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin Razali - Short Film
A short film of two love birds, Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali. A story about similarities and difference (yes it is singular), and why they like to spend time with each other. This short film was shown during their reception at Duchess Place on 21st Oct 2011.
Directed by Fairuz Ismail
Script by Yasmin Hani & Sha'arin
Cameras by Ramadhan, Miki, Fairuz
Produced by Avicenna Studio
www.avicennastudio.com
3:51
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin - Solemnization
The solemnization of Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali at Duchess Place, Kuala Lumpur. This ...
published: 23 Oct 2011
author: Avicenna Studio
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin - Solemnization
The solemnization of Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali at Duchess Place, Kuala Lumpur. This Same Day Edit video was produced in less than 3 hours, in order to be shown at the reception later at night.
www.avicennastudio.com
5:22
YUS + ADRIANI HIGHLIGHTS
published: 16 Mar 2012
author: Avicenna Studio
YUS + ADRIANI HIGHLIGHTS
Youtube results:
10:00
The Energetics Of Healing - Vol. 2 - Part 10 of 10
Caroline Myss speaks on chakras and healing energy....
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
The Energetics Of Healing - Vol. 2 - Part 10 of 10
Caroline Myss speaks on chakras and healing energy.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 14138
author:
MMichael Espavo
6:35
Ibn Sina (performed by Roger Worrod)
An interview with Avicenna (Ibn Sina), a thousand years ago. 5 questions, 5 answers. GB S...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Ibn Sina (performed by Roger Worrod)
An interview with Avicenna (Ibn Sina), a thousand years ago. 5 questions, 5 answers. GB Studions, Switzerland. Actor: Roger Worrod.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 20771
author:
MMichael Espavo
8:45
Quantum-Touch: The Power to Heal
An overview of QT with demonstrations of healing. This is a basic human skill that transf...
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Quantum-Touch: The Power to Heal
An overview of QT with demonstrations of healing. This is a basic human skill that transforms lives.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 54050
author:
MMichael Espavo
1:35
Healing Carpal Tunnel
A personal story about how chronic carpal tunnel syndrome was helped by energy healing....
published: 12 Mar 2011
author: MMichael Espavo
Healing Carpal Tunnel
A personal story about how chronic carpal tunnel syndrome was helped by energy healing.
published: 12 Mar 2011
views: 847
author:
MMichael Espavo
3:20
[Avicenna] April 2010 Seminar First - Medical Rotation
April Seminar First
Saturday, 9th April 2011
Hostel 3, Medicine Street, Nizhniy Novgorod
...
published: 20 Apr 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] April 2010 Seminar First - Medical Rotation
April Seminar First
Saturday, 9th April 2011
Hostel 3, Medicine Street, Nizhniy Novgorod
- LIVE Audio conference with Dr. Noor Ain Nasir, MD (Russia) (Hospital Melaka)
- Presentation on the epidemiological data and statistics of Malaysia regarding Diabetes Mellitus, Dengue Fever, Myocardial Infarction / Arterial Hypertension and COPD/Asthma
Thanks for the support! The hall was full, there's even some people standing at the back due to lack of chairs!
Stay tune for our next seminar, coming within this month! =)
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 20 Apr 2011
views: 250
author:
leokid5075
6:35
[Avicenna] Denggi / Dengue [HD]
April Seminar : Dengue's Introduction for The Avicenna Project.
==================
The A...
published: 20 Apr 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Denggi / Dengue [HD]
April Seminar : Dengue's Introduction for The Avicenna Project.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country. With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 20 Apr 2011
views: 162
author:
leokid5075
4:36
[PROMO] The Avicenna Project - Russian Medical Graduates [HD]
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and...
published: 20 Apr 2011
author: leokid5075
[PROMO] The Avicenna Project - Russian Medical Graduates [HD]
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare medical graduates for housemanship/internship program in each of their respective countries.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
CREDITS
Clips and Snapshots:
Malaysiakini
TheStar
TheSun
Pagalavan.com
BBC
Soundtrack:
Hand Balance Redux (Edited)
Produced by:
Leokid
for
The Avicenna Project
2011
published: 20 Apr 2011
views: 220
author:
leokid5075
2:18
H
A tourniquet test (also known as a Rumpel-Leede Capillary-Fragility Test or simply a capil...
published: 21 Apr 2011
author: leokid5075
H
A tourniquet test (also known as a Rumpel-Leede Capillary-Fragility Test or simply a capillary fragility test) determines capillary fragility. It is a clinical diagnostic method to determine a patient's haemorrhagic tendency. It assesses fragility of capillary walls and is used to identify thrombocytopenia (a reduced platelet count).
The test is defined by the WHO as one of the necessary requisites for diagnosis of Dengue fever. A blood pressure cuff is applied and inflated to a point between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures for five minutes. The test is positive if there are more than 20 petechiae per square inch (a petechia is a small red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage).
This test does not have high specificity. Interfering factors with this test are women who are premenstrual, postmenstrual and not taking hormones, or those with sun damaged skin, since all will have increased capillary fragility.
published: 21 Apr 2011
views: 14152
author:
leokid5075
8:12
arterial blood gas
How to take arterial blood for gas analysis. It could also be done from femoral artery....
published: 24 Apr 2011
author: leokid5075
arterial blood gas
How to take arterial blood for gas analysis. It could also be done from femoral artery.
published: 24 Apr 2011
views: 36679
author:
leokid5075
3:16
NEJM Procedure: Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segmented Elevation
Reperfusion therapy (mechanical or pharmacologic) is indicated for patients with chest pai...
published: 29 Apr 2011
author: leokid5075
NEJM Procedure: Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segmented Elevation
Reperfusion therapy (mechanical or pharmacologic) is indicated for patients with chest pain consistent with a myocardial infarction with a duration of 12 hours or less in association with ST-segment elevation greater than 0.1 mV in two or more contiguous electrocardiographic leads or a new (or presumed new) left bundle-branch block. Primary PCI is preferred if a skilled interventional cardiologist and catheterization laboratory with surgical backup are available and if the procedure can be performed within 90 minutes after initial medical contact with the patient.
published: 29 Apr 2011
views: 17779
author:
leokid5075
6:00
[Avicenna] Cranial Nerve Examination
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Cranial Nerve Examination
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 177
author:
leokid5075
3:12
[Avicenna] Understanding Asthma
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Understanding Asthma
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 24
author:
leokid5075
3:18
[Avicenna] Treating Asthma
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Treating Asthma
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 56
author:
leokid5075
3:49
[Avicenna] Stroke Evaluation Simulation - Clinical Assessment
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Stroke Evaluation Simulation - Clinical Assessment
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 224
author:
leokid5075
4:12
[Avicenna] Insulin Production and Type1 Diabetes
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Insulin Production and Type1 Diabetes
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 33
author:
leokid5075
2:18
[Avicenna] Sensory System Examination
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Sensory System Examination
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 787
author:
leokid5075
8:21
[Avicenna] Motor System Examination
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Motor System Examination
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 344
author:
leokid5075
23:32
[Avicenna] Examination Of The Cardiovascular System
This video is copyrighted by International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysi...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Examination Of The Cardiovascular System
This video is copyrighted by International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
It shows steps of conducting physical examination targeting to cardiovascular system, performed by Prof. Dr. Latiff.
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Medical Seminar, April 2011. It is uploaded only for Avicenna's Members viewing.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 5540
author:
leokid5075
Vimeo results:
3:37
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin Razali - Short Film
A short film of two love birds, Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali. A story about similaritie...
published: 22 Oct 2011
author: Avicenna Studio
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin Razali - Short Film
A short film of two love birds, Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali. A story about similarities and difference (yes it is singular), and why they like to spend time with each other. This short film was shown during their reception at Duchess Place on 21st Oct 2011.
Directed by Fairuz Ismail
Script by Yasmin Hani & Sha'arin
Cameras by Ramadhan, Miki, Fairuz
Produced by Avicenna Studio
www.avicennastudio.com
3:51
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin - Solemnization
The solemnization of Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali at Duchess Place, Kuala Lumpur. This ...
published: 23 Oct 2011
author: Avicenna Studio
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin - Solemnization
The solemnization of Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali at Duchess Place, Kuala Lumpur. This Same Day Edit video was produced in less than 3 hours, in order to be shown at the reception later at night.
www.avicennastudio.com
5:22
YUS + ADRIANI HIGHLIGHTS
published: 16 Mar 2012
author: Avicenna Studio
YUS + ADRIANI HIGHLIGHTS
Youtube results:
8:37
[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part Two
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part Two
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 36
author:
leokid5075
4:19
[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part One
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==============...
published: 02 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] Blood Pressure Regulation Part One
This video is displayed during Avicenna's Practical Seminar, April 2011.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
published: 02 May 2011
views: 65
author:
leokid5075
27:32
[Avicenna] - Neurological Training By Dr Hazim
As demonstrated during our Avicenna Medical Practical Seminar, 30th April 2011 at Hall, 3r...
published: 07 May 2011
author: leokid5075
[Avicenna] - Neurological Training By Dr Hazim
As demonstrated during our Avicenna Medical Practical Seminar, 30th April 2011 at Hall, 3rd Hostel.
==================
The Avicenna Project
is a collaborative project involving medical students, officers and personnel all around the world to promote the virtue in dealing with human's health, enhance the competency of the clinical skills and perfecting the medical knowledge required in this field.
Avicenna is an acronym for "Achieving Virtue, Competency and Knowledge".
At first, Avicenna is targeted to prepare Malaysian students graduating from Nizhniy Novgorod State Medical Academy for housemanship program in their country.
With such intention, it is our greatest hope to help the medical graduates in surviving and becoming the great doctors of the future.
Visit our website at http://avicenna.my
published: 07 May 2011
views: 228
author:
leokid5075
15:02
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 1 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: 001Halim
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 1 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
پر آوازه ترین کتابهای پور سینا "شفا" و "قانون" میباشند که نزدیک به 5 سده / تا سده هجدهم در دانشگاههای پر آوازه خاور و باختر / اروپا آموزش داده میشده!
مچنین لباس فارغ التحصیلی دانشگاه های تراز اول جهان یا همان ردای بلند و کلاه چهارگوش، میراث پدر علم جهان یا ابوعلی سینای ایرانی است.
Pur Sina (son of Sina / c. 980, born in Afshana near Bukhara, died in 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ebn Sina or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is renowned to be the "Father of Modern Medicine". He wrote almost 450 works on a wide range of subjects, of which 240 have survived. His most famous work "The Book of Healing" and "The Canon of Medicine" which were the standard text at many eastern and European universities for five centuries up until the 18th century.
Avecenna was known to have operated a friend's gall bladder. Also the graduation outfit across the western universities is adopted from Avicenna's style in his honour.
published: 14 Nov 2011
views: 4625
author:
001Halim
48:57
سریال تلویزیونی بوعلی سینا (۱۳۶۵)
سریال تلویزیونی بوعلی سینا (۱۳۶۵)
بازیگران : امین تارخ - فیروز بهئت محمدی - محمد ابرهی - ...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: 001Halim
سریال تلویزیونی بوعلی سینا (۱۳۶۵)
سریال تلویزیونی بوعلی سینا (۱۳۶۵)
بازیگران : امین تارخ - فیروز بهئت محمدی - محمد ابرهی - سعید اویسی - اسماعیل محرابی - محسن سهرابی چنگیز وثوقی - محمد ساربان - اصغر محبی - عبدالله اسفندیاری - حسین محبت اهری - سرور نجابت الهی - نصرین فروتنیان - شهرزاد کمالی - صالح نجفی - آیت نجفی - ماهی رهگذار
کارگردان : مرحوم کیهان رهگذار
درباره این سریال :
مجموعه تلویزیونی "بو علی سینا" به نویسندگی و کارگردانی مرحوم کیهان رهگذر یکی از مجموعه های ماندگار تلویزیون در دهه 60 است.
داستان اين سريال درباره بوعلي سينا، دانشمند بزرگ ايراني است، هرچند زندگي بوعلي سينا محور داستان است، اما تاريخ ايران در زمان زندگي اين دانشمند با ظرافت تمام تصوير شده و با ديدن اين سريال مي توان باور كرد كه دانشمندان ايراني هميشه خواهان زيادي داشته اند و حاكمان كشورهاي مجاور خيلي زود از اعتبار اين دانشمندان آگاه مي شدند و مي خواستند به هر شكلي كه شده آنان را مانند خاك كشور همسايه از آن خود كنند.
در سريال بوعلي سينا، پادشاهان ايراني با افكار مختلف نشان داده مي شوند كه گاهي ميان آنان مي توان حاكمي را هم ديد كه دوست دارد كشور ترقي كند و پادشاه ساماني از اين دست است. در كنار داستان زندگي نابغه اي چون بوعلي سينا كه خدمت به مردم براي او اولويت اول است، مي توان فقر و تنگدستي مردم ايران را در دوره هاي مختلف ديد و مي توان فهميد كه فيلسوفان ايراني چگونه در خدمت به اسلام گام برمي داشته اند و در سراسر دنيايي كه ارتباط در آن به شكل امروز نبوده، افكار خود را ترويج مي كرده اند. سريال بوعلي سينا نشان مي دهد يكي از پايه هاي ايران متمدن براساس استاد و شاگردي و احترام شاگرد به استاد شكل گرفته است.
published: 14 Nov 2011
views: 1233
author:
001Halim
19:58
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 3 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: 001Halim
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 3 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
published: 14 Nov 2011
views: 2354
author:
001Halim
15:53
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 4 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: 001Halim
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 4 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
published: 14 Nov 2011
views: 1543
author:
001Halim
17:17
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 5 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: 001Halim
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 5 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
published: 14 Nov 2011
views: 1652
author:
001Halim
17:01
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 6 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: 001Halim
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 6 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
published: 14 Nov 2011
views: 2230
author:
001Halim
17:53
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 2 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: 001Halim
Iranian Series, Avicenna - Part 2 (سریال ایرانی بوعلی سینا)
ابو علی سینا اندیشمند، فیلسوف، پزشک و دانشمند بزرگ خراسانی - ایرانی که در جهان غرب به نام(Avicenna) و با لقب "امیر پزشکان" شناخته شده است، در یکم شهریور ماه ( صفر از سال 370 هجری قمری) در شهر بخارا به دنیا آمد. پور سینا را پدر دانش پزشکی نوین خوانده اند. وی بیش از 450 کتاب نگارش کرده است که در میان آنها 240 کتاب هنوز برجا مانده و در دسترش میباشند!
پر آوازه ترین کتابهای پور سینا "شفا" و "قانون" میباشند که نزدیک به 5 سده / تا سده هجدهم در دانشگاههای پر آوازه خاور و باختر / اروپا آموزش داده میشده!
مچنین لباس فارغ التحصیلی دانشگاه های تراز اول جهان یا همان ردای بلند و کلاه چهارگوش، میراث پدر علم جهان یا ابوعلی سینای ایرانی است.
Pur Sina (son of Sina / c. 980, born in Afshana near Bukhara, died in 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ebn Sina or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is renowned to be the "Father of Modern Medicine". He wrote almost 450 works on a wide range of subjects, of which 240 have survived. His most famous work "The Book of Healing" and "The Canon of Medicine" which were the standard text at many eastern and European universities for five centuries up until the 18th century.
Avecenna was known to have operated a friend's gall bladder. Also the graduation outfit across the western universities is adopted from Avicenna's style in his honour.
published: 14 Nov 2011
views: 2773
author:
001Halim
Vimeo results:
3:37
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin Razali - Short Film
A short film of two love birds, Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali. A story about similaritie...
published: 22 Oct 2011
author: Avicenna Studio
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin Razali - Short Film
A short film of two love birds, Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali. A story about similarities and difference (yes it is singular), and why they like to spend time with each other. This short film was shown during their reception at Duchess Place on 21st Oct 2011.
Directed by Fairuz Ismail
Script by Yasmin Hani & Sha'arin
Cameras by Ramadhan, Miki, Fairuz
Produced by Avicenna Studio
www.avicennastudio.com
3:51
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin - Solemnization
The solemnization of Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali at Duchess Place, Kuala Lumpur. This ...
published: 23 Oct 2011
author: Avicenna Studio
Yasmin Hani + Sha'arin - Solemnization
The solemnization of Yasmin Hani and Sha'arin Razali at Duchess Place, Kuala Lumpur. This Same Day Edit video was produced in less than 3 hours, in order to be shown at the reception later at night.
www.avicennastudio.com
5:22
YUS + ADRIANI HIGHLIGHTS
published: 16 Mar 2012
author: Avicenna Studio
YUS + ADRIANI HIGHLIGHTS
Photo: UN / UN
17 Nov 2012
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) — Israel's new offensive against the Gaza Strip has turned into a political bonanza for the territory's Hamas rulers, while sidelining Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,...
Photo: AP / Na Son Nguyen
15 Nov 2012
As President Barak Obama resettles in the Oval Office and casts his gaze again beyond US politics, he may well be reminded that few eyes were on the ball when the Arab uprisings appeared to erupt...
Photo: AP / Eyad Baba
17 Nov 2012
Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak more than doubled his call-up of army reservists last night (Friday night) as its cabinet and military chiefs convened to discuss a ground invasion of Gaza. With...
Photo: AP / Bernat Armangue
17 Nov 2012
Israeli airstrikes hit the headquarters of the Hamas government, the group reported on Saturday as Israel steps up its air assault on Gaza. Israel’s cabinet have authorised the call up of up to 75,000...
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Mafia suppressing Ayush system
08 Nov 2012
Deccan Herald
 Shivajinagar MLA Roshan Baig alleged on Thursday that super speciality corporate hospitals, along with pharmaceutical companies in the city, were running a mafia by not allowing other systems of medicines such as Ayurveda and Homoeopathy to flourish. He was speaking at a ceremony organised by the...(size: 3.1Kb)
For the lunar crater, see Avicenna (crater). For the mountain peak, see Ibn Sina Peak.
 |
This article may misquote or misrepresent many of its sources. Please see the cleanup page for more information. Editors: please remove this warning only after the diffs listed here have been checked for accuracy. |
 Avicenna's statue in Dushanbe, Tajikistan |
|
| Full name | Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā |
|---|---|
| Other names | Sharaf al-Mulk, Hujjat al-Haq, Sheikh al-Rayees |
| Born | c. 980 Afshana, near Bukhara (capital of Samanid Empire), in present day Uzbekistan |
| Died | December 10, 1037 (aged 56–57) Hamadan, Persia |
| Era | Medieval era (Islamic Golden Age) |
| Region | Greater Khorāsān under the Samanid Empire (19 years in Bukhara); Khwārazm under the Samanids (13 years in Gorgānj); Jorjān under the Ziyarids: 1012-14 AD; Persia under the Buyids (Ray: for 1 year; Hamadān: for 9 years; Isfahān: for 13 years; died in 1037 AD in Hamadān.)[1] |
| Main interests | Medicine, philosophy, logic, Islamic theology (kalam), physics, poetry, science |
| Notable ideas | Father of modern medicine; pioneer of aromatherapy |
| Major works | The Book of Healing, The Canon of Medicine |
|
Influenced by
|
|
| Avicenna |
|---|
| Avicennism |
| The Canon of Medicine |
| The Book of Healing |
| Hayy ibn Yaqdhan |
| Criticism of Avicennian philosophy |
| Unani medicine |
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā[2] (Persian پورسينا Pur Sina [ˈpuːr ˈsiːnɑː] "son of Sina"; c. 980, Afshana near Bukhara– 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian[3][4][5][6] polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.[7][8]
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine,[9] which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities.[10] The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the universities of Montpellier and Leuven as late as 1650.[11] Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicine provides a complete system of medicine according to the principles of Galen (and Hippocrates).[12][13]
His corpus also includes writing on philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, as well as poetry.[14] He is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age.[15]
Contents |
Circumstances[link]
Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as Islam's Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.[16] The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.[17]
The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Abu Rayhan Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
The only source of information for the first part of Avicenna's life is his autobiography, as written down by his student Jūzjānī. In the absence of any other sources it is impossible to be certain how much of the autobiography is accurate. It has been noted that he uses his autobiography to advance his theory of knowledge (that it was possible for an individual to acquire knowledge and understand the Aristotelian philosophical sciences without a teacher), and it has been questioned whether the order of events described was adjusted to fit more closely with the Aristotelian model; in other words, whether Avicenna described himself as studying things in the 'correct' order. However given the absence of any other evidence, Avicenna's account essentially has to be taken at face value.[18]
Avicenna was born c. 980 near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara;[19] his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili[20] scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan. His father was at the time of his son's birth the governor in one of the Samanid Nuh ibn Mansur's estates. He had his son very carefully educated at Bukhara. Ibn Sina's independent thought was served by an extraordinary intelligence and memory, which allowed him to overtake his teachers at the age of fourteen. As he said in his autobiography, there was nothing that he had not learned when he reached eighteen.
A number of different theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab. Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity.[21] On the other hands, Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, in addition to Henry Corbin, have maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia.[21][20][22] More recently, however, Dimitri Gutas demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi.[21] Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, more recent writers thought they were Shia.[23]
According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Qur'an by the age of 10.[9] He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer, and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid.[24]
As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work.[20] For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions (wudu), then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer (salah) till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night, he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.
He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18,[9] and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.
Adulthood[link]
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Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.
When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Dailam and central Persia, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.
Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rai, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, (present day capital of Iran), the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rai. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.
Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.
Later life and death[link]
The remaining ten or twelve years of Ibn Sīnā's life were spent in the service of Abu Ja'far 'Ala Addaula, whom he accompanied as physician and general literary and scientific adviser, even in his numerous campaigns.
During these years he began to study literary matters and philology, instigated, it is asserted, by criticisms on his style. A severe colic, which seized him on the march of the army against Hamadan, was checked by remedies so violent that Ibn Sina could scarcely stand. On a similar occasion the disease returned; with difficulty he reached Hamadan, where, finding the disease gaining ground, he refused to keep up the regimen imposed, and resigned himself to his fate.
His friends advised him to slow down and take life moderately. He refused, however, stating that: "I prefer a short life with width to a narrow one with length"[citation needed]. On his deathbed remorse seized him; he bestowed his goods on the poor, restored unjust gains, freed his slaves, and read through the Qur'an every three days until his death. He died in June 1037, in his fifty-eighth year, in the month of Ramadan and was buried in Hamadan, Iran.[25]
Avicennian philosophy[link]
Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic - which was the de facto scientific language of the time in the Middle East, and some were written in the Persian language. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often corrected the philosopher[citation needed], encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.
In the medieval Islamic world, due to Avicenna's successful[citation needed] reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century, with Avicenna becoming a central authority on philosophy.[26]
Avicennism was also influential in medieval Europe, particular his doctrines on the nature of the soul and his existence-essence distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in scholastic Europe. This was particularly the case in Paris, where Avicennism was later proscribed in 1210. Nevertheless, his psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.[27]
Metaphysical doctrine[link]
Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism the difference between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.
Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.[28]
Avicenna’s consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a ‘necessary existent due to what is other than itself’ (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is ‘false in itself’ and ‘true due to something else other than itself’. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.[29][30] The Necessary exists ‘due-to-Its-Self’, and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is ‘One’ (wahid ahad)[31] since there cannot be more than one ‘Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself’ without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist ‘due-to-themselves’ as well as ‘due to what is other than themselves’; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these ‘Existents’ are not one and the same.[32] Avicenna adds that the ‘Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself’ has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari’) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad’), and time (waqt).[33][34][35]
Natural philosophy[link]
Ibn Sina and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī engaged in a written debate, with Abu Rayhan Biruni mostly criticizing Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school, while Avicenna and his student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi respond to Biruni's criticisms in writing. Abu Rayhan began by asking Avicenna eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.[36]
Theology[link]
Ibn Sīnā was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic.[37] Avicenna wrote a number of treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the Islamic prophets, whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Qur'an, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system.[38]
Ibn Sīnā memorized the Qur'an by the age of ten, and as an adult, he wrote five treatises commenting on suras from the Qur'an. One of these texts included the Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Qur'an in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers.[39]
Thought experiments[link]
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this “Floating Man” indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul’s separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be “I am,” affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that “I am” is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware.[40] Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection.[41][42][43] In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.[44]
[edit] The Canon of Medicine
Main article: The Canon of Medicine
About 100 treatises were ascribed to Ibn Sina. Some of them are tracts of a few pages. Others are works extending through several volumes. His 14-volume The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanoon fi al-Tibb, The Laws of Medicine) was a standard medical text in Europe and the Islamic world until the 18th century.[45]
Medicine and pharmacology[link]
The book is known for its description of contagious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases,[46] quarantine to limit the spread of infectious diseases, and testing of medicines. Ibn Sīnā adopted, from the Greeks, the theory that epidemics are caused by pollution in the air (miasma).[47] It classifies and describes diseases, and outlines their assumed causes. Hygiene, simple and complex medicines, and functions of parts of the body are also covered. The Canon agrees with Aristotle (and disagrees with Hippocrates) that tuberculosis was contagious, a fact which was not universally accepted in Europe until centuries later. It also describes the symptoms and complications of diabetes. Both forms of facial paralysis were described in-depth.
The Canon of Medicine discussed how to effectively test new medicines:
- The drug must be free from any extraneous accidental quality.
- It must be used on a simple, not a composite, disease.
- The drug must be tested with two contrary types of diseases, because sometimes a drug cures one disease by Its essential qualities and another by its accidental ones.
- The quality of the drug must correspond to the strength of the disease. For example, there are some drugs whose heat is less than the coldness of certain diseases, so that they would have no effect on them.
- The time of action must be observed, so that essence and accident are not confused.
- The effect of the drug must be seen to occur constantly or in many cases, for if this did not happen, it was an accidental effect.
- The experimentation must be done with the human body, for testing a drug on a lion or a horse might not prove anything about its effect on man.
An Arabic edition of the Canon appeared at Rome in 1593, and a Hebrew version at Naples in 1491. Of the Latin version there were about thirty editions, founded on the original translation by Gerard de Sabloneta. In the 15th century a commentary on the text of the Canon was composed. Other medical works translated into Latin are the Medicamenta Cordialia, Canticum de Medicina, and the Tractatus de Syrupo Acetoso.
It was mainly accident which determined that from the 12th to the 18th century, Ibn Sīnā should be the guide of medical study in European universities, and eclipse the names of Rhazes, Ali ibn al-Abbas and Averroes. His work is not essentially different from that of his predecessor Rhazes, because he presented the doctrine of Galen, and through Galen the doctrine of Hippocrates, modified by the system of Aristotle. But the Canon of Ibn Sīnā is distinguished from the Al-Hawi (Continence) or Summary of Rhazes by its greater method, due perhaps to the logical studies of the former.
The work has been variously appreciated in subsequent ages, some regarding it as a treasury of wisdom, and others, like Averroes, holding it useful only as waste paper. In modern times it has been mainly of historic interest as most of its tenets have been disproved or expanded upon by scientific medicine. The vice of the book is excessive classification of bodily faculties, and over-subtlety in the discrimination of diseases. It includes five books; of which the first and second discuss physiology, pathology and hygiene, the third and fourth deal with the methods of treating disease, and the fifth describes the composition and preparation of remedies. This last part contains some personal observations.
He is ample in the enumeration of symptoms, and is said to be inferior in practical medicine and surgery. He introduced into medical theory the four causes of the Peripatetic system. Of natural history and botany he pretended to no special knowledge. Up to the year 1650, or thereabouts, the Canon was still used as a textbook in the universities of Leuven and Montpellier.
In the museum at Bukhara, there are displays showing many of his writings, surgical instruments from the period and paintings of patients undergoing treatment. Ibn Sīnā was interested in the effect of the mind on the body, and wrote a great deal on psychology, likely influencing Ibn Tufayl and Ibn Bajjah. He also introduced medical herbs.
Avicenna extended the theory of temperaments in The Canon of Medicine to encompass "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams." He summarized his version of the four humours and temperaments in a table as follows:[48]
| Evidence | Hot | Cold | Moist | Dry |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morbid states | inflammations become febrile | fevers related to serious humour, rheumatism | lassitude | loss of vigour |
| Functional power | deficient energy | deficient digestive power | difficult digestion | |
| Subjective sensations | bitter taste, excessive thirst, burning at cardia | Lack of desire for fluids | mucoid salivation, sleepiness | insomnia, wakefulness |
| Physical signs | high pulse rate, lassitude | flaccid joints | diarrhea, swollen eyelids, rough skin, acquired habit | rough skin, acquired habit |
| Foods & medicines | calefacients harmful, infrigidants beneficial | infrigidants harmful, calefacients beneficial | moist articles harmful | dry regimen harmful, humectants beneficial |
| Relation to weather | worse in summer | worse in winter | bad in autumn |
Physical Exercise: the Key to Health[link]
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The Canon of Medicine: Volume 1 of 5; Part 4 of 5: The Preservation of Health
Of Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine which is written in 5 volumes, only the first volume has appeared in the English Language. In the first volume, Ibn Sina divides medicine into two parts as he explains it throughout the first book: the theoretical and the practical. The theoretical part consists of, but is not limited to, such things as: the causes of health and disease, the temperaments, the humours, anatomy, general physiology, the breath, psychology, discussion of causes of diseases and symptoms, the causes of illness, the classification of diseases, the pulse, the urine etc.
As he himself says in the book on pg 353 "In the first part of this book it was stated that medicine comprises two parts, one theoretical, and one practical, though both are really speculative science." (Avicenna 1999, p. 353)
Theoretical and Practical Medicine
Ibn Sina goes on to say that you do not get any benefit from just knowing how your body works, but rather the true benefit of medicine itself is in its practical aspect, since medicine is for the preservation of health.
"That which is speculative named theory relates to the formation of opinions and the showing of the evidence upon which they are based, without reference to the mode of acting upon them. Thus this part deals with the temperaments, the humors, the drives, and with the forms, the symptoms, and the causes of disease. That which is specially named practical relates to the mode of acting upon this knowledge, and the prescription of a regimen." (Avicenna 1999, p. 353)
The Benefits of Exercise
Once the purpose of medicine has been set forth, then from pages 377-455, Ibn Sina divides the way of achieving health as:
"Since the regimen of maintaining health consists essentially in the regulation of: (1) exercise (2) food and (3) sleep, we may begin our discourse with the subject of exercise". (Avicenna 1999, p. 377)
Exercise itself is divided into three main parts: The Massage (which is equivalent to massaging your muscles before you start to exercise); The Exercise itself; and lastly the Cold Bath.
Giving one of the greatest benefits of the regimen of exercise, and then explaining the extremely important and necessary need for physical exercise; Ibn Sina states:
"Once we direct the attention towards regulating exercise as to amount and time, we shall find there is no need for such medicines as are ordinarily required for remedying diseases dependent on [abnormal] matters, or diseases of temperament consequent upon such. This is true provided the rest of the regimen is appropriate and proper." (Avicenna 1999, p. 377)
The value of exercise includes the following (1) it hardens the organs and renders them fit for their functions (2) it results in a better absorption of food, aids assimilation, and, by increasing the innate heat, improves nutrition (3) it clears the pores of the skin (4) it removes effete substances through the lungs (5) it strengthens the physique. Vigorous exercise invigorates the muscular and nervous system." (Avicenna 1999, p. 379)
In what manner does Ibn Sina uses the word temperament? In saying that exercise cures diseases of temperamant
Ibn Sina divides temperament into that which is harmonious and that which is non-uniform. Ibn Sina says on pg 276-277
"In addition to the signs of the normal temperament already given, there are: Mental faculties including: vigor of imagination, intellectual power, and memory." (Avicenna 1999, p. 276)
"In brief, there is non-uniformity of temperament among the members; or, perchance, the principal members depart from equability and come to be of contrary temperament, one deviating towards one, another to its contrary. If the components of the body are out of proportion, it is unfortunate both for talent and reasoning power." (Avicenna 1999, p. 277)
The Purpose of Exercise and the Dangers of its negligence
Continuing on the proof to why exercise should be so beneficial Ibn Sina says "We know that this must be so when we reflect how in regard to nutriment, our health depends on the nutriment being appropriate for us and regulated in quantity and quality. For not one of the aliments which are capable of nourishing the body is converted into actual nutriment in its entirety. In every case digestion leaves something untouched, and nature takes care to have that evacuated. Nevertheless, the evacuation which nature accomplishes is not a complete one. Hence at the end of each digestion there is some superfluity left over. Should this be a frequent occurrence, repetition would lead to further aggregation until something measurable has accumulated. As a result, harmful effete substances would form and injure various parts of the body. When they undergo decomposition, putrefactive diseases arise [bacterial infections]. Should they be strong in quality, they will give rise to intemperament; and if they should increase in quantity, they would set up the symptoms of plethora which have already been described. Flowing to some member, they will result in an inflammatory mass, and their vapors will destroy the temperament of the substantial basis of the breath. That is the reason why we must be careful to evacuate these substances. Their evacuation is usually not completely accomplished without the aid of toxic medicines, for these break up the nature of the effate substances. This can be achieved only by toxic agents, although the drinking of them is to a certain extent deleterious to our nature. As Hippocrates says: "Medicine purges and ages." More than this the discharge of superfluous humor entails the loss of a large part of the natural humidities and of the breath, which is the substance of life. All this is at the expense of the strength of the principal and the auxiliary members, and therefore they are weakened thereby. These and other things account for the difficulties incident to plethora, whether they remain behind in the body or are evacuated by it." (Avicenna 1999, pp. 377–8)
Just before this Ibn Sina explained how accumulation of food in our body, can cause diseases, and one way to rid us of this is strong medicines. However, as he explains; this is not the ideal way, and certainly not the long-term. Thus, to make his point very clear, and show the extreme necessity of daily exercise for health, Ibn Sina states:
"Now exercise is that agent which most surely prevents the accumulation of these matters, and prevents plethora. The other forms of regiment assist it. It is this exercise which renews and revives the innate heat, and imparts the necessary lightness to the body, for it causes the subtle heat to be increased and daily disperses whatever effete substances have accumulated; the movements of the body help them to expel them conveying them to those parts of the body whence they can readily leave it. Hence the effete matters are not allowed to collect day after day and besides this, as we have just said, exercise causes the innate heat to flourish and keeps the joints and ligaments firm, so as to be always ready for service, and also free from injury. It renders the members able to receive nutriment, in being free from accumulated effate matters. Hence it renders the members light and the humidities attenuated, and it dilates the pores of the skin. To forsake exercise would often incur the risk of "hectic", because the instinctive drives of the members are impaired, inasmuch as the deprivation of movement prevents the access to them of the innate breath. And this last is the real instrument of life for every one of the members." (Avicenna 1999, pp. 378–9)
Massage
Before you begin to exercise it is important that you massage your muscles; as Ibn Sina says on page 385:
"Massage as a preparatory to athletics. The massage begins gently, and then becomes more vigorous as the time approaches for the exercise." (Avicenna 1999, p. 385)
Exercises
The exercises themselves are divided into 'strenuous, mild, vigorous and brisk'. On pages 379-381; Ibn Sina states the types of exercises under each type:
"Strenuous exercises include: wrestling contests, boxing, quick marching, running, jumping over an object higher than one foot, throwing the javelin, fencing, horsemanship, swimming. Mild exercises include: fishing, sailing, being carried on camels, swinging to and fro. Vigorous exercises include: those performed by soldiers in camp, in military sports; field running, long jumping, high jumping, polo, stone throwing, lifting heavy stones or weights, various forms of wrestling. Brisk exercises include: involves interchanging places with a partner as swiftly as possible, each jumping to and fro, either in time [to music] or irregularly." (Avicenna 1999, pp. 379–81)
There are certain important things to note once you start exercising, one is the amount, the other consistency; Ibn Sina states about the amount:
"(1) the color - as long as the skin goes on becoming florid, the exercise may be continued. After it ceases to do so, the exercise must be discontinued." (Avicenna 1999, p. 384)
On being consistent with exercise Ibn Sina states (on the importance of having a regimen):
"At the conclusion of the first day's exercise, you will know the degree of exercise allowable and when you know the amount of nourishment the person can bear, do not make any change in either on the second day. Arrange that the measure of aliment, and the amount of exercise shall not exceed that limit ascertained on the first day." (Avicenna 1999, p. 385)
On the side note those who think themselves to be elderly, and thus think of shunning exercise, Ibn Sina write a complete chapter titled "Concerning the Elderly" in the Qanun, and states the same regimen for them, as he does for others. He states on page 433
"For if, towards the end of life, the body is still equable, it will be right to allow attempered exercises. If one part of the body should not be in a first-rate condition, then that part should not be exercised until the others have been exercised..... On the other hand, if the ailment were in the feet, then the exercise should employ the upper limbs: for instance, rowing, throwing weights, lifting weights." (Avicenna 1999, p. 433)
Bathing in Cold Water
Once you have finished exercising; it is often that the person will feel tired and fatigued; to combat this problem Ibn Sina says on page 388:
"The beneficial Effects of Baths: The benefits are (1) induction of sleep (2) dilation of pores (3) cleansing of skin (4) dispersal of the undesirable waste matters (5) maturation of abscesses (6) drawing of nutriment towards the surface of the body (7) assistance to the physiological dispersion and excretion of poisonous matters (8) prevention of diarrhea and (9) removal of fatigue effects." (Avicenna 1999, p. 388)
Most importantly you should remember:
"A person should not go into the bath immediately after exercise. He should rest properly first." (Avicenna 1999, p. 387)
There are two more things that are important to mention on this subject:
"Injurious effects include the fact that the heart is weakened if the person stays too long in the bath" (Avicenna 1999, p. 388)
"Cold Bathing should not be done after exercise except in the case of the very robust. Even then the rules which we have given should be followed. To use cold baths in the ways we have named drives the natural heat suddenly into the interior parts, and then invigorates the strength so that the person should leave the bath twice as strong as when he entered." (Avicenna 1999, p. 390)
Diet
Once Ibn Sina has laid the foundation of exercise being central to health, he names many exercises as running, swimming, weight lifting, polo, fencing, boxing, wrestling, long jumping, high jumping, etc. He also gives a diet to go along with the exercise:
"The meal should include: (1) meat especially kid of goats; veal, and year-old lambs [this means white meat in today`s terms] (2) wheat, which is cleaned of extraneous matter and gathered during a healthy harvest without ever being exposed to injurious influences (3) sweets (fruits) of appropriate temperament." (Avicenna 1999, p. 390)
Lastly, the third thing mentioned is sleep; to make sure that you do not sleep during the days, and do not stay awake during the nights. From the above reading, it is clear that Ibn Sina gave advice in his book which is still the same advice medical doctors give to their patients. Daily Physical Exercise; and to defeat diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, the prescription of a diet which contains high amounts of Whole Grains and little to no amounts of Refined Carbohydrates.
Psychology[link]
In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna described a number of conditions, including melancholia.[49] He described melancholia as a depressive type of mood disorder in which the person may become suspicious and develop certain types of phobias.[50]
Unani medicine[link]
Main article: Unani medicine
Though the threads which comprise Unani healing can be traced all the way back to Galen of Pergamon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, the basic knowledge of Unani medicine as a healing system was developed by Hakim Ibn Sina in his medical encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine. The time of origin is thus dated at circa 1025 AD, when Avicenna wrote The Canon of Medicine in Persia, which remains a text book in the syllabus of Unani medicine in the colleges of India[51] and Pakistan.
[edit] The Book of Healing
Main article: The Book of Healing
Earth sciences[link]
Ibn Sīnā wrote on Earth sciences such as geology in The Book of Healing.[52] While discussing the formation of mountains, he explained:
Either they are the effects of upheavals of the crust of the earth, such as might occur during a violent earthquake, or they are the effect of water, which, cutting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys, the strata being of different kinds, some soft, some hard... It would require a long period of time for all such changes to be accomplished, during which the mountains themselves might be somewhat diminished in size.—[52]
Philosophy of science[link]
In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."[53]
Physics[link]
In mechanics, Ibn Sīnā, in The Book of Healing, developed an elaborate theory of motion, in which he made a distinction between the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a projectile, and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination (mayl) transferred to the projectile by the thrower, and that projectile motion in a vacuum would not cease.[54] He viewed inclination as a permanent force whose effect is dissipated by external forces such as air resistance.[55]
The theory of motion developed by Avicenna may have influenced Jean Buridan's theory of impetus (the ancestor of the inertia and momentum concepts).[56]
In optics, Ibn Sina was among those who argued that light had a speed, observing that "if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of particles by a luminous source, the speed of light must be finite.".[57] He also provided a wrong explanation of the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Benjamin Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on the rainbow as follows:
Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the bow, but also of the color formation, holding the iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye.—[58]
In 1253, a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following regarding Avicenna's theory on heat:
Avicenna says in his book of heaven and earth, that heat is generated from motion in external things.—[59]
Psychology[link]
Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa' (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul"). The main thesis of these tracts is represented in his so-called "flying man" argument, which resonates with what was centuries later entailed by Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").[41][42]
Avicenna’s psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul’s individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.[60]
The soul completes the action of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted from matter. This process requires a concrete particular (material) to be abstracted into the universal intelligible (immaterial). The material and immaterial interact through the Active Intellect, which is a “divine light” containing the intelligible forms.[61] The Active Intellect reveals the universals concealed in material objects much like the sun makes color available to our eyes.
Other contributions[link]
Astronomy and astrology[link]
The practice of judicial astrology was refuted by Avicenna. His reasons were due to the methods used by astrologers in judicial astrology being conjectural rather than empirical and also due to the principles of this type of astrology conflicting with orthodox Islam. He also cited passages from the Qur'an in order to justify his refutation of astrology on both scientific and religious grounds.[62] However, Avicenna’s refutation of astrology (in the treatise titled Resāla fī ebṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm) concerned only the judicial application of astrology rather than the philosophical principles of the subject and its natural influence. He stated that it was true that each planet had some influence on the earth, but his argument was the difficulty of astrologers being able to determine the exact effect of it. In essence, Avicenna did not refute astrology, but denied man’s limited capacity to be able to know the precise effects of the stars on the sublunar matter. With that, he did not refute the essential dogma of astrology, but only refuted our ability to fully understand it.[63]
In astronomy, he criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun. Ibn Sīnā stated that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous.[64] He claimed to have observed the transit of Venus across the Sun on May 24, 1032.[65] However, modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time.[66] He used his transit observation to demonstrate that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in the Ptolemaic cosmology.[67]
Soon after, he wrote the Compendium of the Almagest, a commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest. Avicenna concluded that Venus is closer to the Earth than the Sun.[65] In 1070, Abu Ubayd al-Juzjani, a pupil of Ibn Sīnā, claimed that his teacher Ibn Sīnā had solved the equant problem in the Ptolemaic model.[68]
Chemistry[link]
Ibn Sīnā used distillation to produce essential oils such as rose essence, forming the foundation of what later became aromatherapy.[69] Four of his works on alchemy were translated into Latin as:[70]
- Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae
- Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali
- Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum
- Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta
In one of these works, Ibn Sīnā discredited the theory of the transmutation of substances commonly believed by alchemists:
Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change.—[71]
Among his works on alchemy, Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais.[70]
In another work, translated into Latin as De congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum, Ibn Sina proposed a four-part classification of inorganic bodies, which was a significant improvement over the two-part classification of Aristotle (into orycta and metals) and three-part classification of Galen (into terrae, lapides and metals). The four parts of Ibn Sina's classification were: lapides, sulfur, salts and metals.[72][verification needed]
Poetry[link]
Almost half of Ibn Sīnā's works are versified.[73] His poems appear in both Arabic and Persian. As an example, Edward Granville Browne claims that the following Persian verses are incorrectly attributed to Omar Khayyám, and were originally written by Ibn Sīnā:[74]
از قعر گل سیاه تا اوج زحل
کردم همه مشکلات گیتی را حل
بیرون جستم زقید هر مکر و حیل
هر بند گشاده شد مگر بند اجل
Up from Earth's Centre through the Seventh Gate,
I rose, and on the Throne of Saturn sate,
And many Knots unravel'd by the Road,
But not the Master-Knot of Human Fate.
Legacy[link]
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As early as the 14th century when Dante Alighieri depicted him in Limbo alongside the virtuous non-Christian thinkers in his Divine Comedy such as Virgil, Averroes, Homer, Horace, Ovid, Lucan, Socrates, Plato, and Saladin, Avicenna has been recognized by both East and West, as one of the great figures in intellectual history.
George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history"[46] and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine, and similarly to earlier Islamic writers he followed the approach of Galen (and Hippocrates as transmitted through Galen).[75] Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotilian advances in anatomical knowledge.[76] Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the Canon of Medicine (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum (prince of physicians).[77]
In Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. Many portraits and statues remain in Iran today. An impressive monument to the life and works of the man who is known as the 'doctor of doctors' still stands outside the Bukhara museum and his portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), the ibn Sīnā Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe (The capital of the Republic of Tajikistan), Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore[78] Pakistan, Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. In 1980, the former Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars. Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi). north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him. On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work. GoogleEarth: SEE.
In March 2008, it was announced[79] that Avicenna’s name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated “Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna’s name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality.”
Works[link]
The treatises of Ibn Sīnā influenced later Muslim thinkers in many areas including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics, and music. Ibn Sīnā's works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.[8] His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine,[9]
Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His book on animals was translated by Michael Scot. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though the Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.
The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.
List of works[link]
This is the list of some of Avicenna's well-known works:[80][81]
- Sirat al-shaykh al-ra’is (The Life of Ibn Sina), ed. and trans. WE. Gohlman, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1974. (The only critical edition of Ibn Sina’s autobiography, supplemented with material from a biography by his student Abu ‘Ubayd al-Juzjani. A more recent translation of the Autobiography appears in D. Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works, Leiden: Brill, 1988.)[80]
- Al-Isharat wa-‘l-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions), ed. S. Dunya, Cairo, 1960; parts translated by S.C. Inati, Remarks and Admonitions, Part One: Logic, Toronto, Ont.: Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies, 1984, and Ibn Sina and Mysticism, Remarks and Admonitions: Part 4, London: Kegan Paul International, 1996.[80]
- Al-Qanun fi’l-tibb (The Canon of Medicine), ed. I. a-Qashsh, Cairo, 1987. (Encyclopedia of medicine.)[80]
- Risalah fi sirr al-qadar (Essay on the Secret of Destiny), trans. G. Hourani in Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.[80]
- Danishnama-i ‘ala’i (The Book of Scientific Knowledge), ed. and trans. P Morewedge, The Metaphysics of Avicenna, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.[80]
- Kitab al-Shifa’ (The Book of Healing). (Ibn Sina’s major work on philosophy. He probably began to compose al-Shifa’ in 1014, and completed it in 1020.) Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952–83, originally under the supervision of I. Madkour[80]
- Kitab al-Najat (The Book of Salvation), trans. F. Rahman, Avicenna’s Psychology: An English Translation of Kitab al-Najat, Book II, Chapter VI with Historical-philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952. (The psychology of al-Shifa’.)
- Hayy ibn Yaqdhan a Persian myth. A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively. In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.[82]
Persian works[link]
Danishnama-i ‘Alai[link]
Danishnama-i ‘Alai is called "the Book of Knowledge for [Prince] 'Ala ad-Daulah". One of Avicenna's important Persian work is the Daaneshnaame (literally: the book of knowledge) for Prince 'Ala ad-Daulah (the local Buyid ruler). The linguist aspects of the Dāneš-nāma and the originality of their Persian vocabulary are of great interest to Iranian philologists. Avicenna created new scientific vocabulary that had not existed before in the modern Persian language. The Dāneš-nāma covers such topics as logic, metaphysics, music theory and other sciences of his time. This book has been translated into English by Parwiz Mowewedge.[83]
Andar Danesh-e-Rag[link]
Andar Danesh-e-Rag is called "On the science of the pulse". This book contains nine chapters on the science of the pulse and is a condensed synonpsis.
Persian Poetry[link]
Persian poetry from Ibn Sina is recorded in various manuscripts and later anthologies such as Nozhat al-Majales.
In popular culture[link]
The Walking Drum[link]
In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.
The Physician[link]
In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time.
The manuscript of Avicenna (El Manuscrito de Avicena)[link]
More recently, in 2011, the Spanish writer Ezequiel Teodoro has published a novel, The manuscript of Avicenna (El Manuscrito de Avicena), which recreates some moments in the life of the Persian physician.
See also[link]
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
- Al-Qumri
- Avicennia, a genus of mangrove named after Ibn Sīnā
- Avicenna Research Institute, a biotechnology research institute named after Ibn Sīnā
- Ibn Sina Peak - named after the Scientist
- Islamic scholars
- Mumijo
- Philosophy
- Science in medieval Islam
- Science and technology in Iran
References[link]
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- ^ (Goichon 1999)
- ^ Paul Strathern (2005). A brief history of medicine: from Hippocrates to gene therapy. Running Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7867-1525-1. http://books.google.com/?id=0rGwOkqIqKkC&pg=PA58&dq=Avicenna's+ethnicity#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Brian Duignan (2010). Medieval Philosophy. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-61530-244-4. http://books.google.com/?id=p9eh18dRTwAC&pg=PA89&dq=Avicenna+ethnic#v=onepage&q=Avicenna%20ethnic&f=false.
- ^ Michael Kort (2004). Central Asian republics. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5074-1. http://books.google.com/?id=EPCcSZ2dzckC&pg=PA24&dq=Avicenna+ethnic#v=onepage&q=Avicenna%20ethnic&f=false.
- ^
- Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd edition. Edited by P. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Henrichs. Brill 2009. Accessed through Brill online: www.encislam.brill.nl (2009) Quote: "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian."
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- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, Avicenna biography
- ^ "Avicenna"Encyclopædia Britannica, Concise Online Version, 2006 ([3]); D. Gutas, "Avicenna", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Version 2006, (LINK); Avicenna in (Encyclopedia of Islam: © 1999 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands)
- ^ a b c Corbin, Henry (1993 (original French 1964)). History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. pp. 167–175. ISBN 0-7103-0416-1. OCLC 221646817 22181827 225287258 22109949 221646817 22181827 225287258.
- ^ a b c Janssens, Jules L. (1991). An annotated bibliography on Ibn Sînâ (1970-1989): including Arabic and Persian publications and Turkish and Russian references. Leuven University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-90-6186-476-9. excerpt: "<expand> ... [Dimitri Gutas's Avicenna's maḏhab] convincingly demonstrates that I.S. was a sunnî-Ḥanafî."[4]
- ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, An introduction to Islamic cosmological doctrines",Published by State University of New York press, ISBN 0-7914-1515-5 Page 183
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- ^ "The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980-1037)". Iep.utm.edu. 2006-01-06. http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/avicenna.htm#H5. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ "Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-69190/Islam. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
- ^ Avicenna, Kitab al-shifa’, Metaphysics II, (eds.) G. C. Anawati, Ibrahim Madkour, Sa’id Zayed (Cairo, 1975), p. 36
- ^ Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism," Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54 (2001), pp. 753-778
- ^ Avicenna, Metaphysica of Avicenna, trans. Parviz Morewedge (New York, 1973), p. 43.
- ^ Nader El-Bizri, The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger (Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY, 2000)
- ^ Avicenna, Kitab al-Hidaya, ed. Muhammad ‘Abdu (Cairo, 1874), pp. 262-3
- ^ Salem Mashran, al-Janib al-ilahi ‘ind Ibn Sina (Damascus, 1992), p. 99
- ^ Nader El-Bizri, "Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna’s Metaphysics and Cosmology," in Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), pp. 243-261
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- ^ Hasse, Dag Nikolaus (2000). Avicenna’s De Anima in the Latin West. London: Warburg Institute. p. 81.
- ^ a b Nader El-Bizri, The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger (Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY, 2000), pp. 149-171.
- ^ a b Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna's De Anima between Aristotle and Husserl," in The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp. 67-89.
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- ^ Ziauddin Sardar, Science in Islamic philosophy
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(cf. Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq (1997). Quotations From Famous Historians of Science, Cyberistan.) - ^ Joseph Patrick Byrne (2008). "Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M". ABC-CLIO. p.33. ISBN 0-313-34102-8.
- ^ Lutz, Peter L. (2002). The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History. Humana Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-89603-835-1. OCLC 47894348.
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- ^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [366].
- ^ Indian Studies on Ibn Sina’s Works by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Avicenna (Scientific and Practical International Journal of Ibn Sino International Foundation, Tashkent/Uzbekistan. 1-2; 2003: 40-42
- ^ a b Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield (1965), The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time, p. 64, University of Chicago Press (cf. The Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth sciences)
- ^ McGinnis, Jon (July 2003). "Scientific Methodologies in Medieval Islam". Journal of the History of Philosophy 41 (3): 307–327. DOI:10.1353/hph.2003.0033.
- ^ Fernando Espinoza (2005). "An analysis of the historical development of ideas about motion and its implications for teaching", Physics Education 40 (2), p. 141.
- ^ A. Sayili (1987), "Ibn Sīnā and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1), p. 477 – 482:
It was a permanent force whose effect got dissipated only as a result of external agents such as air resistance. He is apparently the first to conceive such a permanent type of impressed virtue for non-natural motion.
- ^ "Buridan". Plato.stanford.edu. 2011-08-25. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/notes.html#48. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ^ George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Vol. 1, p. 710.
- ^ Carl Benjamin Boyer (1954)."Robert Grosseteste on the Rainbow", Osiris 11, p. 247-258 [248].
- ^ Gutman, Oliver (1997). "On the Fringes of the Corpus Aristotelicum: the Pseudo-Avicenna Liber Celi Et Mundi". Early Science and Medicine (Brill Publishers) 2 (2): 109–28. DOI:10.1163/157338297X00087.
- ^ Avicenna (1952). F. Rahman. ed. Avicenna's Psychology. An English translation of Kitāb al-Najāt, Book II, Chapter VI, with Historico-Philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo edition. London: Oxford University Press, Geoffrey Cumberlege. p. 41.
- ^ Avicenna (1952). F. Rahman. ed. Avicenna's Psychology. An English translation of Kitāb al-Najāt, Book II, Chapter VI, with Historico-Philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo edition. London: Oxford University Press, Geoffrey Cumberlege. pp. 68–69.
- ^ George Saliba (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, p. 60, 67-69. New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-8023-7.
- ^ George Saliba, Avicenna: 'viii. Mathematics and Physical Sciences'. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2011, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-viii
- ^ Ariew, Roger (March 1987). "The phases of venus before 1610". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 18 (1): 81–92. DOI:10.1016/0039-3681(87)90012-4.
- ^ a b Goldstein, Bernard R. (March 1972). "Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy". Isis (University of Chicago Press) 63 (1): 39–47 [44]. DOI:10.1086/350839.
- ^ Goldstein, Bernard R. (1969). "Some Medieval Reports of Venus and Mercury Transits". Centaurus (John Wiley & Sons) 14 (1): 49–59. Bibcode 1969Cent...14...49G. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x
- ^ Sally P. Ragep (2007). Thomas Hockey. ed. Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 570–572
- ^ A. I. Sabra (1998). "Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy", Perspectives on Science 6 (3), p. 288-330 [305-306].
- ^ Marlene Ericksen (2000). Healing with Aromatherapy, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-658-00382-8.
- ^ a b Georges C. Anawati (1996), "Arabic alchemy", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 3, p. 853-885 [875]. Routledge, London and New York.
- ^ Robert Briffault (1938). The Making of Humanity, p. 196-197.
- ^ Vai, Gian Battista; Caldwell, W. G. E. (2006). The origins of geology in Italy: [in memory of Nicoletta Morello, 1946-2006]. Geological Society of America. p. 26. ISBN 0-8137-2411-2. OCLC 213301133.
- ^ E.G. Browne, Islamic Medicine (sometimes also printed under the title Arabian medicine), 2002, Goodword Pub., ISBN 81-87570-19-9, p61
- ^ E.G. Browne, Islamic Medicine (sometimes also printed under the title Arabian medicine), 2002, Goodword Pub., ISBN 81-87570-19-9, p60-61)
- ^ "Avicenna". 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/AUD_BAI/AVICENNA.html. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ Musallam, B. (2011). "Avicenna Medicine and Biology". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-x. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ Weisser, U. (2011). "Avicenna The influence of Avicenna on medical studies in the West". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-x. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ www.amch.edu.pk
- ^ Educating health professionals: the Avicenna project The Lancet, Volume 371 pp 966 – 967
- ^ a b c d e f g "Ibn Sina Abu ‘Ali Al-Husayn". Muslimphilosophy.com. http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn%20Sina-REP.htm#islw. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ Tasaneef lbn Sina by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Tabeeb Haziq, Gujarat, Pakistan, 1986, p. 176-198
- ^ Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", pp. 95-102, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.[7]
- ^ Avicenna, Danish Nama-i 'Alai. trans. Parviz Morewedge as The Metaphysics of Avicenna (New York: Columbia University Pres), 1977.
- Attribution
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Avicenna". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Further reading[link]
Encyclopedic articles[link]
- Flannery, Michael. "Avicenna". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna.
- Goichon, A.-M. (1999). "IBN SINA, Abu 'Ali al-Husayn b. 'Abd Allah b. Sina, known in the West as Avicenna". Encyclopedia of Islam. Brill Publishers. http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ei-is.htm.
- Mahdi, M.; D. Gutas, Sh. B. Abed, M. E. Marmura, F. Rahman, G. Saliba, O. Wright, B. Musallam, M. Achena, S. Van Riet, U. Weisser (1987). "Avicenna". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index.
- "Avicenna". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (Avicenna)", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Avicenna.html .
- Ragep, Sally P. (2007). "Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā". In Thomas Hockey et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 570–2. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm. (PDF version)
- Avicenna entry by Sajjad H. Rizvi in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Primary literature[link]
- Avicenna (2005). The Metaphysics of The Healing. A parallel English-Arabic text translation. Michael E. Marmura (trans.) (1 ed.). Brigham Young University. ISBN 0-934893-77-2.
- Avicenna (1999). The Canon of Medicine (al-Qānūn fī'l-ṭibb), vol. 1. Laleh Bakhtiar (ed.), Oskar Cameron Gruner (trans.), Mazhar H. Shah (trans.). Great Books of the Islamic World. ISBN 978-1-871031-67-6.
- Avicenne: Réfutation de l'astrologie. Edition et traduction du texte arabe, introduction, notes et lexique par Yahya Michot. Préface d'Elizabeth Teissier (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2006) ISBN 2-84161-304-6.
- For a list of other extant works, C. Brockelmann's Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (Weimar, 1898), vol. i. pp. 452–458. (XV. W.; G. W. T.)
- For Ibn Sina's life, see Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, translated by de Slane (1842); F. Wüstenfeld's Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher (Göttingen, 1840).
- Madelung, Wilferd and Toby Mayer (ed. and tr.), Struggling with the Philosopher: A Refutation of Avicenna’s Metaphysics. A New Arabic Edition and English Translation of Shahrastani's Kitab al-Musara'a.
Secondary literature[link]
- Afnan, Soheil M. (1958). Avicenna: His Life and Works. London: G. Allen & Unwin. OCLC 31478971.
- This is, on the whole, an informed and good account of the life and accomplishments of one of the greatest influences on the development of thought both Eastern and Western. [...] It is not as philosophically thorough as the works of D. Saliba, A. M. Goichon, or L. Gardet, but it is probably the best essay in English on this important thinker of the Middle Ages. (Julius R. Weinberg, The Philosophical Review, Vol. 69, No. 2, Apr. 1960, pp. 255–259)
- Goodman, Lenn E. (2006). Avicenna (Updated ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-415-01929-X.
- This is a distinguished work which stands out from, and above, many of the books and articles which have ben written in this century on Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) (A.D. 980–1037). It has two main features on which its distinction as a major contribution to Avicennan studies may be said to rest: the first is its clarity and readability; the second is the comparative approach adopted by the author [...]. (Ian Richard Netton, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, July 1994, pp. 263–264)
- Gutas, Dimitri (1987). "Avicenna's maḏhab, with an Appendix on the question of his date of birth". Quaderni di Studi Arabi 5-6: pp. 323–36.
- Y. T. Langermann (ed.), Avicenna and his Legacy. A Golden Age of Science and Philosophy, Brepols Publishers, 2010, ISBN 978-2-503-52753-6
- For a new understanding of his early career, based on a newly discovered text, see also: Michot, Yahya, Ibn Sînâ: Lettre au vizir Abû Sa'd. Editio princeps d'après le manuscrit de Bursa, traduction de l'arabe, introduction, notes et lexique (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2000) ISBN 2-84161-150-7.
- Strohmaier, Gotthard (2006) (in German). Avicenna. Beck C. H.. ISBN 3-406-54134-8.
- This German publication is both one of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science. Its author is a renowned expert in Greek and Arabic medicine who has paid considerable attention to Avicenna in his recent studies [...]. (Amos Bertolacci, Isis, Vol. 96, No. 4, December 2005, p. 649)
- Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman. Resalah Judiya of Ibn Sina (First edition 1971), Literary Research Unit, CCRIH, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; (Second edition 1981) Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Govt. of India, New Delhi; (Fourth edition 1999), Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
- Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (1996). AI-Advia al-Qalbia of Ibn Sina. Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
- Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman. Ilmul Amraz of Ibn Sina (First edition 1969), Tibbi Academy, Delhi (Second edition 1990), (Third edition 1994), Tibbi Academy, Aligarh.
- Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (1986). "Qanoon lbn Sina Aur Uskey Shareheen wa Mutarjemeen". Qanoon lbn Sina Aur Uskey Shareheen wa Mutarjemeen. Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
- Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (1986), Qānūn-i ibn-i Sīnā aur us ke shārḥīn va mutarajimīn, ʻAlīgaṛh: Pablīkeshan Dīvīzan, Muslim Yūnīvarsiṭī, http://openlibrary.org/books/OL1374509M/Qānūn-i_ibn-i_Sīnā_aur_us_ke_shārḥīn_va_mutarajimīn
- Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2004). "Qanun Ibn Sina and its Translation and Commentators (Persian Translation; 203pp)". Qanun Ibn Sina and its Translation and Commentators (Persian Translation; 203pp). Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries, Tehran, Iran.
- Shaikh al Rais Ibn Sina (Special number) 1958-59, Ed. Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Tibbia College Magazine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Medicine[link]
- Edward G. Browne, Islamic Medicine, 2002, Goodword Pub., ISBN 81-87570-19-9
- Sprengel, Histoire de la Medicine (1815)[page needed]
Philosophy[link]
- Amos Bertolacci, The Reception of Aristotle's Metaphysics in Avicenna's Kitab al-Sifa'. A Milestone of Western Metaphysical Thought (Leiden: Brill 2006)
- Dimitri Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works (Leiden: Brill 1988)
- Michot, Jean R., La destinée de l'homme selon Avicenne (Louvain: Aedibus Peeters, 1986) ISBN 978-90-6831-071-9. (French)
- Nader El-Bizri, The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger (Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY, 2000)
- Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism," Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54 (June 2001), pp. 753–778
- Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna’s De Anima between Aristotle and Husserl," in The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp. 67–89
- Nader El-Bizri, "Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna’s Metaphysics and Cosmology," in Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm, ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), pp. 243–261
- Reisman, David C. (ed.), "Before and After Avicenna: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Avicenna Study Group" (Leiden: Brill 2003)
External links[link]
- Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) on the Subject and the Object of Metaphysics with a list of translations of the logical and philosophical works and an annotated bibliography
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- Avicenna on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by Avicenna in .jpg and .tiff format.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Avicenna |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 980 |
| Place of birth | Afshana, near Bukhara (capital of Samanid Empire), in present day Uzbekistan |
| Date of death | 1037 |
| Place of death | Hamadan, Persia (Iran) |
http://wn.com/Avicenna
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Ибн Сина
http://cs.wn.com/Avicenna
http://pt.wn.com/Avicena
http://pl.wn.com/Awicenna
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Revisions and sourced additions are welcome; please only include historical figures.
The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.
|
Church[link]
Main article: Church Fathers
Games[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Miniature wargaming | H.G. Wells[1] | |
| The modern video game industry | Nolan Bushnell | Creator of Pong and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's |
| Modern video game | Shigeru Miyamoto[2] | Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises |
| Role-playing game | Gary Gygax[3] | Creator of Dungeons & Dragons |
| Stealth game | Hideo Kojima[4] | Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games |
| Video game | Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. | Inventor of the First video game |
| Wargaming | Charles S. Roberts[5] |
Humanities[link]
Military[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerial warfare | Oswald Boelcke[6] | The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft. |
| Atomic bomb | Robert Oppenheimer[7] Leó Szilárd[8] Enrico Fermi[9] |
|
| Blitzkrieg | Heinz Guderian[10][11] | |
| The West's Hydrogen bomb | Edward Teller[12] | |
| Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" | Hyman G. Rickover[13][14][15] | |
| Fourth Generation Warfare | William S. Lind[citation needed] | |
| French sailing navy | Jean-Baptiste Colbert[16] | Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu. |
| Naval Special Warfare | Phil H. Bucklew[17] | US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One |
| Naval tactical studies | Paul Hoste[18] | Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armées Navales (1697) |
| Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkräfte | Oswald Boelcke[19] | |
| The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb | Andrei Sakharov[20] | |
| United States Airborne | William C. Lee[21] | First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia. |
| United States Cavalry | Kazimierz Pułaski[22] | Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s). |
| United States Navy | Commodore John Barry[23] Captain John Paul Jones[24] |
Nations[link]
Natural and social sciences[link]
Sports[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| American football | Walter Camp[25] | |
| American motocross | Edison Dye[26] | Introduced motorcross to American riders. |
| American road racing | Cameron Argetsinger[27] | Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen. |
| American soccer | Steve Ross[28] | Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US. |
| Angling | Izaak Walton[29] | Author of The Compleat Angler. |
| Argentine football | Alexander Watson Hutton[30] | |
| Argentine professional golf | José Jurado[31] | |
| Argentine winter sports | Otto Meiling[32] | |
| Association football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[33] | |
| Baseball | Henry Chadwick[34][35][36][37] | |
| Basketball | James Naismith | Left many diaries and interviews that explain how and when he created basketball. |
| BMX | Scot Breithaupt[38] | |
| Brazilian football | Charles William Miller[39] | |
| Camel Lights | Jim Downing | Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in |
| Canadian rodeo | O. Raymond Knight[41] | Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902. |
| Drag racing | Wally Parks[42] | Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race. |
| Don Garlits[43] | Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety. | |
| Eddie Hill[44] | Regarded as the forefather of drag racing. | |
| Drifting | Kunimitsu Takahashi[45] | Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes which eventually became a sport. |
| East Coast skateboarding | Vinny Raffa (godfather)[46] | |
| Florida skateboarding | Bruce Walker (godfather)[47] | |
| Modern football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley[48] | |
| Freestyle BMX | Bob Haro[49][50] | |
| Freestyle Motocross | Mike Metzger[51] | Godfather. |
| Funny Car | Dick Landy[52] | |
| Ice Hockey | James Creighton (ice hockey) | Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal. |
| Import drag racing | Frank Choi[53] | Hosted one of the first events specifially for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category. |
| Italian football | James Richardson Spensley[54] | Given due to his association with Genoa CFC and his contribution to the modern day variation of the game in Italy. |
| William Garbutt[55] | Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football. | |
| Japanese baseball | Horace Wilson[56] | Credited for introducing baseball in Japan. |
| Hiroshi Hiraoka[57] | Credited for establishing the first baseball team. | |
| Jogging | Jim Fixx[58] | Founding father. |
| Kart racing | Art Ingels[59] | Developed the world's first kart (1956). |
| Lacrosse | William George Beers[60][61][62][63] | Codified the sport. |
| Mixed martial arts | Bruce Lee[64] | Called so by Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do. |
| Modern bodybuilding | Eugen Sandow[65] | |
| Harold Zinkin[66] | Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines. | |
| Modern boxing | James Figg[67] | |
| James J. Corbett[citation needed] | ||
| Modern figure skating | Jackson Haines[68] | "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey |
| Modern football in Japan | Dettmar Cramer[69] | |
| Modern rodeo | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom's many equipment innovations pioneered the sport starting in 1916. |
| Modern sabre fencing | Italo Santelli[71] | |
| Modern surfing | Duke Kahanamoku[72] | |
| Rodeo bareback bronc riding | Earl W. Bascom[70] | Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924. |
| Rugby union | A. G. Guillemard[73] | |
| William Webb Ellis[74] | "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". | |
| Scuba diving | Jacques Cousteau[75] | Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality. |
| Skateboarding | Skip Engblom (godfather)[76] | |
| Tony Hawk (godfather)[77] | ||
| Snowboarding | Jake Burton Carpenter[78] | |
| Stock car racing | Bill France, Sr.[79][80] | Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing |
| Supercross | Mike Goodwin[81] | Organized the first supercross race. |
| Televised golf | Frank Chirkinian[82][83] | Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting. |
Technology[link]
Fields[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Aerodynamics (modern) | Sir George Cayley [84][85] | Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries. |
| Architecture | Imhotep[86] | Built the first pyramid |
| Astronautics | Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[87] |
|
| Aviation | Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[90] | Book: Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel. |
| British watchmaking | Thomas Tompion[91] | |
| Clinical trials | James Lind[92] | Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747 |
| Computing | Charles Babbage[93] | Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime. |
| Cybernetics | Norbert Wiener[94][95] | |
| Genetics | Gregor Mendel | Founder of the Genetics[96] |
| Modern Bladesmithing | William F. Moran | Founder of the American Bladesmith Society |
| Modern Kinematics | Ferdinand Freudenstein | Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.[97] |
| Modern Knifemaking | Bob Loveless | Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild |
| Photography | Louis Daguerre[98] Nicéphore Niépce[99] William Henry Fox Talbot[100] Thomas Wedgwood[101] |
Inventions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Air conditioning | Willis Carrier | [102] |
| C (programming language) | Dennis Ritchie | |
| Chronograph | George Graham[91][103] | Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book he Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism |
| Compact Disc | Kees Immink[104] | |
| Compiler | Grace Hopper | |
| Computer | Konrad Zuse[105] | Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer. |
| Alan Turing[106][107] | Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936). | |
| John von Neumann[108] | Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. | |
| John V. Atanasoff[109] | Invented the digital computer in the 1930s | |
| John W. Mauchly [110] J.Presper Eckert[111] |
Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. | |
| Computer Program | Ada Lovelace[112] | Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime. |
| Ekranoplan | Rostislav Alexeev | |
| Helicopter | Igor Sikorsky [113] | Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. |
| Internet | Vint Cerf[114][115] Bob Kahn[116] [117] |
Co-invented Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1973, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[118] |
| Instant noodle | Momofuku Ando[119] | Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. |
| Japanese television | Kenjiro Takayanagi[120][121] | |
| Jet engine | Frank Whittle[122][123] | |
| Karaoke | Daisuke Inoue[124] | Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. |
| Laser | Charles Hard Townes | |
| Lightning prediction system | Alexander Stepanovich Popov | The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. |
| Marine chronometer | John Harrison[125] | |
| Microprocessor | Marcian Hoff[126] Masatoshi Shima[127] |
|
| Mobile phone | Martin Cooper[128] | He is the main brainchild of hand-held phone and with the help of Motorola team he developed the first handset in 1973 weighing in at two kilos. |
| Pentium microprocessor | Vinod Dham[129][130] | The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[131] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[132] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[133] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". |
| Personal computer | Chuck Peddle[134] | Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET |
| Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[135] André Truong Trong Thi[136] |
||
| Programmable logic controller | Dick Morley[citation needed] | |
| Radio | Alexander Stepanovich Popov [137] Lee De Forest[138][139][140] Guglielmo Marconi[141] Jagdish Chandra Bose[142] Nikola Tesla[143] |
The research of these pioneers led to the development of the radio |
| Radio (Radio broadcasting) | Reginald Fessenden[citation needed] David Sarnoff[citation needed] |
Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. |
| Radio (FM radio) | Edwin H. Armstrong[citation needed] | Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939) |
| Radiotelephony | Reginald Fessenden[144][145] | |
| Search Engine | Alan Emtage[146][147][148] | Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines |
| SGML | Charles Goldfarb[149] | |
| Telephone | Alexander Graham Bell[150] | See Invention of the telephone |
| Television | Philo T. Farnsworth[151] | Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. |
| Tokamak | Lev Artsimovich | |
| Tube structure | Fazlur Khan[156] | Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. |
| World Wide Web | Tim Berners-Lee[157] | |
| Visual Basic | Alan Cooper[158] | |
| XML | Jon Bosak[159] |
Towns, cities and regions[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| British Columbia | James Douglas[160] | Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia. |
| Lan Kwai Fong | Allan Zeman[161] | Noted for turning a small square of streets in Central, into a thriving bar and night life districts in Hong Kong. |
Transport[link]
| Subject | Father/Mother | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| 20th century American car industry | Henry Ford[162] | Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. |
| American Interstate Highway System | Dwight D. Eisenhower[163] | |
| High-performance VW industry | Gene Berg[164] | |
| Hot rod | Ed Winfield[165] | |
| Import Car Culture | RJ DeVera[166] | Influential for popularising the import car scene in the mid-1990s. |
| Kustom Kulture | Von Dutch[167] | |
| Monster truck | Bob Chandler[168] | Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history |
| Mountain bike | Gary Fisher[169] | |
| Rotary engine | Felix Wankel[170][171] | |
| Route 66 | Cyrus Avery[172] | |
| Tailfin | Harley Earl[173][174][175] | |
| Traffic safety | William Phelps Eno[176] | |
| Yellow school bus | Frank W. Cyr[177] |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
- ^ "Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto, 'The Father of Modern Video Games,' Receives The Jim". Reuters. 2009-01-15. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS218035+15-Jan-2009+PRN20090115.
- ^ Rausch, Allen (August 15, 2004). "Gary Gygax Interview - Part I". GameSpy. http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html. Retrieved 2005-01-03.
- ^ "Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4". 1UP.com. March 26, 2009. http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father"
- ^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8194
- ^ J Robert Oppenheimer
- ^ Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
- ^ Lichello, R. (1971). Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb. SamHar Press. ISBN 978-0-87157-011-6. http://books.google.com/?id=Xh8eKgAACAAJ&dq=Lichello.
- ^ Chris Trueman. "Heinz Guderian". http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinz_guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Chris Shimp (March 1, 2001). "General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg". http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
- ^ Jeffries, John (2001). Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 0-8232-2110-5. , p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"
- ^ "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
- ^ Galantin, I. J. (1997). Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06675-8. , p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 98. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ Lanning, Col. Michael Lee (October 29, 2002). Blood Warriors: American Military Elites. New York: Ballantine. pp. 368. ISBN 978-0-345-44891-0.
- ^ Warner, Oliver (1973). Great Battle Fleets. Hamlyn. p. 96. ISBN 0-600-33913-0 ISBN 978-0-600-33913-7.
- ^ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboelcke.htm
- ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights". Center for the History of Physics. American Institute of Physics. http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
- ^ "General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne". Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080612100930/http://www.screamingeagle.org/WilliamLeeChapter/williamclee.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ Yale Richmond (1995). From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans. Intercultural Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-877864-30-7, ISBN 978-1-877864-30-8. http://books.google.com/?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ John Barry Kelly. "Commodore Barry". http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- ^ Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones"
- ^ http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?id=88004
- ^ http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163
- ^ http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos
- ^ New International Encyclopedia. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. 1914. pp. Fathers.
- ^ "32". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a91b972b9815e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6eda0a70c. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886-29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football."
- ^ "Pro Shop & Clubhouse". Algodon Wine Estates. InvestProperty Group, LLC. http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang=en_US. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history."
- ^ Mirodan, Seamus (February 14, 2004). "Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists". The Sunday Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1454352/Nazis-Argentine-village-hide-out-pulls-in-tourists.html. Retrieved November 9, 2011. "Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth."
- ^ http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html
- ^ "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[1]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
- ^
- 'Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick at Project Gutenberg: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
- ^ "Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
- ^ Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
- ^ http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27
- ^ Hamilton, Aidan (1998). An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-041-2.
- ^ Goudinoff, Connie (1992). Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America. Motorbooks International. p. 96. ISBN 0-87938-582-0.
- ^ Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902–1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519.
- ^ http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm
- ^ http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091003/A_SPORTS/910030344#STS=g0jw5l2c.1e6j
- ^ http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=30337&FS=NHRA
- ^ http://ezinearticles.com/?The-History-of-Drifting&id=875478
- ^ http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html
- ^ http://www.skaterlegends.com/skaters/bruce_walker.htm
- ^ http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf
- ^ http://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html
- ^ http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm
- ^ http://www.freestyle-motocross.co.uk/top3-freestyle-motocross-riders
- ^ http://www.mopar.com/life/legends/dicklandy.html
- ^ "Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html
- ^ "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. http://www.rsssf.com/players/eng-players-in-it.html. Retrieved August 2007.
- ^ http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829
- ^ http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/16820/the_social_impact_of_japanese_baseball_pg2_pg2.html?cat=9
- ^ Klein, Christopher (2006-10-01). "A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/10/01/a_passion_for_the_sox_in_kyotos_fenway_park/?page=2.
- ^ "Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success". The Independent (London). 2004-02-12. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com
- ^ STX Lacrosse
- ^ HickokSports.com - History - Lacrosse
- ^ Lacrosse History. Historical Facts About Lacrosse
- ^ http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html
- ^ Wickert, Marc. 2004. Dana White and the future of UFC. kucklepit.com. See Wikiquotes for the text.
- ^ http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html
- ^ http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/
- ^ http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1
- ^ Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive, accessed December 15, 2011.
- ^ http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer
- ^ a b Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp.77.
- ^ Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
- ^ http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html
- ^ http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWEplaque_700.jpg
- ^ Diving Almanac article.
- ^ http://www.kontinent.se/slideshow.php?story=70
- ^ http://www.danshamptons.com/content/hamptonstyle/2008/july_11/11.html
- ^ http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1
- ^ "The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19920609&id=KFAeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YscEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1892,1191270
- ^ http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html
- ^ Dolch, Craig (March 4, 2011). "Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated". PGATOUR.com. http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote."
- ^ Goldstein, Richard (March 5, 2011). "Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/sports/golf/06chirkinian.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011. "Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television,” Jim Nantz, CBS’s longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. “He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life."
- ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft."
- ^ "The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling". http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider."
- ^ Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
- ^ Tsiolkovskiy
- ^ Goddard
- ^ Oberth
- ^ Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
- ^ a b . http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/.
- ^ Twyman, Richard (22 September 2004). "A brief history of clinical trials". The Human Genome. Wellcome Trust. http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Lee, J.A.N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8.
- ^ Belzer, Belzer (1977). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development.... Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-262-73009-X. , p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, ..."
- ^ Wiener, Norbert (1965) [1948]. Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. ISBN 0-8247-2257-4. (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
- ^ Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
- ^ http://www.springerlink.com/content/p68g683357756307/fulltext.pdf?page=1 Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."
- ^ Barger, M. Susan; William B. White (2000). The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6458-5. p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce...."
- ^ Ellis, Roger (2001). Who's Who in Victorian Britain. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1640-6. , p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965".
- ^ Booth, Martin (1999). Opium: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-20667-4. p. 30 "Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography."
- ^ The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning
- ^ http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133
- ^ Untitled Document
- ^ Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts
- ^ Gray, Paul (1999-03-29). "Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century". Time. http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine"
- ^ 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004
- ^ The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ Bruner, Jeffrey. "Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91". Rebuilding the ABC. Ames Laboratory. http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: John Mauchly". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ "Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert". Invent Now - Hall of Fame. North Canton, OH, USA: National Inventors Hall of Fame. March 29, 2004. http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ Ada Lovelace
- ^ Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
- ^ Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible from the Gallaudet University website
- ^ Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
- ^ Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18 January
- ^ Louis Pouzin
- ^ "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973". The Great Idea Finder. http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm.
- ^ http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television". NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)". New York Times. 1990-07-25. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D61231F936A15754C0A966958260. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Sculpture to jet engine inventor". BBC News. 2005-10-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/4362374.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ Aircraft Engine
- ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-234142.html
- ^ . http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm.
- ^ http://www.rpi.edu/about/hof/hoff.html
- ^ "Kosaku Inagaki’s Home Page". Kyoto University. http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ "Meet the man who invented the mobile phone". BBC News. 2010-04-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
- ^ Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
- ^ p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, July 21, 2003, ISSN 0199-6649.
- ^ p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13, #3 (June 1993), pp. 11–21, doi:10.1109/40.216745.
- ^ p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, #3268, June 1, 1992.
- ^ Commodore History: Chuck Peddle
- ^ "Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC'". BBC News. April 2, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
- ^ A Talk with the Father of Computing, Wired Magazine
- ^ The "The First Electronic Church of America" website poses the question: "Russia's Popov: Did he 'invent' radio?" According to this account, Alexander Popov is the "radio man." Among other things, it notes that Popov reported sending and receiving a wireless signal across a 600 yards distance in 1895. Two years later, it says, he set up a shore station at Kronstadt and equipped the Russian navy cruiser Africa with his wireless communications apparatus to provide ship-to-shore communication., an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ De Forest, Lee (1950). Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest. Chicago: Wilcox & Follett. (This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today).
- ^ Dennis, Everette E..; Edward Pease (1994). Radio—The Forgotten Medium. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56593-873-9. , p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'"
- ^ Shurkin, Joseph (1996). Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors. W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-31471-5. , p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable."
- ^ Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio"
- ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), pp. 557-560.
- ^ Ask the average person "Who invented radio?" and the average answer will be "Marconi." Ask the same question on the Internet, and the average answer will not likely be "Marconi." Instead, try one of the following on for size: Nikola Tesla, Alexander Popov, Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomis, Nathan Stubblefield, James Clerk Maxwell and even Thomas Edison, among others, an article by Stan Horzepa wondering who is the father of the radio
- ^ McLuhan, Marshall; Barrington Nevitt (1972). Take Today; the Executive as Dropout. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-187830-7. "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[2]
- ^ Zuill, William S. (2001): The Forgotten Father of Radio", American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)40–47, as cited in Silverman, Steve (2003). Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-3340-0. p. 160
- ^ [3] from the Eweek website
- ^ [4] History of the Internet
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- ^ XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I
- ^ Van Meggelen, Jim; Jared Smith, Leif Madsen (2005). Asterisk: The Future of Telephony. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00962-3. , p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
- ^ http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm
. Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 20, 2008. "Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit??? - ^ "Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network". http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Vladimir_Zworykin. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin""
- ^ "Zworykin at Museum.TV". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Z/htmlZ/zworykinvla/zworykinvla.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-03. ""inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television". ""
- ^ "John Logie Baird: TV Inventor". http://www.sydenham.org.uk/john_logie_baird.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system."
- ^ "The World's First High Definition Color Television System". http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
- ^ Weingardt, Richard (2005). Engineering Legends. ASCE Publications. p. 75. ISBN 0-7844-0801-7.
- ^ Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28 January 2005, Telegraph.co.uk
- ^ Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
- ^ XML.com: "XML Father" leaves W3C for OASIS
- ^ BC Archives: Sir James Douglas
- ^ http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_429594.html
- ^ http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/
- ^ Federal Highway Administration [6]. URL accessed July 21, 2006.
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- ^ http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html
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- ^ http://mthof.angelfire.com/CLASS2008.html
- ^ http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0
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- ^ Steil, Tim (2000). Route 66. MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 0-7603-0747-4. "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year."
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X91l3wqJnikC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=%22father+of+the+tail+fin%22&source=bl&ots=0R7qHrSvev&sig=NllowJaW5UQa_SJB7MZgZOoVbWA&hl=en&ei=xTYaTZ2WKIa4hAeOj_W3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22father%20of%20the%20tail%20fin%22&f=false
- ^ McCosh, Dan (2003-03-07). "DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/travel/driving-most-cars-are-born-as-models-of-clay.html?src=pm.
- ^ http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/
- ^ Eno Transportation Foundation [7]. URL accessed August 23, 2006.
- ^ Watson, Rollin J. (2002). The School As a Safe Haven. Bergen Garvey/Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 0-89789-900-8. http://books.google.com/?id=uNbd6oIXm0MC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30. "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."
http://wn.com/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- "Abu Ali" redirects here but may also refer to Abu Ali Mustafa of the PFLP or Abu Ali Iyad of Fatah
| Ahmed Omar Abu Ali | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1981 Houston, Texas |
| Charge(s) | Two counts of providing material support to terrorists, two counts of providing material support to a terrorist organization (Al Qaeda), one count of contributing goods and services to Al Qaeda, one count of receiving services from Al Qaeda, and charges of conspiracy to assassinate the president, conspiracy to hijack aircraft, and conspiracy to destroy aircraft. |
| Conviction(s) | Guilty on all counts (November 22, 2005) |
| Penalty | life sentence (on appeal) |
| Status | In prison |
| Occupation | Student |
Ahmed Omar Abu Ali (Arabic: احمد عمر أبو علي) is an American who was convicted of providing material support to the al Qaeda terrorist network and conspiracy to assassinate President George W. Bush.
Contents |
Background[link]
Born in Houston, Texas, in 1981 and raised in Falls Church, Virginia, Abu Ali was valedictorian of his class at the Islamic Saudi Academy high school in nearby Alexandria. Abu Ali entered the University of Maryland in the fall of 1999 as an electrical engineering major, prayed at the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in Falls Church, Virginia (where two of the 9/11 hijackers and the suspected shooter in the Fort Hood shooting prayed),[1] but withdrew in the middle of the 2000 spring semester to study Islamic theology at the Islamic University of Medina in Medina, Saudi Arabia.[2]
Arrest and detention in Saudi Arabia[link]
In June 2003, Abu Ali was arrested by Saudi authorities while taking exams at the Islamic University of Medina. He was held for approximately 20 months by the Saudi government without charges or access to an attorney, and given the paucity of information coming out of Saudi Arabia about the case, many human rights organizations speculated that Abu Ali's situation was actually a case of extraordinary rendition and that he might be subject to torture.[3][4] In addition, comments allegedly made by Gordon Kromberg, a federal prosecutor in the Eastern District of Virginia, heightened the concerns that Abu Ali had faced torture during his detention and interrogation in Saudi Arabia. In 2003, Kromberg was asked by a defense lawyer whether Abu Ali would be brought to the United States to face charges. Kromberg responded: "He's no good for us here. He has no fingernails left," according to an affidavit filed in court by the lawyer, Salim Ali.[5]
In response to the detention by the Saudi government, Abu Ali's family, represented by Morton Sklar and the World Organization for Human Rights, filed a civil action against the U.S. government in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. In the suit, they asked the court to issue a writ of habeas corpus to force the United States government to take action to get Abu Ali returned to the US. The government challenged the case, claiming that the court did not have jurisdiction either to interfere with US foreign policy (an executive function), or to force the Saudi government to release Abu Ali. Judge John D. Bates issued an order requiring partial discovery to determine if the court did, in fact, have jurisdiction.[6]
US criminal trial[link]
The District Court in DC never got a chance to rule on jurisdiction. In February 2005, Abu Ali was transferred to US custody pursuant to a criminal indictment, returned by a grand jury in the Eastern District of Virginia on February 3, 2005.[7] The indictment charged Abu Ali with two counts of providing material support to terrorists, two counts of providing material support to a terrorist organization (Al Qaeda), one count of contributing goods and services to Al Qaeda, and one count of receiving services from Al Qaeda.
The indictment was later amended to add charges of conspiracy to assassinate the president, conspiracy to hijack aircraft, and conspiracy to destroy aircraft. The indictment alleged that Abu Ali had joined a terrorist cell in Medina, led by senior al-Qaeda members Ali Al-Faqasi and Zubayr Al-Rimi, and that among the plots they were developing were a plan to assassinate the President of the United States, and a plan to mount 9/11-style attacks using planes transiting through the US. The criminal case was prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorneys David H. Laufman and Stephen M. Campbell and U.S. Justice Department Trial Attorney Jerry R. DeMaio.[8]
Pretrial hearings[link]
Abu Ali went to trial in the fall of 2005. The government's evidence was focused on a detailed confession Abu Ali had made while in Saudi custody. Abu Ali challenged the admissibility of the confession, claiming: (1) the confession was involuntary due to alleged torture he had suffered at the hands of the Saudis; and (2) he should have been given certain constitutional protections (including Miranda warnings), because the interrogations were a joint venture between the FBI and Saudi authorities, rather than a purely Saudi interrogation, which would not have been subject to the same scrutiny under the U.S. Constitution.
After an extended pre-trial suppression hearing, in which Abu Ali himself testified,[9] Judge Gerald Bruce Lee, who presided over the case, ruled that Abu Ali's confession to Saudi agents was admissible.[10][11]
Abu Ali’s testimony regarding his torture[link]
Abu Ali testified that on the first day, his interrogators asked him whether he knew specific people and whether he knew about bombings in Riyadh. At one point, his blindfold was taken off. Abu Ali said he then saw the bruised face of a man through a window in the door to the room. The man was asked if he knew Abu Ali, and he shook his head no, then was taken away. Abu Ali was not fed this day. The Saudis hit him, slapped him, punched him in the stomach, and pulled his beard, ears, and hair. He was not allowed to use the bathroom, even when Abu Ali asked to wash up for prayers. The next day, the Saudis continued hitting him. At one point, he was taken from the chair in which he was sitting, and his handcuffs were handcuffed to a chain or other handcuffs in the floor, leaving him with his knees to his chest on the ground, hunched over with his head on his fists, and his feet shackled. Then someone began to strike him on the back and to yell, “confess!” He does not know what he was hit with, or how many times. Although he was blindfolded, Abu Ali said he could hear four different voices in the room, and that he thinks he was assaulted by only one person. Abu Ali said it was “very painful” and that it was the “first time I felt extreme pain.” While he was being hit on the back, people in the room kept telling him to “confess.” When the beating began, he was clad in an undershirt and long underpants. At one point, his undershirt was torn off and he was struck on his bare back. Eventually, Abu Ali told them he would cooperate. The beating stopped, and he was taken back to his cell.[12]
Marks on Abu Ali’s back[link]
There were several marks on Abu Ali’s back which the defense presented as physical evidence that Abu Ali had been tortured. The prosecution claimed that these marks were not the result of torture but merely “pigment discolorations.”
The defense expert was Dr. Allen Keller, the director of the Bellevue/NYU Program for Survivors of Torture. Dr. Keller physically examined Abu Ali and said that he observed about seven to ten scars on Abu Ali’s back which evince scars from the whipping Mr. Abu Ali claims he suffered during interrogation in Medina.
The government expert was Dr. Robert Katz, a dermatologist. He did not physically examine Abu Ali but viewed photographs that the court had taken. Dr. Katz stated that, in his opinion, the marks depicted on Abu Ali’s back in the photograph were not scars, but “pigment discolorations.”
The judge sided with the prosecution.[12]
Jury trial and appeal[link]
The jury trial took place in November 2005. On November 22, 2005, after deliberating for two and a half days, the jury returned a unanimous guilty verdict on all counts.[13][14] On March 29, 2006, Ali was sentenced to 30 years in prison for his crime.[15] While prosecutors had pushed for a life sentence, Judge Gerald Bruce Lee explained that the (relatively) light sentence was handed down because Abu Ali's actions "did not result in one single actual victim. That fact must be taken into account."
On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld the conviction but overturned the sentence on the grounds that the prior Court had deviated from federal sentencing guidelines which call for life in prison.[16] Judge Lee resentenced Ali to life in prison.[17]
Mr. Ali is held under highly restrictive conditions in ADX Florence supermax prison. In August 2008, he requested permission to receive two books by Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father and The Audacity of Hope. Permission was denied by prison authorities on the grounds that the books contained material "potentially detrimental to national security".[18]
Criticism of trial by Amnesty International[link]
Amnesty international has called Ali's trial unfair based on their observations in the period from 7–10 November 2005. [19] They conclude that:
Amnesty International is seriously concerned that the trial of Ahmed Abu Ali may set a precedent in US courts of according unqualified support to the declarations of a foreign government regarding its human rights record as a means of rendering evidence admissible, including statements obtained by torture and ill-treatment. In this case, the statements of officials from Saudi Arabia, a state with a clear record of widespread torture and ill-treatment, flatly denying that such practices existed appear to have been taken at face value with no serious attempts allowed to challenge the claims presented
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Dao, James, and Lichtblau, Eric, "Case Adds to Outrage for Muslims in Northern Virginia," The New York Times, February 27, 2004, accessed November 11, 2009
- ^ "Conviction upheld in Bush assassination plot". CNN. June 6, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/06/06/bush.plot.ap/index.html. [dead link]
- ^ Spencer Ackerman, "Suspect Policy", The New Republic, Mar. 14, 2005.[dead link]
- ^ World Organization for Human Rights USA, Chronology of events through 2004
- ^ "Jerry Markon "Relentless Terrorism Prosecutor Faces Accusations of His Own," ''The Washington Post'', September 14, 2008". Washingtonpost.com. 2008-09-14. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/13/AR2008091302275_2.html. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Abu Ali v. Ashcroft, 04-1258 (D.D.C. Dec. 16, 2004).
- ^ "''U.S. v. Abu Ali'', 05-CR-53" (PDF). Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/AliIndictment.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ "DOJ Press Release" (PDF). Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/vae/Pressreleases/09-SeptemberPDFArchive/05/20050909alinr.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Al Qaeda Suspect Tells of Bush Plot, Washington Post, September 20, 2005.
- ^ "Judge Rules in Alleged Bush Assassination Plot is Admissible, USA Today, Oct. 24, 2005". Usatoday.com. 2005-10-24. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-10-24-saudi-confession_x.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Judge Allows Statement by Al Qaeda Suspect, Washington Post, October 24, 2005.
- ^ a b http://www.vaed.uscourts.gov/notablecases/abuali/MemorandumOpinion.pdf
- ^ All Things Considered (2005-11-22). "Jury Finds Abu Ali Guilty on Terrorism Charges, NPR, Nov. 22, 2005". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5024013. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ US man guilty of Bush death plot, BBC, November 22, 2005.
- ^ FBI Press Release[dead link]
- ^ Court orders new sentence for al-Qaida member[dead link]
- ^ (AFP) – Jul 27, 2009 (2009-07-27). "AFP: American Al-Qaeda gets life in prison for Bush plot". Google.com. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gvn6aq8ZB9yWuVbhKuVtqsFSsRwQ. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Ed Pilkington New York (2009-07-10). "Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado blocked Barack Obama books requested by detainee | Books | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/10/barack-obama-books-blocked-prison. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ "The trial of Ahmed Abu Ali – Findings of Amnesty International’s trial observation". Web.amnesty.org. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070617045947/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engamr511922005. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
External links[link]
- Fourth Circuit opinion
- FindLaw discussion of the case.
- Human Rights First; In Pursuit of Justice: Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts (2009)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Abu Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1981 |
| Place of birth | Houston, Texas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Omar_Abu_Ali
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Omar_Abu_Ali
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
