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Paul Volcker
Paul Adolph Volcker (born September 5, 1927) is an American economist. He was the Chairman of the Federal Reserve under United States Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan (from August 1979 to August 1987). Since February 2009, he has been Chairman of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board under President Barack Obama.
http://wn.com/Paul_Volcker
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India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
- Associated Press
- awareness
- Bandwagon effect
- bias
- Bigotry
- caste
- cognitive bias
- Cultural Health
- Discrimination
- Disinformation
- Echo chamber (media)
- emphasis
- engineering
- ethnicity
- Ethnocentrism
- favoritism
- Flag-waving
- Funding bias
- gender
- India
- Inherent bias
- Institutional racism
- Managing the news
- Media bias
- Media manipulation
- Miami Herald
- neologism
- New York Times
- Paradigm shift
- Paul Volcker
- Prejudice
- Propaganda
- systematic bias
- systematic error
- Time Magazine
- United States
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- affirmative action
- Associated Press
- awareness
- Bandwagon effect
- bias
- Bigotry
- caste
- cognitive bias
- Cultural Health
- Discrimination
- Disinformation
- Echo chamber (media)
- emphasis
- engineering
- ethnicity
- Ethnocentrism
- favoritism
- Flag-waving
- Funding bias
- gender
- India
- Inherent bias
- Institutional racism
- Managing the news
- Media bias
- Media manipulation
- Miami Herald
- neologism
- New York Times
- Paradigm shift
- Paul Volcker
- Prejudice
- Propaganda
- systematic bias
- systematic error
- Time Magazine
- United States
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Bias in human institutions
One might refer, for example, to the systemic, systematic, or institutional bias of a particular institution in devaluing contributions by women, men or ethnic minorities. For example, a poetry competition that was consistently won by white women could be subject to suspicion of a bias if there were no inherent reason that white women would consistently be the best poets. Such a bias could be deliberate on the part of the judges or entirely unconscious.For example, the poetry contest might be judged by a pool drawn from its own previous winners, reasoning that prize-winning poets are the best to judge a poetry contest. However, it might be that in addition to choosing for poetic skill, they are also inclined to choose people with whom they have values in common, either about poetry or about other matters, resulting in a continuous stream of prizewinning white female poets. In this case, the bias could arise from either conscious or unconscious defense of gender and racial interests or simply from their shared point of view. In either case, it results in a biased representation of the reality they are describing in terms of quality of poets and poetry.
Because cognitive bias is inherent in the experiences, loyalties, and relationships of people in their daily lives, it cannot be eliminated by education or training, but awareness of biases can be enhanced, allowing for the adoption of compensating correction mechanisms. For example, the theory behind affirmative action in the United States is precisely to counter biases in matters of gender, race, and ethnicity, by opening up institutional participation to people with a wider range of backgrounds, and hence presumably a wider range of points of view. In India the system of scheduled castes and tribes was intended to address systemic bias within the caste system. Similar to affirmative action, it mandates the hiring of persons within certain designated groups. However, in both instances (as well as numerous others), many people claim that a reverse systemic bias now exists.
Examples
Financial Week reported May 5, 2008 (emphasis added):
Systemic versus systematic bias
There is some contention over the choice of the word systemic as opposed to systematic."Systemic bias" and the older, more common expression "systematic bias" are often used to refer to the same thing; some users seek to draw a distinction between them, suggesting that systemic bias is most frequently associated with human systems, and related to favoritism.
In engineering and computational mechanics, the word bias is sometimes used as a synonym of systematic error. In this case, the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation, rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method. Thus, expressions such as "bias of a measure" are sometimes used. Systematic bias is rarely used and systemic bias is never used with that meaning.
Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned and planned, or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, systemic biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system, whereas systematic biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes. Consider the difference between affirmative action (systematic) compared to racism and caste (systemic).
See also
References
Further reading
Category:Bias Category:Polling terms
it:Pregiudizio sistemico ru:Системная предвзятость tr:Sistemik önyargıThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.