published: 26 Jan 2012
views: 2289
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Achaemenid Empire
- Acre, Israel
- Acropolis of Athens
- Adamantios Korais
- Adelfoi Islets
- Aegean civilization
- Aegean dispute
- Aegean Islands
- Aegean Sea
- Aegean Sea (theme)
- Aegina
- Afentis Christos
- Agathonisi
- Agioi Apostoloi
- Agios Efstratios
- Agios Minas
- Alexander the Great
- Alimia
- Alonnisos
- Amani, Greece
- Ammouliani
- Amorgos
- Amphoras
- Anafi
- Anavatis
- Ancient Corinth
- Andrea Bianco
- Andreas Papandreou
- Andros
- Angistri
- Antikythera
- Antimilos
- Antiparos
- Archermus
- Argos Skiathou
- Aristo of Chios
- Arkoi
- Armathia
- Arnaouti
- Asia Minor
- Aspros Volakas
- Assos
- Astakida
- Astypalaia
- Athanasios Giakalis
- Athenis
- Attica
- Averoff Gallery
- Avgo
- Ayvalık Islands
- Bassae
- Battle of Lade
- Battle of Leuctra
- Battle of Mycale
- Benedetto I Zaccaria
- Bupalus
- Byzantine Empire
- Büyük Ada
- Caesarea Maritima
- Castle of Chios
- Chalki
- Chamili
- Cherry
- Chian wine
- Chios
- Chios (town)
- Chios Massacre
- Chios Strait
- Christopher Columbus
- Chryse Island
- Cicero
- Clazomenae
- Colophon (city)
- Constantine IX
- Constantine Kanaris
- Corfu (city)
- Crete
- Cunda Island
- Cyclades
- Cyprus
- Cythera (island)
- Daphni Monastery
- Dasia (islet)
- Daskaleia
- De Oratore
- Delian League
- Delos
- Delphi
- Despotiko
- Dia (island)
- Diapori
- Dimitris Varos
- Dionysades
- Dodecanese
- Dokos
- Donoussa
- Elasa
- Elata
- Ephesus
- Epidaurus
- Erasistratus
- Erinia
- Erythrae
- Etesian
- Euboea
- Eugène Delacroix
- Eumenes II
- Farmakonisi
- Ficus
- First Balkan War
- First Crusade
- Folegandros
- Fournoi Korseon
- Fourth Crusade
- Foça Islands
- Ftena Trachylia
- Gaidaros
- Galatia
- Gaul
- Genoa
- Genoese dialect
- George Livanos
- Gestapo
- Gioura
- Glaronisi
- Glaucus of Chios
- Grammeza
- Gramvousa
- Grand Vizier
- Grandes (islands)
- Greece
- Greek cuisine
- Greek food products
- Greek language
- Greek shipping
- Gyali
- Gyaros
- Hagios Demetrios
- Heraion of Samos
- Herodotus
- Homer
- Hosios Loukas
- Humidity
- Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
- Icaria
- Imbros
- Imia Kardak
- Ion of Chios
- Ionia, Chios
- Ionian League
- Ionian Revolt
- Ionians
- Ios (island)
- Irakleia, Cyclades
- Isocrates
- Italy
- Jani Christou
- John D. Chandris
- Kalolimnos
- Kalymnos
- Kampochora
- Kandelioussa
- Kara Ada (Bodrum)
- Karavi
- Kardamyla
- Karga
- Karpathos
- Kasos
- Katergo
- Kavallos
- Kea (island)
- Kechries
- Kefali
- Keros
- Kimolos
- Kinaros
- Kolokythas
- Kos
- Koufonisia
- Koukonesi
- Koursaroi
- Kyra Panagia
- Kyriamadi
- Kythnos
- Küçük Tavşan Adası
- Lacedaemonia
- Lagousa
- Latin Empire
- Lazaretta
- Lebedus
- Lebynthos
- Leipsoi
- Lekhoussa
- Leleges
- Lemnos
- Leo Allatius
- Leon (Souda Bay)
- Leros
- Lesbos
- Lesbos Island
- Livy
- Lordship of Chios
- Louvre
- Macedon
- Makronisos
- Mandarin orange
- Maona
- Mark Palios
- Martino Zaccaria
- Mastic (plant resin)
- Mastichochoria
- Matthew Mirones
- Mavros
- Mavros Volakas
- Megatzedes
- Metalik Ada
- Meteora
- Middle Bronze Age
- Mikis Theodorakis
- Miletus
- Milos
- Minoan eruption
- Minoans
- Mochlos
- Mosaic
- Mosaics
- Mount Athos
- Mycenae
- Mykonos
- Mystras
- Mytilene
- Mytilini
- Myus
- Namık Kemal
- Nata Island
- Naxos (island)
- Nea Moni
- Nea Moni of Chios
- Necropolis
- Nenita
- Neochori, Chios
- Neolithic
- Nikiphoros Lytras
- Nikolos
- Nimos
- Nisiopi
- Nisyros
- North Aegean
- Oenopides
- Oinousses
- Olive
- Olympia, Greece
- Omiroupoli
- Osman Hamdi Bey
- Ottoman Empire
- Pacheia
- Palaiosouda
- Paros
- Patara (Lycia)
- Patmos
- Paul the Apostle
- Peloponnesian War
- Peristera
- Peristeri
- Peristerovrachoi
- Perseus of Macedon
- Persian Empire
- Petalida
- Petalouda
- Phanariotes
- Pherecydes of Leros
- Phocaea
- Phoenicia
- Phrygia
- Piperi, Greece
- Piri Reis
- Platy (island)
- Polyaigos
- Pontikaki
- Pontikonisi
- Poros
- Praso (Kissamos)
- Priene
- Prosfora
- Psara
- Psathoura
- Pseira
- Pserimos
- Psyttaleia
- Pythagoreion
- Ralli Brothers
- Repi
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Venice
- Rhodes
- Rhodes (city)
- Rineia
- Roman Empire
- Romaniotes
- Rouketopolemos
- Russia
- Salamis Island
- Salih Ada
- Samiopoula
- Samos
- Samos (theme)
- Samothrace
- Sandstone
- Santorini
- Sarakino
- Saria Island
- Saronic Islands
- Schoinoussa
- Serifopoula
- Serifos
- Sgraffito
- Sideros
- Sifnos
- Sikinos
- Skandili
- Skantzoura
- Skiathos
- Skopelos
- Skyropoula
- Skyros
- Souda (island)
- Sparta
- Spetses
- Spinalonga
- Sporades
- Stamatios Krimigis
- Stavros Livanos
- Strabo
- Symi
- Syrna (island)
- Syros
- Takis Fotopoulos
- Telendos
- Template Aegean Sea
- Template Chios div
- Tenedos
- Teos
- Thasos
- Theopompus
- Therasia
- Thessaloniki
- Third Macedonian War
- Thymaina
- Tilos
- Tinos
- Tiryns
- Town twinning
- Troad
- Tsougria
- Turkey
- Tyre, Lebanon
- Tzachas
- Upper Egypt
- UTC+2
- UTC+3
- Valaxa
- Valenti
- Vergina
- Victor Hugo
- Volissos
- Vous Island
- Vrontados
- Vryonisi
- Wikipedia Link rot
- World Heritage Site
- Zafora
- Çatalada
-
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
wn.com/Achaemenid_Empire -
Acre, Israel
Acre (Hebrew: עַכּוֹ, Akko; Arabic: عكّا, ʻAkkā), is a city in the Western Galilee region of northern Israel at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. Acre is one of the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the country.
Historically, it was a strategic coastal link to the Levant. Acre is the holiest city of the Bahá'í Faith. In 2009, the population was 46,300. Acre is a mixed city, 72 percent Jewish and 28 percent Arab. The mayor is Shimon Lankri, who was re-elected in 2011.
The source of the name Akko is unknown. The Egyptians used it as long ago as the second millennium BC, but as it appears in the hieroglyphics as merely two consonants, its pronunciation is unknown.
In the Amarna letters, written in Akkadian, the letter "H" is used to signify the guttural Hebrew letters alef-heh-chet-ayin, and therefore it was possible to write the name of the city as if it were "Haca" or "Aca". Had the name not been preserved, we would not have been able to identify it with certainty with the name that appears in hieroglyphics. In Assyrian the name has been preserved with the spelling "AKK".
wn.com/Acre,_Israel -
Acropolis of Athens
Coordinates: 37°58′17″N 23°43′34″E / 37.971421°N 23.726166°E / 37.971421; 23.726166
The Acropolis of Athens (Greek: Ακρόπολη Αθηνών) is an ancient citadel located on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and containing the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word acropolis (pl. acropoleis) comes from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "edge, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city"). Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification.
The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the preeminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007.
wn.com/Acropolis_of_Athens -
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (/ɨˈdʒiːən/; Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος, Egeo Pelagos [eˈʝeo ˈpelaɣos] (
listen); Turkish: Ege Denizi or historically Turkish: Adalar Denizi) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago (in Greek, Αρχιπέλαγος, meaning "chief sea"), but in English this word's meaning has changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group.
The Aegean Sea covers about 214,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi) in area, and measures about 610 kilometres (380 mi) longitudinally and 300 kilometres (190 mi) latitudinally. The sea's maximum depth is 3,543 metres (11,624 ft), east of Crete. The Aegean Islands are found within its waters, with the following islands delimiting the sea on the south (generally from west to east): Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Kasos, Karpathos and Rhodes.
wn.com/Aegean_Sea -
Agioi Apostoloi
Agioi Apostoloi (Greek: Άγιοι Απόστολοι, "Holy Apostles") is an uninhabited islet to the north of the western coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is within the municipality of Chania, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Agioi_Apostoloi -
Ammouliani
Ammouliani (Greek: Αμμουλιανή) - also known as Amoliani - is an island located in the Chalkidiki prefecture, Greece, 120 km from Thessaloniki. Administratively it is part of the municipality of Stagira-Akanthos. The 2001 census reported a population of 542 inhabitants, making it one of the most populous islands in Greece that is not a separate municipality to itself.
Coordinates: 40°19′30″N 23°55′12″E / 40.325°N 23.920°E / 40.325; 23.920
wn.com/Ammouliani -
Anavatis
Kavaloi (Greek: Καβάλοι), is the name of a group of three uninhabited Greek islets, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. The close group comprises the islets Anavatis (Αναβάτης "rider"), Kavallos (Καβάλλος), and Kefali (Κεφαλή "head"). Administratively the islets are part of the municipal unit Lefki.
wn.com/Anavatis -
Antimilos
Antimilos (Greek: Αντίμηλος) is a Greek island in the Cyclades, 13 miles (20 km) northwest of Milos. Administratively, it is part of the municipality of Milos. Antimilos is an uninhabited mass of trachyte (671 m height), often called Erimomilos (Desert Milos). It is a volcanic island and the crater is still obvious. Ancient inhabitants transformed the crater to an open rain tank. On the island lives a rare variation of the common goat called Capra aegagrus pictus. It is similar but not the same with the Cretan goat known as "kri-kri" (Capra aegagrus creticus).
wn.com/Antimilos -
Arkoi
Arkoi (Greek: Αρκοί) is a small Greek island which is part of the Dodecanese archipelago. It is situated in the eastern Aegean Sea, close to the Turkish Aegean Coast. The island belongs to the municipality of Patmos, and has a population of 54 inhabitants at the 2001 census.
Due to the small population there is no real capital, as such, though most inhabitants live close to the main harbour with the rest living scattered around the island on higher ground. The majority of the population find employment either in fishing, goat herding or helping to run one of the island's four tavernas.
The island is characterized by dry, rocky land with little in the way of vegetation apart from olive trees and some hardy shrubs. Fauna on the island mainly consists of livestock such as goats or donkeys, though herons can be spotted occasionally. The marine life in the bays around the island has not suffered as much as on other Greek islands with various species of grouper and nudibranch present.
On the hill overlooking the main harbour are situated the ruins of an acropolis. Although little remains of the structure, the stones used to build it make a good viewpoint at which to see the sun set over the Aegean. At one end of the island, towards the island of Lipsi is the best beach on the island, Tiganakia. This beach is small and somewhat rocky but provides crystal clear waters to swim in and the view across the bay to the nearby islets is idyllic. This beach can become swamped in high summer (July and August) as day trippers from nearby Lipsi visit the beach frequently. At the other end of the island, in the direction of Samos, is what is referred to as the 'Italian jail'. Villagers say it was used during World War II as a prison by the Italian army that occupied the island. Also at this end of the island is a cave, which contains a number of stalactite and stalagmite formations. The cave is however difficult to find as the land around it is covered by olive trees and bushes.
wn.com/Arkoi -
Armathia
Armathia (Greek: Αρμάθια) is a Greek island belonging to the Dodecanese group in the eastern Aegean sea. It is part of the municipality of Kasos. In the census of 1951 there were 8 recorded inhabitants but it has since become uninhabited. At its peak it sustained a community of over 100 which were mainly involved in mining the rich deposits of gypsum intended for export. It is now a tourist destination for day trippers from neighbouring developed islands. The recently constructed observatory attracts wildlife observers.
Coordinates: 35°26′12″N 26°51′49″E / 35.43667°N 26.86361°E / 35.43667; 26.86361
wn.com/Armathia -
Arnaouti
Arnaouti (Greek: Αρναούτη) is an islet on the northern coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. It is just south of the island of Imeri Gramvousa and is located between Imeri Gramvousa and Valenti rock. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Arnaouti -
Asia Minor
Asia Minor (from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία, Mikrá Asía, small Asia) is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. It is a peninsula bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the north-east, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the south-east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west.
From the neolithic age Asia Minor was the route of the forward-Asiatic cultural stream which moved from the Near East to the west and spread the agriculture to the east coasts of Greece and Crete during the 5th millennium BC and then to the Balkan region and the whole of Europe. Later the use of bronze-working was transmitted through the Anatolian primary-cultures. The Hittites smelted rather brittle iron from the 15th century BC and the new metal was introduced in Greece. During the 20th century BC the Indo-European Hittites entered the region and gradually established a great empire which was destroyed by invaders in the 12th century. Greek-speaking populations moved to the west coasts and established cities up to the Black Sea. In the 6th century BC the kingdom of Lydia almost expanded to the whole of Asia Minor, until it became a satrapy of the Persian Empire. After the end of the Greek-Persian wars the cities on the coasts became part of the Delian League, which was, however, later dissolved. In the 4th century BC Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula, defeating the Persians. Following his death and the organisational deterioration of his empire, Asia Minor was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms which came under Roman control two hundred years later. The Kingdom of Pontus was independent from the 3rd century BC, until the middle of the 1st century BC.
wn.com/Asia_Minor -
Aspros Volakas
Aspros Volakas (Greek: Ασπρος Βώλακας, white rock) is a large white rock, next to Long Beach, on the coast of Crete, near Lambi, in Rethymno regional unit. This rock feature is formally designated as a cape due to the shallow water.
Aspros Volakas is very close to Long Beach. There is another rock that is further away, to the east, called Mavros Volakas.
wn.com/Aspros_Volakas -
Assos
Assos (Greek: Άσσος), also known as Behramkale or for short Behram, is a small historically rich town in the Ayvacık district of the Çanakkale Province, Turkey.
After leaving the Platonic Academy in Athens, Aristotle (joined by Xenocrates) went to Assos, where he was welcomed by King Hermias, and opened an Academy in this city. Aristotle also married Pythias, the adopted daughter of Hermias. In the Academy of Assos, Aristotle became a chief to a group of philosophers, and together with them, he made innovative observations on zoology and biology. When the Persians attacked Assos, King Hermias was caught and put to death. Aristotle fled to Macedonia, which was ruled by his friend King Philip II of Macedon. There, he tutored Philip's son, Alexander the Great.
Assos was also visited by St. Paul. Today, Assos is an Aegean-coast seaside retreat amid ancient ruins.
Though officially named Behramkale (pronounced [behˈramkale]), most people still call the town by its ancient name of Assos. The town is on the southern side of Biga Peninsula, better known by its ancient name, Troad. The town is located on the coast of the Adramyttian Gulf (Turkish: Edremit Körfezi).
wn.com/Assos -
Avgo
Avgo (Greek: Αυγό, "egg"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, 30 km north of the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Neapoli municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Avgo -
Ayvalık Islands
Ayvalık Islands are the group of islands around Ayvalık district of Turkey in Balıkesir Province in the Northeastern Aegean Sea. There are 22 islands and numerous rocks in the group, with Cunda Island, now a peninsula, being the largest. People live only on Cunda and Lale Islands. Cunda and Lale islands are linked to Ayvalık on the mainland, by a causeway enabling transportation by car. Cunda also has a ferry link from the main town, Alibey, to Ayvalık during the summer.
Wild life can be observed on the other islands, especially wild rabbits on Ilyosta Island. Also, those islands are the main points of interest to tourists as having small beaches and bays.
Ayvalık Islands are also referred to as Yund Islands or Cunda Islands in some sources. The islands are called Εκατόνησα Hekatonisa which means "hundred islands", or Μοσχονησί Moschonisi i.e. "fragrant island", by the Greeks. The Greek name has different spellings of the former, such as 'Εκατόνήσος Hekatonesos, Εκατόνησοι Hekatonnesoi or Εκατός Hekatos, and yet another name exists altogether, i.e. Ἀπολλώνησος Apollonesos, the "isle of Apollo".
wn.com/Ayvalık_Islands -
Bassae
Bassae (Latin) or Bassai, Vassai or Vasses (Greek, Modern: Βάσσες, Ancient: Βάσσαι), meaning "little vale in the rocks", is an archaeological site in the northeastern part of Messinia Prefecture that was a part of Arcadia in ancient times. Bassae lies near the village of Skliros, northeast of Figaleia, south of Andritsaina and west of Megalopolis. It is famous for the well-preserved mid- to late-5th century BCE Temple of Apollo Epicurius.
Although this temple is geographically remote from major polities of ancient Greece, it is one of the most studied ancient Greek temples because of its multitude of unusual features. Bassae was the first Greek site to be inscribed on the World Heritage List (1986). Its construction is placed between 450 BCE and 400 BCE.
The temple was dedicated to Apollo Epikourios ("Apollo the helper"). It was designed by Iktinos, architect at Athens of the Temple of Hephaestus and the Parthenon. The ancient writer Pausanias praises the temple as eclipsing all others but the temple of Athena at Tegea by the beauty of its stone and the harmony of its construction. It sits at an elevation of 1,131 metres above sea level on the slopes of Kotylion Mountain.
wn.com/Bassae -
Büyük Ada
Büyük Ada (literally for "Big Island" in Turkish, aka Sahip Island) is the largest island which can be seen from the town center of Karaburun town in İzmir, Turkey.
Coordinates: Earth 38°39′32″N 26°30′55″E / 38.65889°N 26.51528°E / 38.65889; 26.51528
wn.com/Büyük_Ada -
Caesarea Maritima
Caesarea Maritima (Greek: παράλιος Καισάρεια) is a national park on Israeli coastline, near the modern city of Caesarea. The ancient Caesarea Maritima (or Caesarea Palestinae) city and harbor was built by Herod the Great about 25–13 BCE. The city has been populated through the late Roman and Byzantine era. Its ruins lie on the Mediterranean coast of Israel, about halfway between the cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa, on the site of Pyrgos Stratonos ("Straton's Tower"). The national park is a popular location for the summer period, having a developed promenade with restaurants and coffee shops. The access to the Caesarea Maritima national park is via the coastal road.
Caesarea Maritima was named in honor of Augustus Caesar. The city was described in detail by the 1st century Roman Jewish historian Josephus. The city became the seat of the Roman prefect soon after its foundation. Caesarea was the "administrative capital" beginning in 6 CE. This city is the location of the 1961 discovery of the Pilate Stone, the only archaeological item that mentions the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate, by whose order Jesus was crucified.
wn.com/Caesarea_Maritima -
Chryse Island
Coordinates: 39°55′00″N 25°33′00″E / 39.916667°N 25.550000°E / 39.916667; 25.550000
Chryse Greek: Χρύση, Khrýsē) was a small island in the Aegean Sea mentioned by Sophocles and Pausanias.
The island's main feature was said to be its temple to Apollo, and its patron deity a goddess named Chryse. The Greek archer Philoctetes stopped here on his way to Troy and was fatally bitten by a viper. Lucullus captured three men here in an ambush during the Third Mithridatic War. The island seems to have disappeared by the 2nd century AD; it is mentioned by Appian.
The Description of Greece says:
An amateur underwater archaeologist claimed to have rediscovered the island in 1960, identifying it with "a sunken land mass known as Kharos Bank, a 10-sq.-mi. area near the island of Lemnos", listed on British naval charts and located about 40 feet (12 m) below the surface. White building blocks (presumably from Apollo's temple) were said to be visible on the sea floor. The Kharos Bank is mentioned by others as a possible site, but there does not appear to have been further work on it.
wn.com/Chryse_Island -
Crete
Crete (Greek: Κρήτη; [kriti]) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own dialect, poetry, and music). Crete was the centre of the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1420 BC), the earliest civilization in Europe, comprising the first palaces in Europe.
The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible (Caphtor). It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.
The Mycenaean Greek name for Crete is unknown; it is not mentioned in extant Linear B texts. The name Crete (Κρήτη) first appears in Homer's Odyssey. Its etymology is unknown. One speculative proposal derives it from a hypothetical Luvian word *kursatta (cf. kursawar "island", kursattar "cutting, sliver"). In Latin, it became Creta.
wn.com/Crete -
Cyclades
The Cyclades (
/ˈsɪklədiːz/; Greek: Κυκλάδες, [cikˈlaðes]) is a Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, south-east of the mainland of Greece; and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name refers to the islands around (κυκλάς) the sacred island of Delos. The Cyclades is where the native Greek breed of cat (the Aegean cat) first came from.
The Cyclades comprise about 220 islands, the major ones being Amorgós, Anáfē, Ándros, Antíparos, Dēlos, Eschátē, Íos, Kéa, Kímōlos, Kýthnos, Mēlos, Mýkonos, Náxos, Páros, Folégandros, Sérifos, Sífnos, Síkinos, Sýros, Tēnos, and Thēra or Santoríni. Most of the smaller islands are uninhabited.
Ermoupolis, on Syros, is the chief town and administrative center of the former prefecture.
The islands are peaks of a submerged mountainous terrain, with the exception of two volcanic islands, Milos and Santorini (Thera). The climate is generally dry and mild, but with the exception of Naxos the soil is not very fertile: agricultural produce includes wine, fruit, wheat, olive oil, and tobacco. Cooler temperatures are in higher elevations and mainly do not receive wintry weather.
wn.com/Cyclades -
Cyprus
Cyprus
i/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
wn.com/Cyprus -
Daphni Monastery
Dafní or Daphní (Greek Δαφνί; Katharevousa Greek Δάφνιον, Dáfnion or Dáphnion) is an 11th-century Byzantine monastery 11 km north-west of downtown Athens in Chaidari, south of Athinon Avenue (GR-8A). It is situated near the forest of the same name, on the Sacred Way that led to Eleusis. The forest covers about 15 to 20 km².
The Daphnion was founded about the turn of the 6th century, Christianizing the site of the Sanctuary of Apollo Daphnaios that had been desecrated by the Goths in 395, and reusing the Ionic columns of the ancient temple of Apollo in its portico; only one remains, the others having been removed to London by Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin.
The principal church (catholikon), a fine monument of the 11th-century Byzantine art, is a cross-in-square church of the octagonal type surmounted by a broad and high dome. The church houses the best preserved complex of mosaics from the early Comnenan period (ca. 1100) when an austere and hieratic manner typical for the Macedonian epoch and represented by the famous Christ Pantocrator image inside the dome, was metamorphosing into a more intimate and delicate style, of which The Angel before St Joachim — with its pastoral backdrop, harmonious gestures and pensive lyricism — is considered a superb example.
wn.com/Daphni_Monastery -
Daskaleia
Daskaleia (Greek: Δασκαλειά), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northeastern coast of Crete. The small islet lies close to the island of Kyriamadi. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Daskaleia -
Dia (island)
Dia (Greek: Δία), also pronounced locally as Ntia (Greek: Ντία), is an island off the northern coast of the Greek island of Crete. The island is approximately 7 nautical miles north of Heraklion. Administratively, Dia is part of the community of Elaia within the municipal unit of Gouves, Heraklion regional unit, by the municipality of Elias.
The islet looks like a giant lizard when viewed from the city of Heraklion. There is also a legend that a giant lizard tried to destroy the island of Crete, but Zeus turned it in to stone with a thunderbolt, thus creating the island.
The island is visible from Crete's capital city of Heraklion, as it would have been in the time of the Minoan kingdom, from the capital of Knossos. Because of this, it was sometimes identified as the island that Theseus escaped to after killing the Minotaur.
On Dia there are a number of protected creatures including: the snail Albinaria retusa, the lizard Pdarcis erchardii schiebeli, the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus cnossius, and the eagle called mavropetritis (in the Greek language). Dia is part of the European Network of Nature (Natura) 2000 and is a vetted hunting ground. There are also a number of protected plants such as Carlina diae.
wn.com/Dia_(island) -
Diapori
Diapori (Greek: Διαπόρι) is an island that almost touches the coast of Crete, near Geropotamos, in Rethymno regional unit. The islet is not visible on many maps but can be seen on satellite images.
wn.com/Diapori -
Dionysades
The Dionysades (Greek: Διονυσάδες, also Γιανυσάδες - Gianysades) is a small group of islands off Sitia on the northeast coast of Crete. The group includes the islands Gianysada, Dragonada, Paximada, and Paximadaki. Administratively this group comes within the Sitia municipality in Lasithi.
This island group is part of an environmentally protected area with many rare plants and animals including the falcon, Falco eleonorae, which finds sanctuary here.
These islands were once a place of worship of the ancient Greek god Dionysus. Archaeologists have found artifacts, from ancient and early Christian eras, indicating that the islands may have been inhabited in the past.
wn.com/Dionysades -
Dodecanese
The Dodecanese (/doʊdɪkəˈniːz/; Greek: Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa, [ðoðeˈkanisa]; literally 'twelve islands') are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, of which 26 are inhabited. Τhis island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the Southern Sporades island group. They have a rich history, and many of even the smallest inhabited islands boast dozens of Byzantine churches and medieval castles.
The most historically important and well-known is Rhodes (Rodos), which, for millennia, has been the island from which the region is controlled. Of the others, Kos and Patmos are historically more important; the remaining nine are Astipalea, Kalimnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Leros, Nisyros, Symi, Tilos and Kastelorizo (which actually lies in the eastern Mediterranean). Other islands in the chain include Agathonisi, Alimia, Arkoi, Chalki, Farmakonisi, Gyali, Kinaros, Levitha, Lipsi, Nimos, Pserimos, Saria, Syrna and Telendos.
The Dodecanese have been inhabited since prehistoric times. In the Neopalatial period on Crete, the islands were heavily Minoanized (contact beginning in the second millennium BC). Following the downfall of the Minoans, the islands were ruled by the Mycenaean Greeks from circa 1400 BC, until the arrival of the Dorians circa 1100 BC. It is in the Dorian period that they began to prosper as an independent entity, developing a thriving economy and culture through the following centuries. By the early Archaic Period Rhodes and Kos emerged as the major islands in the group, and in the 6th century BC the Dorians founded three major cities on Rhodes (Lindos, Kameiros and Ialyssos). Together with the island of Kos and the cities of Knidos and Halicarnassos on the mainland of Asia Minor, these made up the Dorian Hexapolis.
wn.com/Dodecanese -
Elasa
Elasa (Greek: Ελάσα) is an island that can be found northeast of Crete in the Aegean Sea, about 3.5 nautical miles from the palm tree forest of Vai. It is rocky and uninhabited covering 1.9 square kilometres. Its highest point is 79 metres above sea-level. Administratively it comes within the Itanos municipality in Lasithi.
Elasa is a neighbour of the Dionysades islands and is part of an environmentally protected area with many rare plants and animals including the Mediterranean Monk Seal.
wn.com/Elasa -
Elata
Elata is a Greek village on the island of Chios. The village is situated on hilly terrain and has a population of several hundred.
Elata became a village hundreds of years ago when seven tribes came together to protect themselves from Turkish pirates. As a result, they built their village on a hill-side so they could better see ships on the Aegean Sea.
Today, the people of Elata mainly produce agriculture, from which comes almonds, grapes, honey, mastic, and olives. The people of Elata also mine marble. There is also a sizable population of donkeys and goats in Elata.
The village of Elata is home to the church of the Holy Trinity. Elata is also home to centuries old buildings, including the remnants of a fort built to protect themselves from pirates, who would sell children into slavery.
Coordinates: 38°17′N 25°59′E / 38.283°N 25.983°E / 38.283; 25.983
wn.com/Elata -
Ephesus
Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/);Ancient Greek Ἔφεσος, Ephesos; Turkish Efes) was an ancient Greek city, and later a major Roman city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, Turkey. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League during the Classical Greek era. In the Roman period, Ephesus had a population of more than 250,000 in the 1st century BC, which also made it one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean world.
The city was famed for the Temple of Artemis (completed around 550 BC), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Emperor Constantine I rebuilt much of the city and erected new public baths. Following the Edict of Thessalonica from emperor Theodosius I, the temple was destroyed in 401 AD by a mob led by St. John Chrysostom. The town was partially destroyed by an earthquake in 614 AD. The city's importance as a commercial center declined as the harbor was slowly silted up by the Cayster River (Küçük Menderes).
Ephesus was one of the seven churches of Asia that are cited in the Book of Revelation. The Gospel of John may have been written here. The city was the site of several 5th century Christian Councils, see Council of Ephesus. It is also the site of a large gladiators' graveyard.
wn.com/Ephesus -
Erinia
Erinia, also Rineia (Greek: Ερηνιά or Ρήνεια) is a Greek island in the Sporades located west of Skyros.
Its nearest islands and islets are Skyropoula to the west, Skyros to the north and Valaxa to the east.
wn.com/Erinia -
Euboea
Euboea (Greek: Εύβοια, Évia; Ancient Greek: Εὔβοια, Eúboia) is the second largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. The narrow Euripus Strait separates it from Boeotia in mainland Greece. In general outline it is a long and narrow, seahorse-shaped island; it is about 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, and varies in breadth from 50 kilometres (31 mi) to 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). Its general direction is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboea in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.
Like most of the Greek islands, Euboea was originally known under other names in ancient times, such as Macris and Doliche from its shape, Ellopia and Abantis from the tribes inhabiting it.
wn.com/Euboea -
Farmakonisi
Farmakonisi (Greek: Φαρμακονήσι) is a small Greek island of the Dodecanese prefecture. Alternative names are Pharmakos, Pharmacusa, Farmaco, and Pharmakousa ([1]).
Farmakonisi lies in the middle between the chain of the Dodecanese islands in the west, and the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey) in the east. To the north of it are the island of Agathonisi, to the west the islands of Leipsoi, Patmos and Leros, and to the south the islands of Kalymnos and Pserimos. It forms part of the municipality of Leros, and had a 2001 census population of 74 inhabitants.
Farmakonisi is 1.48 square miles (3.8 km2) large. It is known for its rich flora.
Plutarch in his Parallel Lives tells that the young Julius Caesar, while travelling to Asia Minor, was kidnapped by pirates and held prisoner there 38 days. During his imprisonment he promised to them that if he were freed, he would have all of them killed. After having paid a ransom twice as high as his kidnappers claimed (since he said that the required amount was too low for someone like he) and having been freed, he organised a fleet and maintained his promise, crucifying all of them.
wn.com/Farmakonisi -
Ftena Trachylia
Ftena Trachylia (Greek: Φτενά Τραχύλια, "thin and rough or uneven"), also known as Pinnacle Rocks (Greek: Πίνακλ), are a group of uninhabited Greek islets/rocks, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively they lie within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
The "Trachylia" part of the name was probably given due to the shape of the islet rocks (and many of the islets surrounding Crete are named from their shape). For example, see Trachea (cup-shaped Byzantine coins) and Trachylinae (cup-shaped jellyfish).
wn.com/Ftena_Trachylia -
Genoa
Genoa
/ˈdʒɛnoʊ.ə/ (Italian: Genova [ˈdʒɛːnova] (
listen); Genoese and Ligurian Zena [ˈzeːna]; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is the capital of Liguria and the sixth largest city in Italy, with a population of 608,676 within its administrative limits on a land area of 243.6 km2 (94 sq mi). The urban zone of Genoa extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 718,896. The urban area of Genoa has a population of 800,709. In the metropolitan area live between 859,000 and 1.4 million or 1.5 million people. Genoa is one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest seaport in Italy.
Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks. Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, allowed it to become the 2004's European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
wn.com/Genoa -
Gestapo
The Gestapo (German pronunciation: [ɡeˈstaːpo, ɡəˈʃtaːpo] ( listen); abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, "Secret State Police") was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei). From September 1939 forward it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service") and also a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("Security Police").
As part of the deal in which Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, Hermann Göring—future commander of the Luftwaffe and an influential Nazi Party official—was named Interior Minister of Prussia. This gave him command of the largest police force in Germany. Soon afterward, Göring detached the political and intelligence sections from the police and filled their ranks with Nazis. On 26 April 1933, Göring merged the two units as the Gestapo. He originally wanted to name it the Secret Police Office (German: Geheimes Polizeiamt), but discovered the German initials "GPA" would be too similar to the Soviet GPU.
wn.com/Gestapo -
Gioura
Gioura (Greek: Γιούρα) is a Greek island and an abandoned settlement in the eastern part of the Sporades. It is administratively part of the municipality of Alonnisos. The island name dates back to the ancient times as Gerontia. The name was later altered to Gioura. The island also features a Neolithic settlement. The 1991 census read one inhabitant making it the smallest municipal district in Greece in population. The tiny settlement became abandoned however in the mid to late-1990s.
Its nearest islands and islets are Pelagos to the west, Psathoura to the north and Piperi to the east.
wn.com/Gioura -
Glaronisi
Glaronisi (Greek: Γλαρονήσι, "seagull island", also known as Petalidi (Greek: Πεταλίδι, "limpet"), is an islet off the northwest coast of the island Dia, north of the Greek island of Crete. Glaronisi is administered from Gouves in Heraklion regional unit.
wn.com/Glaronisi -
Grandes (islands)
Grandes (Greek: Γκράντες) is a group of three small islands off the east coast of Crete. Administratively it comes within the Itanos municipality in Lasithi. Grandes can be seen from the Minoan site of Roussolakkos near Palekastro as can the island of Elasa.
wn.com/Grandes_(islands) -
Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
wn.com/Greece -
Gyali
Gyali (Greek: Γυαλί "glass", also spelled Yiali or Yali, pronounced [ʝaˈli]) is a volcanic Greek island in the Dodecanese, located halfway between the south coast of Kos (Kardamaina) and Nisyros. It consists of rhyolitic obsidian lava domes and pumice deposits. The island has two distinct segments, with the northeastern part almost entirely made of obsidian and the southwestern part of pumice. These are connected by a narrow isthmus and beach made of modern reef sediments.
The island is 6 km (4 mi) long and between 4 km (2 mi) and 500 m (1,640 ft) across. It has a 180 m (591 ft) cave. The island is barren of vegetation. The 2001 census reported a resident population of 10 people. Administratively, it is part of the municipality of Nisyros.
wn.com/Gyali -
Hagios Demetrios
The Church of Saint Demetrius, or Hagios Demetrios (Greek: Άγιος Δημήτριος), is the main sanctuary dedicated to Saint Demetrius, the patron saint of Thessaloniki, dating from a time when it was the second largest city of the Byzantine Empire. It is part of the site Palaeochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessaloniki on the list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO since 1988.
The first church on the spot was constructed in the early 4th century AD, replacing a Roman bath. A century later, a prefect named Leontios replaced the small oratory with a larger, three-aisled basilica. Repeatedly gutted by fires, the church eventually was reconstructed as a five-aisled basilica in 629–634. This was the surviving form of the church much as it is today. The most important shrine in the city, it was probably larger than the local cathedral. The historic location of the latter is now unknown.
The church had an unusual shrine called the ciborium, a hexagonal, roofed structure at one side of the nave. It was made of or covered with silver. The structure had doors and inside was a couch or bed. Unusually, it did not hold any physical relics of the saint. The ciborium seems to have been a symbolic tomb. It was rebuilt at least once.
wn.com/Hagios_Demetrios -
Heraion of Samos
Coordinates: 37°40′19″N 26°53′08″E / 37.67194°N 26.88556°E / 37.67194; 26.88556
The Heraion of Samos was a large sanctuary to the goddess Hera, in the southern region of Samos, Greece, 6 km southwest of the ancient city, in a low, marshy river basin near the sea. The Late Archaic Heraion of Samos was the first of the gigantic free-standing Ionic temples, but its predecessors at this site reached back to the Geometric Period of the 8th century BC, or earlier. The site of temple's ruins, with its sole standing column, was designated a joint UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with the nearby Pythagoreion in 1992.
The core myth at the heart of the cult of Hera at Samos is that of her birth. According to the local tradition, the goddess was born under a lygos tree (Vitex agnus-castus, the "chaste-tree"). At the annual Samian festival called the Toneia, the "binding", the cult image of Hera was ceremonially bound with lygos branches. The tree still featured on the coinage of Samos in Roman times.
wn.com/Heraion_of_Samos -
Hosios Loukas
Hosios Loukas (Greek: Ὅσιος Λουκᾶς) is an historic walled monastery situated near the town of Distomo, in Boeotia, Greece. It is one of the most important monuments of Middle Byzantine architecture and art, and has been listed on UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, along with the monasteries of Nea Moni and Daphnion.
The monastery of Hosios Loukas is situated at a scenic site on the slopes of Mount Helicon. It was founded in the early 10th century by the hermit, Venerable (Greek: Hosios) St. Luke (Greek: Lukas), whose relics are kept in the monastery to this day. The hermit (who died on 7 February 953) was famous for having predicted the conquest of Crete by Emperor Romanos. It was unclear if he was referring to Romanos I, the emperor at the time. However the island was actually reconquered by Nicephorus Phocas under Romanos II. It is believed that it was during the latter's reign (959-963) that the Church of the Theotokos (Panagia) was constructed.
The main shrine of the monastery is the tomb of St. Luke, originally situated in the vault, but later placed at the juncture of the two churches. The monastery derived its wealth (including funds required for construction) from the fact that the relics of St. Luke were said to have exuded myron, a sort of perfumed oil which produced healing miracles. Pilgrims hoping for miraculous help were encouraged to sleep by the side of the tomb in order to be healed by incubation. The mosaics around the tomb represent not only St. Luke himself, but also hegumen Philotheos offering a likeness of the newly-built church to the saint.
wn.com/Hosios_Loukas -
Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
wn.com/Italy -
Kalolimnos
Kalolimnos (Greek: Καλόλιμνος) is a small Greek island in the Dodecanese chain, lying between Kalymnos and Imia, opposite the coast of Turkey. It is part of the municipality of Kálymnos.
The island has no permanent civilian population, but hosts a permanent Greek Army garrison. The island is steep and rocky and has a population of wild goats.
Coordinates: 37°04′N 27°05′E / 37.067°N 27.083°E / 37.067; 27.083
wn.com/Kalolimnos -
Kara Ada (Bodrum)
Coordinates: 36°58′26″N 27°27′45″E / 36.97389°N 27.4625°E / 36.97389; 27.4625
Kara Ada, (literally "Black island" in Turkish), is a small Turkish island in the Bay of Bodrum in the Aegean Sea. It is a popular tourist destination, particularly for yachting.
In the Middle Ages the island, which the Greeks know under the name of Arkos, was taken over by the Knights of St. John Hospitaller, who also occupied Bodrum. It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. In 1919 it was occupied by the Italians. The 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey assigned it to Turkey.
wn.com/Kara_Ada_(Bodrum) -
Karavi
Karavi (Greek: Καράβι, "ship"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northeastern coast of eastern Crete. The small islet lies close to the island of Kyriamadi. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Karavi -
Katergo
Katergo (Greek: Κάτεργο, "galley or hulk"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Katergo -
Kavallos
Kavaloi (Greek: Καβάλοι), is the name of a group of three uninhabited Greek islets, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. The close group comprises the islets Anavatis (Αναβάτης "rider"), Kavallos (Καβάλλος), and Kefali (Κεφαλή "head"). Administratively the islets are part of the municipal unit Lefki.
wn.com/Kavallos -
Kechries
Kechries (Modern Greek: Κεχριές, rarely Κεχρεές; Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Kenchreai - Κεγχρεαί) is a village in the municipality of Corinth in Corinthia in Greece. It is part of the community of Xylokeriza. It is located about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of Corinth and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of the Epidavros interchange with GR-8A/E94, north of Galataki and Kato Almyri, east of Examilia, southeast of Xylokeriza, south of Kiras Vrysi and west/southwest of modern Isthmia.
Kechries is a village with a school and a church but no centralized plan or plateia. The number of permanent residents of Kechries is small, and many houses there are used seasonally by owners who reside elsewhere. The Oneia Mountains lie to the south, where a major stone quarry is now located, and the village is surrounded by fertile land dedicated to the cultivation of olive, the vine, and fruit trees. A broad bay at the western end of the Saronic, called Kechries Bay, is located immediately east of the village. This coastline forms the easternmost point of the Corinth Fault. The area has frequently felt the impact of seismic activity, which has led to the moderate subsidence of the coastline since ancient times.
wn.com/Kechries -
Kefali
Kavaloi (Greek: Καβάλοι), is the name of a group of three uninhabited Greek islets, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. The close group comprises the islets Anavatis (Αναβάτης "rider"), Kavallos (Καβάλλος), and Kefali (Κεφαλή "head"). Administratively the islets are part of the municipal unit Lefki.
wn.com/Kefali -
Keros
Keros (Greek: Κέρος) is an uninhabited Greek island in the Cyclades about 10 km (6 mi) southeast of Naxos. Administratively it is part of the community of Koufonisia. It has an area of 15 km2 (6 sq mi) and its highest point is 432 metres (1,417 ft). It was an important site to the Cycladic civilization that flourished around 2500 BC.
Keros is especially noted for the flat-faced Cycladic marble statues which later inspired the work of Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore.
In 2006-2008, the Cambridge Keros Project, co-directed by Colin Renfrew with others, conducted excavations at Kavos on the west coast of the island. This general area is believed to be the source of the so-called "Keros Hoard" of fragmentary Cycladic figurines. The material excavated in 2006-2008 includes Cycladic figurines, vessels and other objects made of marble, all broken prior to deposition and most likely broken elsewhere and brought to Kavos for deposition. The lack of joining fragments shows that only a part of the broken material was deposited here, while ongoing studies of the pottery and other material show that material was brought from multiple sources for deposition here.
wn.com/Keros -
Kolokythas
Kolokythas (Greek: Κολοκύθας, also known as Kolokythia and Vryonisi Βρυονήσι) is a Greek islet with a hotel, located north of the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete, next to the island of Spinalonga.
wn.com/Kolokythas -
Koursaroi
Koursaroi (Greek: Κουρσάροι, "privateers or privateering vessels"), also known as Nisaki (Greek: Νησάκι, "small island"), is an islet close to the eastern coast of Crete, and north-east of the islet of Praso, in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Koursaroi -
Kyra Panagia
Kyra Panagia (Greek: Κυρά Παναγιά) is a Greek island in the Sporades. It is administratively part of the municipality of Alonnisos in the Sporades regional unit. The island is also known by the name of Pelagos and rarely Pelagonisi. In Antiquity it was known as Ephthyros (Έφθυρος) and Polyaigos (Πολύαιγος). A bay in the south west of the island is named Agios Petros. Kyra Panagia has belonged to the Athonite monastery of Megisti Lavra since it was granted the island by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas in 963. There is a monastery, currently (2011) under restoration and inhabited by a single monk, on the east coast of the island.
Its nearest islands and islets are Gioura to the northeast and the main island of Alonnisos to the southwest.
The 1991 census read only one inhabitant making it the smallest municipal district in Greece in population. The tiny settlement became abandoned in the mid to late-1990s. The 2001 census reported a population of ten inhabitants.
wn.com/Kyra_Panagia -
Kyriamadi
Kyriamadi (Greek: Κυριαμάδι) is a peninsula in the northeast of Crete. Small landbridges connect it to the Toplou peninsula of mainland Crete in the south, and the peninsula Sideros in the northeast. It is close to the palm tree forest of Vai. Administratively it comes within Itanos municipality in Lasithi. The population of Kyriamadi at the 2001 census was 26 persons.
wn.com/Kyriamadi -
Lagousa
Kardiotissa (Greek: Καρδιώτισσα, formerly Lagousa) is a Greek island in the Cyclades. It is uninhabited and administratively a part of the island community of Sikinos. It lies midway between that island and the island of Folegandros.
wn.com/Lagousa -
Lazaretta
Lazaretta (Greek: Λαζαρέττα), also called Lazaretto (and alternatively spelled Lazareto), is an uninhabited island close to the northern coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. It is located near the city of Chania and administratively, it is within the municipality of Chania, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Lazaretta -
Lebynthos
Coordinates: 37°00′40″N 26°27′35″E / 37.01111°N 26.45972°E / 37.01111; 26.45972
Levitha (Greek: Λέβιθα, known in classical antiquity as Lebynthos) is a small island located in the east of the Aegean Sea, between Kos and Paros, part of the Dodecanese islands. It is part of the municipality Leros. The island is mentioned in two of Ovid's works Ars Amatoria and the Metamorphoses in connection with the saga of Daedalus and Icarus. While escaping from Crete, Daedalus and Icarus flew over Lebynthos.
As of 2009, the population of the island is three - a family with one child. The total area of the island is 9,2 km2 and its total coast line length is 34 km.
wn.com/Lebynthos -
Lesbos
Lesbos (Greek pronunciation: [ˈle̞zvo̞s]) (Greek: Λέσβος, transliterated from Modern Greek as Lesvos, sometimes also referred to as Mytilini after its major city Mytilene) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of 1,632 km2 (630 sq mi) with 320 kilometres (almost 200 miles) of coastline, making it the third largest Greek island. It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait.
Lesbos is a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. Its population is approximately 90,000, a third of which lives in its capital, Mytilene, in the southeastern part of the island. The remaining population is distributed in small towns and villages. The largest are Kalloni, the Gera Villages, Plomari, Agiassos, Eresos, and Molyvos (the ancient Mythymna).
Mytilene was founded in the 11th century BC by the family Penthilidae, who arrived from Thessaly, and ruled the city-state until a popular revolt (590–580 BC) led by Pittacus of Mytilene ended their rule. In early Middle Ages, it was under Byzantine and Genovese rule. Lesbos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1462, who ruled the island until the First Balkan War in 1912, when it became part of the Kingdom of Greece.
wn.com/Lesbos -
Lesbos Island
Lesbos (Greek pronunciation: [ˈle̞zvo̞s]) (Greek: Λέσβος, transliterated from Modern Greek as Lesvos, sometimes also referred to as Mytilini after its major city Mytilene) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of 1,632 km2 (630 sq mi) with 320 kilometres (almost 200 miles) of coastline, making it the third largest Greek island. It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait.
Lesbos is a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. Its population is approximately 90,000, a third of which lives in its capital, Mytilene, in the southeastern part of the island. The remaining population is distributed in small towns and villages. The largest are Kalloni, the Gera Villages, Plomari, Agiassos, Eresos, and Molyvos (the ancient Mythymna).
Mytilene was founded in the 11th century BC by the family Penthilidae, who arrived from Thessaly, and ruled the city-state until a popular revolt (590–580 BC) led by Pittacus of Mytilene ended their rule. In early Middle Ages, it was under Byzantine and Genovese rule. Lesbos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1462, who ruled the island until the First Balkan War in 1912, when it became part of the Kingdom of Greece.
wn.com/Lesbos_Island -
Macedon
Macedonia or Macedon (from Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) was an ancient kingdom, centered in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, the region of Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south. The rise of Macedon, from a small kingdom at the periphery of Classical Greek affairs, to one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, occurred under the reign of Philip II. For a brief period, after the conquests of Alexander the Great, it became the most powerful state in the world, controlling a territory that included the former Persian empire, stretching as far as the Indus River; at that time it inaugurated the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greek civilization.
The name Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía) comes from the ancient Greek word μακεδνός (Makednos). It is commonly explained as having originally meant "a tall one" or "highlander", possibly descriptive of the people. The shorter English name variant Macedon developed in Middle English, based on a borrowing from the French form of the name, Macédoine.
wn.com/Macedon -
Makronisos
Makronisos (Greek: Μακρόνησος, lit. Long Island) is an island in the Aegean sea, in Greece and is located close to the coast of Attica, facing the port of Lavrio. It has an elongated shape (13 km north to south, ca. 500 m east to west) and its terrain is arid and rocky.
In ancient times the island was called Helena.
It is part of the prefecture of the Cyclades but it is not part of that island chain. Administratively, it is part of the municipality of Kea.
The island is currently uninhabited. However, from the time of the Greek Civil War up until the restoration of democracy following the collapse of the Regime of the Colonels, it was used as a place of imprisonment for Greek communists, hosting hundreds of prisoners. Because of its history, it is considered as a monument of the civil war era; therefore the island itself and the original structures on it are protected from alterations.
The straits between Makronisos and neighbouring Kea are the site of the sinking, in 1916, of HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the RMS Titanic.
wn.com/Makronisos -
Mavros
Mavros (Greek: Μαύρος, "black"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Mavros -
Mavros Volakas
Mavros Volakas (Greek: Μαύρος Βώλακας) is a large rock, next to Long Beach, on the coast of Crete, near Lambi, in Rethymno regional unit.
There is another large rock that is even closer to the beach, called Aspros Volakas.
wn.com/Mavros_Volakas -
Megatzedes
Megatzedes (Greek: Μεγατζέδες), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Megatzedes -
Meteora
The Metéora (Greek: Μετέωρα, "suspended rocks", "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above" - etymologically similar to "Meteorite") is one of the largest and most important complexes of Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Greece, second only to Mount Athos. The six monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Pineios river and Pindus Mountains, in central Greece. The nearest town is Kalambaka. The Metéora is included on the UNESCO World Heritage List under criteria I, II, IV, V and VII.
The Theopetra caves 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Meteora had inhabitants fifty millennia ago. The cave of Theopetra, Kalambaka, radiocarbon evidence for 50,000 years of human presence, Radiocarbon 43(2B): 1029-1048.[citation needed][clarification needed]
In the 9th century, an ascetic group of hermit monks moved up to the ancient pinnacles.
They were the first people to inhabit Metéora. They lived in hollows and fissures in the rock towers, some of which reach 1800 ft (550m) above the plain. This great height, combined with the sheerness of the cliff walls, kept away all but the most determined visitors. Initially the hermits led a life of solitude, meeting only on Sundays and special days to worship and pray in a chapel built at the foot of a rock known as Dhoupiani. As early as the 11th century AD hermit monks were believed to be living among the caves and cutouts in the rocks.
wn.com/Meteora -
Miletus
Miletus (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, Milētos; Latin: Miletus) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Before the Persian invasion in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.
Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of the Neolithic. In the early and middle Bronze age the settlement came under Minoan influence. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges. The site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete.
The Late Bronze Age, 13th century BCE, saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. Later in that century the first Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BCE and starting about 1000 BCE was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from the Peloponnesus.
wn.com/Miletus -
Minoan eruption
The Minoan eruption of Thera, also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption, was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or 7 and a Dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of 60 km3 (14 cu mi), which is estimated to have occurred in the mid second millennium BCE. The eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history. The eruption devastated the island of Thera (also called Santorini), including the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and on the coast of Crete.
There are no clear ancient records of the eruption; the eruption seems to have inspired certain Greek myths, may have caused turmoil in Egypt, and may be alluded to in a Chinese chronicle. Additionally, it has been speculated that the Minoan eruption and the destruction of the city at Akrotiri provided the basis for or otherwise inspired Plato's story of Atlantis.
Geological evidence shows the Thera volcano erupted numerous times over several hundred thousand years before the Minoan eruption. In a repeating process, the volcano would violently erupt, then eventually collapse into a roughly circular seawater-filled caldera, with numerous small islands forming the circle. The caldera would slowly refill with magma, building a new volcano, which erupted and then collapsed in an ongoing cyclical process.
wn.com/Minoan_eruption -
Mochlos
Mochlos (Greek: Μόχλος) is a modern island in the Gulf of Mirabello in eastern Crete, and the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement. There is evidence that Mochlos was not an island in Minoan times, but was attached to the mainland and acted as an eastern harbor.
The name Mochlos also applies to the small fishing village and resort located on the main island of Crete, opposite Mochlos island. Only 150 metres separates them. The island is administered from Tourloti which is only 9 km away.
Mochlos was first excavated by Richard Seager in 1908 at the western end of the island, where a prepalatial cemetery was found. At that time, tombs, pithos burials and pit graves were uncovered, as well as two large tombs at the western tip of the island. In the 1970s, Jeffrey Soles documented the tombs and cemetery uncovered by Seager. The cemetery was in use from Early Minoan II to Middle Minoan IA.
The main Minoan settlement is at the south end of the island. The earliest buildings are from Early Minoan IB and the ruins visible today on Mochlos date from Late Minoan IB. Northwest of the modern town of Mochlos, a three-storey building was found from the Late Minoan I period. The building included two pillar crypts, a staircase and a kitchen. This building is the largest of the Late Minoan I town.
wn.com/Mochlos -
Mycenae
Mycenae (Greek Μυκῆναι Mykēnai or Μυκήνη Mykēnē) is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 11 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north. From the hill on which the palace was located one can see across the Argolid to the Saronic Gulf.
In the second millennium BC Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece. The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae.
Although the citadel was built by Greeks, the name is not thought to be Greek, but is rather one of the many pre-Greek place names inherited by the immigrant Hellenes. According to John Chadwick the name of Mycenae is of pre-Greek origin. The pre-Greek language remains unknown, but there is no evidence to rule out a member of the Indo-European superfamily. (See Pelasgian, Minyans)
Ancient Greek etymological speculation connected the name to the Greek word "μύκης" (mycēs), 'mushroom'. Thus, Pausanias ascribes the name to the legendary founder Megapenthes, who was said to have named it either after the cap（mycēs）of the sheath of his sword, or after a mushroom he had plucked on the site.
wn.com/Mycenae -
Mykonos
Mykonos (English: /ˈmiːkənɒs/, Greek: Μύκονος [ˈmikonos]) is a Greek island, part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. The island spans an area of 85.5 km2 (33 sq mi) and rises to an elevation of 341 m (1,119 ft) at its highest point. There are 9,320 inhabitants (2001) most of whom live in the largest town, Mykonos, which lies on the west coast. The town is also known as Chora (i.e. the Town in Greek, following the common practice in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town). Tourism is a major industry.
Mykonos early human inhabitants were Carians, followed by Ancient Egyptians, Phoenecians, Cretans and Ionians.
In ancient times, Mykonos, due to its proximity to the then highly populated island of Delos (situated about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away), became very important as a supply island and possibly as a getaway location for Delian citizens.
In Greek mythology Mykonos was the location of the battle between Zeus and the Titans,[citation needed] and the island was named in honor of Mykons, son of Anios who was a son of Apollo and nymph named Rio.
wn.com/Mykonos -
Myus
Myus, Caria (sometimes Myous or Myos) was an ancient city-state and was one of twelve major settlements formed in the Ionian Confederation, called the Ionian League. The city was said to have been founded by Cyaretus (sometimes called Cydrelus), a son of Codrus. Myus was a small peninsula, it is now however surrounded by land (fields). These fields do still flood but it is no longer a harbour town. Myus was also synoikised with Miletus. Myus had both a temple of Athena and a temple of Herodotus and sources tell us that it was always secondary to Miletos.
Instigated by Aristagoras of Miletus, the Ionian Revolt broke out here. It was the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars.
Coordinates: 37°35′38″N 27°25′41″E / 37.594°N 27.428°E / 37.594; 27.428
wn.com/Myus -
Naxos (island)
Naxos ([pronunciation?]in Greek, Νάξος, pronounced [ˈnaksos]) is a Greek island, the largest island (429 km2 (166 sq mi)) in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture.
The island comprises the two municipalities of Naxos and Drymalia. The largest town and capital of the island is Hora or Naxos City, with 6,533 inhabitants (2001 census). The main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glinado.
Naxos is a popular tourist destination, with several easily accessible ruins. It has a number of beautiful beaches, such as those at Agia Anna, Agios Prokopios, Alikos, Kastraki, Mikri Vigla, Plaka, and Agios Georgios, most of them near Hora. Naxos is the most fertile island of the Cyclades. It has a good supply of water in a region where water is usually inadequate. Mount Zeus (1003 metres) is the highest peak in the Cyclades, and tends to trap the clouds, permitting greater rainfall. This has made agriculture an important economic sector with various vegetable and fruit crops as well as cattle breeding, making Naxos the most self-sufficient island in the Cyclades. Naxos is also known within Greece for its potatoes.
wn.com/Naxos_(island) -
Nea Moni
Nea Moni (Greek: Νέα Μονή, lit. "New Monastery") is an 11th century monastery on the island of Chios that has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located on the Provateio Oros Mt. in the island's interior, about 15 km from Chios town. It is well known for its mosaics, which, together with those at Daphni and Hosios Loukas, are among the finest examples of "Macedonian Renaissance" art in Greece.
The monastery was built in the mid-11th century, by Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos and his wife, Empress Zoe. According to tradition, it is built on the location where three monks, Nikitas, Ioannes and Iosif, miraculously found an icon of the Virgin Mary, hanging from a branch of myrtle. At that time, Constantine was exiled in nearby Lesbos, and the monks visited him and told of a vision according to which he would eventually become emperor. Constantine promised to build a church if this should come to pass. Indeed, in 1042, Constantine became emperor, and in gratitude began constructing the monastery, dedicated to the Theotokos. The main church (the katholikon) was inaugurated in 1049, and the complex finished in 1055, after Constantine's death.
wn.com/Nea_Moni -
Nea Moni of Chios
Nea Moni (Greek: Νέα Μονή, lit. "New Monastery") is an 11th century monastery on the island of Chios that has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located on the Provateio Oros Mt. in the island's interior, about 15 km from Chios town. It is well known for its mosaics, which, together with those at Daphni and Hosios Loukas, are among the finest examples of "Macedonian Renaissance" art in Greece.
The monastery was built in the mid-11th century, by Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos and his wife, Empress Zoe. According to tradition, it is built on the location where three monks, Nikitas, Ioannes and Iosif, miraculously found an icon of the Virgin Mary, hanging from a branch of myrtle. At that time, Constantine was exiled in nearby Lesbos, and the monks visited him and told of a vision according to which he would eventually become emperor. Constantine promised to build a church if this should come to pass. Indeed, in 1042, Constantine became emperor, and in gratitude began constructing the monastery, dedicated to the Theotokos. The main church (the katholikon) was inaugurated in 1049, and the complex finished in 1055, after Constantine's death.
wn.com/Nea_Moni_of_Chios -
Nikolos
Nikolos (Greek: Νικολός), also known as Nikolonisi, Nikolo Nisi, and Agios Antonios, is an island close to the northeastern coast of Crete. Administratively it comes within the Agios Nikolaos municipality in Lasithi.
wn.com/Nikolos -
Palaiosouda
Palaiosouda (Greek: Παλαιόσουδα, "old Souda"), also known as Marathi (Greek: Μαράθι), is an islet located south of the town of Marathi, close to Souda Bay in Crete. The islet is a popular diving location.
wn.com/Palaiosouda -
Peristerovrachoi
Peristerovrachoi (Greek: Περιστερόβραχοι, "pigeon rocks"), are uninhabited Greek islets/rocks, in the Aegean Sea, close to the eastern coast of Crete. Administratively they lie within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Peristerovrachoi -
Persian Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
wn.com/Persian_Empire -
Petalida
Petalida (Greek: Πεταλίδα, "limpet"), also known as Xera (pronounced Ksera), is an islet close to the northern coast of Crete in the Aegean Sea. It is located between the island of Imeri Gramvousa and the mainland. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Petalida -
Petalouda
Petalouda (Greek: Πεταλούδα, "butterfly") is an uninhabited islet off the coast of western Crete in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is part of the municipality Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Petalouda -
Phocaea
Phocaea, or Phokaia, (Greek: Φώκαια) (modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern day Marseille, in France) in 600 BC, Emporion (modern day Empúries, in Catalonia, Spain) in 575 BC and Elea (modern day Velia, in Campania, Italy) in 540 BC.
Phocaea was the northernmost of the Ionian cities, on the boundary with Aeolis. It was located near the mouth of the river Hermus (now Gediz), and situated on the coast of the peninsula separating the Gulf of Cyme to the north, named for the largest of the Aeolian cities, and the Gulf of Smyrna (now İzmir) to the south.
Phocaea had two natural harbours within close range of the settlement, both containing a number of small islands. Phocaea's harbours allowed it to develop a thriving seafaring economy, and to become a great naval power, which greatly influenced its culture.[citation needed]
Recent archaeological surveys have shown that the city of Phocaea was large for the archaic period. Herodotus gives an idea of the size of Phocaea by the describing the walls of Phocaea as having a diameter of 5 km, large even by modern standards. Phocaea was one of the largest cities in the ancient world.[citation needed]
wn.com/Phocaea -
Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.
wn.com/Phoenicia -
Piperi, Greece
Piperi (Greek: Πιπέρι meaning pepper) is a Greek island in the Northern Sporades. It is administratively part of the municipality of Alonnisos and, after Skyros, is the Sporades' easternmost island. The 2001 census reported a population of two inhabitants.
Its nearest islands and islets are Gioura to the west and Psathoura to the northwest. The island of Piperi is the core of the Park and is strictly protected. Its approach by any vessel without special permission is forbidden. The aim of the restrictions is the protection of the important habitat of the monk seal, and also of the birds of prey which live and reproduce on the inaccessible rocks of the island, which are also home to some rare plant species. Piperi has precipitous, rocky shores and its vegetation is dominated by pine forests, although there are also some holly, frygana and chasmophytes to be found on the cliffs. There are 33 species of birds and it is estimated that the island is home to about 350 - 400 pairs of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae).
wn.com/Piperi,_Greece -
Pontikaki
Pontikaki (Greek: Ποντικάκι, "little mouse") is an uninhabited islet off the coast of western Crete that is close to the islet of Pontikonisi. Administratively, it is part of the municipality Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Pontikaki -
Pontikonisi
Pontikonisi (Greek: Ποντικονήσι, "mouse island") is an uninhabited islet off the coast of western Crete. Administratively, it is part of the municipality Kissamos, in Chania regional unit. There is a small islet close to Pontikonisi called Pontikaki ("little mouse").
wn.com/Pontikonisi -
Praso (Kissamos)
Praso (Greek: Πράσο, "leek"), also known as Prasonisi (Greek: Πρασονήσι, "leek island"), is an islet close to the eastern coast of Crete, and south-west of the islet of Koursaroi, in the Aegean Sea. Administratively, it is located within the municipality of Kissamos, in Chania regional unit.
wn.com/Praso_(Kissamos) -
Priene
Priene (Ancient Greek: Πριήνη, Priēnē) was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) at the base of an escarpment of Mycale, about 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of the then course of the Maeander (now called the Büyük Menderes or "Big Maeander") River, 67 kilometres (42 mi) from today's Aydin, 15 kilometres (9 mi) from today's Söke and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from ancient Miletus. It was formerly on the sea coast, built overlooking the ocean on steep slopes and terraces extending from sea level to a height of 380 metres (1,250 ft) above sea level at the top of the escarpment. Today, after several centuries of changes in the landscape, it is an inland site.
Priene possessed a great deal of famous Hellenistic art and architecture. The city's original position on Mount Mycale has never actually been discovered; however, it is believed that it was a peninsula possessing two harbours. Priene never held a great deal of political importance due to the city's size, as it is believed around 4 to 5 thousand inhabitants occupied the region. The city was arranged into four districts, firstly the political district which consisted of the Bouleterion and the Prytaneion, the cultural district containing the Theatre, the commercial where the Agora was located and finally the religious district which contained sanctuaries dedicated to Zeus and Demeter and most importantly the Temple of Athena.
wn.com/Priene -
Prosfora
Prosfora (Greek: Προσφορά, "offering"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, close to the coast of Lasithi, eastern Crete. Administratively it lies within the Sitia municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Prosfora -
Pseira
Pseira (Greek Ψείρα) is an islet in the Gulf of Mirabello in northeastern Crete with the archaeological remains of Minoan and Mycenean civilisation.
The island was explored in 1906–07 by Richard Seager and partially documented by Halvor Bagge in ink and watercolors based on photographs (University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1910), and more minutely examined in 1984–92 by Philip P. Betancourt and Costis Davaras, for Temple University. Archaeological materials in this seaport, sited above its harbor, to which it was connected by cliffside stairs, span the period from the end of the Neolithic in the 4th millennium to the Late Bronze Age, with the cultural high point being Early Minoan to Late Minoan 1B. At that time the prosperous town of some 60 buildings was ranged round its open square (plateia), with a single large building that occupied one side. Like many contemporary Late Minoan 1B sites, it was violently destroyed, ca 1550–1450 BC. A remnant of its population cleared spaces in the rubble and for a time continued to dwell in the ruined town.
wn.com/Pseira -
Pserimos
Pserimos (Greek: Ψέριμος Δωδεκανήσου) is a small Greek island in the Dodecanese chain, lying between Kalymnos and Kos in front of the coast of Turkey. It is part of the municipality of Kálymnos, and reported a population of 130 inhabitants at the 2001 census.
The main industry is tourism, with Greek and other European holidaymakers attracted by its remote location. There are several beaches and a number of taverns, some of which offer accommodation.
Pserimos is served by a daily ferry from Pothia, on the island of Kalymnos, and is a destination on the itinerary of a number of cruise boats in the area.
Coordinates: 36°56′N 27°08′E / 36.933°N 27.133°E / 36.933; 27.133
wn.com/Pserimos -
Rineia
Rineia or Rhenea (Ρήνεια) is a Greek island in the Cyclades. It lies just west of the island of Delos and further southwest of the island of Mykonos, of which it and Delos are administratively a part. Its area is 14 km². It had a small population until the 1980s, but is currently uninhabited. In ancient times the island was subdued by the tyrant Polycrates of Samos and dedicated to the Delian Apollo.
wn.com/Rineia -
Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
wn.com/Russia -
Samiopoula
Samiopoula (Greek: Σαμιοπούλα) is a Greek islet located on the south of Samos Island and at a distance of .85 km (0.46 nmi). It is under the authority of the regional unit of Samos and the local jurisdiction of the municipal unit of Pythagoreio. The 2001 census reported a population of five inhabitants. The name Samiopoula is a derivative of Samos (in Greek Σάμος) and literally means "small Samos".
The islet measures approximately 2.15 km (1.34 mi) in length and .7 km (0.43 mi) in width. There are few buildings on Samiopoula, mainly the small parish churches of Agia Pelagia (in Greek Αγία Πελαγία) and of the Ascension of Christ (in Greek: Αναλήψεως του Σωτήρος), a small tavern and few small houses and shelters. Electricity and telephone services are provided via underwater cables from nearby Samos. Photovoltaic systems provide some alternative electrical power. There are few cisterns on the island and rainwater is conserved throughout winter. Most of the terrain is rocky with very few trees and several species of wild bushes, shrubs and wildflowers. Wild goats out-number the few inhabitants by far, even when visitors and tourists storm the little island during the summer season. The islet is easily accessible during the tourist season via daily excursions from the ports of Pythagoreio and Ormos Marathokampou. Τhe only beach on the island, Psalida (in Greek Ψαλίδα), is quite small and may be crowded during peak summer season though it offers uniquely beautiful white sands and turquoise waters. Sailing boats typically approach the islet through the small bay of Katsakas (in Greek Κατσακάς) which is sheltered by the prevailing north-westerly winds.
wn.com/Samiopoula -
Samos
Samos (Greek: Σάμος) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is separated by the 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi)-wide Mycale Strait. It is also a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit.
In ancient times Samos was a particularly rich and powerful city-state. It is home to Pythagoreion and the Heraion of Samos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that includes the Eupalinian aqueduct, a marvel of ancient engineering. Samos is the birthplace of the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, after whom the Pythagorean theorem is named, the philosopher Epicurus, and the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, the first known individual to propose that the Earth revolves around the sun. Samian wine was well known in antiquity, and is still produced on the island.
The island was an autonomous principality from 1835 until it joined Greece in 1912.
The area of the island is 478 km2 (184.6 sq mi) 43 km (27 mi) long and 13 km (8 mi) wide. It is separated from Anatolia, by the approximately 1 mile (1.6 km)-wide Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains.
wn.com/Samos -
Sarakino
Sarakino (Greek: Σαρακηνό) is a Greek island in the Sporades south of Skyros.
wn.com/Sarakino -
Saria Island
Saria Island (Greek: Σαρία) is an island in Greece. It is a rocky, volcanic island along the northern edge of Karpathos, separated from it by a strait 100 m (330 ft) wide. Administratively, it is part of the community of Olympos. The 2001 census reported a resident population of 22 persons. It has little plant or animal life, and has a number of sharp cliffs. Although only shepherds live on Saria now, the ruins of the ancient city of Nisyros can be found here. It is also a breeding area for a breed of falcon known as Eleonora's Falcon.
Although the name is subject to dispute, scholars link it with the name of an ancient Greek Princess named Katherine from a line of Saria royalty. Greek legends say she was as beautiful as Helen of Troy and so they named an Island after her majesty. On the island of Saria, it is recorded history that a kingdom existed named Mikri Nisyros.
wn.com/Saria_Island -
Serifopoula
Serifopoula is a Greek island in the Cyclades. It is a part of the municipality of Serifos. Serifopoula was uninhabited at the 2001 Greek census.
wn.com/Serifopoula -
Sideros
Sideros (Greek: Σίδερος, "iron"), also known as Strongylo (Greek: Στρογγύλο, "round"), is an uninhabited Greek rock, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northeastern coast of eastern Crete. The rock lies just north of the peninsula of Kyriamadi, with which it is connected by a small land bridge. There is also a Cape Sideros on the island of Kyriamadi. Administratively it lies within the Itanos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Sideros -
Sparta
Coordinates: 37°4′55″N 22°25′25″E / 37.08194°N 22.42361°E / 37.08194; 22.42361
Sparta (Doric Σπάρτα; Attic Σπάρτη Spartē), or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.
Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars. Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged victorious, though at great cost. Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece. However, it maintained its political independence until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC.
Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence. Its inhabitants were classified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens, who enjoyed full rights), Mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), Perioikoi (freedmen), and Helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan local population). Spartiates underwent the rigorous agoge training and education regimen, and Spartan phalanges were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world.
wn.com/Sparta -
Spinalonga
The island of Spinalonga (Greek: Σπιναλόγκα), officially known as Kalydon (Καλυδών), is located in the Gulf of Elounda in north-eastern Crete, in Lasithi prefecture, next to the town of Elounda. It is near the Spinalonga peninsula ("large Spinalonga") – which often causes confusion as the same name is used for both. The official Greek name of the island today is Kalydon.
Originally, Spinalonga was not an island, it was part of the island of Crete. During Venetian occupation the island was carved out of the coast for defense purposes and a fort was built there.[citation needed]
During Venetian rule, salt was harvested from salt pans around the island.[citation needed] The island has also been used as a leper colony. Spinalonga has appeared in novels, television series, and a short film.
According to Venetian documents, the name of the island originated in the Greek expression στην Ελούντα stin Elounda (meaning "to Elounda"). The Venetians could not understand the expression so they familiarized it using their own language, and called it spina "thorn" lunga "long", an expression that was also maintained by the locals. The Venetians were inspired for this expression by the name of an island near Venice called by the same name and which is known today as the island of Giudecca.[citation needed]
wn.com/Spinalonga -
Sporades
The (Northern) Sporades ( /ˈspɒrədiːz/; Greek: Βόρειες Σποράδες) are an archipelago along the east coast of Greece, northeast of the island of Euboea, in the Aegean Sea. It consists of 24 islands, four of which are permanently inhabited: Alonnisos, Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros.
"Sporades" means "those scattered" (compare with "sporadic"), and was used from Classical Antiquity to refer to the Aegean island groups outside the central archipelago of the Cyclades. In modern geographical parlance, there are five different Sporades groups:
The Sporades islands are divided over two regions: Thessaly (most islands) and Central Greece (Skyros and a few uninhabited islets). The Thessalian Sporades are organised in the regional unit of Sporades (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σποράδων).
As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Sporades was created out of part of the former Magnesia Prefecture. It is subdivided into 3 municipalities. These are:
wn.com/Sporades -
Syros
Syros (Greek: Σύρος), or Siros or Syra is a Greek island in the Cyclades, in the Aegean Sea. It is located 78 nautical miles (144 km) south-east of Athens. The area of the island is 83.6 km2 (32 sq mi). The largest towns are Ermoupoli, Ano Syros, and Vari. Ermoupoli is the capital of the island and the Cyclades. It has always been a significant port town, and during the 19th century it was even more significant than Piraeus.
Ermoupoli, stands on a naturally amphitheatrical site, with neo-classical buildings, old mansions and white houses cascading down to the harbour. The City Hall, where Miaoulis Square lies ringed with cafes and with seating areas under palm trees, has a grandeur[peacock term] all of its own. The "City of Hermes" has numerous churches, the most interesting[peacock term] of which are Metamorphosis, Koimisis, St. Demetrius, Three Hierarchs, Anastasis, Evangelistria and St. Nicolas. The Archaeological Museum has a collection of notable[peacock term] finds and the Municipal Library contains numerous interesting[peacock term] and rare[peacock term] editions. The quarter of the town known as Vaporia, where the sea captains lived, is of special interest[peacock term]. Along its narrow streets, stand numerous neo-classical mansions.
wn.com/Syros -
Teos
Teos (Greek: Τέως; demonym: Τήϊος) or Teo was a maritime city of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus, colonized by Orchomenian Minyans, Ionians, and Boeotians. The city is situated on a low hilly narrow strip of land connecting two larger areas of land (isthmus). Teos ranked among twelve cities comprising the Ionian League. It was a member of the Lydian group of the Ionian League, one of the four groups defined by Herodotus, based on the particular dialects of the cities. It was the birthplace of Anacreon the poet, Hecateus the historian, Protagoras the sophist, Scythinus the poet, Andron the geographer, and Apellicon, the preserver of the works of Aristotle.
Teos was a flourishing seaport with two fine harbours until Cyrus the Great invaded Lydia and Ionia (ca. 540 BC). The Teans found it prudent to retire overseas, to the newly founded colonies of Abdera in Thrace and Phanagoria on the Asian side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The port was revived by Antigonus Cyclops; and Epicurus reportedly studied there under Nausiphanes, a disciple of Democritus. During the times of the Roman emperors, the town was noted for its wine, a theatre and Temple of Dionysus. These are positioned near the acropolis, which is situated on a low hill and had fortifications by the sixth century.
wn.com/Teos -
Thasos
Thasos or Thassos (Greek: Θάσος) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea, close to the coast of Thrace and the plain of the river Nestos but geographically part of Macedonia. It is the northernmost Greek island, and 12th largest by area. Thasos is also the name of the largest town of the island (also known as Limenas Thasou, "Harbour of Thasos"), situated at the northern side, opposite the mainland and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Keramoti.
Lying close to the coast of Eastern Macedonia, Thasos was inhabited from the Palaeolithic period onwards, but the earliest settlement to have been explored in detail is that at Limenaria where Middle and Late Neolithic remains have been found that relate closely to those of the Drama Plain. In contrast, the remains of the Early Bronze Age on the island align it with the culture that developed in the Cyclades and Sporades to the south in the Aegean. At Skala Sotiros for example, a small settlement was encircled by a strongly built defensive wall. Even earlier activity is demonstrated by the presence of large pieces of 'megalithic' anthropomorphic stelai built into these walls, which, so far, have no parallels in the Aegean area.
wn.com/Thasos -
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη [θesaloˈnici] ( listen)), also known as Thessalonica ( /ˌθɛsəlɵˈnaɪkə/) and historically known as Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. Its honorific title is Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévusa), literally "co-capital", and stands as a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa), "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire, alongside Constantinople.
According to the 2011 census the municipality of Thessaloniki today has a population of 322,240, while the Thessaloniki Urban Area (the contiguous built up area forming the "City of Thessaloniki") has a population of 790,824; making it the fifth largest and most populated city in the Balkans and the second most populated city that is not a capital. Furthermore, the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area extends over an area of 1,455.62 km2 (562.02 sq mi) and its population in 2011 reached a total of 1,006,730 inhabitants.
wn.com/Thessaloniki -
Tinos
Tinos (Greek: Τήνος) [ˈtinos] is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. It is located in the Cyclades archipelago. In antiquity, Tinos was also known as Ophiussa (from ophis, Greek for snake) and Hydroessa (from hydor, Greek for water). The closest islands are Andros, Delos, and Mykonos. It has a land area of approximately 194 square kilometres and a 2001 census population of 8,574 inhabitants.
Between 1207 and 1715, Tinos was in Venetian hands. From 1715 to 1821, Tinos was ruled by the Ottoman Empire before joining in the Greek War of Independence. It was known İstendil during Ottoman rule.
Tinos is famous amongst Greeks for the Church of Panagia Evangelistria, its 80 or so windmills, about 1000 artistic dovecotes, 50 active villages and its Venetian fortifications at the mountain, Exobourgo. On Tinos, both Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic populations co-exist, and the island is also well known for its famous sculptors and painters, such as Nicholaos Gysis, Yannoulis Chalepas and Nikiforos Lytras.
wn.com/Tinos -
Tiryns
Tiryns (Ancient Greek Τίρυνς; Modern Greek Τίρυνθα) is a Mycenaean archaeological site in the prefecture of Argolis in the Peloponnese, some kilometres north of Nauplion.
Tiryns was a hill fort with occupation ranging back seven thousand years, from before the beginning of the Bronze Age. It reached its height between 1400 and 1200 BC. Its most notable features were its palace, its cyclopean tunnels and especially its walls, which gave the city its Homeric epithet of "mighty walled Tiryns". In ancient times, the city was linked to the myths surrounding Heracles, with some sources citing it as his birthplace.
The famous megaron of the palace of Tiryns has a large reception hall, the main room of which had a throne placed against the right wall and a central hearth bordered by four Minoan-style wooden columns that served as supports for the roof. Two of the three walls of the megaron were incorporated into an archaic temple of Hera.
The site went into decline at the end of the Mycenaean period, and was completely deserted by the time Pausanias visited in the 2nd century AD. This site was excavated by Heinrich Schliemann in 1884-1885, and is the subject of ongoing excavations by the German Archaeological Institute at Athens and the University of Heidelberg.
wn.com/Tiryns -
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
wn.com/Turkey -
Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre (Arabic: صور, Ṣūr; Phoenician:
, Ṣur; Hebrew: צוֹר, Tzor; Tiberian Hebrew צר, Ṣōr; Akkadian: 𒋗𒊒 Ṣurru; Greek: Τύρος, Týros; Turkish: Sur; Latin: Tyrus) is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. There were approximately 117,000 inhabitants in 2003, however, the government of Lebanon has released only rough estimates of population numbers since 1932, so an accurate statistical accounting is not possible. Tyre juts out from the coast of the Mediterranean and is located about 80 km (50 mi) south of Beirut. The name of the city means "rock" after the rocky formation on which the town was originally built. The adjective for Tyre is Tyrian, and the inhabitants are Tyrians.
Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city and the legendary birthplace of Europa and Elissa (Dido). Today it is the fourth largest city in Lebanon and houses one of the nation's major ports. Tourism is a major industry. The city has a number of ancient sites, including its Roman Hippodrome which was added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1979.
wn.com/Tyre,_Lebanon -
Valaxa
Valaxa (Greek: Βάλαξα) is a Greek island in the Sporades. It is located southwest of the island Skyros, and is administratively a part of Skyros.
Its nearest islands and islets are Erinia to the west and Skyros to the north and east.
wn.com/Valaxa -
Vryonisi
Vryonisi (Greek: Βρυονήσι, "moss island"), also known as Prasonisi (Greek: Πρασονήσι, "leek island"), is an uninhabited Greek islet, in the Aegean Sea, close to the northern coast of eastern Crete. Administratively it lies within the Agios Nikolaos municipality of Lasithi.
wn.com/Vryonisi
-
Acephalous Society
In anthropology, an acephalous society (from the Greek for "headless") is a society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies. Such groups are also known as egalitarian or non-stratified societies. Typically these societies are small-scale, organized into bands or tribes that make decisions through consensus decision making rather than appointing permanent chiefs or kings. Most foraging or hunter-gatherer societies are acephalous.
The Igbo Nation in West Africa is alleged to be acephalous or egalitarian society.
Cultural Anthropology Terms
wn.com/Acephalous_Society -
Adamantios Korais
Adamantios Korais or Coraïs (Greek: Αδαμάντιος Κοραής) (27 April 1748 – 6 April 1833) was a humanist scholar credited with laying the foundations of Modern Greek literature and a major figure in the Greek Enlightenment. His activities paved the way for the Greek War of Independence and the emergence of a purified form of the Greek language, known as Katharevousa. Encyclopædia Britannica asserts that "his influence on the modern Greek language and culture has been compared to that of Dante on Italian and Martin Luther on German".
Korais was born in Smyrna, in 1748. He was exceptionally passionate about philosophy, literacy and linguistics and studied greatly throughout his youth. He initially studied in his home place, where he graduated from the Evangelical Greek School. As an adult Korais traveled to Paris where he would continue his enthusiasm for knowledge. He translated ancient Greek authors and produced thirty volumes of those translations.
Korais graduated from the famous school of medicine of the University of Montpellier in 1788 and was to spend most of his life as an expatriate in Paris. A classical scholar, Korais was repelled by the Byzantine influence in Greek society and was a fierce critic of the ignorance of the clergy and their subservience to the Ottoman Empire, although he conceded it was the Orthodox Church that preserved the national identity of Greeks.
wn.com/Adamantios_Korais -
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
wn.com/Alexander_the_Great -
Andreas Papandreou
Andreas G. Papandreou (Greek: Ανδρέας Γ. Παπανδρέου); 5 February 1919 – 23 June 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. The son of Georgios Papandreou, Andreas was a Harvard-trained academic. He served two terms as Prime Minister of Greece (21 October 1981, to 2 July 1989, and 13 October 1993, to 22 January 1996).
His assumption of power in 1981 influenced the course of Greek political history, ending an almost 50-year long system of power dominated by conservative forces; the achievements of his successive governments include the official recognition of the Greek Resistance against the Axis, the establishment of the National Health System and the Supreme Council for Personnel Selection (ASEP), the passage of Law 1264/1982 which secured the right to strike and greatly improved the rights of workers, the constitutional amendment of 1985–1986 which strengthened parliamentarism and reduced the powers of the unelected President, the conduct of an assertive and independent Greek foreign policy, the expansion in the power of local governments, many progressive reforms in Greek Law, and granting permission to the refugees of the Greek Civil War to return home in Greece. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) which he founded and led, was the first non-communist political party in Greek history with a mass-based organization, and introduced an unprecedented level of political and social participation in Greek society. In a poll conducted by Kathimerini in 2007, 48% of those polled called Papandreou the "most important Greek Prime Minister". In the same poll, the first four years of Papandreou's government after Metapolitefsi were voted as the best government Greece ever had.
wn.com/Andreas_Papandreou -
Benedetto I Zaccaria
Benedetto I Zaccaria (c. 1235 – 1307) was an Italian admiral of the Republic of Genoa. He was the Lord of Phocaea (from 1288) and first Lord of Chios (from 1304), and the founder of Zaccaria fortunes in Byzantine and Latin Greece. He was, at different stages in his life, a diplomat, adventurer, mercenary, and statesman.
Benedetto was the second son of Fulcone Zaccaria and one of his wives: Giulietta or Beatrice. Benedetto assisted his brothers Manuele and Nicolino, his cousin Tedisio, and his son Paleologo in their commercial enterprises.
Already by then a successful merchant, Benedetto first appeared as a Genoese ambassador to the Byzantine court in 1264. This was in response to Michael VIII's alliance with the Republic of Venice. After eleven years of negotiations which resulted in a renewed accord between the Empire and Genoa, Benedetto first appeared in Constantinople with his brother Manuele (Manel) in 1275, at imperial invitation. It was then that he was first appointed administrator of the mines of Phocaea. He built a plantation there, from which he traded with a number of Mediterranean and Asian cities, accumulating considerable wealth. In 1282, still in the emperor's service, he acted as an ambassador to Peter III of Aragon, counselling him to continue the war with Angevins over Sicily.
wn.com/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria -
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the "New World".
In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.
wn.com/Christopher_Columbus -
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( /ˈsɪsɨroʊ/; Classical Latin: [ˈkɪkɛroː]; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as Tully), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theorist, Roman consul and constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia) distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
wn.com/Cicero -
Constantine IX
Constantine IX Monomachos, Latinized as Constantine IX Monomachus (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Θ΄ Μονομάχος, Kōnstantinos IX Monomakhos), c. 1000 – January 11, 1055, reigned as Byzantine emperor from June 11, 1042 to January 11, 1055. He had been chosen by the Empress Zoe as a husband and co-emperor in 1042, although he had been exiled for conspiring against her previous husband, Emperor Michael IV the Paphlagonian. They ruled together until Zoe died in 1050.
Constantine Monomachos was the son of Theodosios Monomachos, an important bureaucrat under Basil II and Constantine VIII. At some point Theodosios had been suspected of conspiracy and his son's career suffered accordingly. Constantine's position improved after he married, as his second wife, a niece of Emperor Romanos III Argyros. Catching the eye of the Empress Zoe, Constantine was exiled to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos by her second husband, Michael IV. The death of Michael IV and the overthrow of Michael V in 1042, saw Constantine recalled from his place of exile and appointed judge in Greece. However, prior to commencing his appointment, Constantine was summoned to Constantinople. There, the fragile working relationship between Michael V’s successors, the empresses Zoe and Theodora, was breaking down. After two months of increasing acrimony between the two, Zoe decided to search for a new husband, thereby hoping to prevent her sister from increasing her popularity and authority. After her first preference displayed his contempt for the empress, and her second died under mysterious circumstances, Zoe’s remembered the handsome and urbane Constantine. The pair were married on June 11, 1042, without the participation of Patriarch Alexius I of Constantinople, who refused to officiate over a third marriage (for both spouses). On the following day Constantine was formally proclaimed emperor together with Zoe and her sister Theodora.
wn.com/Constantine_IX -
Constantine Kanaris
Constantine Kanaris or Canaris (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κανάρης) (1793 or 1795 – September 2, 1877) was a Greek Prime Minister, admiral and politician who in his youth was a freedom fighter in the Greek War of Independence.
He was born and grew up on the island of Psara, close to the island of Chios, in the Aegean. His exact year of birth is unknown. The official records of the Hellenic Navy indicate 1795 but modern Greek historians believe that 1793 is more probable.
Constantine was left an orphan at a young age. Having to support himself, he chose to became a seaman like most members of his family since the beginning of the 18th century. He was hired as a boy on the brig of his uncle Dimitris Bourekas.
Constantine gained his fame during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829). Unlike most other prominent figures of the War, he had never been initiated in to the Filiki Eteria (Friendly Society), which played a significant role in the revolution against the Ottoman Empire, primarily by secret recruitment of supporters against the Empire.
wn.com/Constantine_Kanaris -
Erasistratus
Erasistratus (Greek: Ἐρασίστρατος; 304 BC – 250 BC) was a Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. Along with fellow physician Herophilus, he founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria, where they carried out anatomical research. He is credited for his description of the valves of the heart, and he also concluded that the heart was not the center of sensations, but instead it functioned as a pump. Erasistratus was among the first to distinguish between veins and arteries. He believed that the arteries were full of air and that they carried the "animal spirit" (pneuma). He considered atoms to be the essential body element, and he believed they were vitalized by the pneuma that circulated through the nerves. He also thought that the nerves moved a nervous spirit from the brain. He then differentiated between the function of the sensory and motor nerves, and linked them to the brain. He is credited with one of the first in-depth descriptions of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
wn.com/Erasistratus -
Eumenes II
Eumenes II of Pergamon (Εὐμένης Β' τῆς Περγάμου) (ruled 197–159 BC) was king of Pergamon and a member of the Attalid dynasty. The son of king Attalus I and queen Apollonis, he followed in his father's footsteps and collaborated with the Romans to oppose first Macedonian, then Seleucid expansion towards the Aegean, leading to the defeat of Antiochus the Great at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. Following the peace of Apamea in 188 BC, he received the regions of Phrygia, Lydia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and parts of Lycia from his Roman allies, as they had no desire to actually administer territory in the Hellenistic east but wished for a strong state in Asia Minor as a bulwark against any possible Seleucid expansion in the future.[citation needed] He later fell out of favour with the Romans after they suspected him of conspiring with Perseus of Macedon and consequently in 167 BC, the Romans made an abortive attempt to suborn his brother Attalus II, as a pretender to the Pergamene throne and refused Eumenes entry into Italy to plead his case.
wn.com/Eumenes_II -
Galatia
Ancient Galatia ( /ɡəˈleɪʃə/; Greek: Γαλατία) was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace (cf. Tylis), who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. It has been called the "Gallia" of the East, Roman writers calling its inhabitants Galli (Gaul or Celt). The Galateans themselves were not literate, and their name for themselves remains unknown.
Galatia was bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia and Lycaonia, and on the west by Phrygia. Its capital was Ancyra (i.e. Ankara, today the capital of modern Turkey ).
Seeing something of a Hellenized savage in the Galatians, Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers called them "Gallo-Graeci", "Gauls settled among the Greeks" and the country "Gallo-Graecia", as had the 3rd century AD Latin historian Justin. The more usual term in Antiquity is Ἑλληνογαλάται (Hellēnogalátai) of Diodorus Siculus' Biblioteca historica v.32.5, in a passage that is translated "...and were called Gallo-Graeci because of their connection with the Greeks", identifying Galatia in the Greek East as opposed to Gallia in the West.
wn.com/Galatia -
Glaucus of Chios
Glaucus of Chios was an Ancient Greek sculptor in metal, distinguished as the inventor of the art of soldering metals (Greek: σιδήρου κόλλησις, lit. "gluing together of iron").
His most noted work was a base of welded iron supporting a silver krater. According to Herodotus, it was given by Alyattes, the Lydian King and father of Croesus, to the Oracle of Delphi. The base, perhaps already without the krater, was also seen by Pausanias, who describes its construction , and by Athenaeus , who says that it was chased with small figures of animals, insects, and plants. Perhaps it is this passage that has led Meyer and others into the mistake of explaining κόλλησις as that kind of engraving on steel which is now called damascene work. Actually there is no doubt that κόλλησις meant a mode of uniting metals without the help of the nails, hooks, or dovetails.Plutarch also speaks of this salver as very celebrated.
The proverb Γλαύκου τέχνη "the skill of Glaucus", purported by some to refer to Glaucus of Chios, could as well refer to a writing technique invented by Glaucus of Samos. Cf. Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. Αἰθάλη) and Suda (s. v. γλαῦξ ἴπταται), who appear to confuse these two persons of the name Glaucus. A scholiast on Plato identifies the two.
wn.com/Glaucus_of_Chios -
Herodotus
Herodotus ( /hɨˈrɒdətəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόδοτος Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria (modern day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (circa 484 – 425 BC). He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry" (or ἱστορία historía, a word that passed into Latin and acquired its modern meaning of "history"), being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were fanciful, he claimed he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history.
The Histories, otherwise known as The Researches or The Inquiries, were divided by later Alexandrian editors into nine books, named after the nine Muses: the "Muse of History", Clio, representing the first book, then Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Ourania and Calliope for books 2 to 9, respectively. At its simplest and broadest level of meaning, The Histories is structured as a dynastic history of four Persian kings:
wn.com/Herodotus -
Homer
In the Western classical tradition, Homer ( /ˈhoʊmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC. Modern researchers appear to place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece. Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds.
wn.com/Homer -
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893) was an Ottoman statesman who held the office of Grand Vizier in the beginning of Abdulhamid II's reign between 5 February 1877 and 11 January 1878. He served numerous administrative positions in the Ottoman Empire including Ottoman minister of foreign affairs in 1856, Ottoman ambassador to Berlin in 1876 and Ottoman ambassador to Vienna from 1879 to 1882. He also served as Army Engineer and Ottoman minister of interior from 1883 to 1885. In 1876-1877 he represented the Ottoman Government at the Constantinople Conference.
He was born of Greek ancestry, in a Christian Greek Orthodox village on the island of Chios (Sakız in Turkish). As a young boy in 1822 he was orphaned and captured as a prisoner of war by Ottoman soldiers during the massacre of the Greek population of Chios. He was sold into slavery brought to Constantinople and adopted by the (later) grand vizier Husrev Pasha. Lacking his own children and family, Hüsrev Pasha raised several children who had been orphaned or bought as slaves, he had adopted up to ten children as such, many of them ascending to important positions in society in time.
wn.com/Ibrahim_Edhem_Pasha -
Ion of Chios
Ion of Chios (c. 490/480 - c. 420 BC) was a Greek writer, dramatist, lyric poet and philosopher. He was a contemporary of Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles. Of his many plays and poems only a few titles and fragments have survived. He also wrote some prose works, including a Pythagorean text, the Triagmos, of which a few fragments survive.
He was the son of Orthomenes, and was surnamed the son of Xuthus: probably a nickname alluding to Xuthus, the father of the mythical Ion. When very young he went to Athens, where he enjoyed the society of Cimon, of whom he left laudatory notices in some of his works which are quoted by Plutarch. Plutarch informs us that Ion severely criticised Pericles, who is said to have been his rival in love. Ion was familiarly acquainted with Aeschylus, if we may believe an anecdote related by Plutarch, but he did not come forward as a tragedian till after Aeschylus' death. We also learn from Ion himself that he met Sophocles at Chios, when the latter was commander of the expedition against Samos, 440 BC.
wn.com/Ion_of_Chios -
Ionians
The Ionians (Greek: Ἴωνες, Íōnes, singular Ἴων, Íōn) were one of the four major Greek tribes into which the Classical Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been divided (along with the Dorians, Aeolians and Achaeans). The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the Hellenic world, together with the Dorian and Aeolian.
"Ionian" with reference to populations had several senses in Classical Greece. In the narrowest sense, it was used of the region of Ionia in Asia Minor. In a more broad sense, it could be used to describe all speakers of the Ionic dialect, which also included the populations of Euboea, the Cyclades and many colonies founded by Ionian colonists. Finally, in the broadest sense, it could be used to describe all those who spoke languages of the East Greek group, which included Attic.
The foundation myth which was current in the Classical period suggested that the Ionians were named after Ion, son of Xuthus, and lived in the north Peloponnesian region of Aegilaus. When the Dorians invaded the Peloponnese and expelled the Achaeans from the Argolid and Lacedaemonia, the Achaeans moved into Aegilaus (henceforth known as Achaea), and the Ionians were in turn expelled. The Ionians went to Attica and mingled with the population there, before many people finally emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor, founding the historical region of Ionia.
wn.com/Ionians -
Jani Christou
Jani Christou (Greek: Γιάννης Χρήστου; January 8, 1926 – January 8, 1970) was a Greek composer.
He was born in Heliopolis, Egypt, of Greek parents. He was educated at the English School in Alexandria and he took his first piano lessons from various teachers and from the important Greek pianist Gina Bachauer. In 1948 he gained an MA in philosophy after having studied with Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell in Cambridge.
During that time he also studied music with Hans Redlich and in 1949 travelled to Rome to study orchestration with Angelo Francesco Lavagnino. He briefly attended lectures by Carl Jung in Zurich. In 1951 he returned to Alexandria where he married Theresia Horemi in 1961. He died on his 44th birthday in a car accident in Athens, Greece.
Christou's work is often thought[weasel words] to fall into three broad periods. The works of the first period (1948-58) have been described by Christou himself as freely atonal.[citation needed] In his second phase (1960-64) Christou developed what he called "meta-serialism"[cite this quote] whose main emphasis is on polyphony, rhythmic dynamism and instrumental colours. During his third period (1964-70) Christou developed his own notation and he increasingly stressed the improvisatory element.[citation needed]
wn.com/Jani_Christou -
John D. Chandris
John D. Chandris (1890 – 1942) was a Greek shipping magnate.
Chandris was born in Chios, then part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1915, after years of experience in the shipping industry, he bought his first ship, the S/S Dimitrios. By World War I, Chandris' fleet was made up of four ships, including steamships. In 1922, he expanded into the passenger shipping market.
Following the outbreak of World War II, Chandris followed the exodus of shipowners from Greece. He moved to London. Chandris ran the cruise lines until he retired in 1939. He died in 1942 in London after shooting himself in the chest, at the age 52.
His two sons, Anthony and Dimitri, would later rebuild the company, making it the largest Greek passenger shipping firm. A partnership called Chandris-Fantasy Cruises started in the early 1980s and later was divided into two separate arms of the Chandris Group, Fantasy-Cruises and Celebrity cruises.
wn.com/John_D._Chandris -
Leo Allatius
Leo Allatius (c. 1586 – January 19, 1669) (Greek: Λέων Αλλάτιος, Leon Allatios, Λιωνής Αλάτζης, Lionis Allatzis; Italian: Leone Allacci, Allacio; Latin: Leo Allatius, Allacius) was a Greekscholar, theologian and keeper of the Vatican library.
Leo Allatius was a Greek, born on the island of Chios in 1586, his father was Niccolas Allatzes and his mother was Sebaste Neurides, both of Greek extraction. He was taken by his maternal uncle Michael Nauridis to Italy to be educated at the age of nine, first in Calabria and then in Rome where he was admitted into the Greek college. A graduate of the Greek College of St. Athanasius in Rome, he spent his career in Rome as teacher of Greek at the Greek college, and devoting himself to the study of classics and theology. He found a patron in Pope Gregory XV.
In 1622, after the capture of Heidelberg by Tilly, when the Protestant Elector of Bavaria Frederick V was supplanted by a Catholic one, the victorious elector Maximilian of Bavaria presented the splendid Palatinate library composed of 196 cases containing about 3500 manuscripts to Pope Gregory. Allacci supervised its transport by a caravan of 200 mules across the Alps to Rome, where it was incorporated in the Vatican library. All but 39 of the Heidelberg manuscripts, which had been sent to Paris in 1797 and were returned to Heidelberg at the Peace of Paris in 1815, and a gift from Pope Pius VII of 852 others in 1816, remain in the Vatican Library to this day.
wn.com/Leo_Allatius -
Livy
Titus Livius Patavinus (59 BC – AD 17) — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Books from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the Julio-Claudian family, advising Augustus's grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history. Livy and Augustus's wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.
Livy was born as Titus Livius in Patavium in northern Italy, now modern Padua. There is a debate about the year of Titus Livius' birth, 64 BC or more likely 59 BC. At the time of Livy’s birth, his home city of Patavium was the second wealthiest city in the Italian peninsula. Patavium was a part of the province of Cisalpine Gaul at the time. In his works, Livy often expressed his deep affection and pride for Patavium, and the city was well known for its conservative values in morality and politics.
wn.com/Livy -
Mark Palios
Mark Palios (born 9 November 1952 in Liverpool) is an English chartered accountant, football administrator and former professional footballer of Greek descent. He studied Psychology at Manchester University.
Palios played in the Football League as a midfielder for Tranmere Rovers and Crewe Alexandra, and in non-league football and in the European Cup-Winners' Cup for Welsh club Bangor City. In total he made over 400 League appearances.
Unusually for a footballer, Palios was permitted by his clubs to pursue a career as an accountant, whilst remaining a professional player. He developed a successful career as a chartered accountant with Arthur Young and ultimately became a senior partner at PriceWaterhouseCoopers, specialising in business turnaround, he became the Football Association's Chief Executive in July 2003. One of his priority tasks was to stabilise The FA's perilous financial situation, by resolving the financing of the Wembley Stadium project. He saved The FA from having to borrow a further $230 million, which would have put the whole organisation into financial jeopardy. Other successes at The FA included the successful overhaul of the disciplinary process, which resulted in speedier hearings and lower costs. Palios was not frightened to take tough decisions including a decision to ban Rio Ferdinand from the England team to play against Turkey in a crucial European Championship qualifier in 2004, for failing to take a drugs test despite widespread pressure from the remainder of the team, who threatened to go on strike but ultimately backed down.
wn.com/Mark_Palios -
Martino Zaccaria
Martino Zaccaria (died 15 January 1345) was the lord of Phocea and Chios from 1314 to 1330. He co-reigned with his brother Benedetto III after the death of their father Paleologo.
In 1319, he received investiture from Philip II, titular Latin emperor of Constantinople. His fief at that time comprised the islands of Chios, Tenedos, Samos, Marmora, Lesbos, and Phocea. From Philip I of Taranto he received the royal title and the hereditary right in both the male and female line. On 26 June 1325, Philip confirmed him as "King and Despot of Asia Minor."
Martino's first marriage was to a daughter of Bartolomeo Ghisi, grand constable of Morea, chancellor of Thebes, triarch of Euboea, and possessor of the lordships of Tinos, Mykonos, and the southern Sporades. His second marriage was to Jacqueline de la Roche, heir of the De la Roche dukes of Athens and baroness of Veligosti and Damala.
In 1317, Martino conquered Smyrna and in 1318 defeated a Turkish fleet at sea, imposing a tax on Turkish commerce vessels.
wn.com/Martino_Zaccaria -
Matthew Mirones
Matthew Mirones is a former Republican politician from New York City who represented parts of Brooklyn and Staten Island in the New York State Assembly.
Mirones is the son of immigrants from the island of Chios in Greece. His father was a shoemaker. Mirones is Greek-American and lived in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn before relocating to the Grasmere section of Staten Island, both of which were located within his Assembly district.
Mirones received a B.S. in Prosthetics and Orthotics from New York University Medical School.
Mirones was elected in a special election on February 12, 2002 to fill the seat that was vacated by Democrat Eric Nicholas Vitaliano, who went on to become a civil court judge. His Democratic opponent was local plumber and union leader James Hart.
Mirones represented the 60th District of the New York State Assembly, which included mostly the Mid-Island area of Staten Island and later Staten Island's East Shore and Brooklyn's Bay Ridge sections after redistricting. In the Assembly he sat on the Oversight Committee, the Analysis and Investigation Committee, the Health and Aging Committees and the Corporations, Authorities, and Commissions Committee. He was appointed to serve as the ranking member of the Assembly Mental Health Committee, and also sat on the Transportation, and Cities committees. He was also a member of the state Assembly Legislative Task Force for People with Disabilities. He is a member of the Brooklyn and Staten Island Chambers of Commerce, and serves as a trustee of the Staten Island Institute of Arts & Sciences, and was formerly the president of the Grasmere Civic Association.
wn.com/Matthew_Mirones -
Mikis Theodorakis
Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis (Greek: Μίκης Θεοδωράκης, pronounced [ˈmicis θeoðoˈracis]) (born July 29, 1925) is a Greek songwriter and famous composer. He scored for the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973). He is viewed as Greece's best-known living composer.
Politically, he identified with the left until the late 1980s; in 1989, he ran as an independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in order for the country to come out of the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou and helped to establish a large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists. In 1990 he was elected to the parliament (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations between Greece and Turkey. He continues to speak out in favor of left-liberal causes, Greek-Turkish-Cypriot relations, and against the War in Iraq. He has consistently opposed oppressive regimes and was the key voice against the Greek junta 1967-1974, which imprisoned him.
wn.com/Mikis_Theodorakis -
Namık Kemal
Namık Kemal, born as Mehmed Kemal (December 21, 1840 - December 2, 1888) was a Turkish nationalist poet, translator, journalist, and social reformer.
Kemal was born in Tekirdağ to an Albanian Turkish mother Fatma Zehra and father Yenişehirli Mustafa Asım in the Ottoman Empire. He was influenced by the growing national sentiment of his day, and published a politically controversial newspaper. When the government cracked down on the newspaper he fled to Western Europe and worked there as a translator. When he returned, his most famous work, "Vatan Yahut Silistre", was staged at the Gedikpaşa Theatre in Istanbul on April 1, 1873. The play promoted nationalism and liberalism, and was considered dangerous by the Ottoman government. Immediately afterward, on April 9, 1873, he was sent into exile by the Ottoman Sultan and imprisoned in Cyprus. He was pardoned by Murat V on June 3, 1876, and returned to Istanbul (Constantinople) on June 29, 1876. He later became the governor of Sakız (now Chios, Greece), where he died in 1888. He was laid to rest in Bolayır, Çanakkale Province on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
wn.com/Namık_Kemal -
Nikiphoros Lytras
Nikiphoros Lytras (Greek: Νικηφόρος Λύτρας; 1832, Pyrgos, Tinos – June 13, 1904, Athens) was a nineteenth century Greek painter. He was born in Tinos, and trained in Athens at the School of Arts. In 1860 he won a scholarship to Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Munich. After completing these studies, he became a professor at the School of Arts in 1866, a position he held for the rest of his life. He remained faithful to the precepts and principles of the academaism of Munich, while paying greatest attention both to ethographic themes and portraiture. His most famous portrait was of the royal couple, Otto and Amalia, and his most well-known landscape a depiction of the region of Lavrio.
Nikiphoros Lytras was a child of a popular marble sculptor. In 1850 to the age of eighteen years he went to Athens to study in the School of Arts. He studied painting with Ludwing Thierch and Raffaelo Ceccoli. With his graduation in 1856 he started teaching there the course of Elementary Writing. In 1836 with a Greek government’s scholarship he went to Munich to study in the Royal Academy Of Fine Arts. His teacher there was Karl von Piloty. In 1862 after King Otto was exiled the scholarship was no longer available to Lytra so the expenses undertook the ambassador of Greece in Vienna Simon Sinas. In the summer of 1865 before his return to Greece he meets Nicholaos Gysis in Munich. There they visited and studied a lot of art masterpieces. With his return in Athens Lytras became professor in the Athens School of Fine Arts in the department of Painting and he taught there for 38 years. In 1873 and for four years he travelled to Smyrna and Minor Asia, Munich and Egypt with Nicholaos Gysis. In 1879 he married Irene Kyriakidi daughter of a tradesman from Smyrna and they had six children.
wn.com/Nikiphoros_Lytras -
Oenopides
Oenopides of Chios (Greek: Οἰνοπίδης) was an ancient Greek mathematician (geometer) and astronomer, who lived around 450 BCE. He was born shortly after 500 BCE on the island of Chios, but mostly worked in Athens.
The main accomplishment of Oenopides as an astronomer was his determination of the angle between the plane of the celestial equator, and the zodiac (the yearly path of the sun in the sky). He found this angle to be 24°. In effect this amounted to measuring the inclination of the earth axis. Oenopides's result remained the standard value for two centuries, until Eratosthenes measured it with greater precision.
Oenopides also determined the value of the Great Year, that is, the shortest interval of time that is equal to both an integer number of years and an integer number of months. As the relative positions of the sun and moon repeat themselves after each Great Year, this offers a means to predict solar and lunar eclipses. In actual practice this is only approximately true, because the ratio of the length of the year and that of the month does not exactly match any simple mathematical fraction, and because in addition the lunar orbit varies continuously.
wn.com/Oenopides -
Osman Hamdi Bey
Osman Hamdi Bey (1842 – 24 February 1910) was an Ottoman statesman, intellectual, art expert and also a prominent and pioneering Turkish painter. He was also an accomplished archaeologist, and is considered as the pioneer of the museum curator's profession in Turkey. He was the founder of Istanbul Archaeology Museums and of İstanbul Academy of Fine Arts (Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi in Turkish), known today as the Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts.
Osman Hamdi was the son of İbrahim Edhem Pasha a former Grand Vizier who was a Greek boy from the island of Chios orphaned at a very young age following the 1821 Greek uprising there. He was adopted by Kaptan-I Derya Husrev Pasha and eventually rising to the ranks of the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire.
Osman Hamdi went to primary school in the popular Constantinople quarter of Beşiktaş, after which he studied Law, first in Istanbul (1856), and then in Paris (1860). However, he decided to pursue his interest in painting instead, left the law program, and trained under French orientalist painters Jean-Léon Gérôme and Gustave Boulanger. During his nine-year stay in Paris, the international capital of fine arts in that period, he showed a keen interest for the artistic events of his day. He also met many of the Young Turks and though exposed to their liberal ideas, as the son of a loyal Ottoman Paşa, did not participate in their activities.
wn.com/Osman_Hamdi_Bey -
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Paul the Apostle
Paul the Apostle (c. AD 5 – c. AD 67; variously referred to as the "Apostle Paul" or "Saint Paul"), also known as Saul of Tarsus, is perhaps the most influential early Christian missionary. The writings ascribed to him by the church form a considerable portion of the New Testament. The influence on Christian thinking of the epistles ascribed to him has been significant, due in part to his association as a prominent apostle of Christianity during the spreading of the Gospel through early Christian communities across the Roman Empire.
According to the writings in the New Testament, Paul was known as Saul prior to his conversion, and was dedicated to the persecution of the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem. While traveling from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to "bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem", the resurrected Jesus appeared to him in a great light. Saul was struck blind, but after three days his sight was restored by Ananias of Damascus, and Paul began to preach that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah and the Son of God.
wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle -
Perseus of Macedon
Perseus (Greek: Περσεύς) (ca. 212 BC – 166 BC) was the last king (Basileus) of the Antigonid dynasty, who ruled the successor state in Macedon created upon the death of Alexander the Great. He also has the distinction of being the last of the line, after losing the Battle of Pydna on 22 June 168 BC; subsequently Macedon came under Roman rule.
In 179 BC Philip V of Macedon died. In the previous year Philip had his pro-Roman son Demetrius executed. Perseus had been jealous of Demetrius' success as ambassador to Rome and had convinced their father to have him poisoned as a potential usurper. The Romans favored Demetrius, and Perseus' role in killing Demetrius did not endear him to Rome when he took the throne.
One of his first acts on becoming king was to renew the treaty with Rome. Yet, Perseus' other actions troubled Rome. His interference in the affairs of his neighbors, his ousting of Roman ally Abrupolis from his territories, his armed visit to Delphi, his avoidance of the Roman ambassadors to Macedonia, and his dynastic marriages all gave Rome cause for concern. Soon Rome and Perseus went to war in the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC). Although Perseus had some initial success, the war ended with the King's surrender to the Roman general Lucius Aemilius Paullus after his decisive defeat at the Battle of Pydna, and his eventual imprisonment in Rome with his half-brother Philippus and son Alexander. Blaise Pascal mentions in his Pensées (Lafuma 15) that Perseus was blamed for not committing suicide, supposedly after his defeat at Pydna. The Antigonid kingdom was dissolved, and replaced with four republics. Andriscus of Macedon broke off the Roman rule for about a year, but was defeated in 148 BC by the Romans. In 146 BC, the four republics were dissolved, and Macedon officially became the Roman province of Macedonia.
wn.com/Perseus_of_Macedon -
Phanariotes
Phanariots, Phanariotes, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek:Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek (including Hellenized Romanian and Albanian) families residing in Phanar (Φανάρι, modern Fener), the chief Greek quarter of Constantinople, where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is situated.
For all their cosmopolitanism and often Western education, the Phanariots were aware of their Hellenism; according to Nicholas Mavrocordatos' Philotheou Parerga "We are a race completely Hellenic".
Phanariots emerged as a class of moneyed ethnically Greek merchants (they commonly claimed noble Byzantine descent) in the latter half of the 16th century and went on to exercise great influence in the administration in the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century. They tended to build their houses in the Phanar quarter in order to be close to the court of the Patriarch, who under the Ottoman millet system was recognized as both the spiritual and secular head (millet-bashi) of all the Orthodox subjects (the Rum Millet, or the “Roman nation”) of the Empire (except those Orthodox under the spiritual care of the Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria and Peć), often acting as archontes of the Ecumenical See; thus they came to dominate the administration of the Patriarchate frequently intervening in the selection of hierarchs, including the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
wn.com/Phanariotes -
Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.
wn.com/Phoenicia -
Piri Reis
Piri Reis (full name Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri - Hadji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri, Ahmet ibn-i el-Haç Mehmet El Karamani; Reis was a Turkish military rank akin to that of captain) was an Ottoman admiral, geographer and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 and died in 1554 or 1555.
He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book that contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts (for its time) describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. His world map is the oldest known Turkish atlas showing the New World, and one of the oldest maps of America still in existence anywhere (the oldest known map of America that is still in existence is the map drawn by Juan de la Cosa in 1500). Piri Reis' map is centered on the Sahara at the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer.
wn.com/Piri_Reis -
Ralli Brothers
The five Ralli brothers, Zannis a.k.a. John (1785–1859), Augustus (1792–1878), Pandia a.k.a. Zeus (1793–1865), Toumazis (1799–1858), and Eustratios (1800–84) founded Ralli Brothers, one of the most successful expatriate Greek merchant businesses of the Victorian era.
Born to a wealthy merchant family of Chios, their father Stephenos Ralli (1755–1827) had settled in Marseilles, but recognised that the nexus of trading had changed in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars, and sent his eldest son John to London to explore business opportunities.
John started trading in oriental silk and Russian grain in exchange for British textiles, and fetched his brothers over to help, incorporating as Ralli Brothers in London. Brother Eustratios ran the textile export operations from Manchester, Toumazis sourced raw materials and grain from Odessa and Constantinople, Pandia financed it from the Baltic Exchange, and Augustus oversaw the Mediterranean operations from Marseilles.
Their move away from Greece was prescient as it preceded the turmoil that was about to befall the Ottoman Empire that resulted in the Chios massacre and subsequent Greek diaspora, and saw their traditional home markets closed.
wn.com/Ralli_Brothers -
Stamatios Krimigis
Stamatios (Tom) M. Krimigis (Greek: Σταμάτιος Κριμιζής) is a Greek-American scientist in space exploration. He has contributed to the majority of the United States' unmanned space exploration programs of the Solar system and beyond. He has contributed to exploration missions to almost every planet of our solar system. In 1999, the International Astronomical Union named the asteroid 8323 Krimigis (previously 1979 UH) in his honor.
He was born in 1938 in Vrontados of Chios, Greece where he attended school. In the United States he studied at the University of Minnesota, and earned his Bachelor of Physics, 1961, his Master of Science at the University of Iowa in 1963 and his Ph.D. in 1965 in Physics. He was a student of James Van Allen.
He is Head Emeritus of the Space Department Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University Laurel, Maryland, USA and he is a member of Academy of Athens, Greece, where he has the Chair of Science of Space. He is also the President of the Greek National Council for Research and Technology.
wn.com/Stamatios_Krimigis -
Stavros Livanos
Stavros George Livanos (1891–1963) was a native of Chios. He was the founder of the Livanos shipping empire and was a rival as well as father-in-law to both Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.
Livanos was born and died on Chios, a third-generation sailor. The third of four sons of steamship owner George Livanos, he turned the outbreak of the First World War into opportunities. Even during the postwar demise of the shipping boom, Livanos managed to stay on top by investing only with cash instead of credit. He was notoriously tight with his money, a claim that the late Stavros Niarchos remembered as accurate., Confirming his reputation for high cash-investment in his ships, Livanos once said, "I have no money. I have ships."
In 1924, he married Arietta Zafirakis (1909–1986) and had three children:
The Livanos family lived in London most of the time. It was in London during the First World War that Livanos built the foundation of his empire. Yet they also had a lavish villa, known as Bella Vista, on Chios.
wn.com/Stavros_Livanos -
Strabo
Strabo,,[pronunciation?], also written Strabon (Greek: Στράβων; 64/63 BC – ca. AD 24), was a Greek geographer, philosopher and historian.
Strabo was born to an affluent family from Amaseia in Pontus (modern Amasya, Turkey), a city that he said was situated the approximate equivalent of 75 km from the Black Sea. His mother was Georgian. Pontus had recently fallen to the Roman Republic, and although politically he was a proponent of Roman imperialism, Strabo belonged on his mother's side to a prominent family whose members had held important positions under the resisting regime of King Mithridates VI of Pontus.
Strabo's life was characterized by extensive travels. He journeyed to Egypt and Kush, as far west as coastal Tuscany and as far south as Ethiopia in addition to his travels in Asia Minor and time spent in Rome. Travel throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, especially for scholarly purposes, was popular during this era and was facilitated by the relative peace enjoyed throughout the reign of Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). He moved to Rome in 44 BC, and stayed there, studying and writing, until at least 31 BC. In 29 BC, on his way to Corinth (where Augustus was at the time), he visited the island of Gyaros in the Aegean Sea. Around 25 BC, he sailed up the Nile until reaching Philae, after which point there is little record of his proceedings until 17 AD.
wn.com/Strabo -
Takis Fotopoulos
Takis Fotopoulos (Τάκης Φωτόπουλος) (born October 14, 1940) is a political philosopher and economist who founded the inclusive democracy movement. He is noted for his synthesis of classical democracy with libertarian socialism and the radical currents in the new social movements. He was an academic, and has written many books and over 900 articles, several of which have been translated into various languages. He is the editor of The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy (which succeeded Democracy & Nature) and author of Towards An Inclusive Democracy in which the foundations of the inclusive democracy project were set. Fotopoulos is Greek and lives in London.
Fotopoulos was born in the Greek island of Chios and his family moved to Athens soon afterwards. After earning degrees in Economics and Political Science and in Law from the University of Athens, he moved to London in 1966 for postgraduate study at the London School of Economics on a Varvaressos scholarship from Athens University. He was a student syndicalist and activist in Athens and then a political activist in London, taking an active part in the 1968 student movement in London, as well as in organisations of the revolutionary Greek Left during the struggle against the military junta in Greece (1967–74). During this period, he was a member of the Revolutionary Socialist Groups in London, which published the newspaper Μαμή ("Midwife", from the Marxian dictum, "violence is the midwife of revolution"), for which he wrote several articles.
wn.com/Takis_Fotopoulos -
Theopompus
Theopompus (Ancient Greek: Θεόπομπος) (born c. 380 BC) was a Greek historian and rhetorician
Theopompus was born on Chios. In early youth he seems to have spent some time at Athens, along with his father, who had been exiled on account of his Laconian sympathies. Here he became a pupil of Isocrates, and rapidly made great progress in rhetoric; we are told that Isocrates used to say that Ephorus required the spur but Theopompus the bit (Cicero, Brutus, 204).
At first he appears to have composed epideictic speeches, in which he attained to such proficiency that in 352‑351 he gained the prize of oratory given by Artemisia II of Caria in honour of her husband, although Isocrates was himself among the competitors. It is said to have been the advice of his teacher that finally determined his career as an historian—a career for which he was peculiarly qualified owing to his abundant patrimony and his wide knowledge of men and places. Through the influence of Alexander, he was permitted to return to Chios about 333, and figured for some time as one of the leaders of the aristocratic party in his native town. After Alexander's death he was again expelled, and took refuge with Ptolemy in Egypt, where he appears to have met with a somewhat cold reception. The date of his death is unknown.
wn.com/Theopompus -
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo (French pronunciation: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo]) (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist[citation needed] and exponent of the Romantic movement in France.
In France, Hugo's literary fame comes first from his poetry but also rests upon his novels and his dramatic achievements. Among many volumes of poetry, Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles stand particularly high in critical esteem, and Hugo is sometimes identified as the greatest French poet. Outside France, his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (also known in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame).
Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed; he became a passionate supporter of republicanism[citation needed], and his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the Panthéon.
Hugo was the third, illegitimate, son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1774–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772–1821); his brothers were Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) and Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). He was born in 1802 in Besançon (in the region of Franche-Comté) and lived in France for the majority of his life. However, he decided to live in exile as a result of Napoleon III's Coup d'état at the end of 1851.
wn.com/Victor_Hugo
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Our Trip to Chios - January 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:02
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Emily, Alfonso, and I spent a day on the Greek island Chios. This is a video I made giving you a firsthand view of what we did and saw that day. Hope you like it!!
http://wn.com/Our_Trip_to_Chios_January_2012
vertical jigging chios greece 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
vertical jigging chios greece 2010, ψαρεμα jigging στη χιο
http://wn.com/vertical_jigging_chios_greece_2010
Chios, Greece.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:34
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Chios
http://wn.com/Chios,_Greece
Chios (All Around Chios with Music)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
An All-around Chios video with music for all the places in our lovely island in the Northern part of the Aegean in GREECE.
http://wn.com/Chios_All_Around_Chios_with_Music
Documentary of the Castle of Chios
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:27
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
This documentary offers a unique and well rounded overview of the history of the Castle of Chios and its influence to the local and regional state of affairs ranging from the Hellenistic, to the Byzantine, Genovese, Ottoman and, of course, modern times. The documentary benefits from knowledge gained from testimonies, particulalry from the medieval times, and research undertaken by renounced academics and archaelogists in recent years. This documentary is a 'must' for those who wish to comprehend the history of Chios and get a real feel of the Castle! For more information,follow the link below with a turist guide for the castle of chios and with photos of the Castle. www.chioscastle.gr
http://wn.com/Documentary_of_the_Castle_of_Chios
My Big Fat Greek Firework Battle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Easter on the small Greek island of Chios means one thing - a massive firework battle, with over 50000 rockets raining down on two small towns. The other side of normal. Where else to find Diagonal View... FOLLOW us on Twitter: ow.ly or LIKE us on Facebook: ow.ly Strange talents, shocking stories, dangerous stunts...see it all here @ www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/My_Big_Fat_Greek_Firework_Battle
TROXAIO SYKIADA CHIOS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:23
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/TROXAIO_SYKIADA_CHIOS
The Beautiful island of Chios - Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
*
http://wn.com/The_Beautiful_island_of_Chios_Greece
chios nightwalk full
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
video project of dropframe productions and studio klimis of night sight of chios...please watch in hd ....
http://wn.com/chios_nightwalk_full
Leaving Chios Port (ΛΙΜΑΝΙ ΧΙΟΣ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 29 Aug 2012
Leaving Chios Port (ΛΙΜΑΝΙ ΧΙΟΣ) Date: 04.09.2009 Departure: Chios Port -from Lesvos (Mytilini)- Arrival: Piraeus Company: Hellenic Seaways Vessel: Nissos Chios Music: 1. Daemonia Nymphe - Dance of the Satyrs (c)JmS_Production
http://wn.com/Leaving_Chios_Port_ΛΙΜΑΝΙ_ΧΙΟΣ
CHIOS FIRES 21 08 FOTIA CHIOS 21 08
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:45
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/CHIOS_FIRES_21_08_FOTIA_CHIOS_21_08
Chios Beaches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Chios Beaches
http://wn.com/Chios_Beaches
Chios Island, Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:06
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Pictures of the beautiful island Chios.
http://wn.com/Chios_Island,_Greece
Fire fighting Helicopter at Chios - 18/8/2012 rare rec
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Fire fighting Helicopter at Chios - 18/8/2012 rare rec
http://wn.com/Fire_fighting_Helicopter_at_Chios_18_8_2012_rare_rec
Chios Island Firefighting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
A fire near an ancient medieval village on the island of Chios, Hellas
http://wn.com/Chios_Island_Firefighting
PilotCAM view Short Runway Chios Airport (Cockpit Avro RJ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
This is the AEGEAN A321 DVD. Go to www.worldairroutes.com Please like our Facebook page http
http://wn.com/PilotCAM_view_Short_Runway_Chios_Airport_Cockpit_Avro_RJ
Chios After Fire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Chios after fire of summer 2012
http://wn.com/Chios_After_Fire
CHIOS FIRES 2012, AGIOS MARKOS, KARIES AREA.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:19
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
CHIOS FIRES 2012, AGIOS MARKOS, KARIES AREA. WWW.PANAGOS.COM
http://wn.com/CHIOS_FIRES_2012,_AGIOS_MARKOS,_KARIES_AREA
Chios en Çeşme
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
In augustus 2008 filmde ik ongeveer een maand op het Griekse eiland Chios (Χίος) en één dag in de Turkse stad Çeşme.
http://wn.com/Chios_en_Çeşme
Panigiri Thimiana Chios 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Travel Pictures from chiostravel.com
http://wn.com/Panigiri_Thimiana_Chios_2012
Colours of Chios ~ Mikis Theodorakis ~ Symphony no. 3, first movement
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Today, July 29, 2012, it has been 87 years ago that Mikis Theodorakis was born on Chios, Greece. His parents were Yorgos and Aspasia Theodorakis. Mother Aspasia was from an ethnically Greek family in Çeşme (in what is todayTurkey). Father Yorgos was born on Crete, in Galata. Photos in this video: Several photos with Mikis Theodorakis (1948, standing at the seaside, and another one from 1954, the portrait), one together with his father, when he was two years old (1927) and on one photo we can see his mother (1951). The photos from Chios are from Google, too many websites to mention here. If your photo is between them and not mentioned here, send me a message and I will add your website as well. greeceforu.blogspot.no holidolic.blogspot.no www.greekorchidsociety.org fotoiraklio.blogspot.no athenee.blogspot.no www.angelfire.com Music: Symphony no. 3, first movement, adagio www.youtube.com Soon more information about Symphony no. 3 in my blog theodorakisfriends.wordpress.com About Chios and its famous Masticha: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Colours_of_Chios_~_Mikis_Theodorakis_~_Symphony_no_3,_first_movement
Chios fire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
Sakız adası yangını, Chios fire
http://wn.com/Chios_fire
Restaurant AGYRA i Megas Limnionas CHIOS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Travel Pictures from chiostravel.com
http://wn.com/Restaurant_AGYRA_i_Megas_Limnionas_CHIOS
Photo: UN / UN
17 Nov 2012
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) — Israel's new offensive against the Gaza Strip has turned into a political bonanza for the territory's Hamas rulers, while sidelining Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,...
Photo: AP / Na Son Nguyen
15 Nov 2012
As President Barak Obama resettles in the Oval Office and casts his gaze again beyond US politics, he may well be reminded that few eyes were on the ball when the Arab uprisings appeared to erupt...
Photo: AP / Eyad Baba
17 Nov 2012
Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak more than doubled his call-up of army reservists last night (Friday night) as its cabinet and military chiefs convened to discuss a ground invasion of Gaza. With...
Photo: AP / Bernat Armangue
17 Nov 2012
Israeli airstrikes hit the headquarters of the Hamas government, the group reported on Saturday as Israel steps up its air assault on Gaza. Israel’s cabinet have authorised the call up of up to 75,000...
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Adderall and forgetfulness
18 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by tohukingdelo1989 on Sun, 2012-11-18 07:10 http://kmr.wer.fadioer.pl/Jyfe.html Momsandsons http://sxc.fadioer.pl/Yfhc.html Icarly hentei http://yyhn.oikresa.pl.vamoissa.pl/Oivj.html Julianna rose mauriello nipple slip http://wln.rfv.oikresa.pl/ Todo sobre norco in mexico...(size: 256.0Kb)
Adecco time capture
18 Nov 2012
Girly usernames
14 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by lawnpucwaechasca1979 on Wed, 2012-11-14 11:53 http://l7ef.one.pl/Wjqgj.html Univision en vivo android http://3h7.one.pl/Mhlnm.html Yugioh 5ds porn http://w4k.one.pl/Ysxiu.html Al colegio carmen laforet translation http://ra5x.one.pl/Ilqsg.html How do i get high by taking flexeril...(size: 256.0Kb)
Flirty bbm broadcast messages to send
13 Nov 2012
Dirty questions to ask a guy
13 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by coorphitipwallreg1970 on Tue, 2012-11-13 16:35 http://p4qmvb2.one.pl/Syhl.html Proacvtiv commercial actors http://est.one.pl/Ppiy.html The tale of kiki possible -torrent http://vznl.one.pl/Rflq.html Sexy things to say while sextinf http://sf9z98o.one.pl/Yqkd.html Lyssa chapman free nude...(size: 256.0Kb)
Mundonarco decapatisiones
13 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by teuconssihrechi1988 on Tue, 2012-11-13 15:19 http://93wxu2.one.pl/Ptql.html Free wakfu zone http://mebh.one.pl/Mbes.html Angeliqueboyer feet http://zajyp.one.pl/Jjag.html Human bingo template http://7j2xi8q.one.pl/Aews.html Furry yiff tube http://dxfctcw.one.pl/Rjmq.html Pibmug 50...(size: 256.0Kb)
Thinspiration quotes
13 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by vuifengeigece1978 on Tue, 2012-11-13 14:40 http://7j2xi8q.one.pl/Dfgl.html Play packrat online http://82d6ykk.one.pl/Gkyq.html Alfaraz pottery history http://fzq8.one.pl/Xrjn.html Safeway antioch hello kitty cake http://zyoi.one.pl/Tkdj.html Family feud powerpoint template for mac...(size: 256.0Kb)
Ana brenda revista openna brenda revista open
12 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by poprapertosi1977 on Mon, 2012-11-12 16:49 http://5r4.one.pl/Ibhvd.html Jerking off hotel housekeeper http://754thl.one.pl/Bobup.html Simbolos o imagenes pin http://32o28en.one.pl/Uuecg.html Www.chut http://d54opt.one.pl/Tgqmb.html Things to put under political views...(size: 256.0Kb)
Jellyfish labeled
12 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by sonrepinfetib1978 on Mon, 2012-11-12 04:56 http://e2k.one.pl/Swkc.html Equivalent de imgsrc boys http://qou4.one.pl/Hrpm.html Channel west coast but naked http://i2j1sr.one.pl/Kpwk.html The cold one:apotamkin http://95j.one.pl/Aiow.html Largeclitorus http://k69n7sv.one.pl/Lyfo.html...(size: 256.0Kb)
Rob gucci quotes
10 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by ciachesthypnoco1989 on Sat, 2012-11-10 03:32 http://l2a6fps.one.pl/Ejykd.html Saber ultipro http://uabj.one.pl/Tiyli.html Funny 3 person plays http://fm3uqm.one.pl/Mcrwk.html Rexall pregnancy test http://05uw7vc.one.pl/Dnaon.html Letter writing to a friend after a long time...(size: 256.0Kb)
Before and after pictures of brazilian wax
09 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by ciakrisigokjue1989 on Fri, 2012-11-09 12:15 http://d5w.one.pl/Jnff.html Poemas chistosos en espanol http://kt90b.one.pl/Oygo.html Channel dudley porn videos http://hhft6t7.one.pl/Mtev.html Emoji sentencesemoji sel http://ay5qmno.one.pl/Xfxc.html Examples of about me sections...(size: 256.0Kb)
Simon rex jacking off movie
09 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by suppxyparrulep1988 on Fri, 2012-11-09 10:19 http://jbmjfw.one.pl/Igrt.html Powered by smf 2.0 how long to get shape in http://bgomo.one.pl/Ytzh.html Sexo mujeres y perros http://092fmx.one.pl/Wfyn.html Nba 2k11 flash drive my player ps3 http://zwtqb3.one.pl/Puqb.html No face in text...(size: 256.0Kb)
Lewis structure ibr2-
08 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by souditadoku1989 on Thu, 2012-11-08 14:20 http://6i93.one.pl/Zkwy.html Drag racing easy rp ipodrag racing easy rp ipod http://exzwm.one.pl/Vckz.html Post nasal drip, sore throat, sore tongue, cobblestoning throat http://bdfyml.one.pl/Jnse.html Rapper quotes 2011...(size: 256.0Kb)
| Chios Χίος |
|
|---|---|
 Satellite image of Chios |
|
| Location | |
 Chios
|
|
| Coordinates | 38°24′N 26°1′E / 38.4°N 26.017°E / 38.4; 26.017Coordinates: 38°24′N 26°1′E / 38.4°N 26.017°E / 38.4; 26.017 |
|
Location within the region
 |
|
| Government | |
| Country: | Greece |
| Region: | North Aegean |
| Regional unit: | Chios |
| Population statistics (as of 2001) | |
| Municipality | |
| - Population: | 51,936 |
| - Area: | 842.5 km2 (325 sq mi) |
| - Density: | 62 /km2 (160 /sq mi) |
| Other | |
| Time zone: | EET/EEST (UTC+2/3) |
| Elevation (min-max): | 0–1,297 m (0–4255 ft) |
| Postal code: | 82x xx |
| Telephone: | 227x0 |
| Auto: | ΧΙ |
| Website | |
| www.chios.gr | |
Chios (Greek: Χίος, pronounced [ˈçios]; alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea, seven kilometres (five miles) off the Asia Minor coast. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. The island is noted for its strong merchant shipping community, its unique mastic gum and its medieval villages. The 11th century monastery of “Nea Moni”, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located on the island.
Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Chios regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Chios (town).[1] Locals refer to Chios town as "Chora" ("Χώρα" literally means land or country, but usually refers to the capital or a settlement at the highest point of a Greek island).
Contents |
Geography[link]
Chios island is approximately crescent or kidney shaped, 50 kilometres (31 mi) long from north to south, 29 kilometres (18 mi) at its widest, and covers an area of 842 square kilometres (325 sq mi). The terrain is principally mountainous and arid, with a ridge of mountains running through the spine of the island. The largest of these, "Pelineon" (1,297 metres (4,255 ft)) and "Epos" (1,188 metres (3,898 ft)), are situated in the north of the island. The centre of the island is divided between east and west by a range of smaller peaks, known as "Provatas".
Regions[link]
Chios can be classified into five regions:
East coast[link]
File:Chios-town.jpg
Chios (town)
Midway up the east coast lies the main population centres, the main town of Chios and the regions of Vrontados and Kambos. Chios Town, with a population of 32,400, is built around the island's main harbour and medieval castle. The current castle, with a perimeter of 1400 m, was principally constructed during the time of Venetian and Ottoman rule; although remains have been found dating settlements there back to 2000 B.C. The town was substantially damaged by an earthquake in 1881 and only partially retains its original character.
North of Chios Town lies the large suburb of Vrontados (population 4,500), which lays claim as the birthplace of Homer. The suburb lies in the Omiroupoli municipality, and its connection to the poet is supported by an archaeological site known traditionally as "Teacher's Rock" (Δασκαλóπετρα).
Directly south of Chios Town lies the island's airport and the region of Kambos (Κάμπος, "plain"), a large fertile plain noted for its stone mansions and walled orchards. At the southern edge of the Kambos plain lies the town of Thymiana (Θυμιανά). Thymiana is noted as the sole source of a beige-burgundy two-tone sandstone used both in the local mansions and much of the town itself. Inland lie a number of villages rising up into the central mountains culminating with the village of Ayios Georgios Sykoussis perched at the peak dividing east from west. Along the coast lies Karfas (Καρφάς), a large sandy beach, which along with the nearby village of Ayia Ermioni (Άγια Ερμιόνη) is now the main tourist centre with a number of large and small hotels.
Southern region[link]
The south of the island is noted for the Mastichochoria (Μαστιχοχώρια, literally: Mastic Villages), the seven villages of Mesta (Μεστά), Pyrgi (Πυργί), Olυmpi (Ολύμποι), Kalamoti (Καλαμωτń), Vessa (Βέσσα), Lithi (Λιθί) and Elata (Ελάτα), which together have controlled the production of mastic gum in the area since the Roman period. The villages, built between the 14th and 16th centuries, have a carefully designed layout with fortified gates and narrow streets to protect against the frequent raids by marauding pirates. Between Chios Town and the Mastichochoria lie a large number of historic villages including Armolia (Αρμόλια), Myrmighi (Μυρμήγκι), and Kalimassia (Καλλιμασιά). Along the east coast are the fishing villages of Kataraktis (Καταρράκτης) and to the south Nenita (Νένητα).
The south coast is sparsely populated with only two populated areas; the modern bay of Komi and the ancient village of "Emporio", inhabited since 1800 BC, and the site of the black volcanic beach of "Mavra Volia" believed to have been created by the explosion of Santorini island in 1600 BC.
West coast[link]
The west coast, between the deep natural harbour of Limenas at the south and the town of Vrontados at the north, forms a crescent shaped series of almost uninhabited rocky bays. The nearest population centres being the two hillside villages of Lithi and Sidirounta, while further inland lie the villages of Elata, Vessa, Agio Giorgi, Avgonyma and the deserted village of Anavatos. On the west coast there still stands a system of stone beacons that were built at regular intervals to signal the approach of ships and warning the islanders against invasions by pirates.
Northern region[link]
The north of the island contains two major villages: Volissos on the west coast, and Kardamyla on the east. Further to the north, are three villages where cherries are grown—Amades, Viki and Kambia. In June Kambia holds an annual Cherry Festival—"Yiortí ton Kerrasión". Kambia holds several festivals during the summer months. Also located in the northern region is the island's tallest mountain, Mount Pelineon, at 1,297 metres (4,255 ft).
Spartounda and Fyta are a few miles before Kambia. In the village of Fyta stands a watchtower dating back to the late 16th century, the time of the Genoese occupation. Spartounda is the highest village of the island.
The village of Kourounia lies 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Volissos in the northwestern part of the island. Next to Kourounia is the village of Egrigoros.
Interior[link]
.jpg)
Directly in the centre of the island, between the villages of Avgonyma to the west and Karyes to the east, lies the 11th century monastery of Nea Moni, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The monastery was lavishly built with funds gifted by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX, after three monks, living in caves nearby, had petitioned him while he was in exile on the island of Mytilene. The monastery had substantial estates attached, with a thriving community until the massacre of 1822. It was further damaged during the 1881 earthquake.[2] In 1952, due to the shortage of monks, Nea Moni was converted to a convent.
Further south is the region of Kambochoria. This is a collection of medieval villages (Halkios, Vavili, Vassileoniko, Ververato, Dafnonas, and Zifias) with a combined population of about 3,000 and an agricultural economy. In this region grows four varieties of wild tulips.
West of the Kambochoria on the central ridge of the island lies the 16th century village of Agios Geórgios Sikousis. The village is situated 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level, strategically overlooks both sides of the island, and was previously fortified with both wall and tower.
Geology[link]
The Chios Basin is a hydrographic sub-unit of the Aegean Sea adjacent to the island of Chios.[3]
Climate[link]
The island's climate is warm and moderate, categorised as Temperate, Mediterranean(Csa), with modest variation due to the stabilising effect of the surrounding sea. Average temperatures normally range from a summer high of 27 °C (81 °F) to a winter low of 11 °C (52 °F) in January, although, temperatures of over 40 °C (104 °F) or below freezing can sometimes be encountered.
Rainfall while usually plentiful, varies greatly both throughout the year and between years. Rain is rare during the summer months, but the winters are changeable and wet. Sunshine is plentiful, as is typical of the Eastern Mediterranean, with almost no cloud cover in the summer months. Average humidity varies from 75% in winter to 60% in summer.
The island normally experiences steady breezes (average 3–5 m/s) throughout the year, with winds direction predominantly northerly ("Etesian" Wind—locally called the "Meltemi") or south westerly (Sirocco).
| Climate data for Chios, Greece | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 11 (52) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
17 (63) |
22 (72) |
26 (79) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
25 (77) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
13 (55) |
19.2 (66.5) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 5 (41) |
5 (41) |
6 (43) |
9 (48) |
13 (55) |
17 (63) |
19 (66) |
19 (66) |
16 (61) |
12 (54) |
9 (48) |
6 (43) |
11.3 (52.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 100 (3.94) |
78 (3.07) |
61 (2.4) |
44 (1.73) |
24 (0.94) |
4 (0.16) |
1 (0.04) |
0 (0) |
8 (0.31) |
23 (0.91) |
55 (2.17) |
122 (4.8) |
520 (20.47) |
| Source: www.weather-to-travel.com[4] | |||||||||||||
History[link]
File:Chios by Piri Reis Rotated.jpg
16th-century map of Chios by Piri Reis
Etymology[link]
Known as "Ofioussa" (having snakes) and "Pityoussa" (having pine trees) in antiquity, during the medieval age the island was ruled by a number of external powers and has been also known as Scio (Genoese), Chio (Italian) and Sakız (صاقيز —Ottoman Turkish). The capital has also been called "Castro" or "Kastron" (Καστρον; meaning castle).
Pre-historic period[link]
Archaeological research on Chios has found evidence that the island has been inhabited since at least the Neolithic era. The primary sites of research for this period, have been cave dwellings at Hagio(n) Galas, in the north, and a settlement and accompanying necropolis in modern-day Emporeio at the far south of the island. The lack of information on this period however, cannot be overstated and theories on the size and duration of these settlements have not been well established.
The British School of Athens excavated the Emporeio site in 1952–1955, and most of our current information comes from these digs.[5] The Greek Archaeological Service (G.A.S.) has been excavating periodically on Chios since 1970, though much of their work on the island remains unpublished.
The noticeable uniformity in the size of houses at Emporeio is what primarily drives scholar's theory that there may have been no serious social distinction during the Neolithic on the island, the inhabitants instead all benefiting from agricultural and livestock farming.[6]
It is also widely held by scholars that the island was not occupied by humans during the Middle Bronze Age (2300–1600), though researchers have suggested recently that the lack of evidence that exists during this period may only demonstrate the lack of excavations on Chios and the northern Aegean.[7]
By at least the 11th century BC the island was ruled by a kingdom/chiefdom, and the subsequent transition to aristocratic (or possibly tyrannic) rule occurred sometime over the next four centuries. Future excavations may reveal more information about this period.[8] 9th-century Euboean and Cypriote presence on the island is attested by ceramics, while a Phoenician presence is noted at Erythrae, the traditional competitor of Chios on the mainland.[9]
Archaic and Classical periods[link]
Pherecydes, native to the Aegean, wrote that the island was occupied by the Leleges,[10] aboriginal Greeks themselves reported to be subject to the Minoans on Crete.[11] They were eventually driven out by invading Ionians.
Chios was one of the original twelve member states of the Ionian League. As a result, Chios, at the end of the 7th century BC,[12] was one of the first cities to strike or mint coins, establishing the sphinx as its specific symbol. It maintained this tradition for almost 900 years.
In the 6th century BC Chios’ government developed democratic elements with a voting assembly and people’s magistrates called damarchoi.[13]
In 546 BC Chios became subject to the Persian Empire.[13] Chios joined the Ionian Revolt against the Persians in 499 BC. The naval power of Chios during this period is demonstrated by the fact that the Chians had the largest fleet of all the Ionians at the Battle of Lade in 494 BC (100 ships). At Lade the Chian fleet continued doggedly fighting the Persian fleet even after the defection of the Samians and others but ultimately the Chians were forced to retreat and were again subject to Persian domination.[14]
The defeat of Persia at the Battle of Mycale in 479 BC meant the liberation of Chios from Persian rule. When the Athenians formed the Delian League Chios joined as one of the few members who did not have to pay tribute but instead supplied ships to the alliance.[15]
By the fifth to 4th centuries BC, the island had grown to an estimated population of over 120,000 (two to three times the estimated population in 2005), and based on the huge necropoli at the main city of Chios, the asty, it is thought the majority lived in that area.[16]
In 412 BC during the Peloponnesian War Chios revolted against Athens and the Athenians besieged Chios. Relief only came the following year when the Spartans were able to raise the siege. In the 4th century BC Chios was a member of the Second Athenian Empire but revolted against Athens during the Social War (357–355 BC) and Chios became independent again until the rise of Macedonia.
Hellenistic period[link]
File:Modern Chios sphinx.jpg
Reproduction of Sphinx (emblem of Chios)
In the decades immediately preceding Macedon's domination of the Greek city-states, Chios was home to a school of rhetoric which Isocrates had opened,[17] as well as a faction aligned with Sparta. After the Battle of Leuctra, supporters of the Lacedaemonians were exiled. Among the exiled were Damasistratus and his son Theopompus, who had received instruction from the school and went on to study with Isocrates in Athens before becoming a historian.[citation needed]
Theopompus moved back to Chios with the other exiles in 333 BC after Alexander had invaded Asia Minor and decreed their return,[18] as well as the exile or trial of Persian supporters on the island. Theopompus was exiled again sometime after Alexander's death and took refuge in Egypt.[19]
During this period, the island also had become the largest exporter of Greek wine, which was noted for being of relative high quality (see Chian wine). Chian amphoras, with a characteristic sphinx emblem and bunches of grape have been found in nearly every country that the ancient Greeks traded with from as far away as Gaul, Upper Egypt and Eastern Russia.[20]
Roman period[link]
During the Third Macedonian War, thirty-five vessels allied to Rome, carrying about 1,000 Galatian troops, as well as a number of horses, were sent by Eumenes II to his brother Attalus.
Leaving from Elaea, they were headed to the harbour of Phanae, planning to disembark from there to Macedonia. However, Perseus's naval commander Antenor intercepted the fleet between Erythrae (on the Western coast of Turkey) and Chios.
According to Livy,[21] they were caught completely off-guard by Antenor. Eumenes' officers at first thought the intercepting fleet were friendly Romans, but scattered upon realizing they were facing an attack by their Macedonian enemy, some choosing to abandon ship and swim to Erythrae. Others, crashing their ships into land on Chios, fled toward the city.
The Chians however closed their gates, startled at the calamity. And the Macedonians, who had docked closer to the city anyway, cut the rest of the fleet off outside the city gates, and on the road leading to the city. Of the 1,000 men, 800 were killed, 200 taken prisoner.'
After the Roman conquest Chios became part of the province of Asia.
Middle Ages[link]
Further information: Aegean Sea (theme) and Samos (theme)
After the permanent division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, Chios was for six centuries part of the Byzantine Empire. This came to an end when the island was briefly held (1090–97) by Tzachas, a Turkish emir in the region of Smyrna during the first expansion of the Turks to the Aegean coast.[22] However, the Turks were driven back from the Aegean coast by the First Crusade, and the island reverted to Byzantine rule.
This relative stability was ended by the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade (1204) and during the turmoil of the 13th century the island ownership was constantly affected by the regional power struggles.
After the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine empire was divided up by the Latin emperors of Constantinople, with Chios nominally becoming a possession of the Republic of Venice. However, defeats for the Latin empire resulted in the island reverting to Byzantine rule in 1225.
Genoese period (1261–1566)[link]
The Byzantine rulers had little influence and through the Treaty of Nymphaeum, authority was ceded to the Republic of Genoa (1261).[23] At this time the island was frequently attacked by pirates and by 1302–1303 was a target for the renewed Turkish fleets. To prevent Turkish expansion, the island was reconquered and kept as a renewable concession, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II, by the Genovese Benedetto I Zaccaria (1304), then admiral to Philip of France. Zaccaria installed himself as ruler of the island, in the short-lived Lordship of Chios. His rule was benign and effective rule remained in the hands of the local Greek landowners. Beneto Zacharia was followed by his nephew (Benedetto II) and then son (Martino). They attempted to turn the island towards the Latin and Papal powers, and away from the predominant Byzantine influence. The locals, still loyal to the Byzantine Empire, responded to a letter from the emperor and, despite a standing army of a thousand infantrymen, a hundred cavalrymen and two galleys, expelled the Zacharia family from the island (1329) and dissolved the fiefdom.[24]
Local rule was brief. In 1346, a Chartered company or Maona (the "Maona di Chio e di Focea") was set up in Genoa to reconquer and exploit Chios and the neighbouring town of Phocaea in Asia Minor. Although the islanders firmly rejected an initial offer of protection, the island was invaded by a Genoese Fleet, led by Simone Vignoso, and the castle besieged. Again rule was transferred peacefully, as on 12 September the castle was surrendered and a treaty signed with no loss of privileges to the local landowners as long as the new authority was accepted.
The Genoese, being interested in profit rather than conquest, controlled the trade-posts and warehouses, in particular the trade of mastic, alum, salt and pitch. Other trades such as grain, wine oil and cloth and most professions were run jointly with the locals. After a failed uprising in 1347, and being heavily outnumbered (less than 10% of the population in 1395), the Latins maintained light control over the local population, remaining largely in the town and allowing full religious freedom. In this way the island remained under Genoese control for two centuries. By 1566, when Genoa lost Chios to the Ottoman Empire, there were 12.000 Greeks and 2.500 Genoese (or 20% of the total population) in the island.[25]
By the early 15th century, Asia Minor and the surrounding islands had fallen under Ottoman rule, however the Genoese families managed to maintain control over the island through the payment of a tribute to the Sultan. By the 16th century, as Genoese power waned, trade with Genoa had decreased and the local rulers become assimilated into the local population.
This largely independent rule of Genoese families continued until 1566, when, with tensions rising, the Sultan decided that the island could potentially be used as a base for Western attacks on Constantinople. The island was invaded by Ottoman troops and absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, Greek Phanariotes gradually replaced these Genoese families as a protectorate of Chios and maintained relative autonomy despite the Ottoman occupation.[citation needed]
Ottoman period[link]
During the Ottoman rule, the government and tax gathering again remained in the hands of Greeks and the Turkish garrison was small and inconspicuous.[26]
As well as the Latin and Turkish influx, documents record a small Jewish population from at least 1049 AD.[27] The original Greek (Romaniote) Jews, thought to have been brought over by the Romans, were later joined by Sephardic Jews welcomed by the Ottomans during the Iberian expulsions of the 15th century.
The mainstay of the island's famous wealth was the mastic crop. Chios was able to make a substantial contribution to the imperial treasury while at the same time maintaining only a light level of taxation. The Ottoman government regarded it as one of the most valuable provinces of the Empire.[28]
Modern period[link]
When the Greek War of Independence broke out, the island's leaders were reluctant to join the revolutionaries, fearing the loss of their security and prosperity. However, in March 1822, several hundred armed Greeks from the neighbouring island of Samos landed in Chios. They proclaimed the Revolution and launched attacks against the Turks, at which point islanders decided to join the struggle.
Ottomans landed a large force on the island consequently and put down the rebellion. The Ottoman massacre of Chios expelled, killed, or enslaved five sixths of the 120,000 Greek inhabitants of the island.[29] It wiped out whole villages, and affected the valuable Mastichochoria, the mastic growing villages in the south of the island. It triggered negative public reaction in Western Europe, as can be seen in the art of Delacroix, and in the writing of Lord Byron and Victor Hugo.
Further misfortune struck the island in 1881, when an earthquake, estimated as 6.5 on the moment magnitude scale, damaged a large portion of the island's buildings and resulted in great loss of life (reports of the time spoke of 5,500–10,000 fatalities).[30]
Chios rejoined the rest of independent Greece after the First Balkan War (1912). The Greek Navy liberated Chios in November 1912 in a hard fought but brief amphibious operation. Turkey recognized Greece's annexation of Chios and the other Aegean islands by the London Treaty of 1913.
It was affected by the population exchanges after the Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, the incoming Greek refugees settling in Kastro (previously Turkish) and in new settlements hurriedly built south of Chios Town.
During World War II, the island was occupied by the Germans (1941–44), resulting in severe deprivation for the inhabitants. In 1943, the local government warned the dozen Jewish families residing in Chios that the Gestapo had orders to arrest them all and take them to Germany. Some families heeded the warning and were smuggled off of the island. The remainder were taken by the Gestapo and nothing more is known of their fate. (Most of the Jews had fled the island during the Turkish attack of 1822, and subsequent earthquake 1881.)
Today, the island has perhaps the highest per capita income of any "nomos" (prefecturate) of Greece thanks to the fact the Chians own roughly fifty percent of the Greek merchant marine or about 12% of the world's merchant marine and to the presence of large Chian communities in New York and London which maintain strong ties with the island.[citation needed] Tourism, other than visiting diaspora Chians, is a negligible factor in the island's economy. Chios is home to a Greek ship-owning fraternity, including the families of Livanos and Chandris, who were from the island.[citation needed]
Demographics[link]
According to the 2001 census, Chios has a permanent resident population of 51,936.[citation needed]
Government[link]
The present municipality Chios was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 8 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[1]
Economy[link]
Tourism[link]
During Orthodox Christian celebrations and the summer season, a twofold increase is not unusual for the island's inhabitants.[citation needed] The Chora and Karfas attract the most tourists.[citation needed] The islands peak tourist season is in July–August.[citation needed]
Commerce[link]
The local merchant shipping community transports several locally grown products including mastic, olives, figs, wine, mandarins and cherries.
Landmarks[link]
- Nea Moni is a monastery with fine mosaics from Constantine IX's reign and a World Heritage Site.[31]
- Castle of Chios
- Chios Byzantine Museum
- Archaeological Museum of Chios
- The town of Vrontados is home to a unique Easter celebration, where competing teams of locals gather at the town's two (rival) churches to fire tens of thousands of homemade rockets at the other church's bell tower while the Easter service is going on inside the churches, in what has become known as rouketopolemos ("the Easter church war").[citation needed]
- There is reportedly a "small country church" on Chios that has a family memorial which lists 14 generations of a family, starting at the fifth century BC and going back to the tenth century BC, before there were any written records in Greece.[32]
Town twins[link]
Chios has been twinned with the city of Genoa, Italy 
since 1985.[33]
Notable natives and inhabitants[link]
- Archermus (6th century BC) sculptor
- Athenis (6th century BC) sculptor
- Bupalus (6th century BC) sculptor
- Glaucus of Chios (7th–6th century BC) early welder; credited by Herodotus with inventing "the art of welding" (Histories, 1.25)
- Homer (8th century BC) poet
- Ion of Chios (c.490–c.420 BC) writer of prose and poetry, historian and philosopher.
- Oenopides (c.490–c.420 BC) mathematician and geometer.
- Theopompus of Chios (378–ca.320) rhetorical historian,[34]
- Erasistratus of Chios (304–250 BC) pioneering anatomist, royal physician and founder of the ancient medical school of Alexandria, who discovered the linking between organs through the systems of veins, arteries and nerves.[35]
- Aristo of Chios (c. 260 BC) Stoic philosopher
- Jani Christou (1926–1970) composer.
- Some claim Chios is Christopher Columbus's birthplace.[36] Columbus himself said he was from the Republic of Genoa, which included the island of Chios at the time. Columbus was friendly with a number of Chian Genoese families, referenced Chios in his writings and used the Greek language for some of his notes.[37] 'Columbus' remains a common surname on Chios. Other common Greek spellings are: Kouloumbis and Couloumbis.
- Andrea Bianco, 15th century Genoese cartographer resided on Chios.
- Ralli Brothers founders of major 19th century trading enterprise.
- Andreas Papandreou (1919–1996) politician, Prime Minister of Greece
- Mikis Theodorakis (1925) composer
- Stamatios Krimigis (1938) scientist
- Takis Fotopoulos (1940) political writer
- Dimitris Varos (1949) author, poet, journalist
- Patriarch Constantine V of Constantinople (1856)
- Ibrahim Edhem Pasha 19th century Ottoman Grand Vizier was born on Chios
- Osman Hamdi Bey Ottoman Painter, Archeologist
- Namık Kemal, one of the principal founders of modern Turkish literature, served as a sub-prefect (exiled in practical terms) of Chios from 1886 to his death on the island in 1888.
- Leo Allatius (Leone Allacci), (c.1586–1669) Greek Catholic scholar and theologian.
- Matthew Mirones, New York politician
- Adamantios Vassilakis, diplomat
- Stavros Livanos, Shipping Magnate
- Stamatios Krimigis, NASA Space Scientist
- Patriarch Diodoros of Jerusalem, Patriarch of Jerusalem 1981 – 2000
- Michel Emmanuel Rodocanachi (1821–1901) trader and banker of London.
- Mark Palios (Chios heritage) Former professional footballer and former Chief Executive of the English Football Association
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (Greek)
- ^ 1881 Earthquake
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Aegean Sea. Eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
- ^ "Chios". July 2011. http://weather-to-travel.com/climate-guides/index.php?destination=chios. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ Boardman, John Excavations in Chios, 1952–1955: Greek Emporio (London : British School of Archaeology at Athens; Thames and Hudson, 1967), cf. also Hood, Sinclair Excavations in Chios, 1938–1955: prehistoric Emporio and Ayio Gala (London : British School of Archaeology at Athens: Thames and Hudson, 1981–) ISBN 0-500-96017-8
- ^ Merouses, Nikos Chios. Physiko periballon & katoikese apo te neolithike epoche mechri to telos tes archaiothtas. (Chios. Natural Environment & Habitation from the Neolithic Age to the end of Antiquity) pg. 80. Papyros, 2002
- ^ Merouses 2002 ch. 4
- ^ Merouses 2002 ch. 5, sect. 1
- ^ I.S. Lemos, The Protogeometric Aegean 2002:240, and Euboean ceramics in the Archeological Museum, noted by Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, 2008:60 note 59.
- ^ Strabo 14.1.3
- ^ Herodotus 1.171
- ^ Agelarakis A., "Analyses of Cremated Human Skeletal Remains Dating to the Seventh Century BC, Chios, Greece". Horos: Ena Archaeognostiko Periodiko 4 (1986): 145–153.
- ^ a b Grant, Michael (1989). The Classical Greeks. Guild Publishing London. p.149
- ^ Herodotus, The Histories IV.15
- ^ Thucydides, Peloponnesian War 3.10.
- ^ Merouses 2002 ch. 5, sect. 3
- ^ Cicero, De Oratore, 2, 13.22
- ^ A translation of the decree can be viewed online
- ^ Anthon, Charles A Manual of Greek Literature, p.251, 1853
- ^ Hugh Johnson, Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 41. Simon and Schuster 1989
- ^ Livy, 44.28
- ^ Brownworth, Lars (2009) Lost to the West: The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization, Crown Publishers, ISBN 978-0-307-40795-5: "…the Muslims captured Ephesus in 1090 and spread out to the Greek islands. Chios, Rhodes, and Lesbos fell in quick succession." p. 233.
- ^ William Miller, "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios. (1275–1329.)" The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 31, 1911 (1911), pp. 42–55; doi:10.2307/624735.
- ^ Arbel, Benjamin, Bernard Hamilton, and David Jacob. Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204. ISBN 0-7146-3372-0.
- ^ Chios History
- ^ William St. Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free, The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1972, p.79. ISBN 0-19-215194-0.
- ^ "The Sephardic Community of Chios". Sephardicstudies.org. http://www.sephardicstudies.org/chios.html. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ William St. Clair, p. 79
- ^ Hellenic Genocide Events retrieved 19 May 2008
- ^ Altinok, Y.; Alpar B., Özer N. & Gazioglu C. (2005). "1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5: 717–725. DOI:10.5194/nhess-5-717-2005. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/92/70/PDF/nhess-5-717-2005.pdf. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Wood, Michael (1998). In Search of the Trojan War. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: Univ of CA Press. ISBN 0-520-21599-0.
- ^ Municipality of Genoa – Homepage.
- ^ Jona Lendering. "Theopompus of Chios". Livius.org. http://www.livius.org/th/theopompus/theopompus.html. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=7lYr4B1Rny8C&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=Erasistratus+of+Chios+(304-250+BCE)&source=web&ots=owAUuwAuOP&sig=A_zTZTySCr1bdKCoiOg7DZYmmew
- ^ A New Theory Clarifying the Identity OF Christopher Columbus: A Byzantine Prince from Chios, Greece. by Ruth G Durlacher-Wolper 1982(Published by The New World Museum, San Salvador, Bahamas)
- ^ [2]
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chios |
- Official Chios website—operated by Chios Prefecture (including tourist guide)
- Chios on wikitravel—All travel related links should go there
- Chios Photo Gallery
- (Greek)/(English) History of Chios
- Chios – in ancient sources @ attalus.org
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
|
|||||
http://wn.com/Chios
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Chio (isola)
http://cs.wn.com/Chios
http://id.wn.com/Khios
http://es.wn.com/Isla de Quíos
http://ru.wn.com/Хиос
http://nl.wn.com/Chios (eiland)
http://pl.wn.com/Chios
http://fr.wn.com/Chios
http://de.wn.com/Chios
http://pt.wn.com/Quios
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Mikis Theodorakis (Μίκης Θεοδωράκης) |
|
|---|---|
 Mikis Theodorakis in 2004 |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1925-07-29) July 29, 1925 (age 86) Chios, Greece |
| Genres | 20th century classical Greek music |
| Years active | 1943-present |
| Labels | Paredon Records Folkways Records |
| Website | http://www.mikis-theodorakis.net |
Michael "Mikis" Theodorakis (Greek: Μίκης Θεοδωράκης, pronounced [ˈmicis θeoðoˈracis]) (born July 29, 1925) is a Greek songwriter and famous composer[1]. He scored for the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973). He is viewed as Greece's best-known living composer.[2]
Politically, he identified with the left until the late 1980s; in 1989, he ran as an independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in order for the country to come out of the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou[3] and helped to establish a large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists. In 1990 he was elected to the parliament (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations between Greece and Turkey. He continues to speak out in favor of left-liberal causes, Greek-Turkish-Cypriot relations, and against the War in Iraq.[4][5] He has consistently opposed oppressive regimes and was the key voice against the Greek junta 1967-1974, which imprisoned him.[6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early years[link]
Mikis Theodorakis was born on the Greek island of Chios and spent his childhood years in different provincial Greek cities such as Mytilene, Cephallonia, Patras, Pyrgos and Tripoli. His father, a lawyer and a civil servant was from Galata (Crete) and his mother from Cesme (Asia Minor).
Theodorakis's fascination with music began in early childhood; he taught himself to write his first songs without access to musical instruments. In Patras[7] and Pyrgos[8] he took his first music lessons, and in Tripoli, Peloponnese,[9] he gave his first concert at the age of seventeen.
He went to Athens in 1943, and became a member of a Reserve Unit of ELAS.[10] During the Greek Civil War, he was arrested, sent into exile on the island of Icaria[11] and then deported to the island of Makronisos, where he was tortured and twice buried alive.[12]
During the periods when he was not obliged to hide, not exiled or jailed, he studied from 1943 to 1950 at the Athens Conservatoire under Filoktitis Economidis,.[13] In 1950, he finished his studies and took his last two exams "with flying colours".[14] He went to Crete, where he became the "head of the Chania Music School" and founded his first orchestra.[15] At this time he ended what he has called the first period of his musical writing.
Studies in Paris[link]
In 1954 he travelled with his young wife Myrto Altinoglou to Paris where he entered the Conservatory and studied musical analysis under Olivier Messiaen[16] and conducting under Eugene Bigot.[17] His time in Paris, 1954–1959, was his second period of musical writing and a time of intense artistic creation.
His symphonic works: a Piano concerto, his first suite, his first symphony, and his scores for the ballet: Greek Carnival, Le Feu aux Poudres, Les Amants de Teruel, received international acclaim. In 1957, he won the Gold Medal in the Moscow Music Festival; President of the Jury was Dmitri Shostakovitch. In 1959, after the successful performances of Theodorakis's ballet Antigone at Covent Garden in London, the French composer Darius Milhaud proposed him for the American Copley Music Prize - an award of the "William and Noma Copley Foundation",[18] which later changed its name to "Cassandra Foundation" - as the "Best European Composer of the Year". His first international scores for the film Ill Met by Moonlight and Luna de Miel, directors: Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, were also very successful: The Honeymoon title song became part of the repertoire of The Beatles.
Notable works up to 1960[link]
- Chamber Music: Four String Quartets; Trio four piano, violin, cello; Little Suite for piano; Sonatina for piano; Sonatinas No.1 and No.2 for violin and piano;
- Symphonic music: Assi-Gonia (symphonic movement; Piano Concerto "Helicon"; Symphony No.1 (Proti Simfonia); Suites n° 1, 2 et 3 for orchestre; La Vie et la Mort / Live and Death (for voice and strings); Œdipus Tyrannos (for strings; later for quartet and symphony orchestra); Piano Concerto;
- Ballets: Greek Carnival; Le Feu aux Poudres; Les Amants de Teruel; Antigone;
- Filmscores: The Barefoot Battalion (Greg Tallas); Ill Met by Moonlight and Honeymoon (Powell and Pressburger); Faces in the Dark (David Eady).
Back to Greek roots[link]
In 1960, Theodorakis returned to Greece and his roots in genuine Greek music: With his song cycle Epitaphios he started the third period of his composing and contributed to a cultural revolution in his country.[19] His most significant and influential works are based Greek and world poetry – Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis), Little Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Axion Esti (Odysseas Elytis), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), and Romancero Gitano (Federico García Lorca) – he attempted to give back to Greek music a dignity which in his perception it had lost. He developed his concept of "metasymphonic music" (symphonic compositions that go beyond the "classical" status and mix symphonic elements with popular songs, Western symphonic orchestra and Greek popular instruments).
He founded the Little Orchestra of Athens and the Musical Society of Piraeus, gave many, many concerts all around Greece and abroad... and he naturally became involved in the politics of his home country. After the assassination of Gregoris Lambrakis in May 1963 he founded the Lambrakis Democratic Youth ("Lambrakidès") and was elected its president.[20] Under Theodorakis's impetus, it started a vast cultural renaissance movement and became the greatest political organisation in Greece with more than 50.000 members.[21] Following the 1964 elections, Theodorakis became a member of the Greek Parliament, associated with the left-wing party EDA. Because of his political ideas, the composer was black-listed by the cultural establishment; at the time of his biggest artistic glory, a large number of his songs were censored-before-studio or were not allowed on the radio stations.[22]
During 1964, he wrote the music for the Michael Cacoyiannis film Zorba the Greek, whose main theme, since then, exists as a trademark for Greece. It is also known as 'Syrtaki dance'; inspired from old Cretan traditional dances.
Main works of this period[link]
- Song cycles: Epitaphios (Yannis Ritsos); Archipelagos (Songs of the Islands), Politia A & B (Songs of the City), Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize 1963), Mikres Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Chrysoprasino Fyllo (Golden-green leaf), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), Thalassina Feggaria (Moons of the Sea)
- Oratorio: To Axion Esti[23] (Odysseas Elytis, Nobel Prize 1979), cf. Theodorakis on Axion Esti[24]
- Music for the Stage: The Hostage (Brendan Behan); Ballad of the Dead Brother (Theodorakis); Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City); Maghiki Poli (Magical City); I Gitonia ton Angelon(The Angels' Quarter, Iakovos Kambanellis)
- Film scores: Phaedra (Jules Dassin), The Lovers of Teruel (Raymond Rouleau), Five Miles to Midnight (Anatole Litvak), Electra and Zorba the Greek (Michalis Cacoyannis), To Nisi tis Afroditis (Harilaos Papadopoulos)
During the dictatorship[link]
On 21 April 1967 a right wing junta (the Regime of the Colonels) took power in a putsch. Theodorakis went underground and founded the "Patriotic Front" (PAM). On 1 June, the Colonels published "Army decree No 13", which banned playing, and even listening to his music. Theodorakis himself was arrested on 21 August,[25] and jailed for five months. Following his release end of January 1968, he was banished in August to Zatouna with his wife Myrto and their two children, Margarita and Yorgos.[26] Later he was interned in the concentration camp of Oropos.[27] An international solidarity movement, headed by such personalities as Dmitri Shostakovich, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Miller, and Harry Belafonte demanded to get Theodorakis freed. On request of the French politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Theodorakis was allowed to go into exile to Paris on 13 April 1970. Theodorakis's flight left very secretly from an Onassis owned private airport outside Athens. Theodorakis arrived at Le Bourget Airport where he met Costa Gavras, Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin. Theodorakis was immediately hospitalized because he suffered from lung tuberculosis.[28] Myrto Theodorakis, Mikis's wife and two children joined him a week later in France. They arrived from Greece to France via Italy on a boat.[29]
Main works under the dictatorship[link]
- Song cycles: Ta Laïka (The Popular Songs, Manos Elefteriou);[30] O Ilios ke o Chronos (Sun and Time, Theodorakis); Songs for Andreas (Theodorakis); Arcadies I-X; Nichta Thanatou (Nights of Death, Manos Elefteriou);
- Oratorios: Ephiphania Averoff Giorgos Seferis, State of Siege (Marina = Rena Hadjidakis), March of the Spirit (Angelos Sikelianos), Raven (Giorgos Seferis, after Edgar Allan Poe);
- Film score: Z (Costa-Gavras).
Resistance in exile[link]
While in exile, Theodorakis fought during four years for the overthrow of the colonels. He started his world tours and gave thousands of concerts on all continents as part of his struggle for the restoration of democracy in Greece.
He met Pablo Neruda and Salvador Allende and promised them to compose his version of Neruda's Canto General. He was received by Gamal Abdel Nasser and Tito, Yigal Allon and Yasser Arafat, while François Mitterrand,[31] Olof Palme and Willy Brandt became his friends. For millions of people, Theodorakis was the symbol of resistance against the Greek dictatorship.[32]
Main works written in exile[link]
1. Song cycles: 18 lianotragouda tis pikris patridas (18 Short Songs of the Bitter Land, Yiannis Ritsos), Ballades (Manolis Anagnostakis), Tis exorias (Songs of the Exile)
2. Oratorio: Canto General (Pablo Neruda)
3. Film scores: The Trojan Women (M. Cacoyannis); State of Siege (Costa-Gavras); Serpico (Sydney Lumet)
Return to Greece[link]
After the fall of the Colonels, Mikis Theodorakis returned to Greece on 24 July 1974 to continue his work and his concert tours, both in Greece and abroad.[33] At the same time he participated in public affairs. In 1978, through his article For a United Left Wing, he had "stirred up the Greek political life. His proposal for the unification of the three parties of the former United Left – which had grown out of the National Liberation Front (N.L.F.) – had been accepted by the Greek Communist Party which later proposed him as the candidate for mayor of Athens during the 1978 elections." (Andreas Brandes)[34] He was later elected several times to the Greek Parliament (1981–1986 and 1989–1993) and for two years, from 1990 to 1992, he was a minister in the government of Constantine Mitsotakis. After his resignation as a member of Greek parliament, he was appointed General Musical Director of the Choir and the two Orchestras of the Hellenic State Radio (ERT),[disambiguation needed 
] which he reorganised and with which he undertook successful concert tours abroad.[35]
He is committed to heightening international awareness of human rights, of environmental issues, and of the need for peace and for this reason he initiated, together with the Turkish author, musician, singer, and filmmaker Zülfü Livaneli,[36] the Greek–Turkish Friendship Society.[37]
From 1981, Theodorakis had started the fourth period of his musical writing, during which he returned to the symphonic music, while still going on to compose song-cycles. His most significant works written in these years are his Second, Third, Fourth and Seventh Symphony, most of them being first performed in the former German Democratic Republic between 1982 and 1989. It was during this period that he received the Lenin Peace Prize. He composed his first opera Kostas Kariotakis (The Metamorphoses of Dionysus) and the ballet Zorba the Greek, premièred in the Arena of Verona during the Festival Verona 1988. During this period, he also wrote the five volumes of his autobiography: The Ways of the Archangel (Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου).
In 1989, he started the fifth period, the last, of his musical writing: He composed three operas (lyric tragedies) Medea, first performed in Bilbao (1 October 1991), Elektra,[disambiguation needed ] first performed in Luxembourg (2 May 1995) and Antigone, first performed in Athens' Megaron Moussikis (7 October 1999). This trilogy was complemented by his last opera Lysistrata, first performed in Athens (14 April 2002): a call for peace... With his operas, and with his song cycles from 1974 to 2006, Theodorakis ushered in the period of his Lyrical Life.
Theodorakis is Doctor honoris causa of several universities, including Montreal, Thessaloniki, and Crete, and was nominated by the Greek people for the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2000.
Now he lives in retirement, reading, writing, publishing arrangements of his scores, texts about culture and politics. On important occasions he still takes position: in 1999, opposing NATO's Kosovo war and in 2003 against the Iraq War. In 2005, he was awarded the Sorano Friendship and Peace Award, the Russian International St.-Andrew-the-First-Called Prize, the insignia of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of Luxembourg, and the IMC UNESCO International Music Prize, while already in 2002 he was honoured in Bonn with the Erich Wolfgang Korngold Prize for film music at the International Film Music Biennial in Bonn[38] (cf also: Homepage of the Art and Exhibition Hall Bonn).[39] In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the distribution of the World Soundtrack Awards in Ghent.[40]
A final set of songs entitled: Odysseia was composed by utilizing poetry written by Costas Kartelias for lyrics. Created in 2007, Theodorakis achieved the distinction of producing one of the largest works by any composer of any time.[41]
Main works after 1974[link]
- Song cycles: Ta Lyrika; Dionysos; Phaedra; Beatrice in Zero Street; Radar; Chairetismoi (Greetings); Mia Thalassa (A Sea Full of Music); Os archaios Anemos (Like an Ancient Wind); Lyrikotera (The More-Than-Lyric Songs); Lyrikotata (The Most Lyric Songs); Erimia (Solitude); Odysseia;
- Music for the Stage: Orestia (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos); Antigone (dir.: Minos Volanakis); Medea (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos)
- Film scores: Iphigenia (M. Cacoyannis), The Man with the Carnation (Nikos Tzimas)
- Oratorios: Liturgia 2; Missa Greca (Thia Liturgia); Requiem;
- Symphonic music and cantatas: Symphonies no 2, 3, 4, 7; According to the Sadducees; Canto Olympico; Guitar Rhapsody; Cello Rhapsody; Trumpet Rhapsody;
- Operas: "The Metamorphosis of the Dionysus" (Kostas Karyotakis); Medea; Elektra; Antigone; Lysistrata.
Political views[link]
Theodorakis has spoken out against the Iraq and Israel's occupation of Gaza and the West Bank has blasted Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou for establishing closer relations with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who was guilty, he said, of "war crimes in Lebanon and Gaza."[42]
2010-2011: Calling for revolution[link]
In December 1, 2010, Mikis Theodorakis founded "Spitha: People's Independent Movement", a non-political movement which calls people to gather and express their political ideas. The main goal of "Spitha" is to help Greece stay clear off its economic crisis.[43] On May 31, Mikis Theodorakis gave a speech among 10.000 Greeks in the centre of Athens, criticising the Greek government for the loan debt it has taken from the International Monetary Fund.[44] It was also the first time he called everyone to revolutionize.
Work[link]
Songs and song cycles[link]
Theodorakis has written more than 1,000 songs and song-cycles, whose melodies have become part of the heritage of Greek music: Sto Perigiali, Kaimos, Aprilis, Doxa to Theo, Sotiris Petroulas, Lipotaktes, Stis Nichtas to Balkoni, Agapi mou, Pou petaxe t'agori mou, Anixe ligo to parathiro, O Ipnos se tilixe, To gelasto pedi, Dendro to dendro, Asma Asmaton, O Andonis...
His song cycles are based on poems by Greek authors, as well as by Lorca and Neruda: Epitaphios, Archipelagos, Politia A-D, Epiphania, The Hostage, Mykres Kyklades, Mauthausen, Romiossini, Sun and Time, Songs for Andreas, Mythology, Night of Death, Ta Lyrika, The Quarters of the World, Dionysos, Phaedra, Mia Thalassa, Os Archaios Anemos, Ta Lyrikotera, Ta Lyrikotata, Erimia, Odysseia. Theodorakis released two albums of his songs and song cycles on Paredon Records and Folkways Records in the early seventies, including his Peoples' Music: The Struggles of the Greek People (1974).[45]
Symphonic works[link]
- 1952: Piano Concerto "Helikon"
- 1953: First Symphony ("Proti Simfonia")
- 1954–1959: 3 Orchestral Suites
- 1958: Piano Concerto
- 1981: Symphony No 2 ("The Song of the Earth"; text: Mikis Theodorakis) for children's choir, piano, and orchestra
- 1981: Symphony No 3 (texts: Dionysios Solomos; Constantine P. Cavafy; Byzantine hymns) for soprano, choir, and orchestra
- 1983: Symphony No 7 ("Spring-Symphony"; texts: Yannis Ritsos; Yorgos Kulukis) for four soloists, choir, and orchestra
- 1986–1987: Symphony No 4 ("Of Choirs") for soprano, mezzo, narrator, choir, and symphonic orchestra without strings
- 1995: Rhapsody for Guitar and Orchestra
- 1996: Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
- 2008: Rhapsody for Trumpet and Orchestra (orchestrated by Robert Gulya)
- 2010: "Andalusia" for Mezzo and Orchestra
Chamber music[link]
- 1942: Sonatina for piano
- 1945: Elegy No 1, for cello and piano
- 1945: Elegy No 2, for violin and piano
- 1946: To Kimitirio (The Cemetery), for string quartet
- 1946: String Quartet No 1
- 1946: Duetto, for two violins
- 1947: Trio, for violin, cello and piano
- 1947: 11 Preludes, for piano
- 1947: Sexteto, for piano, flute and string quartet
- 1949: Study for two violins and cello
- 1952: Syrtos Chaniotikos, for piano and percussion
- 1952: Sonatina No 1, for violin and piano
- 1955: Little Suite, for piano
- 1955: Passacaglia, for two pianos
- 1959: Sonatina No 2, for violin and piano
- 1989: Choros Assikikos, for violoncello solo
- 1996: Melos, for piano
- 2007: East of the Aegean, for cello and piano
Cantatas and oratorios[link]
- 1960: Axion Esti (text: Odysseas Elytis)
- 1969: The March of the Spirit (text: Angelos Sikelianos)
- 1971–82: Canto General (text: Pablo Neruda)
- 1981–82: Kata Saddukaion Pathi (Sadducean-Passion; text: Michalis Katsaros) for tenor, baritone, bass, choir and orchestra
- 1982: Liturgy No 2 ("To children, killed in War"); texts: Tassos Livaditis, Mikis Theodorakis) for choir
- 1982–83: Lorca, for voice, solo guitar, choir, and orchestra (based on Romancero Gitano, text: Federico Garcia Lorca, translated by Odysseas Elytis)
- 1992: Canto Olympico, for voice, solo piano, choir, and orchestra (texts: Dimitra Manda, Mikis Theodorakis)
Hymns[link]
- 1970: Hymn for Nasser
- 1973: Hymn for the Socialist Movement in Venezuela
- 1973: Hymn for the Students. dedicated to the victims of Polytechnical School in Athens (18.11.)
- 1977: Hymn of the French Socialist Party
- 1978: Hymn for Malta
- 1982: Hymn of P.L.O.
- 1991: Hymn of the Mediterranean Games
- 1992: "Hellenism" (Greek Hymn for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games of Barcelona)
Ballets[link]
- 1953: Greek Carnival (choreography: Rallou Manou)
- 1958: Le Feu aux Poudres (choreography: Paul Goubé)
- 1958: Les Amants de Teruel (choreography: Milko Sparembleck)
- 1959: Antigone (choreography: John Cranko)
- 1972: Antigone in Jail (choreography: Micha van Hoecke)
- 1979: Elektra (choreography: Serge Kenten)
- 1983: Sept Danses Grecques (choreography: Maurice Béjart)
- 1987–88: Zorba il Greco (choreography: Lorca Massine)
Operas[link]
- 1984–85: Kostas Karyotakis (The Metamorphosis of Dionysos)
- 1988–90: Medea
- 1992–93: Elektra
- 1995–96: Antigone
- 1999–01: Lysistrata
Music for the stage[link]
Classical tragedies[link]
- 1959–60: Phoenician Women (Euripides)
- 1960–61: Ajax (Sophocles)
- 1965: Trojan Women (Euripides)
- 1966–67: Lysistrata (Aristophanes)
- 1977: The Suppliants (Aeschylus)
- 1979: The Knights (Aristophanes)
- 1986–88: Oresteia: Agamemnon, Choephorae, Eumenides (Aeschylus)
- 1987: Hecuba (Euripides)
- 1990: Antigone (Sophocles)
- 1992: Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus)
- 1996: Oedipus Rex (Sophocles)
- 2001: Medea (Euripides)
Modern plays[link]
- 1960–61: To Tragoudi tou Nekrou Adelfou (Ballad of the Dead Brother), Musical Tragedy (text: Mikis Theodorakis)
- 1961–62: Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City), revue (Bost, Dimitris Christodoulou, Christofelis, et al.)
- 1963: I Gitonia ton Angelon (The Quarter of Angels), Music-drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
- 1963: Magiki Poli (Enchanted City), revue (Mikis Theodorakis, Notis Pergialis, Michalis Katsaros)
- 1971: Antigoni stin Filaki (Antigone in Jail), drama
- 1974: Prodomenos Laos (Betrayed People), music for the theatre (Vangelis Goufas)
- 1975: Echtros Laos (Enemy People), drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)
- 1975: Christophorus Kolumbus, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
- 1976: Kapodistrias, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)
- 1977: O Allos Alexandros ("The Other Alexander"), drama (Margarita Limberaki)
- 1979: Papflessas, play (Spiros Melas)
International theatre[link]
- 1961: Enas Omiros (The Hostage), drama (Brendan Behan)
- 1963: The Chinese Wall, drama (Max Frisch)
- 1975: Das Sauspiel, tragicomedy (Martin Walser)
- 1979: Caligula, drama (Albert Camus)
- 1978: Polites B' Katigorias (Second-Class Citizens), drama (Brian Friel)
- 1980: Perikles, tragedy, (William Shakespeare)
- 1994: Macbeth, tragedy (William Shakespeare)
Principal film scores[link]
- 1960: Ill Met by Moonlight (Director: Michael Powell)
- 1960: Honeymoon (Luna de miel) (Director: Michael Powell, Choreography: Leonide Massine)
- 1960: Faces in the Dark (Director: David Eady)
- 1961: Shadow of the Cat (Director: John Gilling)
- 1961: Phaedra (Director: Jules Dassin)
- 1961–62: Les Amants de Teruel (Director: Raymond Rouleau)
- 1961–62: Five Miles to Midnight (Director: Anatole Litvak)
- 1961–62: Electra (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
- 1964: Zorba the Greek (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
- 1967: The Day the Fish Came Out (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
- 1969: Z (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
- 1971: Biribi (Director: Daniel Moosman)
- 1972: State of Siege (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)
- 1973: Serpico (Director: Sidney Lumet)
- 1974: The Rehearsal (Director: Jules Dassin)
- 1976: Actas de Marousia (Director: Miguel Littin)
- 1977–78 Iphigenia (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)
- 1980: The Man with the Carnation (Director: Nikos Tzimas)
Reference: Guy Wagner. Chairman of the International Theodorakis Foundation FILIKI. List of works based on the research of Asteris Koutoulas, published in O Mousikos Theodorakis.
Scores[link]
- Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra
- March of the spirit (Oratorio, Full Score)
- Axion esti (Oratorio Full Score)
- Zorbas Ballet (Suite - Ballet, Full Score)
- Carnaval (Suite - Ballet Full, Score)
- Adagio (Full Score) & Sinfonietta (Full Score)
- Epiphania Averof (Cantata)
- Canto Olympico (Oratorio)
- Les Eluard
- Ο κύκλος
- 20 τραγούδια για πιάνο και αρμόνιο
- Η Βεατρίκη στην οδό Μηδέν
- Μια θάλασσα γεμάτη μουσική
- Τα λυρικώτερα
- Τα λυρικώτατα
- Τα πρόσωπα του Ήλιου
- Φαίδρα
- Λιποτάκτες
- Θαλασσινά φεγγάρια
- Ασίκικο πουλάκη
- Romancero Gitano (για πιάνο - φωνή)
- Τα Λυρικά
- Ταξίδι μέσα στη νύχτα
- Μικρές Κυκλάδες
- Διόνυσος
- Επιφάνια
- Επιτάφιος
- Μπαλάντες. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή
- Χαιρετισμοί. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή
- Ένα όμηρος
Internationally-available CD releases[link]
- Mikis Theodorakis & Zülfü Livaneli — Together (Tropical)
- Mikis Theodorakis — First Symphony & Adagio (Intuition/Schott)
- Maria Farantouri — Poetica (Songs by Theodorakis) (Peregrina)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Mikis (Peregrina)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Symphony No. 4 (Intuition/Schott)
- Maria Farantouri — Aemata (Songs by Theodorakis) (Peregrina)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Requiem: For soloists, choir and symphonic orchestra (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Symphonietta & Etat de Siege (Intuition/Schott)
- Maria Farantouri & Rainer Kirchmann — Sun & Time: Songs by Theodorakis (Lyra)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Mauthausen Trilogy: In Greek, Hebrew and English (Plaene)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Carnaval — Raven (for mezzo and symphonic orchestra) (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Resistance (historic recordings) (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis — First Songs (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Antigone/Medea/Electra (3-Opera Box) (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis — The Metamorphosis of Dionysus (Opera) (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis — Rhapsodies for Cello and Guitar (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis — East of the Aegean (for cello and piano) (Intuition/Schott)
- Mikis Theodorakis & Francesco Diaz — Timeless (Wormland White)
Selected Bibliography[link]
- Jean Boivin, Messiaen's Teaching at the Paris Conservatoire: A Humanist Legacy, in Siglind Bruhn, Messiaen's Language of Mystical Love (New York, Garland, 1998), 5-31: 10
- George Giannaris: Mikis Theodorakis. Music and Social Change, Foreword by Mikis Theodorakis. G. Allen, London, 1972
- Gail Holst: Myth & Politics in Modern Greek Music, Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1980
- Mikis Theodorakis: Journals of Resistance. Translated from the French by Graham Webb, Hart-Davis MacGibbon, London, 1973
- Mikis Theodorakis: Music and Theater, Translated by George Giannaris, Athens, 1983
- Asteris Koutoulas: O Mousikos Theodorakis / Theodorakis the Musician (in Greek). "Nea Synora - A. A. Livami, 1998. ISBN 960-296-216-7
- Guy Wagner: Mikis Theodorakis. Mia Zoi yia tin Ellada. Typothito - Giorgos Dardanos, 2002. ISBN 960-402-008-0 (The biography exists also in French: Mikis Theodorakis. Une Vie pour la Grèce. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 2000; and in German: Mikis Theodorakis. Ein Leben für Griechenland. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 1995)
- George Logothetis: Mikis Theodorakis: the Greek soul, translated from the Greek by Phillipos Chatzopoulos, Agyra editions 2004, ISBN 960-422-095-0. The Chinese version has been published by Shanghai Baijia Publishing House in 2008, ISBN 978-7-80703-861-0.
- Asteris Kutulas: Mikis Theodorakis. A Life in pictures (in German), Coffee-table book with 1 DVD & 2 CDs. Schott Music, Mainz 2010, ISBN 978-3-7957-0713-2
Published written works[link]
Books in Greek by Theodorakis
- Για την ελληνική μουσική (About Greek music)
- Το τραγούδι του νεκρού αδελφού
- Το μανιφέστο των Λαμπράκηδων
- Ζητείται αριστερά
- Δημοκρατική και συγκεντρωτική αριστερά
- Οι μνηστήρες της Πηνελόπης
- Περί τέχνης (Essays and articles about art)
- Πού πάμε; (Where are we going?, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1988)
- Ανατομία της μουσικής (Anatomy of the Music, 1983)
- Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου Ι-V (Mikis Theodorakis, Paths of the Archangel (Autobiography), Kedros Publishing House, Athens 1986-88)
- Αντιμανιφέστο (Antimanifest, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1998)
- Μελοποιημένη Ποίηση Ι -III (Poetry & textes of his musical works)
- Πού να βρω την ψυχή μου... A' - Γ' (Where can I find my soul (Essays & Articles), Livanis Publishing House, Athens 2002)
- Να μαγευτώ και να μεθύσω
- Μάνου Χατζιδάκι εγκώμιον (About Manos Hatzidakis, Ianos Publishing House, Thessaloniki 2004)
- I had Three Lives (Poetry by Mikis Theodorakis in English, translated by Gail Holst)
- Σπίθα. Για μια Ελλάδα ανεξάρτητη και δυνατή, Ianos Publishing House, Thessaloniki, 2011
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Guardian article
- ^ abc news
- ^ Theodorakis: Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου V / The Ways of the Archangel, Autobiography, Volume V, p. 331 sq
- ^ "Official Web Site". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 2004-07-27. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/46/1/11/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Official Web Site". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 2005-09-15. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/440/1/10/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ Theodorakis: Journal of Resistance
- ^ Theodorakis: Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου Ι / The Ways of the Archangel, Autobiography, Volume I, p. 72 sq.
- ^ Theodorakis, op. cit., p. 82 sq.
- ^ Theodorakis, op. cit., Chapter II, p. 95 sq.
- ^ Theodorakis: Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου ΙI / The Ways of the Archangel, Autobiography, Volume II, Ch. 3, p. 11 sq
- ^ Theodorakis, op. cit., Ch. 4, p. 95 sq, cf. also p. 174sq.
- ^ Theodorakis: Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου IIΙ / The Ways of the Archangel, Autobiography: Read the complete, deeply moving Volume III ("The Nightmare")
- ^ "Mikis Theodorakis - The Home Page - About the Trio". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 2004-07-30. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/120/1/44/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ George Giannaris: Mikis Theodorakis. Music and Social Change, p. 81
- ^ Theodorakis: Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου IV / The Ways of the Archangel, Autobiography, Volume IV, p. 259 sq
- ^ Jean Boivin, 'Messiaen's Teaching at the Paris Conservatoire: A Humanist Legacy', in Siglind Bruhn, Messiaen's Language of Mystical Love (New York, Garland, 1998), p.10
- ^ George Giannaris, op. cit., p. 90 sq
- ^ "INVENTORY OF THE WILLIAM AND NOMA COPLEY FOUNDATION AND COLLECTION RECORDS, 1954-1980". Oac.cdlib.org. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt0n39q01q/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ George Giannaris, op. cit., p. 118 sq
- ^ Gail Holst: Mikis Theodorakis. Myth & Politics in Modern Greek Music, p. 74 sq
- ^ Mikis Theodorakis: Journal of Resistance, (Dictionary), p. 328
- ^ Gail Holst, op. cit., p. 78
- ^ cf. http://www.upress.pitt.edu/BookDetails.aspx?bookId=34445
- ^ "Mikis Theodorakis - The Home Page - On "Axion Esti"". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/203/1/46/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ Mikis Theodorakis: Journal of Resistance, p. 71 sq
- ^ Mikis Theodorakis, op. cit., p. 169 sq
- ^ Mikis Theodorakis, op. cit., p. 263 sq
- ^ Mikis Theodorakis, op. cit, p. 280sq
- ^ The story of this rescue in French, cf. Guy Wagner: Mikis Theodorakis. Une vie pour la Grèce, p. 387 sq.; in German, cf. Guy Wagner: Mikis Theodorakis. Ein Leben für Griechenland, p. 420 sq
- ^ "Mikis Theodorakis - The Home Page - Manos Eleftheriou". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 2004-08-21. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/359/1/56/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ François Mitterrand: Je peux me dire son ami (Preface to: Mikis Theodorakis: Les Fiancés de Pénélope
- ^ Gail Holst, op. cit, p. 206 sq
- ^ Gail Holst, op. cit, p. 271 sq
- ^ "Mikis Theodorakis - The Home Page - "I Gitonies tou Kosmou"". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 2004-08-24. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/379/1/67/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Mikis Theodorakis - The Home Page - 1988-1996". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/31/1/8/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Mikis Theodorakis". Loizidis.com. http://www.loizidis.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=147&Itemid=116&lang=en. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ Composer Mikis Theodorakis Awarded Korngold Prize 1 July 2002 archived from http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=17497
- ^ "Art and Exhibition Hall - International Biennal For Film". .kah-bonn.de. 2002-06-28. http://www2.kah-bonn.de/filmmusik/mikise.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Mikis Theodorakis - The Home Page - 20.10.07: Lifetime Achievement Award". En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 2007-09-23. http://en.mikis-theodorakis.net/index.php/article/articleview/493/1/71/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Athens News Agency: News in English, 07-03-20". Hri.org. http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/2007/07-03-20_1.apeen.html. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "'Zorba the Greek' composer: I’m anti-Semitic". Jpost.com. 2011-02-15. http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=208291. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ gravity.gr - interactive web. "Κίνηση Ανεξάρτητων Πολιτών - Επίσημη ιστοσελίδα". Mikis-theodorakis-kinisi-anexartiton-politon.gr. http://www.mikis-theodorakis-kinisi-anexartiton-politon.gr. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Η ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΜΙΚΗ ΘΕΟΔΩΡΑΚΗ ΣΤΑ ΠΡΟΠΥΛΑΙΑ 31-5-2011". YouTube. 2011-05-31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vzsUAD6y0s. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ Theodorakis Discography at Smithsonian Folkways
External links[link]
- Official Web Site
- Κίνησης Ανεξάρτητων Πολιτών (Independent Citizens Movement Off. site)
- Official Site (Schott Music) with non-proprietary audio files, discography, recent performances and news
- Lilian Voudouri Library
- Alexia - Mikis Theodorakis MySpace page
- Nicolas Mottas, Mikis Theodorakis: A Legend for Greece - American Chronicle, July 28, 2009.
- Mikis Theodorakis speech against International Monetary Fund and greek government, May 31 2011
- film scores
- complete discography
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Theodorakis, Mikis |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | July 29, 1925 |
| Place of birth | Chios, Greece |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mikis_Theodorakis
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Mikis Theodorakis
http://id.wn.com/Mikis Theodorakis
http://es.wn.com/Mikis Theodorakis
http://ru.wn.com/Теодоракис, Микис
http://pt.wn.com/Míkis Theodorákis
http://pl.wn.com/Mikis Theodorakis
http://fr.wn.com/Míkis Theodorákis
http://de.wn.com/Mikis Theodorakis
http://nl.wn.com/Mikis Theodorakis
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
