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Social exclusion is a concept used in many parts of the world to characterise contemporary forms of social disadvantage. Dr. Lynn Todman, director of the Institute on Social Exclusion at the Adler School of Professional Psychology, suggests that social exclusion refers to processes in which individuals and entire communities of people are systematically blocked from rights, opportunities and resources (e.g. housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation and due process) that are normally available to members of society and which are key to social integration.^[1]

The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.

Another definition of this sociological term is as follows:

Social exclusion is a multidimensional process of progressive social rupture, detaching groups and individuals from social relations and institutions and preventing them from full participation in the normal, normatively prescribed activities of the society in which they live.^[2]

An inherent problem with the term, however, is the tendency of its use by practitioners who define it to fit their argument.^[3] It is a term used widely in the United Kingdom and Europe, and was first utilized in France.^[4] It is used across disciplines including education, sociology, psychology, politics and economics.

In social excluding communities, weak social networking limits the circulation of information about jobs, political activities, and community events.

Some^[who?] believe that exclusion in the countryside is as great as, if not greater than, that in cities. In rural areas there is less access to goods, services and facilities, making life difficult in many respects.^{[citation needed]}

Social exclusion relates to the alienation or disenfranchisement of certain people within a society. It is often connected to a person's social class, educational status, relationships in childhood^[5] and living standards and how these might affect access to various opportunities. It also applies to some degree to people with a disability, to minority, of all sexual orientations and gender identities (the LGBT community), to the elderly, and to youth (Youth Exclusion). Anyone who deviates in any perceived way from the norm of a population may become subject to coarse or subtle forms of social exclusion. Additionally, communities may self-exclude by removing themselves physically from the larger community, for example, in the gated community model.^{[citation needed]}

Most of the characteristics listed in the following paragraphs are present together in studies of social exclusion, due to exclusion's multidimensionality. One of the best descriptions of social exclusion and social inclusion are that they are on a continuum on a vertical plane below and above the 'social horizon'; they have a ten-phase modulating ("phase" because they increase and decrease [modulate] with time) social structure: race, geographic location, class structure, globalization, social issues, personal habits and appearance, education, religion, economics and politics.^{[citation needed]}

Juridical concept[link]

There are countries, Italy for example, that have a legal concept of social exclusion. In Italy, "esclusione sociale" is defined as poverty combined with social alienation, by the statute n. 328 (11-8-2000), that instituted a state investigation commission named "Commissione di indagine sull'Esclusione Sociale" (CIES) to make an annual report to the government on legally expected issues of social exclusion.^{[citation needed]}

The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, a document on international human rights instruments affirms that "extreme poverty and social exclusion constitute a violation of human dignity and that urgent steps are necessary to achieve better knowledge of extreme poverty and its causes, including those related to the programm of development, in order to promote the human rights of the poorest, and to put an end to extreme poverty and social exclusion and promote the enjoyment of the fruits of social progress. It is essential for States to foster participation by the poorest people in the decision making process by the community in which they live, the promotion of human rights and efforts to combat extreme poverty."^[6]

Causes[link]

Unemployment[link]

Whilst recognising the multi-dimensionality of exclusion, policy work undertaken at European Union level focuses on unemployment as a key cause of, or at least correlating with, social exclusion. This is because in modern societies, paid work is not only the principal source of income with which to buy services, but is also the fount of individuals' identity and feeling of self-worth. Most people's social networks and sense of embeddedness in society also revolve around their work. Many of the indicators of extreme social exclusion, such as poverty and homelessness, depend on monetary income which is normally derived from work. Much policy to reduce exclusion thus focuses on the labour market:

• On the one hand, to make individuals at risk of exclusion more attractive to employers, i.e. more "employable".
• On the other hand, to encourage (and/or oblige) employers to be more inclusive in their employment policies.

The EU's EQUAL Community Initiative investigated ways to increase the inclusiveness of the labour market. Work on social exclusion more broadly is carried out through the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) among the Member State governments.

Transportation[link]

In some circumstances, transport may be a factor in social exclusion - for instance, if lack of access to public transport or a vehicle prevents a person from getting to a job, training course, job centre or doctor's surgery, entertainment venues. Some schemes therefore promote accessibility, for instance:

• By ensuring public transport is available.
• By subsidising the purchase of a scooter, which is relevant to young people living in rural areas, or a car, or a bicycle, etc.

Quotations[link]

“Social exclusion is about the inability of our society to keep all groups and individuals within reach of what we expect as a society...[or] to realise their full potential."^[7]

"Whatever the content and criteria of social membership, socially excluded groups and individuals lack capacity or access to social opportunity.^[8]

To be "excluded from society" can take various relative senses, but social exclusion is usually defined as more than a simple economic phenomenon: it also has consequences on the social, symbolic field.

"Women of Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Caribbean descent [in Britain] are doing well in schools but are still being penalised in the workplace...80-89% of 16-year-olds from those ethnic groups wanted to work full-time...but they were up to four times more likely to be jobless."^[9]

Philosopher Axel Honneth thus speaks of a "struggle for recognition", which he attempts to theorize through Hegel's philosophy. In this sense, to be socially excluded is to be deprived from social recognition and social value. In the sphere of politics, social recognition is obtained by full citizenship; in the economic sphere (in capitalism) it means being paid enough to be able to participate fully in the life of the community.

This concept can be gleaned from considering examples of the "social integration crisis: poverty, professional exclusion or marginalization, social and civic disenfranchisement, absence or weakening of support networks, frequent inter-cultural conflicts",^[10] These relate not only to gender, race and disability, but also to crime:

"Social exclusion is a major cause of crime and re-offending. Removing the right to vote increases social exclusion by signalling to serving prisoners that, at least for the duration of their sentence, they are dead to society. The additional punishment of disenfranchisement is not a deterrent. There is no evidence to suggest that criminals are deterred from offending behaviour by the threat of losing the right to vote.....(and) the notion of civic death for sentenced prisoners isolates still further those who are already on the margins of society and encourages them to be seen as alien to the communities to which they will return on release".^[11]

Links between exclusion and other issues[link]

The problem of social exclusion is usually tied to that of equal opportunity, as some people are more subject to such exclusion than others. Marginalisation of certain groups is a problem even in many economically more developed countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, where the majority of the population enjoys considerable economic and social opportunities.

Since social exclusion may lead to one being deprived of one's citizenship, some authors (Philippe Van Parijs, Jean-Marc Ferry, Alain Caillé, André Gorz and Axel Wolz) have proposed a basic income, which would impede exclusion from citizenship. The concept of a Universal Unconditional Income, or social salary, has been disseminated notably by the Green movement in Germany.

In the last few years, there has been research focused on possible connections between exclusion and brain function. Studies published by the University of Georgia and San Diego State University found that exclusion can lead to diminished brain functioning and poor decision making. Such studies corroborate with earlier beliefs of sociologists. The effect of exclusion may likely correlate with such things as substance abuse and crime.

Social inclusion[link]

Social inclusion, the converse of social exclusion, is affirmative action to change the circumstances and habits that lead to (or have led to) social exclusion.

Religious Exclusion[link]

Christian, Jehovah Witness, and Mormon[link]

Some Christians believe the teaching of Jesus causes them to have to exclude some people.^{[citation needed]} Other Christians disfellowship members from their church because of a serious matter. Douglas A. Jacoby, a published Christian author and international teacher for more than 25 years, interprets 1 Corinthians 5:11 and Titus 3:9-11 as evidence that members can be excluded from fellowship for serious matters like grave sin without repentance.^[12]

Crime[link]

Sociologists see strong links between crime and social exclusion in industrialized societies such as the United States. Growing crime rates may reflect the fact that a growing number of people do not feel valued in the societies in which they live. The socially excluded population cannot meet the standards of economic status and consumption that are promoted within society. Therefore legitimate means are bypassed in favor of illegal ones. Crime is favored over the political system or community organization. Young people increasingly grow up without guidance and support from the adult population. Young people also face diminishing job opportunities to sustain a livelihood. This can cause a sense of willingness to turn to illegitimate means of sustaining a desired lifestyle.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

Philosophy portal

• Basic income
• Caste
• Guaranteed minimum income
• Hate speech
• Heterosexism
• Homophobia
• Marginalization
• Ostracism
• Poverty
• Racism
• Relational care
• Second-class citizen
• Social alienation
• Social stigma
• Social firm
• Social rejection
• Social vulnerability
• Waithood
• Youth Exclusion
• Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
• The Yogyakarta Principles
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Power, A., Wilson, W.J., 2000, Social Exclusion and the Future of Cities, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, London
• Li Yi. The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification. University Press of America, 2005, ISBN 0-7618-3331-5
• Frank Moulaert, Erik Swyngedouw and Arantxa Rodriguez. The Globalized City: Economic Restructing and Social Polarization in European Cities. Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-926040-9
• Axel Honneth, The Struggle for Recognition: Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts, 1996. ISBN 978-0-7456-1838-8
• Philippe Van Parijs, Real Freedom for All: What (if anything) can justify capitalism?, 1995. ISBN 978-0-19-829357-6
• Gilles Deleuze, A Thousand Plateaus, 1980.
• John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 1971. ISBN 978-0-674-01772-6
• Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
• University of Georgia (2006, November 9). Social Exclusion Changes Brain Function And Can Lead To Poor Decision-making. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/11/061108154256.htm
• Hilary Silver, Social Exclusion: Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth, 2007, Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper
• Giddens, Anthony, Introduction to Sociology. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2009. Print.
• Applebaum, Richard P., Carr, deborah, Duneier, Mitchell, Giddens, Anthony. "Introduction to Sociology Seventh Edition" 2009.
• URSPIC: An EU Research Project to measure impacts of urban development projects on social exclusion

External links[link]

• Adler Institute on Social Exclusion
• Is the U.S. a Good Model for Reducing Social Exclusion in Europe? Center for Economic and Policy Research, August 2006
• Career worries for minority women
• Black teachers face daily racism The Guardian - no longer working
• Centre for Economic and Social Inclusion
• GSDRC topic guide on social exclusion

Torhi Harper (born December 18, 1978 in St. Louis, Missouri, United States), best known by his stage name Murphy Lee, is a Grammy Award-winning American rapper, best known as a member of the hip hop group St. Lunatics. Lee is also the chief executive of his own label, U C Me Entertainment.

Career[link]

Murphy Lee formed the St. Lunatics with fellow rappers Nelly, Ali, Kyjuan, City Spud. They scored a regional hit with the song "Gimmie What You Got", but the crew found it hard to get a record deal. Nelly secured a deal as a solo act, and released Country Grammar in 2000. After his appearances on Country Grammar, the St. Lunatics released their debut album Free City in 2001. A second St. Lunatics Who's The Boss was released in 2006. It is not supported by the members as the music recording studio Fast Life released the CD because they owned the music. It is a CD of the group's 1996 songs, which are raps over the music of popular 90s songs. In 2002, he was featured on Jermaine Dupri's hit single "Welcome to Atlanta" remix. In 2003, his biggest hit came with "Shake Ya Tailfeather," featuring Nelly and P. Diddy, which appeared on the Bad Boys II soundtrack. That song would later win him a Grammy. Riding the success of "Shake Ya Tailfeather," Murphy Lee released his debut album Murphy's Law later that year.You can download his new mixtapes off his website "murphyleeucme.com".

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Singles[link]

Featured singles[link]

Guest appearances[link]

• 2001: "Batter Up" (Nelly featuring Murphy Lee & Ali)
• 2001: "Thicky Thick Girl" (Nelly featuring Murphy Lee & Ali)
• 2001: "Steal the Show" (Nelly featuring Ali, Murphy Lee, & Kyjuan)
• 2001: "Wrap Sumden" (Nelly featuring Ali, Murphy Lee, & Kyjuan)
• 2002: "Dem Boyz" (Nelly featuring Kyjuan & Murphy Lee)
• 2002: "Oh Nelly" (Nelly featuring Murphy Lee)
• 2002: "Air Force Ones" (Nelly featuring Ali, Murphy Lee, & Kyjuan)
• 2002: "Roc the Mic [Remix]" (Nelly featuring Freeway, Murphy Lee, & Beanie Sigel)
• 2002: "CG 2" (Nelly featuring Kyjuan & Murphy Lee)
• 2002: "Boughetto" (Ali featuring Murphy Lee)
• 2003: "Welcome to Atlanta [Remix]" (Jermaine Dupri featuring P. Diddy, Murphy Lee, & Snoop Dogg)
• 2003: "Drop Dead Gorgeous" (Kanye West ft. Murphy Lee)
• 2004: "Tipsy" (Remix) (J-Kwon ft. Chingy, Murphy Lee and DJ Clue)
• 2004: "River Don't Runnin'" (Nelly featuring Murphy Lee & Stephen Marley)
• 2004: "Getcha Getcha" (Nelly featuring Ali, Murphy Lee, & Kyjuan)
• 2007: "Work Dat, Twerk Dat" (Ali & Gipp ft. Murphy Lee and DJ Speedy)
• 2007: "Throw Some D's" (Remix) (Rich Boy ft. Lil' Jon, Andre 3000, Jim Jones, Nelly, Murphy Lee and The Game)
• 2009: "Think About It" (Darren B ft. Murphy Lee & Gena)
• 2010: "Sell Out Everything" (DJ Freddy Fred ft. Young Buck, Murphy lee & Gunplay)
• 2010: "k.I.s.s" (Nelly ft. Diddy-Dirty Money & Murphy Lee)

^[3]

Collaborations with St. Lunatics[link]

• 2001: Free City (with St. Lunatics)

• TBA: City Free (with St. Lunatics)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Site
• Official MySpace
• Official UC-Me Entertainment Myspace Page