A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer; symbol nm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre. The name combines the SI prefix nano- (from the Ancient Greek νάνος, nanos, "dwarf") with the parent unit name metre (from Greek μέτρον, metrοn, "unit of measurement").

The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on the atomic scale: the diameter of a helium atom, for example, is about 0.1 nm, and that of a ribosome is about 20 nm. The nanometre is commonly used to specify the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the visible part of the spectrum: visible light, in particular, ranges from 400 to 700 nm. In these uses, the nanometre appears to be supplanting the other common unit for atomic scale dimensions, the angstrom, which is equal to 0.1 nanometre.

This unit is often associated with the field of nanotechnology. Since late 1980s, it has also been used to describe generations of the manufacturing technology in the semiconductor industry.

The nanometre was formerly known as the millimicron, since it is 1/1000 of a micron (micrometre), and was often denoted by the symbol mµ or (more rarely) µµ.^[1][2][3]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Nanotechnology

• Near-field Mie scattering in optical trap nanometry
• Nanoscale Informal Science Network

Stefan W. Hell (born 23 December 1962 in Arad, Romania) is a physicist and one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry ^[1] in Göttingen, Germany as well as the head of the department "Optical Nanoscopy" ^[2] at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg.

Life[link]

In 1981 Hell began his studies at the University Heidelberg (Germany), where, in 1990, he received his doctorate in physics. His thesis advisor was the solid-state physicist Siegfried Hunklinger. From 1991 to 1993 Hell worked at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg^[3] and from 1993 to 1996 he worked as a group leader at the University of Turku (Finland) in the department for Medical Physics,^[4] where he developed the principle for stimulated emission depletion STED microscopy.^[5] From 1993 to 1994 Hell was 6 months a visiting scientist at the University of Oxford (England).^[4] He received his habilitation in physics from the University of Heidelberg in 1996, and the following year became a group leader of his current research group dedicated to sub-diffraction-resolution microscopy at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen.^[3]

With the invention and subsequent development of Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy and related microscopy methods, he was able to show that one can substantially improve the resolving power of the fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light (> 200 nanometers). A microscope's resolution specifies its ability to separate closely spaced, identical objects, and is its most important property. Hell was the first to demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, how one can decouple the resolution of the fluorescence microscope from diffraction and increase it to a fraction of the wavelength of light (to the nanometer scale). Ever since the work of Ernst Karl Abbe in 1873, this feat was not thought possible. For this achievement and its significance for other fields of science, such as the life-sciences and medical research, he received the 10th German Innovation Award (Deutscher Zukunftspreis) on the 23rd of November, 2006.

On October 15, 2002 Hell became a director of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry ^[6] and he established the department of Nanobiophotonics.

Since 2003 Hell has also been the leader of the department "Optical Nanoscopy division" at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg.

Hell is married and has two sons and one daughter.

Awards[link]

• Prize of the International Commission in Optics, 2000
• Helmholtz-Award for metrology, Co-Rezipient, 2001
• Berthold Leibinger Innovationspreis, 2002
• Carl-Zeiss Research Award, 2002
• Karl-Heinz-Beckurts-award, 2002
• C. Benz u. G. Daimler-Award of Berlin-Brandenburgisch academy, 2004
• Robert B. Woodward Scholar, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2006
• 10. "Innovation Award of the German Federal President", 2006
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, 2008
• Otto-Hahn-Preis, 2009
• Ernst-Hellmut-Vits-Prize, 2010
• Hansen Family Award, 2011
• The Gothenburg Lise Meitner prize, 2010/11
• Meyenburg Prize,^[7] 2011

Citations[link]

1. ^ Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
2. ^ Division of Optical Nanoscopy
3. ^ ^{a b} NanoBiophotonics - Stefan W. Hell's Personal Profile
4. ^ ^{a b} Deutscher Zukunftspreis
5. ^ MPI für biophysikalische Chemie: Hell für Deutschen Zukunftspreis 2006 nominiert
6. ^ Max film
7. ^ Press release

External links[link]

• Curriculum vitae on the Website of Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
• Innovation Award of the German Federal President

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (February 2011)

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2012)

Wani Ardy (born 25 October 1984) is a Malaysian creative writer and independent singer-songwriter. She was born in Kuala Lumpur and raised in Subang Jaya. She identifies her music as acoustic and lyrical poetry.

Background[link]

Wani did not grow up in an artistic, or musical environment. Her father came from a religious Johorean family while her Singaporean mother had always been very strict about her education. Though her father was a multi-instrumentalist during his time in Malaya University and her mother was an English teacher, their occupations changed soon as they had children.

Unlike her siblings and cousins, Wani did rather poorly in school, describing herself as "a slow learner" and "a foolishly stubborn child who will not study what she did not like". Her mother finally allowed her to choose her own path after she passed her Malaysian Certificate of Education exams with mediocre results (she only excelled in English Literature and History).

Wani was the first in her large conventional family to pursue arts and literature. In an effort to better appreciate her Salatiga background, she began to use the name Guritno Purwakanti as her pseudonym.

Education and Career[link]

Upon finishing her undergraduate studies in performing arts, screenwriting, and screen arts with first-class honors, Wani subsequently functioned as a scriptwriter at Red Communications. Working alongside host-writer-actress Rafidah Abdullah, she wrote scripts for a few episodes of Gol & Gincu The Series, Goda and kids program Number Squad. She did captioning for a few episodes of 3R, Sadiq & Co., Breeze Padang Pintar, as well as subtitling for the film KAMI The Movie under Redfilms. She then became a lecturer at Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan University College, teaching film studies and basic English language. Later she moved on to Universiti Teknologi MARA, teaching scriptwriting, fiction writing, poetry, and lyrics.

Wani completed her postgraduate studies in creative writing at Macquarie University and has resumed to her full-time job as a lecturer. She was also heading a research team for an upcoming epic film; a collaboration project between Malaysia and Australia.

Music and Literature[link]

Wani started writing short stories at the age of 7; penning poems, prose, and songs at the age of 16. She has been performing her original songs since 2002, both individually and in groups within Malaysia and Australia (Sydney).

While citing KT Tunstall, Sia, Nick and Liesl, Sara Bareilles, and The Swell Season as her inspirations, Wani particularly singled out Yusuf Islam as her personal idol.

Her earliest musical companion was Shukor Fuad whom she had a band with named Boneca. Their single Cela (sung by vocalist Nazila Abu Zaidi, written and composed by Wani) grew quite popular that it was aired by various local radio stations without their consent. Today her sessionist is her band The Guitar Polygamy which includes her percussionist-cellist husband, Syafiq Zakaria.

Her songs were briefly featured in the drama series Blogger Boy and reality drama Gadis Semasa Sunsilk.

In 2011, Wani's song Hujan was selected to be played throughout the month of May on Dandelion Radio, an internet radio station founded in June 2006 with the aim of pursuing the musical legacy of the popular and influential BBC Radio 1 disk jockey John Peel. The station takes its name from the British record label Dandelion Records founded and run by Peel between 1969 and 1972.

At the end of the same year, Wani wrote and composed a couple of songs for a musical theater staged at the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Center. Produced by Dato' Faridah Merican and directed by Joe Hasham, Malaysian Girls was dubbed "the year's most glamorous musical" and received positive feedback from media, critics and theatergoers in general. Her songs What Is This Feeling and Now You See Me, Now You See Me More were recorded and compiled in the soundtrack album.

Apart from teaching, performing, organizing as well as participating in book markets and art events around Klang Valley, Wani is assisting her husband with their family businesses; Aftertwelve Studio, a live sound reinforcement company and Gravy Baby!, a Malaysian cuisine restaurant with live acoustic set. Together with a couple of friends, she also sets up a little label; Kaos Malaya which focuses on selling t-shirts, artworks, and books.

After joining a group of women writers for an anthology in 2009, Wani released her own collection of poems and prose; Langit Vanilla in 2011. Abdul Ghafar Ibrahim, winner of Southeast Asian Writers Award 2005, described her writings as "honest, vertically heavy, effective, energetic, synergetic, authentic, unpretentious and filled with strong messages."

Personal life[link]

Admitting that her guitar skills are "extremely basic" and writing is something that she "cannot escape from", Wani sets being a lecturer as her top priority over being a singer-songwriter. She outlines music as "simply my escapism, my therapy."

In 2010, she decided to don the headscarf on stage which led to criticism and speculation, mainly comparing her to Yuna. When approached by Esquire Malaysia on this, Wani replied, "I really can’t afford to spend my time satisfying people who have already decided to stereotype me. All I can do is pray and hope that they would see what’s in my head rather than what’s on my head."

Wani was diagnosed with Rokitansky Syndrome at the age of 18; a congenital disorder that happens to one in every 5000 women.

Discography[link]

• Senikatawati, EP (2008)
• Meanwhile, EP (2010)

Appearances[link]

• Tiga Venus, Compilation (2009) Artists: Ana Raffali, Fynn Jamal, Wani Ardy
• Mighty Melody: Malaysia Indie Scene, Compilation (2011) Artists: Yuna, Liyana Fizi, Wani Ardy, Ferns, Furniture, Love/Comes, The Hollows, Couple, Nicestupidplayground, Khottal, Romancesa, The Sofa Sessions, The Drives, Crashin' Butterfliez, Poppy, The Fridays

Publication[link]

• Perempuan Simpanan, women writers anthology (2009)
• Langit Vanilla, a collection of poems and prose (2011)

Sources[link]

1. Jason (July 15, 2009). "Rock N Roll Kot?". Junk.
2. Kwan, Brian (April 2009). "Backstage with... Wani Ardy". Time Out Kuala Lumpur.
3. Yap, Adrian (October 30, 2009). "Labour of love". The Star.
4. Yap, Adrian (January 2010). "The lone gunmen". Time Out Kuala Lumpur.

External links[link]

• Wani Ardy's Official Website
• Wani Ardy's Youtube
• Wani Ardy's Facebook
• "Bercakap dengan Wani Ardy"
• "Wani Ardy - Meanwhile"

• An Interview with Wani Ardy (September 29, 2009). UKM.
• Wani Ardy: "You think you choose love but to me, love chooses you. (June 27, 2011). Esquire Malaysia.

References[link]