This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)

Artistic control or Creative Control is a term commonly used in media production, such as movies, television, and music production. A person with artistic control has the authority to decide how the final product will appear. In movies, this commonly refers to the authority to decide on the final cut. When a production manager/director does not have artistic control, the studio that is producing the project commonly has the final say on production.

When dealing with numeric values, artistic (or creative) control usually refers to the commanding portion of an executive deal or contract, so a share such as 51% and 49%, respectively, for shareholders or stocks would denote the shareholder with 51% as having control. 50 and 50 percent share an equal commanding portion, and so must come to terms on both sides.

It is very rare for a successful musical artist to have full artistic control. Some current artists with full artistic control include Radiohead, Prince, Björk, Macklemore and Madonna.

In professional wrestling, it refers to the booker or a clause in a wrestler's contract.

See also[link]

• Final cut privilege

This publishing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This legal term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Tommy James
Tommy James in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Thomas Gregory Jackson
Born	(1947-04-29) April 29, 1947 (age 65) Dayton, Ohio, United States
Genres	Rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, guitarist
Instruments	Vocals, guitar
Years active	1958–present
Labels	Roulette Records, Millenium Records, St. Clair Entertainment Group
Website	The Official Site of Tommy James and the Shondells

Tommy James (born Thomas Gregory Jackson, 29 April 1947, Dayton, Ohio) is an American pop-rock musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer, best known as leader of the 1960s rock band Tommy James and the Shondells.^[1]

Early life and career[link]

Born in Dayton, Ohio, Tommy and his family moved to Niles, Michigan; a child model at age four, he was no stranger to the stage.^[1][2] In 1959, at the age of twelve, James formed what would be recognized as his first official band "The Tornadoes".^[2] A year later the band changed its name to The Shondells. By 1964, Jack Douglas, a local DJ at WNIL radio station in Niles formed his own record label, Snap Records. The Shondells were one of the local bands he recorded at WNIL studios.^[3] One of the songs was the Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich ditty "Hanky Panky", which the pair recorded using the name The Raindrops.^[3] The song was a hit locally, but the label had no resources for national promotion and it was soon forgotten.^[2][3]

In 1965, a local dance promoter, Bob Mack, started playing the song at his Pittsburgh dance clubs, having found a copy of it in a used record bin.^[1][2] Soon after, a Pittsburgh area bootlegger made a copy of the song and began pressing copies of it, speeding it up slightly in the process.^[3] Sales of the bootleg were estimated at 80,000 in ten days.^[1][4] It became number one on Pittsburgh radio stations in early 1966.^[4] Douglas was the first to hear about the record's sudden popularity in Pittsburgh; his Snap Records labels always included his name and location.^[3] Further calls from Pittsburgh convinced James to come to Pennsylvania, where he met with Mack and Chuck Rubin, who handled the talent bookings for Mack's dance clubs. Before long, all three major music trade papers, Billboard, Cashbox and Record World, were listing "Hanky Panky" as a regional breakout hit. Rubin, who had music industry connections, said it was a good time for the trio to travel to New York in search of a record deal.^[3]

The men made the rounds of the major recording labels, getting initial potential offers from most companies they visited. One label, Roulette Records, gave no initial response because its head, Morris Levy, was out of town until evening; Roulette was one of the last stops on their visit.^[3] By the next morning, Mack, Rubin and James were now receiving polite refusals from the major record companies after the enthusiasm for the record the day before. James said, "We didn't know what in the world was going on, and finally Jerry Wexler over at Atlantic leveled with us and said, 'Look, Morris Levy and Roulette called up all the other record companies and said, "This is my freakin' record." (laughs) and scared 'em all away – even the big corporate labels.'" Their only option would be to sign with Roulette.^[4]

Since the band had broken up two years before, the only Shondell left was James himself.^[3] Mack made his dance club bands available to James, but nothing seemed to fit until one of the bands' guitarists took James to the Thunderbird Lounge outside Pittsburgh. The lounge's house band was a five man group called the Raconteurs. James sang with the band at the lounge, and this time the chemistry was right. The Raconteurs became the new Shondells,^[3] and Jackson acquired the professional name of Tommy James. By the third week of July 1966, "Hanky Panky" had become the top single in the nation.^[3]

Tommy James and the Shondells[link]

The newly formed group had not played together except at the Thunderbird Lounge. The first time would be in the studio for the needed follow-up song to "Hanky Panky". When Bob Mack's attempt at finding some Shondells worked out in an inadvertent way, he told James about another record he'd found in the same used record bin "Hanky Panky" came from: "Say I Am" by Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs. The only thing James and his new Shondells were aware of when they entered the recording studio for the first time is that whatever they recorded should sound similar to "Hanky Panky", except that the two songs sound nothing alike. Bob Mack, who was at the session, played The Fireballs record for the group and they decided to record their version of the song. Mack found the band the first tune they would record together; he was credited as the producer for the group's first album, Hanky Panky.^[3][5]

Songwriter Richie Cordell wrote (or co-wrote) and produced many of the group's hits, among them the classic good-timing "I Think We're Alone Now", "Mirage", and "Mony Mony".^[6] The creation of "Mony Mony" was a group effort, involving Cordell, James, Shondells band member Peter Lucia, producer Bo Gentry, and Bobby Bloom. James and Cordell set out to create a party rock single working out everything except the song's title, which eluded them even after much effort. They took a break from their creative endeavors on James' apartment terrace, when they looked up at the Mutual of New York Insurance Company's large neon sign bearing the abbreviation for the company: M-O-N-Y. Both knew instantaneously their song now had a name.^[3]

Tommy James and the Shondells also produced a "Mony Mony" video when the song was a hit, hiring a video company to produce a short film of it. Even though a number of musical groups had already produced videos by that time, there was no market at all for that film in the US. Television stations would not air it, and it was originally shown between double features in movie theaters in Europe. The film was not seen in the US until the creation of MTV.^[2]

With "Mony Mony" becoming such a hit in the US and an even bigger one in the UK, James was contacted by Beatle George Harrison, who was working with a group called Grapefruit at the time. Harrison and the group had written some songs they wanted James to consider recording. Since the group came to a decision to change their musical style (and would do so with "Crimson and Clover": see below) and the material Harrison and Grapefruit provided was in the style of "Mony Mony", James turned down their offer.

The music business changed after the success of "Mony Mony". Top 40 program formatting, based on 45 RPM single records, drove popular music on the radio. Few stations played cuts from record albums, so radio was, in effect, "selling" single records for the record companies.^[3] In August 1968, James and the Shondells went on the campaign trail for three months with presidential candidate Vice-President Hubert Humphrey. Meanwhile popular music had become album-driven, with artists like Led Zeppelin and Joe Cocker in the spotlight and on the air, displacing many performers whose singles had been top sellers. James realized he and the Shondells needed to become an album-oriented group if they were to survive in the business, necessitating a change in their style.

After working out a marketing strategy for their new sound, James visited WLS when the group was in Chicago to play a concert, bringing along a rough cut of "Crimson and Clover" to the station. WLS secretly recorded the music when James played his tape for them. By the time James was out of the building and in the car, its radio was playing the station's dub of the not-yet-finished song. "Crimson and Clover" had to be pressed the way it was heard on the radio station, and the marketing plan was now wasted time and effort.^[3]

"Crimson and Clover" was a huge success, and the group would have two follow-up hits that also reached the Hot 100's top 10, "Sweet Cherry Wine" and "Crystal Blue Persuasion". James, who co-wrote all three of those songs,^[7] and his band did well enough with the transition to be invited to perform at Woodstock. James describes Artie Kornfeld's invitation like this: "Artie was up and asked if you could play at this pig farm up in upstate New York." I said, "What?!?" "Well, they say it's gonna be a lot of people there, and it's gonna be a really important show." At the time James was in Hawaii and was incredulous about being asked to travel 6,000 miles to play a show on an upstate New York pig farm, telling the Roulette Records secretary, "If I'm not there, start without us, will you please?"^[1][3] Four minor hits later and a few months after turning down Woodstock, the group opted to disband.^[4]

Tommy James and The Shondells were voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends online Hall of Fame in 2006. Four of the band's biggest hits have been voted Legendary Michigan Songs: "Crimson & Clover" in 2010, and "Hanky Panky", "I Think We're Alone Now", and "Mony Mony" in 2011.^[8]

Solo[link]

James went solo and had two further Billboard Hot 100 top 20 chart hits with "Draggin' the Line" (co-written by Bob King) (#4 in 1971) and "Three Times in Love" (#19 in 1980), plus eleven much smaller Hot 100 hits. James has had twenty-three gold singles, and nine gold and platinum albums. He also wrote and produced the million-selling 1970 hit "Tighter, Tighter" for the group Alive 'N Kickin' (co-written by Bob King). In 1972, James spent time in Nashville and recorded an album there with top Nashville musicians, My Head, My Bed and My Red Guitar. He left Roulette Records in 1974. To date, over 300 musicians have recorded versions of James' music.^[1][2]

In October 2008, Tommy James and the three surviving members of the original Shondells reunited in a New Jersey studio to record once again. The group had disbanded because its members needed time away from the pressure-filled recording business, remaining close friends even though they no longer were recording together. After not playing together for 37 years, the group recorded an album, I Love Christmas.^[2][9]

Music and the mob[link]

In February 2010, an autobiography Me, The Mob, and The Music was published. James announced that deals were in hand to turn the story into both a film and a Broadway play.^[2] Martin Scorsese approached James about making a movie of the book shortly after its publication.^[10][11]

It was evident when James first met Morris Levy, the head of Roulette Records, that he was willing to strongarm others when necessary. Those signed to Roulette were there to produce money for the company, having their needs met only when it pleased Levy. Asking to be paid meant intimidation; to survive, those under contract to Roulette needed to find a means of generating income that did not involve the record company, such as personally booked tours.^[4] While a Roulette artist had great creative control when recording for the company, the lack of payment for those efforts was difficult to take.^[3][4][9]

James estimates the company owed him $30–40 million in royalties he never received.^[4][10] Roulette was a front for organized crime, also functioning as a money laundering operation. In the early 1970s, Levy was at the wrong end of a mob war. James had to leave New York for a while to avoid a mob hit, which explained why he recorded an album in Nashville in 1972. He did not feel comfortable writing his book until all those deeply involved with the record company had died.^[4] It was only after Roulette Records and Levy's Big Seven Music publishing company were sold (the record company to an EMI and Rhino Records partnership, the music publishing company to Windswept Pacific Music which was later sold to EMI) that James began to receive large royalty checks from sales of his records.^[12]

Solo discography[link]

1970 Tommy James
1971 Christian of the World
1972 My Head, My Bed & My Red Guitar
1976 In Touch
1977 Midnight Rider
1980 Three Times in Love
1989 Tommy James - The Solo Years
1990 Hi-Fi
1993 Discography: Deals and Demos
1996 A Night in Big City
1997 Tommy James Greatest Hits Live

2004: I Love Christmas (CD single)
2005 Sweet Cherry Wine (CD single)
2005 Isn't that the Guy (CD single)
2006 Lupe & Jo (MP3 single)
2006 Love Words (CD Single)
2006 Hold the Fire

James himself had thirteen charting solo singles, with the three highest-charting being 1971's "Draggin' the Line" (#4), 1980's "Three Times in Love" (#19), and 1971's "I'm Comin' Home" (#40).

Bibliography[link]

• James, Tommy; Martin Fitzpatrick (2010). Me, the mob, and the music : one helluva ride with Tommy James and the Shondells. New York: Scribner. pp. vii, 227 p., [8] p. of plates : ill. ; 24 cm.. ISBN 978-1-4391-2865-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I6pfS5VOa4kC&printsec=frontcover.  The book extensively details James's relationship with Morris Levy.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website

Interviews[link]

• Interview with Michael A. Ventrella (June 2010)
• http://libwww.library.phila.gov/podcast/?podcastID=509