Metropolitan district
Also known as	Metropolitan borough
Category	Districts
Location	England
Found in	Metropolitan county
Created by	Local Government Act 1972
Created	1 April 1974
Number	36 (as of 2008)
Possible status	City
	Borough
	District
Populations	0.1 - 1.1 million

A metropolitan borough is a type of local government district in England, and is a subdivision of a metropolitan county. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts. However all of them have been granted or regranted royal charters to give them borough status (as well as some with city status).^[1] Metropolitan boroughs are effectively unitary authority areas, since the abolition of metropolitan county councils by the Local Government Act 1985.^[2]

The term metropolitan borough was also used for administrative subdivisions of London between 1900 and 1965. The present boroughs in London are known as London Boroughs rather than metropolitan boroughs.

The current metropolitan boroughs were created in 1974 as subdivisions of the new metropolitan counties which were created to cover the six largest urban areas in England outside Greater London. The new districts replaced the previous system of county boroughs, municipal boroughs, urban and rural districts. The districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million.

Metropolitan districts were originally part of a two-tier structure of local government, and shared power with the metropolitan county councils (MCCs). They differed from non-metropolitan districts, in the division of powers between district and county councils. Metropolitan districts were Local Education Authorities and were responsible for social services and libraries; in non-metropolitan counties these services were the responsibility of county councils.^[3]

In 1986 the metropolitan county councils were abolished by the Local Government Act 1985 and most of their functions were devolved to the boroughs, making them to a large extent unitary authorities. Some of the functions of the abolished county councils were taken over by joint bodies such as passenger transport authorities, and joint fire, police and waste disposal authorities.^[2]

The 36 metropolitan boroughs are:

References[link]

External links[link]

• Map of the UK counties and unitary administrations
• Map of all UK local authorities

See also[link]

• Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London
• Borough
• Non-metropolitan district
• County borough
• Subdivisions of England
• ISO 3166-2:GB, subdivision codes for the United Kingdom
• Political make-up of Metropolitan borough councils

v t e Subdivisions of England Region Region Greater London NUTS 1 statistical regions of England County Metropolitan Non-metropolitan Ceremonial District Metropolitan Non-metropolitan London borough City of London Unitary authority Isles of Scilly Civil parish Civil parish

v t e Metropolitan counties and metropolitan districts Greater Manchester Bolton Bury Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Stockport Tameside Trafford Wigan Merseyside Knowsley Liverpool Sefton St Helens Wirral South Yorkshire Barnsley Doncaster Rotherham Sheffield Tyne and Wear Gateshead Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside South Tyneside Sunderland West Midlands Birmingham Coventry Dudley Sandwell Solihull Walsall Wolverhampton West Yorkshire Bradford Calderdale Kirklees Leeds Wakefield

Danny Boyle
Boyle in November 2008
Born	Daniel Boyle (1956-10-20) 20 October 1956 (age 55) Radcliffe, Lancashire
Occupation	Director/Producer
Years active	1980–present
Awards	Academy Award for Best Director 2009 for Slumdog Millionaire

Daniel "Danny" Boyle (born 20 October 1956) is an English filmmaker and producer. He is best known for his work on films such as Slumdog Millionaire, Shallow Grave, 127 Hours, 28 Days Later, Sunshine and Trainspotting. For Slumdog Millionaire, Boyle won numerous awards in 2008, including the Academy Award for Best Director. Boyle was presented with the Extraordinary Contribution to Filmmaking Award at the 2008 Austin Film Festival, where he also introduced that year's AFF Audience Award Winner Slumdog Millionaire. On 17 June 2010, it was announced that he will be the Artistic Director for the 2012 Olympic games opening ceremony.^[1]

Early life and background[link]

Boyle was born on 20 October 1956 in Radcliffe, Lancashire, (now in the modern day metropolitan borough of Bury, Greater Manchester)^[2] into a working-class Irish Catholic family. His mother was from Ballinasloe in County Galway, and his father was born in England to an Irish family.^[3]

It was a very strict, Catholic family. I was an altar boy for eight years, I was supposed to be a priest and really, it was my mother's fondest wish that I would become one.^[3]

When he was 14 years old, Boyle applied to transfer from his local school to a seminary near Wigan, but was dissuaded from doing so by a priest. During an interview with The Times for his film Millions, he said:

I was meant to be a priest until I was 14, I was going to transfer to a seminary near Wigan. But this priest, Father Conway, took me aside and said, ‘I don’t think you should go’. Whether he was saving me from the priesthood or the priesthood from me, I don’t know. But quite soon after, I started doing drama. And there’s a real connection, I think. All these directors — Martin Scorsese, John Woo, M. Night Shyamalan — they were all meant to be priests. There’s something very theatrical about it. It’s basically the same job — poncing around, telling people what to think.^[4][5]

In a 2007 interview, Boyle said he no longer practiced Catholicism and described himself as a "spiritual atheist."^[6]

He studied at Thornleigh Salesian College in Bolton,^[7] and at Bangor University.^[2] While at university Boyle dated the actress Frances Barber.^[8] Boyle has three children with ex-girlfriend Gail Stevens who is the casting director on his films.^[9]

Boyle is a trustee of the UK-based, African arts charity Dramatic Need.^[10]

Boyle is also a fan of the football team Bury FC.

Career[link]

Theatre[link]

Upon leaving school he began his career at the Joint Stock Theatre Company, before moving onto the Royal Court Theatre in 1982 where he directed The Genius by Howard Brenton and Saved by Edward Bond. He also directed five productions for the Royal Shakespeare Company.^[11] In 2011 he directed Frankenstein for the National Theatre.^[12] This production was broadcast to cinemas as a part of National Theatre Live on 17 March 2011.^[13]

Television[link]

In 1982 Boyle started working in television as a producer for BBC Northern Ireland where he produced, amongst other TV films, Alan Clarke's controversial Elephant before becoming a director on shows such as Arise And Go Now, Not Even God Is Wise Enough, For The Greater Good, Scout and two^[14] episodes of Inspector Morse. These were Masonic Mysteries, and Cherubim and Seraphim. He was also responsible for the BBC2 series Mr. Wroe's Virgins.^[11] Danny Boyle is not to be confused with a different Daniel Boyle, who is not related, who scripted five original teleplays for Inspector Morse at about this time, and who has continued to write and adapt crime stories for television including much of the popular series Hamish Macbeth.^[15]

In between the films The Beach and 28 Days Later Boyle directed two TV movies for the BBC in 2001 – Vacuuming Completely Nude In Paradise and Strumpet.^[16] He has also appeared on Top Gear and drove the fastest wet lap at that time.

Films[link]

Boyle's love for film began with his first viewing of Apocalypse Now:

It had eviscerated my brain, completely. I was an impressionable twenty-one-year-old guy from the sticks. My brain had not been fed and watered with great culture, you know, as art is meant to do. It had been sandblasted by the power of cinema. And that’s why cinema, despite everything we try to do, it remains a young man’s medium, really, in terms of audience.^[17]

The first movie Boyle directed was Shallow Grave.^[11] The film was the most commercially successful British film of 1995^[18] and led to the production of Trainspotting, based on the novel by Irvine Welsh.^[19] Working with writer John Hodge and producer Andrew Macdonald, Shallow Grave earned Boyle the Best Newcomer Award from the 1996 London Film Critics Circle.^[18] Shallow Grave and Trainspotting caused critics to claim that Boyle had revitalised British cinema in the early 90's.^[11]

He then moved to Hollywood and sought a production deal with a major US studio. He declined an offer to direct the fourth film of the Alien franchise, instead making A Life Less Ordinary using British finance.^[20][21]

Boyle's next project was an adaptation of the cult novel The Beach. Filmed in Thailand with Leonardo DiCaprio in a starring role, casting of the film led to a feud with Ewan McGregor, star of his first three films.^[11] He then collaborated with author Alex Garland on the post-apocalyptic horror film 28 Days Later.^[22]

He also directed a short film Alien Love Triangle (starring Kenneth Branagh), and was intended to be one of three shorts within a feature film. However the project was cancelled after the two other shorts were made into feature films: Mimic starring Mira Sorvino and Impostor starring Gary Sinise.^[23]

In 2004 Boyle directed Millions,^[4] scripted by Frank Cottrell Boyce.^[24] His next collaboration with Alex Garland^[4] was the science-fiction film Sunshine, featuring 28 Days Later star Cillian Murphy, and was released in 2007.^[25]

Boyle at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival

In 2008 he directed Slumdog Millionaire, the story of an impoverished child (Dev Patel) on the streets of Mumbai who competes on India's variant of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, for which Boyle won an Academy Award. The film won eight Academy Awards in total.^[26] "To be a film-maker...you have to lead. You have to be psychotic in your desire to do something. People always like the easy route. You have to push very hard to get something unusual, something different."^[11] Andrew Macdonald, producer of Trainspotting, said "Boyle takes a subject that you've often seen portrayed realistically, in a politically correct way, whether it's junkies or slum orphans, and he has managed to make it realistic but also incredibly uplifting and joyful."^[11]

In 2010, Boyle directed the film 127 Hours, starring James Franco, Amber Tamblyn and Kate Mara. It was based on Aron Ralston's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place, which detailed his struggle of being trapped under a boulder while canyoneering alone near Moab, Utah and resorting to desperate measures in order to survive. The film was released on 5 November 2010 to critical acclaim and to which Franco received an Oscar nomination.

Boyle's next film will be another installment of the 28 Days Later franchise.^[27] Boyle has stated previously that in theory it will be a sequel titled 28 Months Later, but alluded to a film taking place somewhere else in the world he created in 28 Days Later & 28 Weeks Later. He will also help produce the upcoming film Paani.

In a webchat interview with Empire Magazine, Boyle stated on more than one occasion his enthusiasm to work again with Ewan Mcgregor on his next feature film.

Recurring collaborators[link]

Awards[link]

Boyle at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada, 10 September 2008

[edit] Shallow Grave

• 1995 Angers European First Film Festival
  • Audience Award, feature film.
  • Best Screenplay, feature film.
  • Liberation Advertisement Award.
• 1995 BAFTA – Alexander Korda Award for best British film (shared with Andrew Macdonald).^[18]
• 1995 Cognac Festival du Film Policier
  • Audience Award.
  • Grand Prix.
• 1994 Dinard British Film Festival
  • Golden Hitchcock.
• 1996 Empire Award
  • Best Director.
• 1996 Evening Standard British Film Award
  • Most Promising Newcomer.
• 1995 Fantasporto (Portugal)
  • International Fantasy Film Award, Best Film.
• 1994 San Sebastian International Film Festival
  • Silver Seashell, Best Director.

[edit] Trainspotting

• 1997 BAFTA Scotland Awards
  • Best Feature Film.
• 1997 Bodil Award (Denmark)
  • Best Non-American Film (Bedste ikke-amerikanske film)
• 1997 Czech Lions
  • Best Foreign Language Film (Nejlepší zahraniční film)
• 1997 Empire Award
  • Best Director.
• 1996 Seattle International Film Festival
  • Golden Space Needle Award, Best Director.
• 1996 Warsaw International Film Festival
  • Audience Award.

[edit] 28 Days Later

• 2003 Fantasporto (Portugal)
  • Grand Prize of European Fantasy Film in Silver.
  • International Fantasy Film Award, Best Director.
• 2003 Neuchâtel International Fantasy Film Festival
  • Best International Film.

[edit] Slumdog Millionaire

• 2009 Academy Awards
  • Best Director
• 2008 Austin Film Festival
  • Audience Award, out of competition feature.
• 2009 BAFTA
  • Best Director
• 2008 British Independent Film Awards
  • Best Director
• 2009 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
  • Best Director
• 2008 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
  • Best Director
• 2008 Chicago International Film Festival
  • Audience Choice Award
• 2009 Golden Globes
  • Best Director – Motion Picture
• 2008 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
  • Best Director
• 2008 Satellite Awards
  • Best Director
• 2008 Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards
  • Best Director
• 2008 St. Louis International Film Festival
  • Audience Choice Award – Best International Feature
• 2008 Toronto International Film Festival
  • Audience Choice Award

Career awards[link]

• Mayor's Career Achievement Award: Presented by Starz Denver Film Festival^[28]

Filmography[link]

Released films

Filmography by awards[link]

As Director[link]

Planned films

• Trance (2012)
• Midnight Express (2012 or 2013)
• Untitled 28 Weeks Later Sequel (TBA)^[30]
• Ponte Tower (TBA)^[31]
• Trainspotting sequel (TBA)^[32]
• Paani (producer)^[33]

Due to his interest in music, Boyle has mentioned in interviews that he has considered a musical film with original compositions. Boyle has also expressed interest in an animated movie.^[34]

Further reading[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Danny Boyle

• Danny Boyle at the Internet Movie Database
• Danny Boyle biography and credits at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
• Interview about Slumdog Millionaire on MyNorthwest.com
• Podcast with Danny Boyle on Intent.com
• Slumdog Millionaire