The metre (meter in the US), symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole (at sea level), its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology. Since 1983, it has been defined as "the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 ⁄ 299,792,458 of a second".^[1]

History[link]

Name[link]

The first recorded proposal for a decimal-based unit of length was the universal measure unit proposed by the English philosopher John Wilkins in 1668.^[2] In 1675, the Italian scientist Tito Livio Burattini, in his work Misura Universale, used the words metro cattolico (lit. "catholic [i.e. universal] metre"), which was derived from the Greek μέτρον καθολικόν (métron katholikón), "a universal measure". This word gave rise to the French mètre which in 1797 was introduced into the English language.^[3]

Belfry, Dunkirk - the northern end of the meridian arc

Fortress of Montjuïc - the southerly end of the meridian arc

Meridional definition[link]

In 1668, Wilkins proposed using Christopher Wren's suggestion of a pendulum with a half-period of one second to measure a standard length that Christiaan Huygens had observed to be 38 Rhineland or 39¼ English inches (997 mm) in length.^[2] In the 18th century, there were two favoured approaches to the definition of the standard unit of length. One approach followed Wilkins in defining the metre as the length of a pendulum with a half-period of one second, a 'seconds pendulum'. The other approach suggested defining the metre as one ten-millionth of the length of the Earth's meridian along a quadrant, that is the distance from the equator to the North Pole. In 1791, the French Academy of Sciences selected the meridional definition over the pendular definition because the force of gravity varies slightly over the surface of the Earth, which affects the period of a pendulum.

To establish a universally accepted foundation for the definition of the metre, measurements of this meridian more accurate than those available at that time were imperative. The French Academy of Sciences commissioned an expedition led by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain, lasting from 1792 to 1799, which measured the distance between the Dunkerque belfry and Montjuïc castle, Barcelona to estimate the length of the meridian arc through Dunkerque (assumed to be the same length as the Paris meridian). This portion of the meridian was to serve as the basis for the length of the half meridian, connecting the North Pole with the equator. The exact shape of the Earth is not a simple mathematical shape (sphere or oblate spheroid) at the level of precision required for defining a standard of length. The irregular and particular shape of the Earth (smoothed to sea level) is called a Geoid, which means "Earth-shaped".

However, in 1793, France adopted as its official unit of length a metre based on provisional results from the expedition. Although it was later determined that the first prototype metre bar was short by a fifth of a millimetre because of miscalculation of the flattening of the Earth, this length became the standard. The circumference of the Earth through the poles is therefore slightly more than forty million metres (40 007 863).^[4]

Prototype metre bar[link]

Creating the metre-alloy in 1874 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Present Henri Tresca, George Matthey, Saint-Claire Deville and Debray

Historical International Prototype Metre bar, made of an alloy of platinum and iridium, that was the standard from 1889 to 1960.

In the 1870s and in light of modern precision, a series of international conferences was held to devise new metric standards. The Metre Convention (Convention du Mètre) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) to be located in Sèvres, France. This new organisation would preserve the new prototype metre and kilogram standards when constructed, distribute national metric prototypes, and maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. The organisation created a new prototype bar in 1889 at the first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM: Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures), establishing the International Prototype Metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar composed of an alloy of ninety percent platinum and ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.^[5]

The original international prototype of the metre is still kept at the BIPM under the conditions specified in 1889. A discussion of measurements of a standard metre bar and the errors encountered in making the measurements is found in a NIST document.^[6]

Standard wavelength of krypton-86 emission[link]

In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an interferometer by Albert A. Michelson, the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular wavelength of light as a standard of length. By 1925, interferometry was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new SI system as equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum.^[7]

Speed of light[link]

To further reduce uncertainty, the seventeenth CGPM in 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of the second and the speed of light:

The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1  ⁄   299,792,458 of a second.^[1]

This definition fixed the speed of light in vacuum at exactly 299,792,458 metres per second. An intended by-product of the 17th CGPM’s definition was that it enabled scientists to compare their lasers accurately using frequency, resulting in wavelengths with one-fifth the uncertainty involved in the direct comparison of wavelengths because interferometer errors were eliminated. To further facilitate reproducibility from lab to lab, the 17th CGPM also made the iodine-stabilised helium–neon laser “a recommended radiation” for realising the metre.^[8] For purposes of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength to be as follows: λ_HeNe = 632 991 212.58 fm with an estimated relative standard uncertainty (U ) of 2.1×10⁻¹¹.^[9][10] This uncertainty is currently one limiting factor in laboratory realisations of the metre, and it is several orders of magnitude poorer than that of the second, based upon the caesium fountain atomic clock (U = 5×10⁻¹⁶ ).^[11] Consequently, a realisation of the metre is usually delineated (not defined) today in labs as 1,579,800.762042(33) wavelengths of helium-neon laser light in vacuum, the error stated being only that of frequency determination.^[12] This bracket notation expressing the error is explained in the article on measurement uncertainty.

Practical realisation of the metre is subject to uncertainties in characterising the medium, in addition to various uncertainties of interferometry, and to uncertainties in measuring the frequency of the source.^[13] A commonly used medium is air, and NIST has set up an on-line calculator to convert wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air.^[14] As described by NIST, in air the uncertainties in characterising the medium are dominated by errors in finding temperature and pressure, and errors in the theoretical formulas used are secondary.^[15] By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realization of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as 1,579,800.762042(33) wavelengths of helium-neon laser light in vacuum, and converting the wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. Of course, air is only one possible medium to use in a realization of the metre, and any partial vacuum can be used, or some inert atmosphere like helium gas, provided the appropriate corrections for refractive index are implemented.^[16]

Length measurement in metres[link]

Although the metre is now defined as the path length travelled by light in a given time, actual laboratory length measurements in metres are determined by counting the number of wavelengths of laser light of one of the standard types that fit into the length,^[8][17] and converting the selected unit of wavelength to metres. Three major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser interferometers for a length measurement:^[18][13]

• Uncertainty in vacuum wavelength of the source,
• Uncertainty in the refractive index of the medium,
• Least count resolution of the interferometer.

Of these, the last is peculiar to the interferometer itself. The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon the relation:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lambda = \frac{c}{n f} \

which converts the unit of wavelength λ to metres using c, the speed of light in vacuum in m/s. Here n is the refractive index of the medium in which the measurement is made; and f is taken for the conversion here as the measured frequency of the source. Although conversion from wavelengths to metres introduces additional error in the overall length due to measurement error in determining the refractive index and the frequency, measurement of frequency is one of the most accurate measurements available.^[18]

Timeline of definition[link]

• 1790 May 8 – The French National Assembly decides that the length of the new metre would be equal to the length of a pendulum with a half-period of one second.
• 1791 March 30 – The French National Assembly accepts the proposal by the French Academy of Sciences that the new definition for the metre be equal to one ten-millionth of the length of the Earth's meridian along a quadrant through Paris, that is the distance from the equator to the north pole.
• 1795 – Provisional metre bar constructed of brass.
• 1799 December 10 – The French National Assembly specifies the platinum metre bar, constructed on 23 June 1799 and deposited in the National Archives, as the final standard.
• 1889 September 28 – The first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of platinum with ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.
• 1927 October 6 – The seventh CGPM adjusts the definition of the metre to be the distance, at 0 °C, between the axes of the two central lines marked on the prototype bar of platinum-iridium, this bar being subject to one standard atmosphere of pressure and supported on two cylinders of at least one centimetre diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 millimetres from each other.
• 1960 October 14 – The 11th CGPM defines the metre to be equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p¹⁰ and 5d⁵ quantum levels of the krypton-86 atom.^[19]
• 1983 October 21 – The 17th CGPM defines the metre as equal to the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of ¹⁄_299,792,458 of a second.^[20]
• 2002  – The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) considers the metre to be a unit of proper length and thus recommends this definition be restricted to "lengths ℓ which are sufficiently short for the effects predicted by general relativity to be negligible with respect to the uncertainties of realisation".^[21]

SI prefixed forms of metre[link]

SI prefixes are often employed to denote decimal multiples and submultiples of the metre, as shown in the table below. As indicated in the table, some are commonly used, while others are not. Long distances are usually expressed in km, astronomical units (149.6 Gm), light-years (10 Pm), or parsecs (31 Pm), rather than in Mm, Gm, Tm, Pm, Em, Zm or Ym; "30 cm", "30 m", and "300 m" are more common than "3 dm", "3 dam", and "3 hm", respectively.

The term micron is often used instead of micrometre, but this practice is officially discouraged.^[23]

Spelling[link]

Metre is used as the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in all English-speaking nations except the USA, which uses meter.^[24]

The most recent official brochure, written in 2006, about the International System of Units (SI), Bureau international des poids et mesures, was written in French by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. An English translation (using the spelling: metre) is included to make the SI standard "more widely accessible".^[25]

In 2008, the U.S. English translation published by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology chose to use meter in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual.^[26]

Measuring devices (such as parking meter, speedometer) are traditionally spelt "...meter" in all countries.^[27] The word "meter", signifying any such device, has the same derivation as the word "metre", denoting the unit of length this article is about.^[28]

Equivalents in other units[link]

Within this table, "inch" (and "yard") means "international inch" (and yard).^[29] though approximate conversions in the left-hand column hold for both international units and survey units.

"≈" means "is approximately equal to".

"≡" means "equals by definition" or equivalently, "is exactly equal to".

One metre is exactly equivalent to ¹⁰⁰⁰⁰⁄₂₅₄ inches and to ¹⁰⁰⁰⁰⁄₉₁₄₄ yards.

A simple mnemonic aid exists to assist with conversion, as three "3":

1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3 feet, 3 and 3/8 inches.^[30] This gives an over-estimate of 0.125 mm.

The ancient Egyptian cubit was about ½ m (surviving rods are 52.3–52.9 cm). Scottish and English definitions of ell (two cubits) were 0.941 m and 1.143 m, respectively. The ancient Paris toise (fathom) was slightly shorter than 2 m, and was standardized at exactly 2 m in the mesures usuelles system, such that 1 m was exactly ½ toise. The Russian verst was 1.0668 km. The Swedish mil was 10.688 km, but was changed to 10 km when Sweden converted to metric units.

See also[link]

• Conversion of units for comparisons with other units
• International System of Units
• ISO 1 – standard reference temperature for length measurements
• Length measurement
• Metre Convention
• Metric system
• Introduction to the metric system
• Metrication
• Orders of magnitude (length)
• SI prefix
• Speed of light

Notes[link]

References[link]

• 17th General Conference on Weights and Measures. (1983). Resolution 1. International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
• American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd ed. (1992). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Astin, A. V. & Karo, H. Arnold, (1959), Refinement of values for the yard and the pound, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, 30 June 1959, 8:45 a.m.)
• Barbrow, Louis E. & Judson, Lewis V. (1976). Weights and Measures of the United States: A brief history (Special Publication 447).. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
• Beers, J.S. & Penzes, W. B. (1992). NIST Length Scale Interferometer Measurement Assurance. (NISTIR 4998). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
• Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (2006). The International System of Units (SI). Retrieved 18 August 2008.
  • HTML version. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
• Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (n.d.). Resolutions of the CGPM (search facility). Retrieved 3 June 2006.
• Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (n.d.). The BIPM and the evolution of the definition of the metre. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
• Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2008). Cambridge University Press.
• Cardarelli, Francois (2003). Encydopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins, Springer-Verlag London Limited, ISBN 1-85233-682-X, page 5, table 2.1, data from Giacomo, P., Du platine a la lumiere, Bull. Bur. Nat. Metrologie, 102 (1995) 5–14.
• Humerfelt, Sigurd. (26 October 2010). How WGS 84 defines Earth. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
• Layer, H.P. (2008). Length—Evolution from Measurement Standard to a Fundamental Constant. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
• Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
• Mohr, P., Taylor, B.N., and David B. Newell, D. (28 December 2007). CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology. (December 2003). The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: International System of Units (SI) (web site):
  • SI base units. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
  • Definitions of the SI base units. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
  • Historical context of the SI: Metre. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology. (27 June 2011). NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock. Author.
• National Physical Laboratory. (25 March 2010). Iodine-Stabilised Lasers. Author.
• National Research Council Canada. (5 February 2010). Maintaining the SI unit of length. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
• Naughtin, Pat. (2008). Spelling metre or meter. Author.
• Penzes, W. (29 December 2005). Time Line for the Definition of the Meter. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology — Precision Engineering Division. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
• Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (Eds.). (2008a). The International System of Units (SI). United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication Le Système International d’ Unités (SI) (Special Publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
• Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (2008b). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
• Tibo Qorl. (2005) The History of the Meter (Translated by Sibille Rouzaud). Retrieved 18 August 2008.
• Turner, J. (Deputy Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology). (16 May 2008)."Interpretation of the International System of Units (the Metric System of Measurement) for the United States". Federal Register Vol. 73, No. 96, p. 28432-3.
• Wilkins, J. (c. 2007). An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language.[Also available without images of original.] Metrication Matters. (Reprinted from title page and pp. 190–194 of original, 1668, London: Royal Society)
• Zagar, B.G. (1999). Laser interferometer displacement sensors in J.G. Webster (ed.). The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook. CRC Press. isbn=0-8493-8347-1.
• "(Mise en Pratique) MEP 2003: Iodine (λ≈633nm)". BIPM. 2003. http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/mep/M-e-P_I2_633.pdf. 

Further reading[link]

• Alder, Ken. (2002). The Measure of All Things : The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World. Free Press, New York ISBN 0-7432-1675-X

v t e SI units Base units Ampere · Candela · Kelvin · Kilogram · Metre · Mole · Second Derived units Becquerel · Coulomb · Degree Celsius · Farad · Gray · Henry · Hertz · Joule · Katal · Lumen · Lux · Newton · Ohm · Pascal · Radian · Siemens · Sievert · Steradian · Tesla · Volt · Watt · Weber Accepted for use with SI Dalton (Atomic mass unit) · Astronomical unit · Day · Decibel · Degree Celsius · Degree of arc · Electronvolt · Hectare · Hour · Litre · Minute · Minute of arc · Neper · Second of arc · Tonne Atomic units · Natural units See also SI prefixes · Systems of measurement · Conversion of units · New SI definitions · History of the metric system Book:International System of Units  · Category:SI base units

Frank Ticheli
Ticheli (left) with a student at University of Minnesota on November 17, 2010.
Born	Frank Ticheli (1958-01-21) January 21, 1958 (age 54) Monroe, Louisiana, U.S.
Occupation	Composer
Years active	1991–present

Frank Ticheli (born January 21, 1958 in Monroe, Louisiana) is an American composer of orchestral, choral, chamber, and concert band works. He lives in Los Angeles, California, where he is a Professor of Composition at the University of Southern California.^[1] A number of his works are particularly notable, as they have become standards in concert band repertoire.

Biography[link]

He graduated from L.V. Berkner High School in Richardson, Texas and earned a Bachelor of Music in Composition from Southern Methodist University, where he studied with Donald Erb and Jack Waldenmaier. He went on to receive his master's and doctoral degrees in composition from the University of Michigan, where he studied with William Albright, Leslie Bassett, George Wilson, and William Bolcom.

Subsequently, Ticheli was an Assistant Professor of Music at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. There, he served on the board of directors of the Texas Composers Forum and was a member of the advisory committee for the San Antonio Symphony's "Music of the Americas" project. From 1991 to 1998, Ticheli was composer-in-residence with the Pacific Symphony Orchestra in Orange County, California. Since 1991, he has been a Professor of Composition at the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music. In 2011, he endowed the "Frank Ticheli Composition Scholarship" to be awarded each year to an incoming graduate student in composition.

He has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Arts and Letters Award, Goddard Lieberson Fellowship, and Charles Ives Scholarship, all from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the National Band Association/Revelli Memorial Prize, the A. Austin Harding Award, and First Prize in the Texas Sesquicentennial Orchestral Composition Competition, the Britten-on-the-Bay Choral Composition Contest, and the Virginia CBDNA Symposium for New Band Music. In addition to these awards, Ticheli has been named a national honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha and Kappa Kappa Psi.

Grants and commissions have come from Chamber Music America, the American Music Center, Pacific Symphony, Pacific Chorale, Worldwide Concurrent Premieres, Inc., Prince George's Philharmonic Orchestra, Adrian Symphony, City of San Antonio, Stephen F. Austin State University, University of Michigan, Trinity University, and the Indiana Bandmasters Association, and many others. His work, Angels in the Architecture, for concert band with soprano soloist, was commissioned by Kingsway International and received its premiere performance in July 2008 by a massed band of young musicians from Australia and the U.S. at the Sydney Opera House.

Recent works include RIFFS FOR STEVEN, a work for solo drumset and orchestra featuring drummer Peter Erskine; CONCERTO FOR CLARINET for soloist Håkan Rosengren, premiered by the Lithuanian National Orchestra and first performed in America by the Round Top Festival Orchestra, JoAnn Falletta, conductor; and SONGS OF LOVE AND LIFE, for soprano soloist and 18 players, composed for conductor, Allan McMurray.

Works[link]

Ticheli's works are published by Manhattan Beach Music, Encore Music Publishers, Helicon Music, and PP Music Publishers and are recorded by Koch International Classics, Klavier, Albany, and Mark Records. They include the following:^[2]

For orchestra[link]

• Riffs for Steven (2010)
• An American Elegy (2008)
• Angels in the Architecture (2009)
• Shooting Stars (2004)
• Symphony No. 1 (2001)
• Blue Shades (2002)
• Radiant Voices (1993)
• On Time's Stream (1995)
• Postcard (1995)
• Pacific Fanfare (1995)
• Images of a Storm (1983)

For solo with orchestra[link]

• Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra (2011)
• Symphony No. 1 (solo tenor or baritone in mvt. 4 only) (2001)
• An American Dream (with solo soprano) (1998)
• Playing With Fire (for seven-piece jazz band and orchestra) (1992)
• Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra (1990)

For chorus[link]

• Constellation: Three Poems of Sara Teasdale (2010)
• Earth Song (2007)
• The Song Within (2004)
• There Will Be Rest (2000)

For concert band/wind ensemble[link]

• Songs of Love and Life, for soprano and 18 players (2012)
• Concerto for Clarinet and Concert Band (2011)
• San Antonio Dances (2011)
• Rest (2011)
• Amen! (2009)
• Angels in the Architecture (2009)
• The Tyger (2008)
• Symphony No. 1 (transcribed by Gary Green)
• Wild Nights! (2007)
• Nitro (2006)
• Sanctuary (2006)
• Abracadabra (2005)
• Joy Revisited (2005)
• Joy (2005)
• Symphony No. 2 (2004) - winner of the 2006 NBA/William D. Revelli Memorial Band Composition Contest
• Ave Maria (2004)
• A Shaker Gift Song (2004)
• Pacific Fanfare (2003)
• Loch Lomond (2002)
• Simple Gifts: Four Shaker Songs (2002)
• An American Elegy (2000)
• Vesuvius (1999)
• Shenandoah (1999)
• Blue Shades (1997)
• Sun Dance (1997)
• Cajun Folk Songs II (1997)
• Postcard (1994)
• Gaian Visions (1994)
• Amazing Grace (1994)
• Cajun Folk Songs (1990)
• Fortress (1989)
• Portrait of a Clown (1998)
• Music for Winds & Percussion (1988)
• Concertino for Trombone and Band (1987)

For chamber ensemble[link]

• Concerto for Clarinet (2011)
• Out of the Blue (2004)
• Songs of Tagore (1992)
• Back Burner (1989)
• Here We Stand (1989)
• Concertino for Trombone (1987)
• The First Voice (1987)
• String Quartet (1986)
• Fantasy (1984)
• Two Songs of Loss (1983)
• Humouresque (1980)
• Poltergeists (1980)
• No Time (1980)
• Three Movements (1979)
• Trio for Brass (1978)

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010)

External links[link]

• "An Interview with Frank Ticheli", Band Director
• The Music of Frank Ticheli Frank Ticheli's official website by Manhattan Beach Music
• Composition Faculty The Thornton School of Music's faculty biographies
• "Frank_Ticheli", Wind Repertory Project
• Composer's Collection: Frank Ticheli

Sam Bond (born 1983 in Christchurch, England) is an English amateur natural bodybuilder, weightlifter and television personality who has competed for the British National Bodybuilding Federation and the National Physiques Competition.

He attended St. Peter's School and spent summers as an RNLI lifeguard before going on to have a career as a fundraiser[1].

In 2006, he came third in the national championships behind two professional bodybuilders. He is one of the highest ranked amateur natural bodybuilders and hopes to become professional later this year.^[1]

Bond starred as Atlas in the 2008 revival of cult British television series Gladiators until 2009 when the series ended. His favourite events are Hang Tough and Gauntlet.^[2] Then from late 2009 to early 2010 he starred, at the Mayflower Theatre, in 'Santa Claus and the Return of Jack Frost' as Thaw the Glaciator, being present at the Marlands Shopping Centre in Southampton when the Christmas lights were turned on.

In America he has found fame as a book cover model for romance writers, and for 2012, plans to participate in further bodybuilding competitions at home.

Footnotes[link]

In 2010, Sam appeared as the saxophone player in the Crunchie Rocks advert.

External links[link]

• Sam Bond at the Internet Movie Database
• Official Gladiators Site
• Atlas - The Official Website
• Sam Bond - The Official Website

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History is a 1978 book by Michael H. Hart, reprinted in 1992 with revisions. It is a ranking of the 100 people who, according to Hart, most influenced human history.^[1]

The first person on Hart's list is the Prophet of Islam Muhammad.^[2] Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms. He also believed that Muhammad's role in the development of Islam was far more influential than Jesus' collaboration in the development of Christianity. He attributes the development of Christianity to St. Paul, who played a pivotal role in its dissemination."^[3]

The 1992 revisions included the demotion of figures associated with Communism, such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong, and the introduction of Mikhail Gorbachev. Hart took sides in the Shakespearean authorship issue and substituted Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford for William Shakespeare. Hart also substituted Niels Bohr and Henri Becquerel with Ernest Rutherford, thus correcting an error in the first edition. Henry Ford was also promoted from the "Honorary Mentions" list, replacing Pablo Picasso. Finally, some of the rankings were re-ordered, although no one listed in the top ten changed position.

Hart wrote another book in 1999, entitled A View from the Year 3000,^[4] voiced in the perspective of a person from that future year and ranking the most influential people in history. Roughly half of those entries are fictional people from 2000–3000, but the remainder are actual people. These were taken mostly from the 1992 edition, with some re-ranking of order.

Hart's Top 10 (from the 1992 edition)[link]

Rank	Name	Time Frame	Image	Occupation	Influence
1	Muhammad	c. 570–632		Secular and religious leader	The central human figure of Islam, regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God and the last messenger. Active as a social reformer, diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, military leader, humanitarian, philanthropist.
2	Isaac Newton	1643–1727		Scientist	English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. His law of universal gravitation and three laws of motion laid the groundwork for classical mechanics.
3	Jesus Christ	7–2 BC – 26–36 AD		Spiritual leader	The central figure of Christianity, revered by Christians as the Son of God and the incarnation of God.
4	Buddha	563–483 BC		Spiritual leader	Spiritual teacher and philosopher from ancient India. Founder of Buddhism and is also considered an Gautama Buddha in Hinduism.
5	Confucius	551–479 BC		Philosopher	Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese and Indonesian thought and life. Founded Confucianism, and influenced Neo-Confucianism and New Confucianism.
6	St. Paul	5–67 AD		Christian apostle	One of the most notable of early Christian missionaries, credited with proselytizing and spreading Christianity outside of Palestine (mainly to the Romans) and author of numerous letters of the New Testament of the Bible.
7	Cài Lún	50–121 AD		Political official in imperial China	Widely regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process.
8	Johannes Gutenberg	1398–1468		Inventor	German printer who invented the mechanical printing press.
9	Christopher Columbus	1451–1506	70px	Explorer	Italian navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages led to general European awareness of the American continents.
10	Albert Einstein	1879–1955		Scientist	German theoretical physicist, best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2.

See also[link]

• Time 100

References[link]

1. ^ Michael H. Hart The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. first published in 1978, reprinted with minor revisions 1992. ISBN 978-0-8065-1068-2
2. ^ The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History^{[dead link]}
3. ^ Michael H. Hart, "The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History", Citadel Publishing, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8065-1350-8
4. ^ Michael H. Hart. A view from the year 3000: a ranking of the 100 most influential persons of all time; first published in 1999

External links[link]

• Religious Affiliation of History's 100 Most Influential People