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Alaska Territory
The Territory of Alaska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 24, 1912, until January 3, 1959, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Alaska. The territory was previously the District of Alaska, created on May 17, 1884.
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Behistun Inscription
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Berlin Wall
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Budapest
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Busovača
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Dubai
Dubai ( ; ) is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located south of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature.
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Foreign Office
http://wn.com/Foreign_Office -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Gornji Vakuf
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Kiseljak
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Persian Empire
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Prague
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Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Saudi Arabia
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Singapore
{{Infobox Country
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Soviet Union
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Tehran
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
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Adolf Hitler
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Air China
Air China (, , ) (, Pinyin: , literally meaning "China International Airlines Company", abbreviated ) is the People's Republic of China's state-owned and second-largest commercial airline after China Southern Airlines. Its logo consists of a phoenix in the form of the acronym VIP, and "Air China" in both English and Chinese, which was autographed by Deng Xiaoping. It operates 5,090 flights each week worldwide and is the 18th largest airline in the world by fleet size. Air China is also the world's largest carrier by market capitalisation. It has its headquarters in the Beijing Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone in Shunyi District, Beijing.
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Alan Ross Anderson
Alan Ross Anderson (1925 – 1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.
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Alan Turing
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Albanians
Albanians () are a people from southeast Europe who live in Albania, Kosovo and neighboring countries. They speak the Albanian language. Roughly half of Albanians live in Albania, with other large groups residing in Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia and Montenegro. There are Albanian communities in a number of other countries, including Turkey, Greece, Serbia and Italy.
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Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada) is a psychologist and the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. Over a career spanning almost six decades, Bandura has been responsible for groundbreaking contributions to many fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy and personality psychology, and was also influential in the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology. He is known as the originator of social learning theory and the theory of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo Doll experiment.
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Aldous Huxley
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Alexander Bain
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Alfred Tarski
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Alma White
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Alonzo Church
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Aristotle
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Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
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Averroes
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Avicenna
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Bertrand Russell
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Bosniaks
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Branford Clarke
Branford Clarke (March 18, 1885 – July 7, 1947) was an Evangelical preacher, poet and artist who promoted the Ku Klux Klan through his art which was drawn for the Pillar of Fire Church and their publications.
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Chandragupta Maurya
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Chrysippus
Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: , ; c. 279–c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
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Cordwainer Smith
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Croat-Bosniak war
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Croats
Croats () are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia, and an estimated 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have since migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which throughout the ages, has been variously influenced by different cultural circles. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean, where, at the same time, Croats gave their contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.
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Darius I of Persia
Darius I, known as Darius the Great, was the third "king of kings" (emperor) of the Achaemenid Empire. Darius held the empire at its peak, then including Egypt, northern India, and parts of Greece. The decay and downfall of the empire commenced with his death and the coronation of his son, Xerxes I.
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert (; January 23, 1862 –
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Diego Rivera
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Donald H. Rumsfeld
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Duns Scotus
Blessed John (Johannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1265 – 8 November 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought.
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Edith Cavell
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Ernst Schröder
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Gabriel Tarde
Jean-Gabriel De Tarde or Gabriel Tarde in short (March 12, 1843 in Sarlat, France – May 13, 1904 in Paris) French sociologist, criminologist and social psychologist who conceived sociology as based on small psychological interactions among individuals (much as if it were chemistry), the fundamental forces being imitation and innovation.
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Georg Cantor
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George Boole
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George Boolos
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George Orwell
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Gerhard Gentzen
Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909, Greifswald, Germany – August 4, 1945, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German mathematician and logician. He had his major contributions in the foundation of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died in 1945 after the Second World War, because he was deprived of food after being arrested in Prague.
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Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of exceptional philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named in his honor. As part of this axiomatization effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin.
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Glenn Greenwald
Glenn Greenwald (born 6 March 1967) is a US lawyer, columnist, blogger, and author. Greenwald worked as a constitutional and civil rights litigator prior to becoming a contributor (columnist and blogger) to Salon.com, where he focuses on political and legal topics. He has also contributed to other newspapers and political news magazines, including The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The American Conservative, The National Interest, and In These Times.
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Gottlob Frege
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Harold D. Lasswell
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Haskell Curry
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Herbert A. Simon
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Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
http://wn.com/Hilary_Putnam -
Hitler
http://wn.com/Hitler -
Imre Nagy
http://wn.com/Imre_Nagy -
Ivica Mlivončić
http://wn.com/Ivica_Mlivončić -
Jacques Ellul
http://wn.com/Jacques_Ellul -
John H. Brown
John Brown is a Senior Fellow at USC Center on Public Diplomacy where he regularly publishes the [http://uscpublicdiplomacy.com/index.php/newsroom/johnbrown_main Public Diplomacy Press Review].
http://wn.com/John_H_Brown -
John R. MacArthur
John R. "Rick" MacArthur (June 4, 1956, New York City) is an American journalist and author of books about US politics. He is the president of ''Harper's Magazine''.
http://wn.com/John_R_MacArthur -
Jon Barwise
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Jon_Barwise -
Joseph Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels (often in English, ; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of German dictator Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous oratory and anti-Semitism. He was the chief architect of the Kristallnacht attack on the German Jews, which historians consider to be the beginning of the Final Solution, leading towards the genocide of the Holocaust.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Goebbels -
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
Judith Rich Harris
Judith Rich Harris (born February 10, 1938) is a psychologist and the author of The Nurture Assumption, a book criticizing the belief that parents are the most important factor in child development, and presenting evidence which contradicts that belief.
http://wn.com/Judith_Rich_Harris -
Konstantin Makovsky
http://wn.com/Konstantin_Makovsky -
Korean War
http://wn.com/Korean_War -
Kurt Gödel
http://wn.com/Kurt_Gödel -
Leni Riefenstahl
Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (; 22 August 1902 - 8 September 2003) was a German film director, actress and dancer widely noted for her aesthetics and innovations as a filmmaker. Her most famous film was Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will), a propaganda film made at the 1934 Nuremberg congress of the Nazi Party. Riefenstahl's prominence in the Third Reich along with her personal friendship with Adolf Hitler thwarted her film career following Germany's defeat in World War II, after which she was arrested but released without any charges.
http://wn.com/Leni_Riefenstahl -
Leopold Löwenheim
http://wn.com/Leopold_Löwenheim -
Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the Julio-Claudian family, advising Augustus' grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history. Livy and Augustus' wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.
http://wn.com/Livy -
Ludwig Wittgenstein
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Wittgenstein -
Martin Luther
http://wn.com/Martin_Luther -
Maxim Gorky
http://wn.com/Maxim_Gorky -
Mohammed Omar
Mullah Mohammed Omar (; born c. 1959), often simply called Mullah Omar, is the spiritual leader of the Taliban movement that operates in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. He was Afghanistan's de facto head of state from 1996 to late 2001, under the official title "Head of the Supreme Council". He held the title Commander of the Faithful of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which was officially recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
http://wn.com/Mohammed_Omar -
Nicholas J. Cull
Professor Nicholas J. Cull (born 1964) is a historian and the director of the Master's in Public Diplomacy program at the University of Southern California.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_J_Cull -
Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky ( or ; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics, and a major figure of analytic philosophy. Since the 1960s, he has become known more widely as a political dissident and an anarchist, referring to himself as a libertarian socialist. Chomsky is the author of more than 100 books and has received worldwide attention for his views, despite being typically absent from the mainstream media.
http://wn.com/Noam_Chomsky -
Osama Bin Laden
http://wn.com/Osama_Bin_Laden -
Osama bin Laden
http://wn.com/Osama_bin_Laden -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Palestinian people
http://wn.com/Palestinian_people -
Paul Bernays
http://wn.com/Paul_Bernays -
Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach -
Pope Paul III
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_III -
Randal Marlin
Randal Marlin, (born 1938 in Washington D.C.), is a Canadian philosophy professor at Carleton University in Ottawa who specializes in the study of propaganda. He was educated at Princeton University, McGill University, the University of Oxford, and the University of Toronto. After receiving a Department of National Defence fellowship to study under propaganda scholar Jacques Ellul at Bordeaux in 1979-1980, he started a philosophy and mass communications class at Carleton called Truth and Propaganda, which has run annually ever since.
http://wn.com/Randal_Marlin -
Raymond Smullyan
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
http://wn.com/Raymond_Smullyan -
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Carnap -
Saddam Hussein
http://wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts (see "Unpublished Manuscripts and Online Lectures" below). Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
http://wn.com/Saul_Kripke -
Sigmund Freud
http://wn.com/Sigmund_Freud -
Stephen Cole Kleene
http://wn.com/Stephen_Cole_Kleene -
Straw man
A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by substituting a superficially similar yet unequivalent proposition (the "straw man"), and refuting it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.
http://wn.com/Straw_man -
Strawman
http://wn.com/Strawman -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Thoralf Skolem
http://wn.com/Thoralf_Skolem -
Tihomir Blaškić
http://wn.com/Tihomir_Blaškić -
Vietnam War
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War -
Walter Lippmann
http://wn.com/Walter_Lippmann -
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
Winsor McCay
http://wn.com/Winsor_McCay -
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. A leader of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.
http://wn.com/Woodrow_Wilson -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
- Sex Gang Children
- Sepultura
- Blitz
- Falco
- Coven
- God Forbid
- Stuck Mojo
- Acid Drinkers
- Vice Squad
- Dead Prez
- Eve 6
- Briskeby
- One Be Lo
- Pegz
- Mayan Factor
- Midnite
- Avenues & Silhouettes
karaoke
In the Fatherland! In Disneyland! Or all England?
They say religion, the wounded pigeon, is back in
fashion
I said you're joking, you must be smoking 'some kind of
thing'
Take Las Vegas in a cab take a stab all or nothing
With ice cold hands your solitude stays with me
Give me concrete and steel, wake up and make believe
Mickey Mouse on the bed, all in my head
Give me Jesus in the arena going down nice and dirty
Where Man is mortal, God is always clean. I fell from
the sky
I was born in a bed, is it right to ask why, all in my
head?
Honesty and poverty are strangers to me
Humanity is what I used to be
The mediocre have taken over
Propaganda!
I am a cow, I am a horse, where truth is a stranger
Where neighbours on the payroll shoot me down nice and
dirty
Infra red on the wall which one of us will fall?
So free me from the Preachies, save me from myself
Eat a Fuck-Mac stew my brain, Soylent Green once again!
Mea culpa! Mea ultima culpa!
Psycho siege urban whine, at the end of the line
Do you hate or do you feel?
Feed your head. Strangelove in Jakarta, or is it the
Metric Martyr?
Praise the women who kill, feed your head
I kiss the Saints that are dead,
I kiss the Witches in their bed
Taste the blood if it's real, feed your head
Bless the bed I lay upon, bless the Angels around my
head
Why don't you get a life and grow up
Why don't you realize that you're fucked up
Why criticize what you don't understand
Why change my words, you're so afraid
You think you have the right to
Put me down
Propaganda hides your scum
Face to face you don't have a word to say
You got in my way, now you'll have to pay
Don't, don't believe what you
See
Don't, don't believe what you read
No!!!I know my ways, i'm here to stay
I didn't start all this yesterday
I'll prove you wrong all the way
Life teaches me you're always alone
Don't, don't believe what you
See
Don't, don't believe what you read
No!!!
Defending this corruption on which you are sat
You tell me what to think, you tell me this and that
`Freedom is O.K. you scum` but make sure it`s never used
In your defence of liberty I always stand accused
And your shadow in the sun always give a shock
While the hate mail rises like some kind of moral rock
Propaganda, you scare me to death
Propaganda, you scare me to death
I know you want to lock me up and see justice done
You say get the army in, you hope that day will come
You will give me something to think about Right between my eyes
Then you`ll see your freedom the day that freedom dies
I can`t see many reds underneath my bed
But the fascists in the letter-box are messing up my head
You tell me I`ve got rights, the same for rich and poor
Hey Conchita lady with the blood-shot eyes
Der Kubaner - so flink
Der CIA - so link
Der weiße Mann entbehrlich
Denn der Stamm der Roten mittlerweile ungefährlich
Im weißen Hause Turbulenz
Die Völker ignorieren a jede Grenz'
So hat's Havanna wieder wirklich schwer
Vorm Palazzo zeigt der Ami sein Gewehr her-Yeah!
Oh Generalissimo
What're you gonna do with your one-man-show?
Was n¨¹tzt die allerbeste
Propaganda
Was n¨¹tzt die beste Propaganda?
Zu viele Häuptlinge
Zu viele Häuptlinge
Und kane Indianer
Trotz Propaganda
Der neue Sheriff so integer
Im Haus der Damen da kennt ihn jeder,
Den Männer des Westens wollen das eine:
H¨¹ften, Lippen schlankste Gebeine.
Auch Conchita kommt ins Reine
Geht's um harte Dollars nimmt sie seine.
Die Stunde spielt ihr ins Budget
Denn was den Indianer mordet
Tut dem Häuptling net amal weh.
Oh Generalissimo
What're you gonna do with your one-man-show?
Was n¨¹tzt die allerbeste
Propaganda
Was n¨¹tzt die beste Propaganda?
Zu viele Häuptlinge
Zu viele Häuptlinge
Und kane Indianer
Trotz Propaganda
Insulana bin I kana
Amerikana werd' ich a mehr kana werd'n
Was n¨¹tzt die allerbeste
Propaganda
Was n¨¹tzt die beste Propaganda?
Zu viele Häuptlinge
Zu viele Häuptlinge
Und kane Indianer
Trotz Propaganda
pledge allegiance to the flag of the mighty USA
I've closed my mind to any other way
Without choice I'll fight your wars
Give my life to save your shores
So little do we ask of you
A chance to live, can you come through
[Chorus:]
Paint with propaganda for eyes that cannot see
A picture so self-righteous it's obscene
America is number one, but what a nasty web we've spun
How will we ever get our fingers clean
Cold & ancient arctic winds give way to winds of change
Perhaps a final chance to ease some of the strain
If you'd forget about tradition
And that stupid flag you wave
You might just save the world
While there's still a world to save
[Chorus]
Corruption!
[Bridge:]
Without choice I'll fight your wars
Give my life to save your shores
So little do we ask of you
Why Don't You Get A Life And Grow Up
Why Don't You Realize That You're Fucked Up
Why Criticize What You Don't Understand
Why Change My Words, You're So Afraid
You Think You Have The Right To
Put Me Down
Propaganda Hides Your Scum
Face To Face You Don't Have A Word To Say
You Got In My Way, Now You'll Have To Pay
Don't, Don't Believe What You
See
Don't, Don't Believe What You Read
No!!!
I Know My Ways, I'm Here To Stay
I Didn't Start All This Yesterday
I'll Prove You Wrong All The Way
Life Teaches Me You're Always Alone
Don't, Don't Believe What You
See
Don't, Don't Believe What You Read
No!!!
Ten minutes of death, murder, destruction.
Preceeded by some simple instructions.
Channel 2, channel5, 36, 46, click click, yo ain't that a bitch?
Don't snooze on the news 'cause you're gonna lose.
Hell, is what you sell on a large scale.
Profit for misery, you know it's sick.
The people that you sell, a mindless clientele.
The poison schools, the prison pools is where you send your youth to break the rules.
Education's been non-void, that's why I'm so paranoid.
One time, and one time only if it's detrimental to your ass home,
but let it be something making no sense, they pump a lot of hype and make a strong defense.
To spread the ideas and burn the ones...
Propaganda. Don't believe the hype.
Propaganda. Don't believe the hype.
Propaganda. What lies do you read?
Propaganda. Tell me, what do you believe?
Propaganda. Is white really good?
Propaganda. Is black really bad?
Propaganda. We're talking about propaganda.
Hid a secret from a nigga put it in a book.
Ohh shit, my race got took.
Ever heard of Maat?
I think not, Black man's religion that got faded out.
Nigga lovers, I treat them like my brothers.
Civil rights, they killed plenty whites, but they'll have you to believe
that no white died for black.
Do you reall beleive?
The poison schools, the prison pools is where you send your youth to break the rules.
Education's been non-void, that's why I'm so paranoid.
One time, and one time only if it's detrimental to your ass home,
but let it be something making no sense, they pump a lot of hype and make a strong defense.
To spread the ideas and burn the ones...
Propaganda. Don't believe the hype.
Propaganda. Don't believe the hype.
Propaganda. What lies do you read?
Propaganda. Tell me, what do you believe?
Propaganda. Is white really good?
Propaganda. Is black really bad?
Propaganda. We're talking about propaganda.
Propaganda. Don't believe the hype.
Propaganda. Don't believe the hype.
Propaganda. What lies do you read?
Propaganda. Tell me, what do you believe?
Propaganda. Is white really good?
Propaganda. Is black really bad?
Propaganda. We're talking about propaganda.
Show me more blood
Show me more bones
Let me hear more screams
Help me rot to the core
Show me more fear
Give me more pain in my ass
I am ordering horror
I am ordering a frightful shock
My fists are going to drown in blood!!!
Show me more blood!!!
Show me more bones!!!
Much more than ever!!!
Give me the menu
With the best recipes
For a perfect murder
For a brilliant attack
Show me more coke
More and more happy addicts
I want to see more bodies
Secret rotting flesh
My fists are going to drown in blood!!!
They are giving me more blood
From morning to night non stop
Bulldozers ride over the bones
Ears are filled with the sound of screams
They are giving me more fear
My fists are going to drown in blood
And so much pain in my ass
And I take it all like a starving man
My fists are going to drown in blood
Horror is the bargain of the day
Show me more blood!!!
Show me more bones!!!
Much more than ever!!!
More blood!! More and more
and more!!
More blood!! More and more
Across your face that shattered look
Of memories that flood the mind
Served up on TV, film and book
Bitter testament of mankind
They can keep their propaganda
And their glorious farce of war
My life isn't their's to squander
Like that of those who died before
You wear your medals oh so proud
For you did serve your country well
Told to proclaim your bravery loud
There was no glory, only hell
Lest we forget who gave their lives
Those who fought so we'd be free
Those who were conned by ancient lies
You'll make no murderer of me
I'll bear no arms for your rat race
See through the army boys pretence
I won't betray the human race
Intro: (news snippets)
"Let me now turn, to our program for the future..."
"The economy right now, is extremely supportive of the president and his
policies"
"FBI scientists have found chemical traces, consistent with a bomb or a
missle, on a piece of wreckage..."
"Police using clubs and tear gas against demonstrators..."
"They called me a mother -(bleeped out)-ing so-and-so...and a white
facist...like they said, 'you're getting some of your own medicine'..."
Singing:
Telling lies, to our children
Telling lies, to our children
Telling lies, to our babies
Only truth, can take us...
Verse 1:
You can't fool all the people all of the time
But if you fool the right ones, then the rest will fall behind
Tell me who's got control of your mind? your world view?
Is it the news or the movie you're taking your girl to? (uh)
Know what i'm sayin cause Uncle Sam got a plan
If you examine what they tellin us then you will understand
What they plantin in the seeds of the next generation
Feeding our children miseducation
No one knows if there's UFO's or any life on mars
Or what they do when they up in the stars
Because i don't believe a word of what the president said
He filling our head with lies got us hypnotised
When he be speaking in cold words about crime and poverty
Drugs, welfare, prisons, guns and robbery
It really means us, there's no excuse for the slander
But what's good for the goose, is still good for the gander
See...
Chorus:
I don't believe Bob Marley died from cancer
31 years ago i woulda been a panther
They killed Huey cause they knew he had the answer
The views that you see in the news is propaganda
Singing:
Telling lies, to our children
Telling lies, to our children
Telling lies, to our babies
Only truth, can take us...
Verse 2:
I don't want no computer chip in my arm
I don't wanna die by a nuclear bomb
I say we all rush the pentagon, pull out guns
And grab the intercom, my first word's will be I believe
Man made God, outta ignorance and fear
If God made man, then why the hell would he put us here?
I thought he's supposed to be the all loving
The same God who let Hitler put the Jews in the oven
We don't fall for the regular shit, they try to feed us
All this half-ass leadership, flippin position
They turn politcian and shut the hell up and follow tradition
For your TV screen, is telling lies to your vision
Every channel got some brainwashed cop shit to watch
Running up in niggas cribs claiming that they heard shots
It's a plot, but busta can you tell me who's greedier?
Big corporations, the pigs or the media?
Sign of the times, terrorism on the rise
Commercial airplanes, falling out the sky like flies
Make me wonder what secrets went down with Bob Brown (?)
Who burnt churches to the ground with no evidence found?
It's not coincidence, it's been too many studied incidents
It coulda been the Klan who put that bomb at the Olympics
But it probably was the FBI, deep at the call
Cuz if they make us all panic then they can start martial law
Chorus:
I don't believe Bob Marley died from cancer
31 years ago i woulda been a panther
They killed Huey cause they knew he had the answer
The views that you see in the news is propaganda
I don't believe Bob Marley died from cancer
31 years ago i woulda been a panther
They killed Huey cause they knew he had the answer
The views that you see in the news is muthafuckin propaganda
Singing:
Police is telling lies fooling millions
What are they teaching our kids in these school buildings?
Televised, enterprised in all the killing
Controlling our lives, this ain't living
No this ain't living
Chant:
FBI, CIA
ATF, KKK
IRS, TNT
CBS, NBC
FBI, CIA
ATF, KKK
IRS, TNT
CBS, NBC
Singing:
Telling lies, to our children
Telling lies, to our children
Telling lies, to our babies
Only truth, can take us...
News snippet:
"uh, we view each other uh, with uh, a great love and a great understanding
and that we
try to expand this to the general, uh, black population and also people,
oppressed people all over the world, and, i think that uh, we differ from
uhmm... uh, some other groups simply because we understand the system better
than uh, most uh, groups understand the system, and uh, with this
realisation, uh, we attempt to form a strong political base based in the
community with the only strength that we have and that's the strength of uh,
I passed by some familiar
faces,
But they flipped me off &
cursed my name,
I watched the hippies raise
their signs
and I saved my tears for
another time
I just wish that they could
understand
that I had no choice whether
or not
to put a gun in my hand
I just wish that they could
understand
I don't give a shit about being
Jesus Christ, what have I done
I find it hard to justify
each time I try to solve just one
my problems seem to multiply
now it’s just too late to wrap a smile around my face
(2x)
this is propaganda
you know, you know
I tried to make it go away
and I have tried the best I can
it’s been around for nights and days
they say it’s only in my head
now it’s just too late to wrap a smile around my face
(2x)
this is propaganda
you know, you know
now it’s just too late to wrap a smile around my face
(7x)
this is propaganda
you know, you know
[Chorus]
Who got the props? Who got the props?
Magazines and Hollywood backdrops
Who got the props? Who got the props?
Radio and TV crews, it don't stop
Who got the props? Who got the props?
The internet, the newspaper snapshots
Who go the props? Who got the props?
Even in your schools and church, it don't stop
[OneBeLo]
Aiyyo we deaf, dumb and blind in this world we live cause
we don't understand how they robbin and killin us
They got us watchin backs and lockin our front doors
'Specially time got 'em workin on your soul they come for
Disguise entertainment, psychological fund war
So many different channels and they usin to hunt yours
So turn off the box, watch the program stop
See how the X marks the block
[Sample]
Aiyyo, this is for inquirin minds that wanna know (know)
Now OneBeLo got you double-checkin your info
You used to be the person gettin caught in the hype
Like if I read it in the paper then it gotta be news, right?
Or maybe CNN had you glued to the tube tight
Thinkin you was watchin the government's every move, right?
Stay tuned for props the helicopter crew's flight
Reported we saw it now the way to teach you new heights
So many programs you watch on the sofa
But the real programs sit on top of your shoulders (you)
Remote control your brain with all of this entertainment
Cable channels basic, you plug you in the Matrix
Face it, even cartoons and PlayStations
X-Box, target your tots with "X" ratings
Worse than Hollywood with that +Hidden Agenda+
No propaganda inserts didn't get censored
Same reason magazines show the homicide view
to desensitize you, so nothin surprise you
Portray the victim as those who victimize you
Despise you, religious extremes to terrorize you
Everywhere you go is the same old news, right?
And everything I mentioned get controlled by the Jews, right?
Freedom of press but if you try to confess
That's like a hungry fat man throwin steak in a food fight
[Chorus]
[Verse 1:]
I'm not too concerned with rappers dissing me
I burnt bridges and turkey slapped the industry
I told critics, learn to act with dignity
My whole crew struggled to earn rap validity
I'm from a city of trials and tribulations
A lot of good friends deprived of liberation
Underworld killings, violent intimidation
Only the strong survive the situation
It's hard enough trying to hold your own
Without the weight of the world trying to overload
I go toe to toe with most of you blokes
And comatose ya homophobic bogan flows
Don't you know, not to grab the mic
With the same old punch line battle rhymes
Appetite for destruction like the anti-christ
Looking like choir boys running from paradise
[Hook:]
Propaganda, Propaganda
I can't believe I forgot to thank ya
The whole wide world's like what a wanker
And they keep on, keep on, keep on dumbing it down
Propaganda, Propaganda
I ain't heard shit bout what you stand for
Everyone knows that your not a gangster
And you keep on, keep on, keep on dumbing it down
[Verse 2:]
I don't carry a knife, I cook rappers alive
My hooks damage ya mind, like Suge Marion Knight
The bangers I write, I look fans in the eye
And ask em why this bullshit happens in life
Take away the cameras and lights, managers hype
All you gots the people who'll stand by your side
Put your hands in the sky like a shantaram
Tomorrow we're coming down like an avalanche, what?
My live shows like a fat-a-gram
On a tight rope, in some hammer pants (biatch)
You couldn't rock a rent-a-crowd on new year's
With free liquor, cheap strippers with huge *tits*
The truth is you need to start saving your shoe money
Paying ya dues instead of chasing the punani
Fucking with Pegz, I'm a take ya to school sonny
Ya out of ya depths in an inflatable pool party
[Hook:]
Propaganda, Propaganda
I can't believe I forgot to thank ya
The whole wide world's like what a wanker
And they keep on, keep on, keep on dumbing it down
Propaganda, Propaganda
I ain't heard shit bout what you stand for
Everyone knows that your not a gangster
And you keep on, keep on, keep on dumbing it down
[Verse 3:]
I got brother's fecious, blood on my sneakers
You don't wanna see Obese jump through the speakers
Suffa's a genius, your just another defeatist
Writings on the wall like puzzler pieces
We love graffiti like junkies and street kids
Don't know what I'm saying better fucking read it
I'm a crew member since Menzie's Ave youth centre
Never give into the politics and group pressure
I got more loose screws than Hugh Heffner
With a gold Rolex from a bootlegger
Keep ahead of the pack like dole bludgers
Bone crushing lyricist, hit em like Joe Bugner
Grip the microphone, clip em like toe cutter
Treat them like hoes, don't give em my phone number
[x4:]
And as the season changes
And I am rearranging
No reason to interrogate
The prophet of a broken limb
You lit a fire up under
All the places I lived in
I watched 'em burning the flesh
Across the moon stricken waters
Did I fight?
Reminiscent
I'll go reminiscent
Till the dark sheds its light
And as the feelings are changing
My heart is really racing
I see no reason to check
The pulse of a lion broken mountain ???
I lit a fire up under
All the places you lived in
I watched 'em burning the flesh
Across the moon stricken waters
Did I fight?
Go reminiscent
I'll go reminiscent
Hear me now Lord
Hear me now Lord
Hear me now Lord
Tell them call pan Fari
The whole of the youth and them
Fe say Rasta Fari
Hear me now Lord
Tell them call pan Fari
The whole of the youth and them
Fe say Rasta Fari
Fari the whole a the youth
An them fe say Rasta Fari
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propoganda news media
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Whole heap a Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda news media
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Oh gash original man
He was black
He was black
He was an African carbon
Science will show that
And prove that over and over ra again
Jah see and know
We tell them
Honor your fathers that your days may be long
Original black man
We were here from foundation of time
We will remain until the end
Jah see and know
Don’t listen the propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda news media
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Hear hear wha
Back is absolution of all light and color
So hear me little systa
In the earth and in the sky are
The cycles of your womb
See your self precious once again
We are hurt for the hurt of
The daughters of our people
She and her tears could find no comforter
Our hands are again strong
We will be there for our daughters
We will be there
Jah see and know
Don’t listen their propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda news media
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Oh gash
Black is the color of our Solar System
Out of blackness was born the light
Black is the color of the whole universe
Your morning starts with darkness
Did not your morning start with darkness
Did not your morning start with darkness
Did not this morning start with darkness
Well so does tonight
Alpha alpha and omega I
The beginning and the end
Don’t listen the propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda
All aboard
I’m not leaving without my
contributions accounted for
All aboard
I’m not leaving your vineyard without
The groundwork accounted for
Man will learn to humble to his knees
Many live and die unnecessarily
Man will learn to pray with long suffering
Many live and die
Still pretending
Hear wha
Every knee shall bow
And every tongue confess
Rasta Fari Selassie I live
Every knee shall bow
And every tongue confess
Rasta Fari Selassie I live
Go down do down a Ithiopia
Come come out of Fari Makonen Emperor
Come come go down
Go down a Ithiopia
The ancient ancestors
Call from our blood lines they remember
Word sound and power will over
Word sound and power
Hear rasta
Word sound and power
In this ya Armageddon
We were two kids divided by the city.
We loved to get lost in our labyrinths.
Now I’m dragging both our bodies to the
Attic where we kept all our secrets,
‘Cause then came the night.
I can’t remember our
First argument
But I do remember
Our first kiss.
I have nothing left to steal
From your unstitched life,
My connection to perfection
Is weaker now.
Life will forever remember…
Your beaten hands, now hold nothing but those windblown words
that we used to shout but they've already fallen on deaf ears.
Your kiss was a burning stake straight to my chest,
again faded away like a drop in the rain. But I got wet anyway
And after all, our love was judged by Solomon
And soon, my dear, you’ll become his empress.
I have nothing left to steal
From your unstitched life,
My connection to perfection
Is weaker now.
Life will forever remember
That I broke it up
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Vicious Circle
- Heaven Give Me Words
- Your Wildlife
- Only One Word
- How Much Love
- Vicious (Reprise)
- Ministry of Fear
- Wound in My Heart
- La carne, la morte e il diavolo
- Das Testament Des Dr. Mabuse (13th Life mix)
- Lied (Remix of the Chase)
- P: Machinery (Beta mix)
- Duel (Bitter Sweet)
- The Lesson (Remix of Dr. Mabuse)
- Frozen Faces (12" version)
- Jewel (Vocal Edited version)
- P-Machinery (Connected)
- Das Testament Des Dr. Mabuse (DJ Promo version)
- Femme Fatale (The Woman With the Orchid)
- Echo of Frozen Faces
- Dream Within A Dream
- The Murder Of Love
- Jewel
- Duel
- Frozen Faces
- P-Machinery
- Sorry For Laughing
- Dr. Mabuse (first life)
- The Chase
- The Last Word/Strength To Dream
- Femme Fatale (The Woman With the Orchid)
- Dr. Mabuse (13th life)
- Duel (bitter-sweet)
- (the beta wraparound of) p:Machinery
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Propaganda - Duel (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Propaganda Duel. Mertens/Dorper. © + ℗ 1985 ZTT
http://wn.com/Propaganda_Duel_HQ
PROPAGANDA | FULL ENGLISH VERSION (2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 95:52
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Here is the formal statement I gave to Federal Police on 16 June 2012: On a trip to visit family in Seoul in April, I was approached by a man and a woman who claimed to be North Korean defectors. They presented me with a DVD that recently came into their possession and asked me to translate it. They also asked me to post the completed film on the Internet so that it could reach a worldwide audience. I believed what I was told and an agreement was made to protect their identities (and mine). Despite my concerns about what I was viewing when I returned home, I proceeded to translate and post the film on You Tube because of the film's extraordinary content. I have now made public my belief that this film was never intended for a domestic audience in the DPRK. Instead, I believe that these people, who presented themselves as 'defectors' specifically targeted me because of my reputation as a translator and interpreter. Furthermore, I now believe these people work for the DPRK. The fact that I have continued to translate and post the film in spite of this belief does not make me complicit in their intention to spread their ideology. I chose to keep posting this film because - regardless of who made it - I believe people should see it because of the issues it raises and I stand by my right to post it for people to share and discuss freely with each other. Sabine I have translated this film, laid in the English voice over and subtitles, and on legal advice have blurred the ...
http://wn.com/PROPAGANDA_|_FULL_ENGLISH_VERSION_2012
Propaganda P-Machinery
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
video from 80's german group Propaganda.
http://wn.com/Propaganda_P-Machinery
Propaganda - Dr. Mabuse (version 2) (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
CLICK ON WATCH IN HIGH QUALITY LINK...Dr. Mabuse 1985
http://wn.com/Propaganda_Dr_Mabuse_version_2_HQ
Propaganda - Dr Mabuse (live at Wembley)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Live at Wembley Arena, produced by Trevor Horn in 2004.
http://wn.com/Propaganda_Dr_Mabuse_live_at_Wembley
PROPAGANDA Dr. MABUSE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Dr. MABUSE, from the masterpiece Album A secret Wish (1985) Video directed by Anton Corbijn.
http://wn.com/PROPAGANDA_Dr_MABUSE
CNN Propaganda Machine Exposed!!! Interview with Former Reporter Amber Lyon: 2012-09-28
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:05
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Former Reporter Amber Lyon Exposes Massive Censorship At CNN: Article: www.infowars.com Video: youtu.be Alex welcomes three-time Emmy award-winning journalist, photographer, and former CNN reporter Amber Lyon to discuss the brazenly false stories CNN forced her to report. We'll also cover other important news items and take your calls. The Obama Deception: youtu.be Endgame: Blueprint for Global Enslavement: youtu.be Fall Of the Republic: youtu.be Police State 4: The Rise Of FEMA: youtu.be Alex Jones Infowars Nightly News: Become a member of prisonplanet.tv: prisonplanet.tv Infowars.com: www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.com Exclusive: Bilderberg 1966 Data Dump -- The War on Nationalism Exposed: All files in ZIP format (31.1 MB): static.infowars.com www.infowars.com Leaked Bilderberg Documents: "Nationalism Is Dangerous": www.infowars.com Yes, The Re-Education Camp Manual Does Apply Domestically to US Citizens: www.infowars.com Leaked US Army Document Outlines Plan For Re-Education Camps In America: Political activists would be pacified to sympathize with the government: www.infowars.com FEMA CAMP Videos: www.youtube.com NDAA Videos: www.youtube.com Report: More Than 100000 Americans Are Domestic Terrorists: Concerns over martial law in America on a par with Islamic extremism: www.infowars.com 1984 World Bank Report Contemplates "Sterilization Vans" & "Camps" www.infowars.com Total Federalization of Police Under New Homeland Security Mission www.infowars.com 2011: The Year ...
http://wn.com/CNN_Propaganda_Machine_Exposed!!!_Interview_with_Former_Reporter_Amber_Lyon_2012-09-28
North Korean film exposes Western propaganda - Part 1 of 10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:05
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
'Propaganda' (95min) - Part 1 Full film now available: www.youtube.com Here is the formal statement I gave to Federal Police on 16 June 2012: On a trip to visit family in Seoul in April, I was approached by a man and a woman who claimed to be North Korean defectors. They presented me with a DVD that recently came into their possession and asked me to translate it. They also asked me to post the completed film on the Internet so that it could reach a worldwide audience. I believed what I was told and an agreement was made to protect their identities (and mine). Despite my concerns about what I was viewing when I returned home, I proceeded to translate and post the film on You Tube because of the film's extraordinary content. I have now made public my belief that this film was never intended for a domestic audience in the DPRK. Instead, I believe that these people, who presented themselves as 'defectors' specifically targeted me because of my reputation as a translator and interpreter. Furthermore, I now believe these people work for the DPRK. The fact that I have continued to translate and post the film in spite of this belief does not make me complicit in their intention to spread their ideology. I chose to keep posting this film because - regardless of who made it - I believe people should see it because of the issues it raises and I stand by my right to post it for people to share and discuss freely with each other. Sabine I have translated this film, laid in the ...
http://wn.com/North_Korean_film_exposes_Western_propaganda_Part_1_of_10
Anti Communist Propaganda
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:30
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
An animated anti-communist film produced by the US in 1948. This is funny stuff and the quality of the animation considering it was produced by a college is absolutly awesome. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Anti_Communist_Propaganda
Income Tax Propaganda Cartoon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
US Government propaganda cartoon from WWII era.
http://wn.com/Income_Tax_Propaganda_Cartoon
What Hitler Wants - Soviet Propaganda
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
This World War II-era Soviet propaganda pieces shows the comrades what the fuhrer really wants to do to the Motherland. Pretty interesting stuff
http://wn.com/What_Hitler_Wants_Soviet_Propaganda
The Myth of the Liberal Media: The Propaganda Model of News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
www.mediaed.org Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky demolish one of the central tenets of our political culture, the idea of the "liberal media." Instead, utilizing a systematic model based on massive empirical research, they reveal the manner in which the news media are so subordinated to corporate and conservative interests that their function can only be described as that of "elite propaganda."
http://wn.com/The_Myth_of_the_Liberal_Media_The_Propaganda_Model_of_News
Propaganda-Behind Big Media-WE are BEING LIED to in a BIG WAY by the TV! TURN IT OFF!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:05
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Doug and Donna 360-773-1318
http://wn.com/Propaganda-Behind_Big_Media-WE_are_BEING_LIED_to_in_a_BIG_WAY_by_the_TV!_TURN_IT_OFF!
GOSPEL - Propaganda (Full Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Presented by our good friends at Dare2Share.org. You can purchase/download at dare2share.org/store/content/life-6-words-gospel-0 Download Propaganda's New Album "Art Ambidextrous" for FREE! Go check out breatheliferadio.com This vid was not produced by GL Media Company... it is merely being shared thru Breathe Life Radio to expand the reach of the vid, the artist, and their message
http://wn.com/GOSPEL_Propaganda_Full_Video
What is Propaganda
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
This podcast takes a look at three of the most common propaganda techniques as they are used by advertising and in the media. Examples from popular culture are used to help explain the tactics. Video created by Ian Greer while a student at Mansfield University. Note: If you use this video in your classroom could you, if possible, leave a comment telling how you used it and how well it worked for you. Thanks and enjoy.
http://wn.com/What_is_Propaganda
Wartime Disney Propaganda
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Gov't film convincing people to pay their income taxes and blaming the high rates on Hitler!
http://wn.com/Wartime_Disney_Propaganda
WWII propaganda cartoon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
will some one send me a message on who made this film?
http://wn.com/WWII_propaganda_cartoon
Education For Death - Disney WWII Propaganda Cartoon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Education For Death - Disney WWII Propaganda Cartoon
http://wn.com/Education_For_Death_Disney_WWII_Propaganda_Cartoon
Propaganda Techniques - 1950
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Educational film to teach viewers about the dynamics of propaganda, made in the in the late 1940's or early 1950's. A teacher dissects the processes in which propaganda works to an eager student. In it are moments of classic hokum, but curiously it all rings true today. Beware of Propaganda. See more at: www.weirdovideo.com
http://wn.com/Propaganda_Techniques_1950
Suvereno - Propaganda HD (official videoclip)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
footage is just from youtube...we had some idea how to put it together and this is how its done! tell me what you think? tnx
http://wn.com/Suvereno_Propaganda_HD_official_videoclip
Peace, Propaganda & The Promised Land {Part 1}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:25
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land provides a striking comparison of US and international media coverage of the crisis in the Middle ... all » East, zeroing in on how structural distortions in US coverage have reinforced false perceptions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This pivotal documentary exposes how the foreign policy interests of American political elites--oil, and a need to have a secure military base in the region, among others--work in combination with Israeli public relations strategies to exercise a powerful influence over how news from the region is reported. Through the voices of scholars, media critics, peace activists, religious figures, and Middle East experts, Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land carefully analyzes and explains how--through the use of language, framing and context--the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza remains hidden in the news media, and Israeli colonization of the occupied terrorities appears to be a defensive move rather than an offensive one. The documentary also explores the ways that US journalists, for reasons ranging from intimidation to a lack of thorough investigation, have become complicit in carrying out Israel's PR campaign. At its core, the documentary raises questions about the ethics and role of journalism, and the relationship between media and politics.
http://wn.com/Peace,_Propaganda_The_Promised_Land_Part_1_
B. Goodunov - Propaganda Nazdorowje
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Music video of the song "Propaganda Nazdorowje" by B. Goodunov. Track produced by FC Walvisch Video directed by Yoes Benli
http://wn.com/B_Goodunov_Propaganda_Nazdorowje
Subliminal Propaganda Exposed!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:32
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
The History of Propaganda Exposed. An in depth look at subliminal programming and the Father of Propaganda, Edward Bernays. www.infowars.com www.prisonplanet.tv twitter.com www.facebook.com [Check out Alex's New Social Network-'Planet Infowars' planet.infowars.com
http://wn.com/Subliminal_Propaganda_Exposed!
Photo: AP / Mike Groll
31 Oct 2012
TEHRAN — Iranian rescuers and aid workers are on standby to fly to New York City to provide assistance to those affected by Hurricane Sandy, the head of Iran’s Red Crescent Organization...
Photo: AP / Salisu Rabiu
01 Nov 2012
Nigerian security forces have carried out widespread abuses in their campaign against the Islamist militant group Boko Haram, . The rights group says in a report that abuses include extrajudicial...
Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
01 Nov 2012
Washington: Showing to the world the rare images of two bitter political rivals joining hands in times of national crisis, US President Barack Obama toured the storm-ravaged areas of New Jersey, along...
Photo: AP / John Minchillo
30 Oct 2012
At least 13 people have been killed in the US and millions are without power after Superstorm Sandy slammed into the New Jersey coastline and hurled a record-breaking 13ft surge of seawater at New...
Photo: AP / Paul White
01 Nov 2012
November 1, 2012 -- Updated 1224 GMT (2024 HKT) Spanish police officers pictured near the entrance of the Madrid Arena on November 1, 2012. (CNN) -- Three young women are dead and two are in serious...
China's 18th Party Congress: Why so secretive?
02 Nov 2012
CNN
November 2, 2012 -- Updated 0125 GMT (0925 HKT) A paramilitary policeman passes by the portrait of China's President Hu Jintao at a state-sponsored exhibition in Beijing Tuesday. Editor's note: Bao Pu is the publisher of New Century Press in Hong Kong. (CNN) -- Rumors and speculation are running...(size: 11.5Kb)
The New York Times
BEIJING — To outside observers, the move may appear to be little more than bureaucratic reshuffling: trim two seats from the nine-member body that governs China by consensus at the pinnacle of the Communist Party. Changing of the Guard Articles in this series examine the implications for China...(size: 10.3Kb)
Sacramento Bee
WASHINGTON -- The Obama administration has quietly eased restrictions on the sale of medicine to Iran amid signs that concern over the suffering of ordinary citizens could complicate an international campaign to punish Iran for its disputed nuclear program. Though U.S. rules have always permitted...(size: 4.7Kb)
U.S. eases rules on sale of medicines to Iran
02 Nov 2012
The Los Angeles Times
WASHINGTON — The Obama administration has quietly eased restrictions on the sale of medicine to Iran amid signs that concern over the suffering of ordinary citizens could complicate an international campaign to punish Iran for its disputed nuclear program. Though U.S. rules have always...(size: 34.2Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
The Flat Documentary. Directed by Arnon Goldfinger. (Not rated. 97 minutes.) The search for the truth in the remarkable documentary "The Flat" begins in modern-day Israel. After the death of Grandma Gerda...(size: 1.3Kb)
Storm clouds gather over Romney campaign
01 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Romney Campaign Advertisement More smoke-blowing by Karl Rove on the op-ed page in Rupert Murdoch’s Wall Street Journal promising a magical surge by GOP nominee former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney suggest a campaign heading down to the bottom with only five days before Election Day....(size: 10.1Kb)
Pulling the U.S. drone war out of the shadows
01 Nov 2012
The Washington Post
IT’S BEEN 10 years since the first strike by an armed U.S. drone killed an al-Qaeda leader and five associates in Yemen. Since then, according to unofficial counts, there have been more than 400 “targeted killing” drone attacks in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia — countries where...(size: 5.1Kb)
Schools have no business disseminating Bibles
01 Nov 2012
Canada Dot Com
Re: Parent silent about Bible distribution after nasty letters, Oct. 27 The Chilliwack school board's consent of the distribution of the Gideon Bible in its schools is appalling. Religious proselytizing has no place in public schools. Those...(size: 1.6Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
WASHINGTON (AP) — A senior Secret Service agent who was being investigated by the government for failing to disclose a long-standing relationship with a foreign citizen killed himself last week in Washington, people familiar with the matter told The Associated Press. Rafael Prieto, a married father...(size: 13.3Kb)
The Independent
The red Mitsubishi Lancer GT with "go faster" stripes was a source of great pride to Hamlig Bedrosian. It was the only one of its kind in the city, pointed out on the streets as he roared along, an object of admiration and envy among his friends in Aleppo. The car may have been the reason why the...(size: 9.7Kb)
Scoop
Friday, 2 November 2012, 11:22 am Press Release: Anti-Bases Campaign This is the lead article in Peace Researcher 44, to be published this month. Murray Horton Co-Editor, Peace Researcher Anti-Bases Campaign -- A DOTCOMEDY OF ERRORS GCSB Illegally Spies On New Zealanders. We Told You So. - Murray...(size: 33.0Kb)
In This Corner, a Much-Needed Distraction
01 Nov 2012
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
Correction Appended KABUL, Afghanistan -- Afghans love a good fight. Dog fights, ram fights, partridge fights -- if two combatants square off here, there is sure to be a crowd cheering them on. So when a German promoter this week brought the spectacle of professional boxing to Kabul -- an...(size: 6.5Kb)
Introducing Nobel winner Mo Yan
01 Nov 2012
Kansas City Star
The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Chinese author Mo Yan last month. Although he has been publishing for more than 30 years, many Western readers may not be familiar with him. Hereâs a look at the author and his work. Who is Mo Yan? Mo Yan is the pen name of Guan Moye; itâs translated...(size: 4.6Kb)
This article is about the form of communication. For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation).
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the desired result in audience attitudes.
As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political agenda. Propaganda can be used as a form of political warfare.
While the term propaganda has justifiably acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and jingoistic examples (e.g. Nazi Propaganda used to justify the Holocaust) , propaganda in its original sense was neutral, and could refer to uses that were generally benign or innocuous, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to the police, among others.
Etymology[link]
The term was not originally pejorative and its political sense dates back to World War I.[1]
Types[link]
Defining propaganda has always been a problem. The main difficulties have involved differentiating propaganda from other types of persuasion, and avoiding an "if they do it then that's propaganda, while if we do it then that's information and education" biased approach. Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell have provided a concise, workable definition of the term: "Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist."[2] More comprehensive is the description by Richard Alan Nelson: "Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism—the applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion."[3]
Both definitions focus on the communicative process involved — or more precisely, on the purpose of the process, and allow "propaganda" to be considered objectively and then interpreted as positive or negative behavior depending on the perspective of the viewer or listener.
Propaganda is generally an appeal to emotion, not intellect.[citation needed] It shares techniques with advertising and public relations, each of which can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product or shapes the perception of an organization, person, or brand. In post–World War II usage the word "propaganda" more typically refers to political or nationalist uses of these techniques or to the promotion of a set of ideas, since the term had gained a pejorative meaning. The refusal phenomenon was eventually to be seen in politics itself by the substitution of "political marketing" and other designations for "political propaganda".
Propaganda was often used to influence opinions and beliefs on religious issues, particularly during the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches. Propaganda has become more common in political contexts, in particular to refer to certain efforts sponsored by governments, political groups, but also often covert interests. In the early 20th century, propaganda was exemplified in the form of party slogans. Also in the early 20th century the term propaganda was used by the founders of the nascent public relations industry to describe their activities. This usage died out around the time of World War II, as the industry started to avoid the word, given the pejorative connotation it had acquired.
Literally translated from the Latin gerundive as "things that must be disseminated", in some cultures the term is neutral or even positive, while in others the term has acquired a strong negative connotation. The connotations of the term "propaganda" can also vary over time. For example, in Portuguese and some Spanish language speaking countries, particularly in the Southern Cone, the word "propaganda" usually refers to the most common manipulative media — "advertising".
In English, "propaganda" was originally a neutral term used to describe the dissemination of information in favor of any given cause. During the 20th century, however, the term acquired a thoroughly negative meaning in western countries, representing the intentional dissemination of often false, but certainly "compelling" claims to support or justify political actions or ideologies. This redefinition arose because both the Soviet Union and Germany's government under Hitler admitted explicitly to using propaganda favoring, respectively, communism and Nazism, in all forms of public expression. As these ideologies were repugnant to liberal western societies, the negative feelings toward them came to be projected into the word "propaganda" itself.
Roderick Hindery argues[4] that propaganda exists on the political left, and right, and in mainstream centrist parties. Hindery further argues that debates about most social issues can be productively revisited in the context of asking "what is or is not propaganda?" Not to be overlooked is the link between propaganda, indoctrination, and terrorism/counterterrorism. He argues that threats to destroy are often as socially disruptive as physical devastation itself.
Propaganda also has much in common with public information campaigns by governments, which are intended to encourage or discourage certain forms of behavior (such as wearing seat belts, not smoking, not littering and so forth). Again, the emphasis is more political in propaganda. Propaganda can take the form of leaflets, posters, TV and radio broadcasts and can also extend to any other medium. In the case of the United States, there is also an important legal (imposed by law) distinction between advertising (a type of overt propaganda) and what the Government Accountability Office (GAO), an arm of the United States Congress, refers to as "covert propaganda".
Journalistic theory generally holds that news items should be objective, giving the reader an accurate background and analysis of the subject at hand. On the other hand, advertisements evolved from the traditional commercial advertisements to include also a new type in the form of paid articles or broadcasts disguised as news. These generally present an issue in a very subjective and often misleading light, primarily meant to persuade rather than inform. Normally they use only subtle propaganda techniques and not the more obvious ones used in traditional commercial advertisements. If the reader believes that a paid advertisement is in fact a news item, the message the advertiser is trying to communicate will be more easily "believed" or "internalized".
Such advertisements are considered obvious examples of "covert" propaganda because they take on the appearance of objective information rather than the appearance of propaganda, which is misleading. Federal law specifically mandates that any advertisement appearing in the format of a news item must state that the item is in fact a paid advertisement.
The propagandist seeks to change the way people understand an issue or situation for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group. Propaganda, in this sense, serves as a corollary to censorship in which the same purpose is achieved, not by filling people's minds with approved information, but by preventing people from being confronted with opposing points of view. What sets propaganda apart from other forms of advocacy is the willingness of the propagandist to change people's understanding through deception and confusion rather than persuasion and understanding. The leaders of an organization know the information to be one sided or untrue, but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda.
More in line with the religious roots of the term, it is also used widely in the debates about new religious movements (NRMs), both by people who defend them and by people who oppose them. The latter pejoratively call these NRMs cults. Anti-cult activists and countercult activists accuse the leaders of what they consider cults of using propaganda extensively to recruit followers and keep them. Some social scientists, such as the late Jeffrey Hadden, and CESNUR affiliated scholars accuse ex-members of "cults" who became vocal critics and the anti-cult movement of making these unusual religious movements look bad without sufficient reasons.[5][6]
Propaganda is a powerful weapon in war; it is used to dehumanize and create hatred toward a supposed enemy, either internal or external, by creating a false image in the mind. This can be done by using derogatory or racist terms, avoiding some words or by making allegations of enemy atrocities. Most propaganda wars require the home population to feel the enemy has inflicted an injustice, which may be fictitious or may be based on facts. The home population must also decide that the cause of their nation is just.
Propaganda is also one of the methods used in psychological warfare, which may also involve false flag operations. The term propaganda may also refer to false information meant to reinforce the mindsets of people who already believe as the propagandist wishes. The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see cognitive dissonance), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in power. For this reason propaganda is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda. This process of reinforcement uses an individual's predisposition to self-select "agreeable" information sources as a mechanism for maintaining control.
Propaganda can be classified according to the source and nature of the message. White propaganda generally comes from an openly identified source, and is characterized by gentler methods of persuasion, such as standard public relations techniques and one-sided presentation of an argument. Black propaganda is identified as being from one source, but is in fact from another. This is most commonly to disguise the true origins of the propaganda, be it from an enemy country or from an organization with a negative public image. Grey propaganda is propaganda without any identifiable source or author. A major application of grey propaganda is making enemies believe falsehoods using straw arguments: As phase one, to make someone believe "A", one releases as grey propaganda "B", the opposite of "A". In phase two, "B" is discredited using some strawman. The enemy will then assume "A" to be true.
In scale, these different types of propaganda can also be defined by the potential of true and correct information to compete with the propaganda. For example, opposition to white propaganda is often readily found and may slightly discredit the propaganda source. Opposition to grey propaganda, when revealed (often by an inside source), may create some level of public outcry. Opposition to black propaganda is often unavailable and may be dangerous to reveal, because public cognizance of black propaganda tactics and sources would undermine or backfire the very campaign the black propagandist supported.
Propaganda may be administered in insidious ways. For instance, disparaging disinformation about the history of certain groups or foreign countries may be encouraged or tolerated in the educational system. Since few people actually double-check what they learn at school, such disinformation will be repeated by journalists as well as parents, thus reinforcing the idea that the disinformation item is really a "well-known fact", even though no one repeating the myth is able to point to an authoritative source. The disinformation is then recycled in the media and in the educational system, without the need for direct governmental intervention on the media. Such permeating propaganda may be used for political goals: by giving citizens a false impression of the quality or policies of their country, they may be incited to reject certain proposals or certain remarks or ignore the experience of others. See also: black propaganda, marketing, advertising.
Techniques[link]
Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, junk science, books, leaflets, movies, radio, television, and posters. Less common nowadays are letterpost envelopes examples of which of survive from the time of the American Civil War. (Connecticut Historical Society; Civil War Collections; Covers.) In principle any thing that appears on a poster can be produced on a reduced scale on a pocket-style envelope with corresponding proportions to the poster. The case of radio and television, propaganda can exist on news, current-affairs or talk-show segments, as advertising or public-service announce "spots" or as long-running advertorials. Propaganda campaigns often follow a strategic transmission pattern to indoctrinate the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission such as a leaflet dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a web site, hot line, radio program, et cetera (as it is seen also for selling purposes among other goals). The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to opinion leader through indoctrination.
A number of techniques based in social psychological research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under logical fallacies, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid.
Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which the propaganda messages are transmitted. That work is important but it is clear that information dissemination strategies become propaganda strategies only when coupled with propagandistic messages. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread. Below are a number of techniques for generating propaganda:
- Ad hominem
- A Latin phrase that has come to mean attacking one's opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments.
- Ad nauseam
- This argument approach uses tireless repetition of an idea. An idea, especially a simple slogan, that is repeated enough times, may begin to be taken as the truth. This approach works best when media sources are limited or controlled by the propagator.
- Appeal to authority
- Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position, idea, argument, or course of action.
- Appeal to fear
- Appeals to fear and seeks to build support by instilling anxieties and panic in the general population, for example, Joseph Goebbels exploited Theodore Kaufman's Germany Must Perish! to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people.
- Appeal to prejudice
- Using loaded or emotive terms to attach value or moral goodness to believing the proposition. Used in biased or misleading ways.
- Bandwagon
- Bandwagon and "inevitable-victory" appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action that "everyone else is taking".
- Inevitable victory
- Invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those already or at least partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is their best course of action.
- Join the crowd
- This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the winning side. This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their best interest to join.
File:Mexicospankingkkk.jpg
Getting What He Deserves. Heroes of the Fiery Cross 1928.
- Beautiful people
- The type of propaganda that deals with famous people or depicts attractive, happy people. This makes other people think that if they buy a product or follow a certain ideology, they too will be happy or successful.
- Big Lie
- The repeated articulation of a complex of events that justify subsequent action. The descriptions of these events have elements of truth, and the "big lie" generalizations merge and eventually supplant the public's accurate perception of the underlying events. After World War I the German Stab in the back explanation of the cause of their defeat became a justification for Nazi re-militarization and revanchist aggression.
- Black-and-white fallacy
- Presenting only two choices, with the product or idea being propagated as the better choice. For example: "You're either with us, or against us...."
- Classical conditioning
- All vertebrates, including humans, respond to classical conditioning. That is, if object A is always present when object B is present and object B causes a negative physical reaction (e.g., disgust, pleasure) then we will when presented with object A when object B is not present, we will experience the same feelings.
- Cognitive dissonance
- People desire to be consistent. Suppose a pollster finds that a certain group of people hates his candidate for senator but love actor A. They use actor A's endorsement of their candidate to change people's minds because people cannot tolerate inconsistency. They are forced to either to dislike the actor or like the candidate.
- Common man
- The "plain folks" or "common man" approach attempts to convince the audience that the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style of the target audience. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothe their message in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person. For example, a propaganda leaflet may make an argument on a macroeconomic issue, such as unemployment insurance benefits, using everyday terms: "Given that the country has little money during this recession, we should stop paying unemployment benefits to those who do not work, because that is like maxing out all your credit cards during a tight period, when you should be tightening your belt."
- Cult of personality
- A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. The hero personality then advocates the positions that the propagandist desires to promote. For example, modern propagandists hire popular personalities to promote their ideas and/or products.
- Demonizing the enemy
- Making individuals from the opposing nation, from a different ethnic group, or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to be subhuman (e.g., the Vietnam War-era term "gooks" for National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam aka Vietcong, or "VC", soldiers), worthless, or immoral, through suggestion or false accusations. Dehumanizing is also a termed used synonymously with demonizing, the latter usually serves as an aspect of the former.
- Dictat
- This technique hopes to simplify the decision making process by using images and words to tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices. Authority figures can be used to give the order, overlapping it with the Appeal to authority technique, but not necessarily. The Uncle Sam "I want you" image is an example of this technique.
- Disinformation
- The creation or deletion of information from public records, in the purpose of making a false record of an event or the actions of a person or organization, including outright forgery of photographs, motion pictures, broadcasts, and sound recordings as well as printed documents.
- Door-in-the-face technique
- Is used to increase a person's latitude of acceptance. For example, if a salesperson wants to sell an item for $100 but the public is only willing to pay $50, the salesperson first offers the item at a higher price (e.g., $200) and subsequently reduces the price to $100 to make it seem like a good deal.
- Euphoria
- The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness, or using an appealing event to boost morale. Euphoria can be created by declaring a holiday, making luxury items available, or mounting a military parade with marching bands and patriotic messages.
- Fear, uncertainty and doubt
- An attempt to influence public perception by disseminating negative and dubious/false information designed to undermine the credibility of their beliefs.
- Flag-waving
- An attempt to justify an action on the grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic, or in some way benefit a country, group or idea the targeted audience supports.
- Foot-in-the-door technique
- Often used by recruiters and salesmen. For example, a member of the opposite sex walks up to the victim and pins a flower or gives a small gift to the victim. The victim says thanks and now they have incurred a psychological debt to the perpetrator. The person eventually asks for a larger favor (e.g., a donation or to buy something far more expensive). The unwritten social contract between the victim and perpetrator causes the victim to feel obligated to reciprocate by agreeing to do the larger favor or buy the more expensive gift.
- Glittering generalities
- Glittering generalities are emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. This technique has also been referred to as the PT Barnum effect.
- Half-truth
- A half-truth is a deceptive statement, which may come in several forms and includes some element of truth. The statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth, or it may utilize some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame or misrepresent the truth.
- Labeling
- A euphemism is used when the propagandist attempts to increase the perceived quality, credibility, or credence of a particular ideal. A Dysphemism is used when the intent of the propagandist is to discredit, diminish the perceived quality, or hurt the perceived righteousness of the Mark. By creating a "label" or "category" or "faction" of a population, it is much easier to make an example of these larger bodies, because they can uplift or defame the Mark without actually incurring legal-defamation. Example: "Liberal" is a dysphemism intended to diminish the perceived credibility of a particular Mark. By taking a displeasing argument presented by a Mark, the propagandist can quote that person, and then attack "liberals" in an attempt to both (1) create a political battle-ax of unaccountable aggression and (2) diminish the quality of the Mark. If the propagandist uses the label on too-many perceivably credible individuals, muddying up the word can be done by broadcasting bad-examples of "liberals" into the media. Labeling can be thought of as a sub-set of Guilt by association, another logical fallacy.
- Latitudes of acceptance
- If a person's message is outside the bounds of acceptance for an individual and group, most techniques will engender psychological reactance (simply hearing the argument will make the message even less acceptable). There are two techniques for increasing the bounds of acceptance. First, one can take a more even extreme position that will make more moderate positions seem more acceptable. This is similar to the Door-in-the-Face technique. Alternatively, one can moderate one's own position to the edge of the latitude of acceptance and then over time slowly move to the position that was previously.[7]
- Love bombing
- Used to recruit members to a cult or ideology by having a group of individuals cut off a person from their existing social support and replace it entirely with members of the group who deliberately bombard the person with affection in an attempt to isolate the person from their prior beliefs and value system—see Milieu control.
- Lying and deception
- Lying and deception can be the basis of many propaganda techniques including Ad Homimen arguments, Big-Lie, Defamation, Door-in-the-Face, Half-truth, Name-calling or any other technique that is based on dishonesty or deception. For example, many politicians have been found to frequently stretch or break the truth.
- Managing the news
- According to Adolf Hitler "The most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly - it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over."[8][9] This idea is consistent with the principle of classical conditioning as well as the idea of "Staying on Message."
- Milieu control
- An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure
- Name-calling
- Propagandists use the name-calling technique to incite fears and arouse prejudices in their hearers in the intent that the bad names will cause hearers to construct a negative opinion about a group or set of beliefs or ideas that the propagandist wants hearers to denounce. The method is intended to provoke conclusions about a matter apart from impartial examinations of facts. Name-calling is thus a substitute for rational, fact-based arguments against the an idea or belief on its own merits.[10]
- Obfuscation, intentional vagueness, confusion
- Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application may still be considered.
- Obtain disapproval or Reductio ad Hitlerum
- This technique is used to persuade a target audience to disapprove of an action or idea by suggesting that the idea is popular with groups hated, feared, or held in contempt by the target audience. Thus if a group that supports a certain policy is led to believe that undesirable, subversive, or contemptible people support the same policy, then the members of the group may decide to change their original position. This is a form of bad logic, where a is said to include X, and b is said to include X, therefore, a = b.
- Operant conditioning
- Operant conditioning involves learning through imitation. For example, watching an appealing person buy products or endorse positions teaches a person to buy the product or endorse the position. Operant conditioning is the underlying principle behind the Ad Nauseam, Slogan and other repetition public relations campaigns.
- Oversimplification
- Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems.
- Pensée unique
- Enforced reduction of discussion by use of overly simplistic phrases or arguments (e.g., "There is no alternative to war.")
- Quotes out of context
- Selectively editing quotes to change meanings—political documentaries designed to discredit an opponent or an opposing political viewpoint often make use of this technique.
- Rationalization (making excuses)
- Individuals or groups may use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs.
- Red herring
- Presenting data or issues that, while compelling, are irrelevant to the argument at hand, and then claiming that it validates the argument.
- Repetition
- This is the repeating of a certain symbol or slogan so that the audience remembers it. This could be in the form of a jingle or an image placed on nearly everything in the picture/scene.
- Scapegoating
- Assigning blame to an individual or group, thus alleviating feelings of guilt from responsible parties and/or distracting attention from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned.
- Slogans
- A slogan is a brief, striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. Although slogans may be enlisted to support reasoned ideas, in practice they tend to act only as emotional appeals. Opponents of the US's invasion and occupation of Iraq use the slogan "blood for oil" to suggest that the invasion and its human losses was done to access Iraq's oil riches. On the other hand, supporters who argue that the US should continue to fight in Iraq use the slogan "cut and run" to suggest withdrawal is cowardly or weak.
- Stereotyping
- This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable. For instance, reporting on a foreign country or social group may focus on the stereotypical traits that the reader expects, even though they are far from being representative of the whole country or group; such reporting often focuses on the anecdotal. In graphic propaganda, including war posters, this might include portraying enemies with stereotyped racial features.
- Straw man
- A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by substituting a superficially similar proposition (the "straw man"), and refuting it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.
- Testimonial
- Testimonials are quotations, in or out of context, especially cited to support or reject a given policy, action, program, or personality. The reputation or the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of the individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda message. This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority's opinions and beliefs as its own.
- Third party technique
- Works on the principle that people are more willing to accept an argument from a seemingly independent source of information than from someone with a stake in the outcome. It is a marketing strategy commonly employed by Public Relations (PR) firms, that involves placing a premeditated message in the "mouth of the media." Third party technique can take many forms, ranging from the hiring of journalists to report the organization in a favorable light, to using scientists within the organization to present their perhaps prejudicial findings to the public. Frequently astroturf groups or front groups are used to deliver the message.
- Foreign governments, particularly those that own marketable commercial products or services, often promote their interests and positions through the advertising of those goods because the target audience is not only largely unaware of the forum as vehicle for foreign messaging but also willing to receive the message while in a mental state of absorbing information from advertisements during television commercial breaks, while reading a periodical, or while passing by billboards in public spaces. A prime example of this messaging technique is advertising campaigns to promote international travel. While advertising foreign destinations and services may stem from the typical goal of increasing revenue by drawing more tourism, some travel campaigns carry the additional or alternative intended purpose of promoting good sentiments or improving existing ones among the target audience towards a given nation or region. It is common for advertising promoting foreign countries to be produced and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often carry political statements and/or depictions of the foreign government's desired international public perception. Additionally, a wide range of foreign airlines and travel-related services which advertise separately from the destinations, themselves, are owned by their respective governments; examples include, though are not limited to, the Emirates airline (Dubai), Singapore Airlines (Singapore), Qatar Airways (Qatar), China Airlines (Taiwan/Republic of China), and Air China (People's Republic of China). By depicting their destinations, airlines, and other services in a favorable and pleasant light, countries market themselves to populations abroad in a manner that could mitigate prior public impressions. See: Soft Power
- Thought-terminating cliché
- A commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell cognitive dissonance.
- Transfer
- Also known as association, this is a technique that involves projecting the positive or negative qualities of one person, entity, object, or value onto another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often utilizes symbols (e.g. swastikas) superimposed over other visual images (e.g. logos). These symbols may be used in place of words.
- Selective truth
- Richard Crossman, the British Deputy Director of Psychological Warfare Division (PWD) for the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) during the Second World War said "In propaganda truth pays... It is a complete delusion to think of the brilliant propagandist as being a professional liar. The brilliant propagandist is the man who tells the truth, or that selection of the truth which is requisite for his purpose, and tells it in such a way that the recipient does not think he is receiving any propaganda... [...] The art of propaganda is not telling lies, but rather selecting the truth you require and giving it mixed up with some truths the audience wants to hear."[11]
- Unstated assumption
- This technique is used when the idea the propagandist wants to plant would seem less credible if explicitly stated. The concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied.
- Virtue words
- These are words in the value system of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, "The Truth", etc. are virtue words. Many see religiosity as a virtue, making associations to this quality affectively beneficial. Their use is considered of the Transfer propaganda technique.
Models[link]
Social Psychology[link]
The field of Social Psychology includes the study of persuasion. Social psychologists can be sociologists or psychologists. The field includes many theories and approaches to understanding persuasion. For example, communication theory points out that people can be persuaded by the communicator's credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The elaboration likelihood model as well as heuristic models of persuasion suggest that a number of factors (e.g., the degree of interest of the recipient of the communication), influence the degree to which people allow superficial factors to persuade them. Nobel Prize winning psychologist Herbert A. Simon won the Nobel prize for his theory that people are cognitive misers. That is, in a society of mass information people are forced to make decisions quickly and often superficially, as opposed to logically.
Social cognitive theories suggest that people have inherent biases in the way they perceive the world and these biases can be used to manipulate them. For example, people tend to believe that people's misfortune (e.g., poverty) is a result of the person and downplay external factors (e.g., being born into poverty). This bias is referred to as the Fundamental Attribution Error. The self-fulfilling prophecy relates to people's tendencies to stick with their original theories even when evidence proves their theories are incorrect. This tendency is sometimes referred to as confirmation bias (see list of cognitive biases). Propaganda frequently plays upon people's existing biases to achieve its end. For example, the illusion of control, refers to people's seemingly innate desire to believe they can and should control their lives. Propagandists frequently argue their point by claiming that the other side is attempting to take away your control. For example, Republicans frequently claim that Democrats are attempting to control you by imposing big government on your private life and take away your spending power by imposing higher taxes while Democrats frequently argue that they are reigning in big corporations that are attempting to influence elections with money, power and take away your job, health etc. ... According to bipartisan analysis, these claims are frequently untrue.[12][not specific enough to verify]
Role theory is frequently used to identify an idea as appropriate because it is associated with a role. For example, the public relations firm Leo Burnett Worldwide used the Marlboro Man to persuade males that Marlboro cigarettes were a part of being a cool, risk-taking, cowboy rebel who was fearless in the face of threats of cancer. The campaign quadrupled sales of their cigarettes. Of course, smoking has nothing to do with being a cowboy or a rebel. This is a fantasy but the campaign's success is consistent with the tenets of role theory. In fact, the three actors who played the Marlboro man died of lung cancer.
Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model[link]
The propaganda model is a theory advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky that alleges systemic biases in the mass media and seeks to explain them in terms of structural economic causes.
The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.
First presented in their 1988 book Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media, the propaganda model views the private media as businesses selling a product — readers and audiences (rather than news) — to other businesses (advertisers) and relying primarily on government and corporate information and propaganda. The theory postulates five general classes of "filters" that determine the type of news that is presented in news media: Ownership of the medium, the medium's Funding, Sourcing of the news, Flak, and Anti-communist ideology.
The first three (ownership, funding, and sourcing) are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of United States media, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles the model postulates as the cause of media biases. After the Soviet Union disintegrated, Chomsky said terrorism and Islam would be the new filter replacing communism.[citation needed]
Ross' epistemic merit model[link]
The epistemic merit model is a method for understanding propaganda conceived by Sheryl Tuttle Ross and detailed in her 2002 article for the Journal of Aesthetic Education entitled "Understanding Propaganda: The Epistemic Merit Model and Its Application to Art".[15] Ross developed the Epistemic merit model due to concern about narrow, misleading definitions of propaganda. She contrasted her model with the ideas of Pope Gregory XV, the Institute for Propaganda Analysis, Alfred Lee, F.C. Bartlett, and Hans Speier. Insisting that each of their respective discussions of propaganda are too narrow, Ross proposed her own definition.
To appropriately discuss propaganda, Ross argues that one must consider a threefold communication model: that of Sender-Message-Receiver. "That is... propaganda involve[s]... the one who is persuading (Sender) [who is] doing so intentionally, [the] target for such persuasion (Receiver) and [the] means of reaching that target (Message)." There are four conditions for a message to be considered propaganda. Propaganda involves the intention to persuade. As well, propaganda is sent on behalf of a sociopolitical institution, organization, or cause. Next, the recipient of propaganda is a socially significant group of people. Finally, propaganda is an epistemic struggle to challenge others' thoughts.
Ross claims that it is misleading to say that propaganda is simply false, or that it is conditional to a lie, since often the propagandist believes in what he/she is propagandizing. In other words, it is not necessarily a lie if the person who creates the propaganda is trying to persuade you of a view that they actually hold. "The aim of the propagandist is to create the semblance of credibility." This means that they appeal to an epistemology that is weak or defective.
| “ | False statements, bad arguments, immoral commands as well as inapt metaphors (and other literary tropes) are the sorts of things that are epistemically defective... Not only does epistemic defectiveness more accurately describe how propaganda endeavors to function... since many messages are in forms such as commands that do not admit to truth-values, [but it] also accounts for the role context plays in the workings of propaganda. | ” |
Throughout history those who have wished to persuade have used art to get their message out. This can be accomplished by hiring artists for the express aim of propagandizing or by investing new meanings to a previously non-political work. Therefore, Ross states, it is important to consider "the conditions of its making [and] the conditions of its use."
History[link]
Ancient propaganda[link]
Propaganda has been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists. The Behistun Inscription (c. 515 BC) detailing the rise of Darius I to the Persian throne is viewed by most historians as an early example of propaganda.[16] The Arthashastra written by Chanakya (c. 350 - 283 BC), a professor of political science at Takshashila University and a prime minister of the Maurya Empire in ancient India, discusses propaganda in detail, such as how to spread propaganda and how to apply it in warfare. His student Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340 - 293 BC), founder of the Maurya Empire, employed these methods during his rise to power.[17] The writings of Romans such as Livy (c. 59 BC - 17 AD) are considered masterpieces of pro-Roman propaganda.[citation needed] Another example of early propaganda is the 12th century work, The War of the Irish with the Foreigners, written by the Dál gCais to portray themselves as legitimate rulers of Ireland.
Propaganda during the Reformation[link]
Main article: Propaganda during the Reformation
Propaganda during the Reformation, helped by the spread of the printing press throughout Europe, and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the sixteenth century. The printing press was invented in approximately 1450 and quickly spread to other major cities around Europe; by the time the Reformation was underway in 1517 there were printing centers in over 200 of the major European cities.[21] These centers became the primary producers of both Reformation works by the Protestant Reformers and anti-Reformation works put forth by the Roman Catholics.
19th and 20th centuries[link]
Gabriel Tarde's Laws of Imitation (1890) and Gustave Le Bon's The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1897) were two of the first codifications of propaganda techniques, which influenced many writers afterward, including Sigmund Freud. Hitler's Mein Kampf is heavily influenced by Le Bon's theories. Journalist Walter Lippmann, in Public Opinion (1922) also worked on the subject, as well as the American advertising pioneer and founder of the field of public relations Edward Bernays, a nephew of Freud, who wrote the book Propaganda early in the 20th century.[22]
During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson hired Lippmann and Bernays to participate in the Creel Commission, which was to sway popular opinion in favor of entering the war on the side of the United Kingdom. The Creel Committee provided themes for speeches by "four-minute men" at public functions, and also encouraged censorship of the American press. Starting after World War I, propaganda had a growing negative connotation. This was due in part to the 1920 book “How We Advertised America: the First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information that Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe”[23] in which the impact of the Creel Committee, and the power of propaganda, was overemphasized. The Committee was so unpopular that after the war, Congress closed it down without providing funding to organize and archive its papers.
The war propaganda campaign of Lippmann and Bernays produced within six months such an intense anti-German hysteria as to permanently impress American business (and Adolf Hitler, among others) with the potential of large-scale propaganda to control public opinion. Bernays coined the terms "group mind" and "engineering consent", important concepts in practical propaganda work. The file Century of the Self by Adam Curtis documents the immense influence of these ideas on public relations and politics throughout the last century.
The current public relations industry is a direct outgrowth of Lippmann's and Bernays' work and is still used extensively by the United States government. For the first half of the 20th century Bernays and Lippmann themselves ran a very successful public relations firm. World War II saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, both by Hitler's propagandist Joseph Goebbels and the British Political Warfare Executive, as well as the United States Office of War Information.
Edward Bernays had major influence in the propaganda world. He created many campaigns that integrated the use of propaganda. Bernays wrote a book stating how he truly felt about the use of propaganda. He wrote:[24]
The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country.
We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society.
In the early 2000s, the United States government developed and freely distributed a video game known as America's Army. The stated intention of the game is to encourage players to become interested in joining the U.S. Army.
Russian revolution[link]
Russian revolutionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries distinguished two different aspects covered by the English term propaganda. Their terminology included two terms: Russian: агитация (agitatsiya), or agitation, and Russian: пропаганда, or propaganda, see agitprop (agitprop is not, however, limited to the Soviet Union, as it was considered, before the October Revolution, to be one of the fundamental activities of any Marxist activist; this importance of agit-prop in Marxist theory may also be observed today in Trotskyist circles, who insist on the importance of leaflet distribution).
Soviet propaganda meant dissemination of revolutionary ideas, teachings of Marxism, and theoretical and practical knowledge of Marxist economics, while agitation meant forming favorable public opinion and stirring up political unrest. These activities did not carry negative connotations (as they usually do in English) and were encouraged. Expanding dimensions of state propaganda, the Bolsheviks actively used transportation such as trains, aircraft and other means.
Joseph Stalin's regime built the largest fixed-wing aircraft of the 1930s, Tupolev ANT-20, exclusively for this purpose. Named after the famous Soviet writer Maxim Gorky who had recently returned from fascist Italy, it was equipped with a powerful radio set called "Voice from the sky", printing and leaflet-dropping machinery, radio stations, photographic laboratory, film projector with sound for showing movies in flight, library, etc. The aircraft could be disassembled and transported by railroad if needed. The giant aircraft set a number of world records.
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"Long Live World October (revolution)!"
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Bolshevik propaganda train, 1923.
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ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky" propaganda aircraft in the Moscow sky.
Nazi Germany[link]
Main article: Nazi propaganda
Most propaganda in Germany was produced by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Joseph Goebbels was placed in charge of this ministry shortly after Hitler took power in 1933. All journalists, writers, and artists were required to register with one of the Ministry's subordinate chambers for the press, fine arts, music, theatre, film, literature, or radio.
The Nazis believed in propaganda as a vital tool in achieving their goals. Adolf Hitler, Germany's Führer, was impressed by the power of Allied propaganda during World War I and believed that it had been a primary cause of the collapse of morale and revolts in the German home front and Navy in 1918 (see also: Dolchstoßlegende). Hitler met nearly every day with Goebbels to discuss the news, and Goebbels would obtain Hitler's thoughts on the subject. Goebbels then met with senior Ministry officials to pass down the official Party line on world events. Broadcasters and journalists required prior approval before their works were disseminated. Along with posters, the Nazis produced a number of films and books to spread their beliefs.
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Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg
Nazi Poster depicting American "liberators" as monster.
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EwigerJudeFilm.jpg
Poster for the anti-semitic film "The Eternal Jew"
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Poster promoting eugenics and euthanasia of disabled people.
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Lappland-Kurier soldiers newspaper
Empire of Japan[link]
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Main article: Japanese propaganda during World War II
* Hakkō ichiu * An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus * Shinmin no Michi * Statism in Shōwa Japan
America in World War II[link]
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Main article: American propaganda during World War II
Britain in World War II[link]
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Main article: British propaganda during WWII
Soviet Union in World War II[link]
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Main article: Soviet propaganda during World War II
Cold War propaganda[link]
The United States and the Soviet Union both used propaganda extensively during the Cold War. Both sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, and Third World nations. The United States Information Agency operated the Voice of America as an official government station. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, which were, in part, supported by the Central Intelligence Agency, provided grey propaganda in news and entertainment programs to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union respectively. The Soviet Union's official government station, Radio Moscow, broadcast white propaganda, while Radio Peace and Freedom broadcast grey propaganda. Both sides also broadcast black propaganda programs in periods of special crises.
In 1948, the United Kingdom's Foreign Office created the IRD (Information Research Department), which took over from wartime and slightly post-war departments such as the Ministry of Information and dispensed propaganda via various media such as the BBC and publishing.[25][26]
The ideological and border dispute between the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China resulted in a number of cross-border operations. One technique developed during this period was the "backwards transmission," in which the radio program was recorded and played backwards over the air. (This was done so that messages meant to be received by the other government could be heard, while the average listener could not understand the content of the program.)
When describing life in capitalist countries, in the US in particular, propaganda focused on social issues such as poverty and anti-union action by the government. Workers in capitalist countries were portrayed as "ideologically close". Propaganda claimed rich people from the US derived their income from weapons manufacturing, and claimed that there was substantial racism or neo-fascism in the US.
When describing life in Communist countries, western propaganda sought to depict an image of a citizenry held captive by governments that brainwash them. The West also created a fear of the East, by depicting an aggressive Soviet Union. In the Americas, Cuba served as a major source and a target of propaganda from both black and white stations operated by the CIA and Cuban exile groups. Radio Habana Cuba, in turn, broadcast original programming, relayed Radio Moscow, and broadcast The Voice of Vietnam as well as alleged confessions from the crew of the USS Pueblo.
George Orwell's novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four are virtual textbooks on the use of propaganda. Though not set in the Soviet Union, these books are about totalitarian regimes that constantly corrupt language for political purposes. These novels were, ironically, used for explicit propaganda. The CIA, for example, secretly commissioned an animated film adaptation of Animal Farm in the 1950s with small changes to the original story to suit its own needs.[27]
Revolution in Central and Eastern Europe[link]
During the democratic revolutions of 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe the propaganda poster was an important weapon in the hand of the opposition. Printed and hand-made political posters appeared on the Berlin Wall, on the statue of St. Wenceslas in Prague and around the unmarked grave of Imre Nagy in Budapest and the role of them was important for the democratic change.
Yugoslav wars[link]
During the Yugoslav wars propaganda was used as a military strategy by governments of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Croatia.
Propaganda was used to create fear and hatred and particularly incite the Serb population against the other ethnicities (Bosniaks, Croats, Albanians and other non-Serbs). Serb media made a great effort in justifying, revising or denying mass war crimes committed by Serb forces during the Yugoslav wars on Bosniaks and other non-Serbs.[28]
According to the ICTY verdicts against Serb political and military leaders, during the Bosnian war, the propaganda was a part of the Strategic Plan by Serb leadership, aimed at linking Serb-populated areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina together, gaining control over these areas and creating a sovereign Serb nation state, from which most non-Serbs would be permanently removed. The Serb leadership was aware that the Strategic Plan could only be implemented by the use of force and fear, thus by the commission of war crimes.[29][30]
Croats also used propaganda against Serbs throughout[citation needed] and against Bosniaks during the 1992–1994 Croat-Bosniak war, which was part of the larger Bosnian War. During Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Croat forces seized the television broadcasting stations (for example at Skradno) and created its own local radio and television to carry propaganda, seized the public institutions, raised the Croatian flag over public institution buildings, and imposed the Croatian Dinar as the unit of currency. During this time, Busovača's Bosniaks were forced to sign an act of allegiance to the Croat authorities, fell victim to numerous attacks on shops and businesses and, gradually, left the area out of fear that they would be the victims of mass crimes.[31] According to ICTY Trial Chambers in Blaškić case Croat authorities created a radio station in Kiseljak to broadcast nationalist propaganda.[32] A similar pattern was applied in Mostar and Gornji Vakuf (where Croats created a radio station called Radio Uskoplje).[33] Local propaganda efforts in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina controlled by the Croats, were supported by Croatian daily newspapers such as Večernji list and Croatian Radiotelevision, especially by controversial reporters Dijana Čuljak and Smiljko Šagolj who are still blamed by the families of Bosniak victims in Vranica case for inciting massacre of Bosnian POWs in Mostar, when broadcasting a report about alleged terrorists arrested by Croats who victimized Croat civilians. The bodies of Bosnian POWs were later found in Goranci mass grave. Croatian Radiotelevision presented Croat attack on Mostar, as a Bosnian Muslim attack on Croats in alliance with the Serbs. According to ICTY, in the early hours of May 9, 1993, the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) attacked Mostar using artillery, mortars, heavy weapons and small arms. The HVO controlled all roads leading into Mostar and international organisations were denied access. Radio Mostar announced that all Bosniaks should hang out a white flag from their windows. The HVO attack had been well prepared and planned.[34]
During the ICTY trials against Croat war leaders, many Croatian journalists participated as the defence witnesses trying to relativise war crimes committed by Croatian troops against non-Croat civilians (Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbs in Croatia). During the trial against general Tihomir Blaškić (later convicted of war crimes), Ivica Mlivončić, Croatian columnist in Slobodna Dalmacija, tried to defend general Blaškić presenting number of claims in his book Zločin s pečatom about alleged genocide against Croats (most of it unproven or false), which was considered by the Trial Chambers as irrelevant for the case. After the conviction, he continued to write in Slobodna Dalmacija against the ICTY presenting it as the court against Croats, with chauvinistic claims that the ICTY cannot be unbiased because it is financed by Saudi Arabia (Muslims).[35][36]
Afghan War[link]
In the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, psychological operations tactics were employed to demoralize the Taliban and to win the sympathies of the Afghan population. At least six EC-130E Commando Solo aircraft were used to jam local radio transmissions and transmit replacement propaganda messages. Leaflets were also dropped throughout Afghanistan, offering rewards for Osama bin Laden and other individuals, portraying Americans as friends of Afghanistan and emphasizing various negative aspects of the Taliban. Another shows a picture of Mohammed Omar in a set of crosshairs with the words "We are watching." This technique has been shown to be rather ineffective in terms of long term opinions change given current political and social conditions in Afghanistan.[citation needed]
Iraq War[link]
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This section is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (September 2010) |
The United States and Iraq both employed propaganda during the Iraq War. The United States established campaigns towards the American people on the justifications of the war while using similar tactics to bring down Saddam Hussein’s government in Iraq.[37]
Iraqi Propaganda[link]
The Iraqi insurgency's plan was to gain as much support as possible by using violence as their propaganda tool.[38] Inspired by the Vietcong's tactics,[39] insurgents were using rapid movement to keep the coalition off-balance.[38] By using low-technology strategies to convey their messages, they were able to gain support.[40] Graffiti slogans were used on walls and houses praising the virtues of many group leaders while condemning the Iraqi government. Others used flyers, leaflets, articles and self published newspapers and magazines to get the point across.[40]
Insurgents also produced CDs and DVDs and distributed them in communities that the Iraq and the U.S. Government were trying to influence.[41] The insurgents designed advertisements that cost a fraction of what the U.S. was spending on their ads aimed at the same people in Iraq with much more success.[41] In addition, the Iraqis also created and established an Arabic language television station to transmit information to the people of Iraq about the rumors and lies that the Americans were spreading about the war.[39]
American Propaganda in Iraq[link]
To achieve their aim of a moderate, pro-western Iraq, U.S. authorities were careful to avoid conflicts with Islamic culture that would produce passionate reactions from Iraqis, but differentiating between "good" and "bad" Islams has proved challenging for the U.S.[39]
The U.S. implemented something called “Black Propaganda” by creating false radio personalities that would disseminate pro-American information but supposedly run by the supporters of Saddam Hussein. One radio station used was Radio Tikrit.[39] Another example of America’s attempt with Black Propaganda is that the U.S. paid Iraqis to publish articles written by American troops in their newspapers under the idea that they are unbiased and real accounts; this was brought forth by the New York Times in 2005.[42] The article stated that it was the Lincoln Group who had been hired by the U.S. government to create the propaganda, however their names were later cleared from any wrong doing.[42]
The U.S. was more successful with the “Voice of America” campaign, which is an old Cold War tactic that exploited people’s desire for information.[39] While the information they gave out to the Iraqis was truthful, they were in a high degree of competition with the opposing forces after the censorship of the Iraqi media was lifted with the removal of Saddam from power.[43]
In November 2005, the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times, alleged that the United States military had manipulated news reported in Iraqi media in an effort to cast a favorable light on its actions while demoralizing the insurgency. Lt. Col. Barry Johnson, a military spokesman in Iraq, said the program is "an important part of countering misinformation in the news by insurgents", while a spokesman for former Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said the allegations of manipulation were troubling if true. The Department of Defense confirmed the existence of the program.[44][45]
Propaganda aimed at Americans[link]
The extent to which the US government was guilty of propaganda aimed at its own people is a matter of discussion. The book Selling Intervention & War by Jon Western argued that president Bush was "selling the war" to the public.[46]
President George W. Bush gave a talk at the Athena Performing Arts Center at Greece Athena Middle and High School Tuesday, May 24, 2005 in Rochester, NY. About half way through the event Bush said, "See in my line of work you got to keep repeating things over and over and over again for the truth to sink in, to kind of catapult the propaganda."
People had their initial reactions to the War on Terror, but with more biased and persuading information, Iraq as a whole has been negatively targeted.[47] America’s goal was to remove Saddam Hussein’s power in Iraq with allegations of possible weapons of mass destruction related to Osama Bin Laden.[48] Video and picture coverage in the news has shown shocking and disturbing images of torture and other evils being done under the Iraqi Government.[48]
People's Republic of China[link]
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Main article: Propaganda in the People's Republic of China
Republic of China (Taiwan)[link]
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Main article: Propaganda in the Republic of China
North Korea[link]
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Main article: Propaganda in North Korea
Every year, a state-owned publishing house releases several cartoons (called geurim-chaek in North Korea), many of which are smuggled across the Chinese border and, sometimes, end up in university libraries in the United States. The books are designed to instill the Juche philosophy of Kim Il-sung (the ‘father’ of North Korea)—radical self-reliance of the state. The plots mostly feature scheming capitalists from the United States and Japan who create dilemmas for naïve North Korean characters.
War in Somalia[link]
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Main article: Propaganda in the War in Somalia
Mexican drug cartels[link]
Drug cartels have been engaged in propaganda and psychological campaigns to influence their rivals and those within their area of influence. They use banners and "narcomantras" to threaten their rivals. Some cartels hand out pamphlets and leaflets to conduct public relation campaigns. They have been able to control the information environment by threatening journalists, bloggers, and others who speak out against them. They have elaborate recruitment strategies targeting young adults to join their cartel groups. They have successfully branded the word "narco", and the word has become part of Mexican culture. There is music, television shows, literature, beverages, food, and architecture that all have been branded "narco".[49][50]
Children[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) |
Of all the potential targets for propaganda, children are the most vulnerable because they are the most unprepared for the critical reasoning and contextual comprehension required to determine whether a message is propaganda or not. Children's vulnerability to propaganda is rooted in developmental psychology. The attention children give their environment during development, due to the process of developing their understanding of the world, will cause them to absorb propaganda indiscriminately. Also, children are highly imitative: studies by Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross and Sheila A. Ross in the 1960s indicated that children are susceptible to filmed representations of behaviour. Therefore television is of particular interest in regard to children's vulnerability to propaganda.[citation needed]
Another vulnerability of children is the theoretical influence that their peers have over their behaviour. According to Judith Rich Harris's group-socialization theory, children learn the majority of what they do not receive paternally, through genes, from their peer groups. The implication then is that if peer-groups can be indoctrinated through propaganda at a young age to hold certain beliefs, the group will self-regulate the indoctrination, since new members to the group will adapt their beliefs to fit the group's.[citation needed]
To a degree, socialization, formal education, and standardized television programming can be seen as using propaganda for the purpose of indoctrination. The use of propaganda in schools was highly prevalent during the 1930s and 1940s in Germany, as well as in Stalinist Russia.[citation needed]
Anti-Semitic propaganda for children[link]
In Nazi Germany, the education system was thoroughly co-opted to indoctrinate the German youth with anti-Semitic ideology. This was accomplished through the National Socialist Teachers League, of which 97% of all German teachers were members in 1937. It encouraged the teaching of “racial theory.” Picture books for children such as Don’t Trust A Fox in A Green Meadow Or the Word of A Jew, The Poisonous Mushroom, and The Poodle-Pug-Dachshund-Pincher were widely circulated (over 100,000 copies of Don’t Trust A Fox... were circulated during the late 1930s) and contained depictions of Jews as devils, child molesters, and other morally charged figures. Slogans such as “Judas the Jew betrayed Jesus the German to the Jews” were recited in class.[51] The following is an example of a propagandistic math problem recommended by the National Socialist Essence of Education:
| “ | The Jews are aliens in Germany—in 1933 there were 66,606,000 inhabitants in the German Reich, of whom 499,682 (.75%) were Jews.[52] | ” |
Tomorrow's Pioneers (Arabic: رواد الغد; also The Pioneers of Tomorrow) is a children's program, broadcast since April 13, 2007 on the official Palestinian Hamas television station, Al-Aqsa TV (Arabic: مرئية الأقصى قناة الأقصى). The program deals with many life aspects Palestinian children face. Assoud (Arabic: اسود; also rendered as Assud), a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit character whose name means lion was introduced after his brother Nahoul, the previous co-host, died of illness.[53]
In explaining why he is called Assoud (lion), when Arnoub (rabbit) would be more appropriate, Assoud explains that "A rabbit is a term for a bad person and coward. And I, Assoud, will finish off the Jews and eat them."[53][54] Before Nahoul's death, Assoud lived in Lebanon; he returned "in order to return to the homeland and liberate it."[54] Assoud has hinted in episode 113 that he will be replaced by a tiger when he is martyred.
See also[link]
- Astroturfing
- Agenda-setting theory
- Cartographic propaganda
- Crowd manipulation
- Disinformation
- Edith Cavell#Role in World War I propaganda
- Framing (social sciences)
- Index of public relations-related articles
- Infoganda
- Martyrdom video
- Media bias
- Misinformation
- Political warfare
- Psychological manipulation
- Psychological warfare
- Sleeper effect
- Music and political warfare
Notes[link]
- ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=propaganda
- ^ Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 4th ed. Sage Publications, p. 7
- ^ Richard Alan Nelson, A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States (1996) pp. 232-233
- ^ Hindery, Roderick R., Indoctrination and Self-deception or Free and Critical Thought? (2001)
- ^ "The Religious Movements Page: Conceptualizing "Cult" and "Sect"". http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/cultsect/concult.htm. Retrieved December 4, 2005.
- ^ "Polish Anti-Cult Movement (Koscianska) - CESNUR". http://www.cesnur.org/conferences/riga2000/koscianska.htm. Retrieved December 4, 2005.
- ^ unacceptable message
- ^ Joel H. Spring (2006). Pedagogies of globalization: the rise of the educational security state. Psychology Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8058-5557-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=0E_5dMU_zMQC&pg=PA60.
- ^ Hilmar Hoffmann; John Broadwin; Volker R. Berghahn (1997). The triumph of propaganda: film and national socialism, 1933-1945. Berghahn Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-57181-122-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=tKftDBVbLAQC&pg=PA140.
- ^ Propaganda Techniques
- ^ Scot Macdonald (2007). Propaganda and information warfare in the twenty-first century: altered images and deception operations. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-415-77145-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=8C51a3tv91QC&pg=PA35.
- ^ http://www.factcheck.org/
- ^ "Letter from Noam Chomsky" to Covert Action Quarterly, quoting Alex Carey, Australian social scientist.
- ^ review of Carey, Alex (1995) Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia, University of NSW Press.
- ^ Ross, Sheryl Tuttle. "Understanding Propaganda: The Epistemic Merit Model and Its Application to Art." Journal of Aesthetic Education, Vol. 36, No.1. pp. 16–30
- ^ Nagle, D. Brendan; Stanley M Burstein (2009). The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History. Pearson Education. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-205-69187-6.
- ^ Boesche, Roger. "Kautilya’s Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", The Journal of Military History 67 (p. 9–38), January 2003.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA4&dq=%22the+woodcuts+by+Lucas+Cranach+commissioned+by+Luther+near+the+end+of+his+life%22&hl=en&ei=7HtjTJP9BcL78AamrdzWCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22the%20woodcuts%20by%20Lucas%20Cranach%20commissioned%20by%20Luther%20near%20the%20end%20of%20his%20life%22&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=_leG5ztYoZwC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=%22This+woodcut+sequence+of+1545,+usually+referred+to+as+the+%22&source=bl&ots=v01iFZ5bbi&sig=z9acEc9elPY2wpgXGb0-Ylq2co8&hl=en&ei=2DxeTMOaA8OqlAeEh7CZCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum#v=onepage&q=%22This%20woodcut%20sequence%20of%201545%2C%20usually%20referred%20to%20as%20the%20%22&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=kYbupalP98kC&pg=PA198&dq=%22Don%E2%80%99t+frighten+us+Pope,+with+your+ban%22&hl=en&ei=bHFjTO2dCsGB8gbctpGJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Don%E2%80%99t%20frighten%20us%20Pope%2C%20with%20your%20ban%22&f=false
- ^ Mark U. Edwards, Printing Propaganda and Martin Luther 15; Louise W. Holborn, “Printing and the Growth of a Protestant Movement in Germany from 1517 to 1524”, Church History, 11, no. 2 (1942), 123.
- ^ About Edward Berneys book chapter
- ^ Rogers, E.M. (1994). A history of communication study: A biographical approach. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- ^ Bernays, Edward. Propaganda (1928)
- ^ "Records". http://www.catalogue.nationalarchives.gov.uk/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=7100&CATLN=3&Highlight=&FullDetails=True. Retrieved December 4, 2005.
- ^ "Reports". http://www.catalogue.nationalarchives.gov.uk/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=6965&CATLN=3&Highlight=&FullDetails=True. Retrieved December 4, 2005.
- ^ Guardian — The cartoon that came in from the cold -
- ^ "Serbian Propaganda: A Closer Look". April 12, 1999. http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/Pesic041299.html. "NOAH ADAMS: The European Center for War, Peace and the News Media, based in London, has received word from Belgrade that no pictures of mass Albanian refugees have been shown at all, and that the Kosovo humanitarian catastrophe is only referred to as the one made up or overemphasized by Western propaganda.
Also, and we quote from the report, "information programs are designed to present the illegitimacy of a NATO aggression on Yugoslavia, the unanimity of the Serbian people in resisting the enemy and Serbian invincibility. All three aims are wrapped in a nationalistic code, `most powerful Western nations, killers, death disseminators, fascists, dictators, criminals, villains, bandits, vandals, barbarians, gangsters, vampires, cowards, perverts, lunatics, scum and trash who want to destroy the small but honorable, dignified, freedom-loving Serbian nation." - ^ "ICTY: Radoslav Brđanin verdict - 1. Joint Criminal Enterprise". http://www.un.org/icty/brdjanin/trialc/judgement/brd-tj040901e1.htm#VIIA1.
- ^ "ICTY: Radoslav Brđanin verdict — C. The implementation of the Strategic Plan in the Bosnian Krajina". http://www.un.org/icty/brdjanin/trialc/judgement/brd-tj040901e1.htm#IVC.
- ^ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict — A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - b) The municipality of Busovača". http://www.un.org/icty/blaskic/trialc1/judgement/bla-tj000303e-3.htm#IIIA1b.
- ^ "ICTY: Blaškić verdict — A. The Lasva Valley: May 1992 – January 1993 - c) The municipality of Kiseljak". http://www.un.org/icty/blaskic/trialc1/judgement/bla-tj000303e-3.htm#IIIA1c.
- ^ "ICTY: Kordić and Čerkez verdict — IV. Attacks on towns and villages: killings - 2. The Conflict in Gornji Vakuf". http://www.un.org/icty/kordic/trialc/judgement/kor-tj010226e-5.htm#IVA2.
- ^ "ICTY: Naletilić and Martinović verdict — Mostar attack". http://www.un.org/icty/naletilic/trialc/judgement/nal-tj030331-1.htm#IIB2.
- ^ Slobodna Dalmacija — NAJVEĆI DONATOR HAAŠKOG SUDA JE — SAUDIJSKA ARABIJA [1]
- ^ Igor Lasić — Izlog izdavačkog smeća
- ^ Altheide, David L. "War and Mass Mediated Evidence." Cultural Studies — Critical Methodologies 9 (2009): 14-22.
- ^ a b Garfield, Andrew. "The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly 14 (2007): 23-32.
- ^ a b c d e Schleifer, Ron. "Reconstructing Iraq: Winning the Propaganda War in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly (2005): 15-24.
- ^ a b Garfield, Andrew. "The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly 14 (2007): 24
- ^ a b Garfield, Andrew. "The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq." Middle East Quarterly 14 (2007): 26
- ^ a b Shah, Anup. Iraq War Media Reporting, Journalism and Propaganda. Aug 1, 2007. May 12, 2009. <http://www.globalissues.org/article/461/media-reporting-journalism-and-propaganda.>
- ^ Goldstein, Sol. "A Strategic Failure: American Information Control Policy in Occupied Iraq." Military Review 88.2 (Mar. 2008): 58-65.
- ^ Baldor, Lolita C. (November 30, 2005). "U.S. Military Unclear on 'Planted' Stories". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 30, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060630204816/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2005/11/30/national/w140545S58.DTL.
- ^ Baldor, Lolita C. (December 2, 2005). "Pentagon describes Iraq propaganda plan". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 5, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051205031408/http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/13305355.htm.
- ^ Thrall, A. Trevor. "A Review of: "Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq, by Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq, by Paul Rutherford Selling Intervention & War: The Presidency, the..." Political Communication 24.2 (Apr. 2007): 202-207.
- ^ John, Sue Lockett, et al. "Going Public, Crisis after Crisis: The Bush Administration and the Press from September 11 to Saddam." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 10.2 (Summer2007 2007): 195-219.
- ^ a b O'Shaughnessy, Nicholas. "Weapons of Mass Seduction: Propaganda, Media and the Iraq War." Journal of Political Marketing 3.4 (2004): 79-104. America: History & Life.
- ^ O'Connor, Mike (November 5, 2010). "Analysis: A PR department for Mexico's narcos". GlobalPost. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/worldview/101026/mexico-drug-war-cartels-newspapers. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ Beckhart, Sarah (February 21, 2011). "The Narco Generation". AL DÍA (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars's Mexico Institute). http://mexicoinstitute.wordpress.com/2011/02/21/the-narco-generation/. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ Mills, Mary. "Propaganda and Children During the Hitler Years". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/propchil.html
- ^ Hirsch, Herbert.|Genocide and the Politics of Memory. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. pg. 119
- ^ a b "Assoud Arrives". Tomorrow's Pioneers. episode 11. season 1. 2008-02-01.
- ^ a b Nissan Ratzlav-Katz, "PA TV Bunny Rabbit Threatens to 'Eat the Jews'", Arutz Sheva, February 12, 2008 (6 Adar 5768).
References[link]
- "Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques". Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. August 31, 1979. http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm33-1/.
- Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004). Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-710-7.
- Edwards, John Carver (1991). Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93905-7.
- Howe, Ellic (1982). The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War. London: Futura.
- Huxley, Aldous (1958). Brave New World Revisited. New York: Harper. ISBN 0-06-080984-1.
- Hindery, Roderick. "The Anatomy of Propaganda within Religious Terrorism". Humanist (March–April 2003): 16–19.
- O'Donnell, Victoria; Jowett, Garth S. (2005). Propaganda and Persuasion. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-4129-0897-3.
- Le Bon, Gustave (1895). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. ISBN 0-14-004531-7.
- Linebarger, Paul M. A. (1948). Psychological Warfare. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. ISBN 0-405-04755-X. =
- Nelson, Richard Alan (1996). A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29261-2.
- Young, Emma (October 10, 2001). "Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99991404. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- Shirer, William L. (1942). Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941. New York: Albert A. Knopf. ISBN 5-9524-0081-7.
Further reading[link]
Books[link]
- Altheide, David L. & Johnson, John M. Bureaucratic Propaganda. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. (1980)
- Brown, J.A.C. Techniques of Persuasion: From Propaganda to Brainwashing Harmondsworth: Pelican (1963)
- Chomsky, Noam and Herman, Edward. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books. (1988)
- Cole, Robert. Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics (1996)
- Cole, Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of Propaganda (3 vol 1998)
- Combs, James E. & Nimmo, Dan. The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics. White Plains, N.Y. Longman. (1993)
- Cull, Nicholas John, Culbert, and Welch, eds. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (2003)
- Cunningham, Stanley, B. The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. (2002)
- Ellul, Jacques. Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. New York: Knopf, 1965. New York: Random House/ Vintage 1973
- Kingsbury, Celia Malone. For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front (University of Nebraska Press; 2010; 308 pages). Describes propaganda directed toward the homes of the American homefront in everything from cookbooks and popular magazines to children's toys.
- Lasswell, Harold D.. Propaganda Technique in World War I. Cambridge, Mass: The M.I.T. Press. (1971)
- Le Bon, Gustave, The Crowd: a study of the Popular Mind (1895)
- MacArthur, John R.. Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War. New York: Hill and Wang. (1992)
- Marlin, Randal. Propaganda & The Ethics of Persuasion. Orchard Park, New York: Broadview Press. (2002)
- McCombs M. E. & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-87.
- Linebarger, Paul M. Psychological Warfare. International Propaganda and Communications. ISBN 0-405-04755-X (1948)
- Pratkanis, Anthony & Aronson, Elliot. Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. (1992)
- Rutherford, Paul. Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (2000)
- Rutherford, Paul. Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (2004)
- Snow, Nancy. Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press. (2010)
- Sproule, J. Michael. Channels of Propaganda. Bloomington, IN: EDINFO Press. (1994)
- Stauber, John, and Rampton, Sheldon Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995.
Essays/Articles[link]
- Bernays, Edward. "Propaganda". (1928)
- Brown, John H.. "Two Ways of Looking at Propaganda" (2006)
- Kosar, Kevin R., Public Relations and Propaganda: Restrictions on Executive Branch Activities, CRS Report RL32750, February 2005.
- Snow, Nancy. "American Persuasion, Influence and Propaganda"
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: propaganda |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Propaganda |
Current propaganda[link]
- PR Watch
- Is Government Propaganda Legal? Well...
- Spinwatch
- Propaganda Critic: A website devoted to propaganda analysis.
- Manufacturing Consent by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky
- How Americans are propagandized about Afghanistan by Glenn Greenwald, Salon.com
- Holmes, Jamie (December 28, 2009). "US military is meeting recruitment goals with video games – but at what cost?". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2009/1228/US-military-is-meeting-recruitment-goals-with-video-games-but-at-what-cost. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
Historical propaganda[link]
- Documentation on Early Cold War U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East by the National Security Archive. Collection of 148 documents and overview essay.
- Sacred Congregation of Propaganda from the Catholic Encyclopedia
- World War II propaganda leaflets: A website about airdropped, shelled or rocket fired propaganda leaflets. Some posters also.
- Canadian Wartime Propaganda - Canadian War Museum
- Northern Vietnamese Propaganda from the U.S. Vietnam War. The largest collection of North Vietnamese propaganda available on-line.
- "North Korea's art of propaganda", BBC, July 29, 2007: images of North Korean propaganda posters
- CBC Radio's "Nazi Eyes On Canada" (1942), series with Hollywood stars promoting Canadian War Bonds
- America at War, a digital collection of World War II–era American propaganda pamphlets and additional material
- Over 400 posters from World Wars II & II (searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format)
- "Propaganda." The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia.
- Psywar.org's large collection of propaganda leaflets from various conflicts
- Pyongyang Chronicles
- WWII: Intense Propaganda Posters - slideshow by Life magazine
- US Central Command (CENTCOM) archive of propaganda leaflets dropped in Iraq
- Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages
- Bytwerk, Randall, "Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page". Calvin College.
- US Navy recruiting posters archive
- Tim Frank Collection of WWII Propaganda Leaflets, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Mabuse.
Doctor Mabuse is a fictional character created by Norbert Jacques in the novel Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler, and made famous by the three movies director Fritz Lang made about the character; see Dr. Mabuse the Gambler. Although the character was designed deliberately to mimic pulp magazine-style villains such as Dr. Fu Manchu and Fantômas, the latter of which was a direct inspiration, Jacques' goal was both commercial success and to make political comments, in much the same way that the silent movie The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) had done just a few years previously.
Contents |
Description[link]
Dr. Mabuse is a master of disguise and telepathic hypnosis. Mabuse rarely commits his crimes in person, instead operating primarily through a network of agents implementing schemes he has planned for them. Mabuse's agents range from career criminals working for him, to innocents blackmailed or hypnotized into cooperation, to dupes manipulated so successfully they do not realize that they are doing exactly what Mabuse planned for them to do.
Mabuse's identity often changes; one "Dr. Mabuse" may be defeated and sent to an asylum, jail, or grave, only for a new "Dr. Mabuse" to later appear, as depicted in The Testament of Dr. Mabuse. The replacement invariably has the same methods, the same powers of hypnosis, and the same criminal genius. There are even suggestions in some installments of the series that the "real" Mabuse is some sort of spirit that possesses a series of hosts spiritually.
History[link]
Dr. Mabuse first appeared in the 1921 novel Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler (translation: "Dr. Mabuse The Player" or "Dr. Mabuse The Gambler") by Norbert Jacques. The novel was the beneficiary of unprecedented publicity efforts and became a best-seller very soon. Lang, already an accomplished director, worked with his wife Thea von Harbou to translate the novel to the screen, where it also became a great success. The film Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler (1922), with a playing time of more than four hours, was released in two separate sections: Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler, an Image of the Times and Inferno, People of the Times.
After the great success of both the novel and the movie, it was almost a decade before anything more was done with the character. Jacques had been working on a sequel to the novel, named Mabuse's Colony, in which Mabuse has died and a group of his devotees are starting an island colony based on the principles described by Mabuse's manifesto. However, the novel was unfinished. After conversations with Lang and von Harbou, Jacques agreed to discontinue the novel and the sequel instead became the 1933 movie Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse, in which the Mabuse of 1920 (still played by Rudolf Klein-Rogge) is an inmate in an insane asylum, but has for some time been obsessively writing meticulous plans for crime and terrorism — plans that are being performed by a gang of criminals outside the asylum, who receive their orders from a person who has identified himself to them only as Dr. Mabuse.
Cultural influences and homages[link]
 |
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (January 2012) |
The German musical group Propaganda released their debut single, "Dr. Mabuse", during 1984 as a tribute to the character; the song was also part of their debut album, A Secret Wish, during 1985.
The German musical band Blue System released a song named "Doctor Mabuse", as part of the album X-Ten, during 1994. The song was also released as a single.
Jean-Marc Lofficier wrote Superman's Metropolis, a trilogy of graphic novels for DC Comics illustrated by Ted McKeever, the third of which was entitled Wonder Woman: The Blue Amazon, with the plot derived partly from Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler. The character of Mabuse was combined with Wonder Woman villain Doctor Psycho.
Dr. Mabuse was mentioned as a member of Die Zwielichthelden (The Twilight Heroes) in the graphic novel The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier, by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill. Along with Doctor Caligari and Professor Rotwang, Mabuse was a villain for the third volume, Century, published during 2009.[1]
Mabuse also appears with his fellow silent movie characters in Kim Newman's novel The Bloody Red Baron, in which he, Caligari, Rotwang, Count Orlok and others attempt to create the Red Baron.
In Kim Newman's The Hound of the D'Urbervilles, a collection of short stories featuring meetings between characters from the Sherlock Holmes stories and their literary contemporaries, one chapter revolves around a struggle for supremacy between Doctor Mabuse and Professor Moriarty.
In Charles Stross' James Bond spoof novel The Jennifer Morgue, the main villain, who has hypnotic eyes, has a yacht named Mabuse. In the afterward, Stross discusses Mabuse as the first supervillain and the direct predecessor of Ernst Stavro Blofeld.
The Brazilian musician and designer H.D. Mabuse has used this name as his pseudonym for more than 20 years.
The name "Mabuse" is a pseudonym of a fictionalized version of Fritz Lang in Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa.[2]
Dr. Mabuse inspired Wong Jing's 1989 movie God of Gamblers.
Filmography[link]
- Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler (1922), directed by Fritz Lang.
- English title: Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler.
- Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse (1933), directed by Fritz Lang.
- English title: The Testament of Dr. Mabuse
- A French-language version was filmed at the same time, on the same sets, but with a mainly different cast.
- The Crimes of Dr. Mabuse is a truncated, reorganized and redubbed adaptation of The Testament of Dr. Mabuse made primarily for U. S. audiences.
- Die Tausend Augen des Dr. Mabuse (1960), directed by Fritz Lang, produced by Artur Brauner.
- English title: The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse.
- Im Stahlnetz' des Dr. Mabuse (1961), directed by Harald Reinl, produced by Artur Brauner.
- English title: The Return of Dr. Mabuse (literally; In the Steel-Web of Dr. Mabuse).
- Die unsichtbaren Krallen des Dr. Mabuse (1962), directed by Harald Reinl, produced by Artur Brauner.
- English title: The Invisible Dr. Mabuse (literally: The Invisible Claws of Dr. Mabuse).
- Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse (1962), directed by Werner Klingler, produced by Artur Brauner, a remake of the 1933 movie.
- English title: The Testament of Dr. Mabuse).
- Scotland Yard jagt Dr. Mabuse (1963), directed by Paul May, produced by Artur Brauner.
- English title: Dr. Mabuse vs. Scotland Yard (literally: Scotland Yard hunts Dr. Mabuse).
- Die Todesstrahlen des Dr. Mabuse (1963), directed by Hugo Fregonese, produced by Artur Brauner.
- English title: The Death Ray of Dr. Mabuse (literally: The Death-Rays of Dr. Mabuse).
- La Venganza del Dr. Mabuse (1970), directed by Jess Franco.
- English title: The Vengeance of Dr. Mabuse.
- Docteur M (1989), directed by Claude Chabrol.
- English title: Club Extinction.
Literature[link]
- Kalat, David, The strange case of Dr. Mabuse: a study of the twelve movies and five novels, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2001, ISBN 0786423374.
References[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Mabuse
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
