Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually considered to be of a private nature.

The principal characteristic of voyeurism is that the voyeur does not normally relate directly with the subject of his/her interest, who is often unaware of being observed. Voyeurism may involve the making of a secret photograph or video of the subject during an intimate activity. When the interest in a particular subject is obsessive, the behavior may be described as stalking.

However, in today's society the concept of voyeurism has evolved, especially in popular culture. Non-pornographic reality television programs such as ''Survivor'' and ''The Real World'', are prime examples of voyeurism, where viewers (the voyeur) are granted an intimate interaction with a subject group or individual. Although not necessarily "voyeurism" in its original definition, as individuals in these given situations are aware of their audience, the concept behind "reality TV" is to allow unscripted social interaction with limited outside interference or influence. As such, the term still maintains its sexual connotations.

The term comes from the French ''voyeur'', "one who looks". A male voyeur is commonly labeled "Peeping Tom", a term which originates from the Lady Godiva legend. However, that term is usually applied to a male who observes somebody through their window, and not in a public place.

History[link]

Voyeurism is not a new phenomenon, and, according to one study, instances of it can be found in the Bible.

Technique[link]

A voyeur may observe others without them being aware of it by a number of strategies. The voyeur may observe the subject from a distance, or use stealth to observe the subject with the use of peep-holes, two-way mirrors, hidden cameras, secret photography and other devices and strategies. Secret photography may involve the use of normal cameras, but with the photographer being concealed. Sometimes the camera itself is disguised or concealed. The use of telephoto lens enables the distance from the subject to provide concealment.

Although spy cameras small enough to fit inside a pocket-watch had existed since the 1880s, advances in miniaturization and electronics since the 1950s have greatly aided the ability to conceal miniature cameras, and the quality and affordability of tiny cameras (often called "spy cameras" or subminiature cameras) has now greatly increased. Some consumer digital cameras are now so small that in previous decades they would have qualified as "spy cameras", and digital cameras of eight megapixels or more are now being embedded in some mobile camera phones. The majority of mobile phones in use are camera phones.

Certain image capturing devices are capable of producing images through materials that are opaque to visible light, including clothing. These devices form images by using electromagnetic radiation outside the visible range. Infrared and terahertz-wave cameras are capable of creating images through clothing, though these images differ from what would be created with visible light.

In medicine[link]

name	Voyeurism
icd10
icd9	}}

The American Psychiatric Association has classified certain voyeuristic fantasies, urges and behavior patterns as a paraphilia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) if the person has acted on these urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. It is described as a disorder of sexual preference in the ICD-10. The diagnosis would not be given to people who experience typical sexual arousal simply by seeing nudity or sexual activity.

Criminology[link]

The United States FBI assert that some individuals who engage in "nuisance" offenses (such as voyeurism) may also have a propensity for violence based on behaviors of serious sex offenders. An FBI researcher has suggested that voyeurs are likely to demonstrate some characteristics that are common, but not universal, among serious sexual offenders who invest considerable time and effort in the capturing of a victim (or image of a victim); careful, methodical planning devoted to the selection and preparation of equipment; and often meticulous attention to detail.

Legal status[link]

Voyeurism is not a crime in common law. In common law countries it is only a crime if made so by legislation. In Canada, for example, voyeurism was not a crime when the case ''Frey v. Fedoruk et al.'' arose in 1947. In that case, in 1950, the Supreme Court of Canada held that courts could not criminalize voyeurism by classifying it as a breach of the peace and that Parliament would have to specifically outlaw it. On November 1, 2005, this was done when section 162 was added to the Canadian Criminal Code, declaring voyeurism to be a sexual offense.

In some cultures, voyeurism is considered to be a sex crime. In the United Kingdom, non-consensual voyeurism became a criminal offense on May 1, 2004. Little to no research has been done into the demographics of voyeurs.

In the English case of ''R v Turner'' (2006), the manager of a sports centre filmed four women taking showers. There was no indication that the footage had been shown to anyone else or distributed in any way. The defendant pleaded guilty. The Court of Appeal confirmed a sentence of nine months' imprisonment to reflect the seriousness of the abuse of trust and the traumatic effect on the victims.

Another English case in 2009, ''R v Wilkins'' (2010), resulted in a man who filmed his intercourse with five of his lovers for his own private viewing, being sentenced to imprisonment for eight months and ordered to sign the Sex Offenders Register, where his name would remain for ten years.

In the United States, video voyeurism is an offense in nine states and may require the convicted person to register as a sex offender. The original case that led to the criminalization of voyeurism has been made into a television movie called ''Video Voyeur'' and documents the criminalization of secret photography. Criminal voyeurism statutes are related to invasion of privacy laws but are specific to unlawful surreptitious surveillance without consent and unlawful recordings including the broadcast, dissemination, publication, or selling of recordings involving places and times when a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy and a reasonable supposition they are not being photographed or filmed by "any mechanical, digital or electronic viewing device, camera or any other instrument capable of recording, storing or transmitting visual images that can be utilized to observe a person."

In the Louise Ogborn strip search incident, the perpetrator was said to be engaged in a form of ''virtual voyeurism''.

Saudi Arabia banned the sale of camera phones nationwide in April 2004, but reversed the ban in December 2004. Some countries, such as South Korea and Japan, require all camera phones sold in their country to make a clearly audible sound whenever a picture is being taken. Secret photography by law enforcement authorities is called surveillance and is not considered to be voyeurism, though it may be unlawful or regulated in some countries.

In popular culture[link]

;Photography Some fine art photographers such as Richard Kern have displayed a fascination with the forms of secret voyeuristic photography.

;Films Voyeurism is a common plot device in both serious (e.g. ''Rear Window'', ''Klute'', ''Blue Velvet'', ''Disturbia'') and humorous (e.g. ''Porky's'', ''Animal House'', ''Semi-Pro'', ''Gregory's Girl'', ''American Pie'') films. Voyeuristic photography has been a central element of the ''mis-en-scene'' of films such as Michael Powell's ''Peeping Tom'', and Michelangelo Antonioni's ''Blowup''. The 2002 television movie ''Video Voyeur: The Susan Wilson Story'' is based on a true story about a woman who was secretly videotaped, and subsequently helped to get laws against voyeurism passed in parts of the United States.

;Anime The anime ''Colorful'' is devoted almost entirely to voyeurism. Also, in the anime Baka to Test to Shōkanjū, Kōta Tsuchiya is subject to voyeurism, explaining why he is referred to as "Voyeur".

See also[link]

Clothed female, naked male

Clothed male, naked female

Courtship disorder

Exhibitionism

Invasion of privacy

Scopophobia, the fear of being stared at

References[link]

;Notes

External links[link]

UK law on voyeurism

Proposed US Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2003

Video Voyeurism Laws

Expert: Technology fosters voyeurism

Category:French loanwords Category:Visual perception Category:Psychiatric diagnosis

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name	Dominic Monaghan
birth name	Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan
birth date	December 08, 1976
birth place	Berlin, Germany
occupation	Actor
years active	1996-present
website	}}

Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan (; born 8 December 1976) is an English actor. He has received international attention from playing Meriadoc Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings'' and for his role as Charlie Pace on the television show ''Lost''.

Early life[link]

Monaghan was born in Berlin, Germany, to British parents: Maureen, a nurse, and Austin Monaghan, a science teacher. Monaghan's family lived in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart and Münster, moving about every four years. When he was about 11 years old, his family moved from Germany to Heaton Moor in Stockport, Greater Manchester. Monaghan's first language is English, but he also speaks some German and is well known for his ability to impersonate others and replicate accents. Bernard is his maternal grandfather's name, and Patrick his paternal grandfather's name. He chose Luke as his confirmation name after Luke Skywalker from ''Star Wars'', his favourite film, which was also one of his inspirations for becoming an actor. He attended St Anne's Roman Catholic High School (where his uncle taught and later became head teacher) and Aquinas College, where he studied English literature, drama and geography.

Career[link]

Although Monaghan held many occupations when he was younger, he always wanted to be an actor. After his second year at St. Anne's, Monaghan became a regular in school plays such as ''Oliver Twist'', ''A Christmas Carol'', and ''Bugsy Malone'' before joining Manchester Youth Theatre. There, he was scouted for ''Hetty Wainthropp Investigates'', on which he played Hetty's under-aged sidekick, Geoffrey Shawcross, for four series. He made his feature film debut as Russian sailor Sasha in TV film ''Hostile Waters''.

Monaghan later starred in the Lord of the Rings trilogy as Meriadoc Brandybuck, for which he achieved widespread recognition.

Monaghan narrated ''Ringers: Lord of the Fans'', a documentary about ''Lord of the Rings'' fandom. He also provided the narration for The Discovery Channel's documentary ''Devil's Bible'' in 2008. He also appeared in Soldiers of Fortune alongside Sean Bean and Christian Slater.

He was a regular cast member on the ABC series ''Lost '' playing drug addict rock star Charlie Pace, until Pace's death at the end of the third season. He continued to guest star on the show occasionally thereafter. Monaghan originally auditioned for the role of Sawyer. The role of Pace was then changed from an old, washed up rocker from the 1980s, to a young one-hit wonder in order to accommodate Monaghan's age.

In 2009, Monaghan starred in X-Men Origins: Wolverine.

On 15 July 2009 it was confirmed that he would join the cast of ABC Studios' science fiction television series ''FlashForward'' as the character Simon. The series premiered on 24 September 2009. It was canceled after its first season. On 18 March 2010 Monaghan was spotted at the Universal Sheraton filming a short called ''Gloria''. It was part of a program called REESES Puff's Extraordinary Cinema (Where the teens replace the pros). He played the part of Caleb Reese. In 2010, Megan Fox and Monaghan made an appearance as a couple in an abusive relationship in the music video for rapper Eminem's song "Love the Way You Lie". Scenes include the celebrities on top of a liquor store. Fox and Monaghan also filmed inside the store and "at a seedy dive bar next door" to the store.

Personal life[link]

Monaghan is a nature lover, and has been active in the planting of trees, cacti, and the pod-seeds of mature hedge-row bushes. He owns a small forest in India, and has worked with the animal rights group PETA. Monaghan has a great love for insects and reptiles that he developed during his childhood, and has kept an assortment of pets, including a leaf-mantis named Gizmo, a Black Widow spider named Witchitar and an albino snake named Blink.

An avid outdoorsman, Monaghan enjoys activities such as surfing, kayaking, snowboarding, football, basketball, and hiking. He has also stated that he likes hunting for insects and reptiles outdoors. He learned karate as a child, practices yoga, and often goes to the gym for strength and weight training. He is a long time supporter and fan of Manchester United.

Monaghan loves to play various games, and has hosted game nights for fellow cast members in the past. He is also fond of working the New York Times crossword puzzle.

On his right arm he has a tattoo of the Elvish word "nine" written in Quenya-mode Tengwar, a reference to his involvement in the ''Lord of the Rings'' and the fact that his character was one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring. Seven other cast members and one of the stunt doubles (John Rhys-Davies' stunt double) also got matching tattoos during the film's production, at Monaghan's instigation. Below that tattoo is another that reads, "Life imitates art", an Oscar Wilde quote. On his left arm is a tattoo, "Living is easy with eyes closed", a line from The Beatles' "Strawberry Fields Forever". He also has two stars tattooed on his left foot, one black, and one white. In 2010, Monaghan got two more tattoos, one on the upper side of the back ("Love you take is equal to the love you make", taken from the song "The End" by The Beatles). The other, done by Kat Von D on the television show LA Ink, is located on his lower right arm ("Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter", a quote from Yoda).

He resides in the Los Angeles, California area. In 2008 Monaghan held a photographic exhibit in Los Angeles in which he sold prints of his own works. A portion of the proceeds from the exhibit were given to an orangutan rescue organization.

Monaghan's past romantic relationships include one with his ''Lost'' co-star Evangeline Lilly from 2004 to 2009.

In June 2008 Monaghan traveled to Argentina with Lilly to film the pilot of the American version of ''CQC'', (a successful television programme in fewer than ten countries).

He has long been working on a script with ''LOTR'' co-star and good friend Billy Boyd. Dominic provided the inspiration for the naming of Boyd's band Beecake after he sent his friend a picture of a cake covered in bees.

Filmography[link]

Films[link]

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1997		Sasha	Television film
2001	''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''	Meriadoc Brandybuck
2002	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''	Meriadoc Brandybuck
2003	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''	Meriadoc Brandybuck	Screen Actors Guild Award win
2003	''An Insomniac's Nightmare''	Jack
2004		Goat
2004	''The Purifiers''	Sol
2005	''Ringers: Lord of the Fans''	Narrator
2005	''Shooting Livien''	Owen Scott
2008	''I Sell The Dead''	Arthur Blake
2009	''X-Men Origins: Wolverine''
2010		Sin	''post-production''
2011	''Pet''	Seth	''in production''
2011		Rick
TBA	'' The Millionaire Tour

Television[link]

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1996–1998	''Hetty Wainthropp Investigates''	Geoffrey Shawcross	Main cast member.
2000	''This Is Personal: The Hunt for the Yorkshire Ripper''	Jimmy Furey
2000	''Monsignor Renard''	Etienne Pierre Rollinger
2004–2010		Charlie Pace	Main cast member 2004 - 2007Recurring special guest star 2008 and 2010.Screen Actors Guild Award win; 65 episodes
2008	''MADtv''	Himself	Aired April 26, 2008
2008		Himself	June 23, 2008. In CQC Argentina with Evangeline Lilly
2009		Tyler Martin	One episode - Chuck Versus the Third Dimension
2009–2010		Dr. Simon Campos	Main cast member
2010	''LA Ink''	Himself	Guest appearance
2010		Himself	Big Star in a Small CarLap Time 1:45.3
2011	''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson''	Voice of Geoff Peterson	Guest appearance

Music videos[link]

! Year	! Artist	! Title	Notes
2010	Eminem featuring Rihanna	"Love the Way You Lie"	With Megan Fox

References[link]

External links[link]

Dominic Monaghan interview

Dominic Monaghan - The cool Briton (unofficial website)

Category:1976 births Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Berlin Category:People from Stockport Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:English expatriates in Canada Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:English atheists

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name	The Good Natured
background	group_or_band
origin	Highclere, Hampshire, England
genre	Electropop, synthpop
years active	2008–present
label	Parlophone, Astralwerks
website
current members	Sarah McIntoshHamish McIntoshGeorge Hinton }}

The Good Natured are an English electropop band, consisting of Sarah McIntosh (born January 1991 in Highclere, Hampshire) on vocals and keyboards, her brother Hamish McIntosh on bass and George Hinton (with whom Sarah became acquainted at university) on drums.

History[link]

Sarah began playing the violin as a child, but felt it was not the right instrument for her, so she turned towards playing the drums. She also sang in a choir when she was a child. At the age of 14 she salvaged an old Yamaha keyboard while spring cleaning her grandmother's house. She taught herself to play the keys and at age 15 began to write her first own songs and founded a band with her brother Hamish. Later she went to university to study music, but found that both, studying and pursuing her musical career, was unmanageable. She therefore decided to drop out from university and concentrate on her own music.

The Good Natured's debut EP ''Warriors'' was self-released on 7 July 2008. The EP received a lot of press coverage, especially for the lyrics. Their music is often being compared to La Roux, Ladytron, Lily Allen and Kate Nash. Sarah herself describes their music as "dark electronic pop" as well as "electronic pop with heart", and feels especially influenced by bands such as Tears for Fears, Japan and Siouxsie and the Banshees.

Despite the mostly positive critics, no label seemed to be willing to sign The Good Natured. Thus their second EP ''Your Body Is a Machine'' was self-released as well. It was not until March 2011 that the band was signed by the British label Parlophone, under which they released their EP ''Skeleton'' in June 2011.

Discography[link]

;EPs

''Warriors'' (2008)

''Your Body Is a Machine'' (2009)

''Skeleton'' (2011)

;Singles

"Be My Animal" (2010)

"Skeleton" (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

Sarah McIntosh's weblog

Category:English electronic music groups Category:English pop music groups Category:Musical groups established in 2008 Category:Musical trios Category:Parlophone artists Category:Astralwerks artists Category:Synthpop groups

de:The Good Natured