The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com:80/Elm
Thursday, 08 November 2012
Cowboy Bebop OST 2 No Disc - Elm
Rasmus Elm - AZ Alkmaar | 2011 |
Sony Ericsson Elm unboxing video
Sony Ericsson Elm™
A Nightmare on Elm Street Trailer 1984
Sony Ericsson ELM J10i J10i2 Rozbieranie naprawa disassembly - reassembly repair movie
Hammock - Elm
Richie Beirach Elm
'A Nightmare on Elm Steet' Trailer 2
Nightmare on Elm Street 2010 Movie Trailer 2 [HD]
Original Nightmare on elm street trailer
NIGHTMARE ON ELM ST Nes Review - By the Angry Nintendo Nerd - Cinemassacre.com

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Nightmare On Elm Street 4: the Dream Master, A (1988)



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Cowboy Bebop OST 2 No Disc - Elm
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:04
  • Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Web: radiomanga.net http Elm Anime:Cowboy Bebop OST: Cowboy Bebop OST 2 No Disc (1998) [audio] Cowboy Bebop (カウボーイビバップ, Kaubōi Bibappu) is a Japanese animated television series. Directed by Shinichiro Watanabe and written by Keiko Nobumoto, Cowboy Bebop was produced by Sunrise. Consisting of 26 episodes, the series follows the adventures of a group of bounty hunters traveling on their spaceship, the Bebop, in the year 2071. Cowboy Bebop was a commercial success both in Japan and international markets, notably in the United States. After this reception, Sony Pictures released a feature film, Knockin' on Heaven's Door to theaters worldwide and followed up with an international DVD release. Two manga adaptations were serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Asuka Fantasy DX. Cowboy Bebop has been strongly influenced by American music, especially the jazz movements of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s and the early rock era of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of its action sequences, from space battles to hand-to-hand martial arts combat, are set and timed to music. Following the musical theme, episodes are called Sessions, and titles are often borrowed from album or song names (such as Sympathy for the Devil or My Funny Valentine), or make use of a genre name ("Mushroom Samba") indicating a given episode's musical theme. Source: wikipedia.org
published: 25 Aug 2008
author: videgenial1
views: 204597
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Cowboy Bebop OST 2 No Disc - Elm
Rasmus Elm - AZ Alkmaar | 2011 |
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:22
  • Updated: 07 Nov 2012
some goals and skills from swedish midfielder of AZ He has good passing, vision and freekick I do not own any rights to original videos and the song. No copyrights infringement intended.
published: 10 Nov 2011
author: jubilord
views: 137632
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Rasmus Elm - AZ Alkmaar | 2011 |
Sony Ericsson Elm unboxing video
  • Order:
  • Duration: 9:58
  • Updated: 21 Aug 2012
www.tracyandmatt.co.uk James unboxes the new Sony Ericsson Elm
published: 01 May 2010
author: leodee
views: 103961
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Sony Ericsson Elm unboxing video
Sony Ericsson Elm™
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:27
  • Updated: 26 Oct 2012
www.sonyericsson.com Play your part. Show you care. The Sony Ericsson Elm™ is a GreenHeart™ phone, made of recycled plastics and free from hazardous chemicals.
published: 04 Mar 2010
author: sonyericsson
views: 269293
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Sony Ericsson Elm™
A Nightmare on Elm Street Trailer 1984
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:49
  • Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Release Date: November 16th, 1984 Starring: Ronee Blakley, John Saxon, Heather Langenkamp, Amanda Wyss, Nick Corri, Johnny Depp A group of teenagers are terrorized by "Freddy Krueger", an evil being from another world who gets to his victims by entering their dreams and killing them with gloves that have knife blades attached to each finger.
published: 25 May 2008
views: 228029
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/A Nightmare on Elm Street Trailer 1984
Hammock - Elm
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:24
  • Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Alexander Zabara's Slideshow Music:"Elm", Hammock www.zabara.org - Zabara Alexander If you want to buy or use photos used in this slideshow please contact me - info@zabara.org You can see other my photos on my website - www.zabara.org
published: 28 Aug 2008
views: 46832
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Hammock - Elm
Richie Beirach Elm
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:31
  • Updated: 08 Nov 2012

published: 25 Mar 2012
author: hab1959
views: 4769
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Richie Beirach Elm
'A Nightmare on Elm Steet' Trailer 2
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:33
  • Updated: 08 Nov 2012
For more info on 'A Nightmare on Elm Steet' visit: www.hollywood.com
published: 02 Mar 2010
views: 883438
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/'A Nightmare on Elm Steet' Trailer 2
Nightmare on Elm Street 2010 Movie Trailer 2 [HD]
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:42
  • Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Click Here to Watch the Nightmare on Elm Street Debut Movie Trailer: www.youtube.com Nightmare on Elm Street 2010 Movie Trailer 2 [HD] Director: Samuel Bayer Release: 4/30/2010 Genre: Fantasy/Horror/Thriller Studio: New Line Cinema Website: www.nightmareonelmstreet.com Freddy Krueger returns in A Nightmare on Elm Street, a contemporary re-imagining of the horror classic. A group of suburban teenagers hare one common bond: they are all being stalked by Freddy Krueger, a horribly disfigured killer who hunts them in their dreams. As long as they stay awake, they can protect one another, but when they sleep, there is no escape. Follow Machinima on Twitter! Machinima twitter.com Inside Gaming twitter.com Machinima Respawn twitter.com Machinima Entertainment, Technology, Culture twitter.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com TAGS: Nightmare on Elm Street New Extended 2010 Debut Movie Trailer [HD] machinima samuel bayer fantasy horror classic new line cinema freddy krueger glove dream johnny depp wes carvan scream thriller remake 2010 yt:quality=high
published: 26 Feb 2010
author: machinima
views: 2184722
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Nightmare on Elm Street 2010 Movie Trailer 2 [HD]
Original Nightmare on elm street trailer
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:52
  • Updated: 08 Nov 2012
The Original Elm Street trailer.
published: 30 Jun 2006
author: ikckas4dalrd
views: 2355663
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Original Nightmare on elm street trailer
Cellardoor - The Book of Elm - Imagine Cup 2011 Poland
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:36
  • Updated: 29 Mar 2012
"The Book of Elm" by Cellardoor team - Imagine Cup 2011 Game Design Web winners. Meet us at facebook: www.facebook.com Czech subtitles: Jan Horský and Ondřej Dobiáš.
published: 04 Jun 2011
views: 19251
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Cellardoor - The Book of Elm - Imagine Cup 2011 Poland
Dokken - Dream Warriors - A Nightmare On Elm Street 3 Video
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:51
  • Updated: 08 Nov 2012
From the article at: www.i-mockery.com Here's Dokken's classic "Dream Warriors" music video that we all saw on MTV back when A Nightmare On Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors was just coming out.
published: 01 Sep 2008
author: imockery
views: 55891
http://web.archive.org./web/20121109052826/http://wn.com/Dokken - Dream Warriors - A Nightmare On Elm Street 3 Video
  • Cowboy Bebop OST 2 No Disc - Elm...5:04
  • Rasmus Elm - AZ Alkmaar | 2011 |...4:22
  • Sony Ericsson Elm unboxing video...9:58
  • Sony Ericsson Elm™...1:27
  • A Nightmare on Elm Street Trailer 1984...1:49
  • Sony Ericsson ELM J10i J10i2 Rozbieranie naprawa disassembly - reassembly repair movie...8:57
  • Hammock - Elm...5:24
  • Richie Beirach Elm...6:31
  • 'A Nightmare on Elm Steet' Trailer 2...2:33
  • Nightmare on Elm Street 2010 Movie Trailer 2 [HD]...2:42
  • Original Nightmare on elm street trailer...1:52
  • NIGHTMARE ON ELM ST Nes Review - By the Angry Nintendo Nerd - Cinemassacre.com...13:27
  • Cellardoor - The Book of Elm - Imagine Cup 2011 Poland...4:36
  • Dokken - Dream Warriors - A Nightmare On Elm Street 3 Video...4:51
Web: radiomanga.net http Elm Anime:Cowboy Bebop OST: Cowboy Bebop OST 2 No Disc (1998) [audio] Cowboy Bebop (カウボーイビバップ, Kaubōi Bibappu) is a Japanese animated television series. Directed by Shinichiro Watanabe and written by Keiko Nobumoto, Cowboy Bebop was produced by Sunrise. Consisting of 26 episodes, the series follows the adventures of a group of bounty hunters traveling on their spaceship, the Bebop, in the year 2071. Cowboy Bebop was a commercial success both in Japan and international markets, notably in the United States. After this reception, Sony Pictures released a feature film, Knockin' on Heaven's Door to theaters worldwide and followed up with an international DVD release. Two manga adaptations were serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Asuka Fantasy DX. Cowboy Bebop has been strongly influenced by American music, especially the jazz movements of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s and the early rock era of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of its action sequences, from space battles to hand-to-hand martial arts combat, are set and timed to music. Following the musical theme, episodes are called Sessions, and titles are often borrowed from album or song names (such as Sympathy for the Devil or My Funny Valentine), or make use of a genre name ("Mushroom Samba") indicating a given episode's musical theme. Source: wikipedia.org
published: 25 Aug 2008
author: videgenial1
views: 204597
5:04
Cow­boy Bebop OST 2 No Disc - Elm
Web: radiomanga.​net http Elm Anime:Cow­boy Bebop OST: Cow­boy Bebop OST 2 No Disc (1998) [au...
pub­lished: 25 Aug 2008
au­thor: vide­ge­nial1
4:22
Ras­mus Elm - AZ Alk­maar | 2011 |
some goals and skills from swedish mid­field­er of AZ He has good pass­ing, vi­sion and free­ki...
pub­lished: 10 Nov 2011
au­thor: ju­bilord
9:58
Sony Er­ic­s­son Elm un­box­ing video
www.​tracyandmatt.​co.​uk James un­box­es the new Sony Er­ic­s­son Elm...
pub­lished: 01 May 2010
au­thor: leodee
1:27
Sony Er­ic­s­son Elm™
www.​sonyericsson.​com Play your part. Show you care. The Sony Er­ic­s­son Elm™ is a Green­Heart...
pub­lished: 04 Mar 2010
1:49
A Night­mare on Elm Street Trail­er 1984
Re­lease Date: Novem­ber 16th, 1984 Star­ring: Ronee Blak­ley, John Saxon, Heather Lan­genkamp,...
pub­lished: 25 May 2008
8:57
Sony Er­ic­s­son ELM J10i J10i2 Roz­bieranie naprawa dis­as­sem­bly - re­assem­bly re­pair movie
Its for you peo­ple....
pub­lished: 31 Jan 2011
au­thor: BI­ZON­SPR
5:24
Ham­mock - Elm
Alexan­der Zabara's Slideshow Music:"Elm", Ham­mock www.​zabara.​org - Zabara Alexan­der If you...
pub­lished: 28 Aug 2008
6:31
Richie Beirach Elm
...
pub­lished: 25 Mar 2012
au­thor: hab1959
2:33
'A Night­mare on Elm Steet' Trail­er 2
For more info on 'A Night­mare on Elm Steet' visit: www.​hollywood.​com...
pub­lished: 02 Mar 2010
2:42
Night­mare on Elm Street 2010 Movie Trail­er 2 [HD]
Click Here to Watch the Night­mare on Elm Street Debut Movie Trail­er: www.​youtube.​com Night...
pub­lished: 26 Feb 2010
au­thor: ma­chin­i­ma
1:52
Orig­i­nal Night­mare on elm street trail­er
The Orig­i­nal Elm Street trail­er....
pub­lished: 30 Jun 2006
13:27
NIGHT­MARE ON ELM ST Nes Re­view - By the Angry Nin­ten­do Nerd - Cinemassacre.​com
cinemassacre.​com...
pub­lished: 07 Nov 2006
4:36
Cel­lar­door - The Book of Elm - Imag­ine Cup 2011 Poland
"The Book of Elm" by Cel­lar­door team - Imag­ine Cup 2011 Game De­sign Web win­ners. Meet us a...
pub­lished: 04 Jun 2011
4:51
Dokken - Dream War­riors - A Night­mare On Elm Street 3 Video
From the ar­ti­cle at: www.​i-mockery.​com Here's Dokken's clas­sic "Dream War­riors" music vide...
pub­lished: 01 Sep 2008
au­thor: imock­ery
Youtube results:
1:33
A Night­mare on Elm Street 2: Fred­dy's Re­venge trail­er (1985)
A Night­mare on Elm Street 2: Fred­dy's Re­venge Di­rect­ed by: Jack Sh­old­er Star­ring: Mar­shall...
pub­lished: 23 Feb 2008
3:37
Night­mare on Elm Street theme
The orig­i­nal theme of Fred­dy Krueger. Part 2 of 3 in my "Slash­er theme" pro­ject. Enjoy!...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2008
au­thor: Michael Day
3:44
Elm Street - Barbed Wire Metal (Of­fi­cial Video)
Of­fi­cial video for 'Barbed Wire Metal' off the debut album "Barbed Wire Metal" out world­wi...
pub­lished: 19 Nov 2011
6:33
A Night­mare On Elm Street Trib­ute - Avenged Sev­en­fold - "Night­mare"
A Night­mare On Elm Street trib­ute music video Music: Avenged Sev­en­fold "Night­mare" Album: ...
pub­lished: 19 Aug 2010
au­thor: in­sain9876
Photo: AP / Moises Castillo
Residents walk among rubble after a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck in San Marcos, Guatemala, Wednesday Nov. 7, 2012.
Detroit news
08 Nov 2012
By Sonia Perez-Diaz and Romina Ruiz-Goiriena Associated Press Comments People chat with a police officer while standing in the rubble caused after a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck Wednesday in San...



Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
People pose with a picture of President Barack Obama during the Election Night Party 2012 following the U.S. Presidential Election, at the Intercontinental Hotel in Madrid, Spain, Wednesday, Nov. 7, 2012.
The Daily Telegraph
07 Nov 2012
Barack Obama claimed a second presidential term last night as a progressive coalition of women, minorities and young people came together to return America’s first black president to the White...



Photo: AP
Police surround the bodies of striking miners after opening fire on a crowd at the Lonmin Platinum Mine near Rustenburg, South Africa, Thursday, Aug. 16, 2012.
The Guardian
06 Nov 2012
The inquiry into the miners' deaths is showing how police doctored evidence and revealing a force that believes itself to be above South African law...



Photo: Public Domain / Shooke
Bran (German: Törzburg; Hungarian: Törcsvár) is a commune in Braşov County, Romania. It lies 30 km from the city of Braşov. Medieval Bran Castle, located in Bran, is a popular tourist destination as it is purported setting for Count Dracula, in Bram Stoker's Dracula".
The Guardian
08 Nov 2012
Irish novelist who created the best-known vampire in literary and film history was born 165 years ago Bram Stoker books celebrated in Google doodle....



Photo: US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Todd A. Schaffer
File - The Royal Navy submarine HMS Astute arrives at Naval Station Norfolk, 28 November, 2011. Astute is the first in a new class of British nuclear submarines that sets the standard for the Royal Navy in terms of weapons load, communication facilities and stealth.
Al Jazeera
06 Nov 2012
- At an unknown location somewhere deep beneath the world's oceans, a British submarine sits primed to launch up to 40 nuclear warheads with a collective destructive power almost 300 times greater...





The Miami Herald ST. TROPEZ, France -- After Brigitte Bardot appeared in the film And God Created Woman, the French bombshell and the city of St. Tropez were forever changed. Bardot became an international sex symbol — more famous for her pouty lips and coif than her on-screen performances — while the quaint...(size: 4.8Kb)
The Friday short list 09 Nov 2012
The Roanoke Times TODAY Audra Ang Book Signing and Q&A; The author of "To the People, Food Is Heaven"...(size: 0.5Kb)
Orange News Tweet Ministers will hold a crisis meeting today to discuss a disease to a deadly fungal disease threatening millions of the UK's native ash trees. Department of the Environment officials have been liaising with the Forestry Commission and other agencies to discuss the best way to contain the spread...(size: 3.5Kb)
Times Union SCHENECTADY — Tina Karuzas stabbed her downstairs neighbor, Latoya Ebron, with a knife as the two women fought over loud music from a house party on Elm Street last year, said a prosecution witness in the manslaughter trial. "All I heard was Latoya running down the stairs, saying, 'She stabbed...(size: 2.8Kb)
Saving the ash 09 Nov 2012
Irish Times The devastation caused by Dutch elm disease in the 1970s and 1980s may be repeated if effective measures are not taken to counter a virulent threat to our ash tree population. There are some hopeful signs. A common approach to banning the importation of all ash seeds, plants and wood with bark...(size: 2.1Kb)
IMDb Lots of blood and plenty of screaming Texas Chainsaw 3D will be in theaters January 4 2013 and MTV...(size: 0.7Kb)
Buffalo News A developer plans to revitalize two downtown buildings, each more than a century old, with a mix of apartments and first-floor space dedicated to bicycling. The project, called the Apartments at the HUB, will rejuvenate 145 and 149 Swan St., between Michigan Avenue and Elm Street, said Jake...(size: 4.7Kb)
IMDb A featurette for Texas Chainsaw 3D was recently released and includes cast interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, and some clips from the movie. “With gruesomeÂ...(size: 1.1Kb)
IMDb The cast and crew of Lionsgate’s Texas Chainsaw 3D recently sat down with MTV to offer fans some insight as to what horrors this legend of a horror icon has...(size: 1.0Kb)
Times Union SCHENECTADY — Tina Karuzas plunged the knife into the body of her downstairs neighbor Latoya Ebron as the two women fought over loud music from a house party on Elm Street last year, according to a prosecution witness in the manslaughter trial. "All I heard was Latoya running down the stairs,...(size: 2.8Kb)
The Guardian The trust is predicting an environmental disaster if the UK government doesn't act now to save our native ash The ash tree could become a sight of the past. Photograph: Rosemary Calvert/Getty Images...(size: 3.9Kb)
The Himalayan Added At: 2012-11-08 8:44 PM Last Updated At: 2012-11-08 8:44 PM The Himalayan Times - Saved Articles(s)...(size: 4.9Kb)

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous tree comprising the genus Ulmus in the plant family Ulmaceae. The dozens of species are found in temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, ranging southward into Indonesia. Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many species and cultivars of elms were planted as ornamental street, lawn, and park trees in Europe, North America, and parts of the Southern Hemisphere, notably Australasia. Some individual elms have reached great size and age. In recent decades, many elms of European or North American origin have died from the Dutch elm disease, a beetle-dispersed fungus; in response, horticulturists have developed various kinds of disease-resistant elm trees, allowing the genus to be increasingly used again in horticulture and landscaping.

Elm leaves are alternate, with simple, single- or, most commonly, doubly-serrate margins, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex. The genus is hermaphroditic, having apetalous perfect flowers which are mostly wind-pollinated, although bees do visit them. The fruit is a round wind-dispersed samara flushed with chlorophyll, facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge.[1] All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and pH levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage.

The genus Ulmus first appeared in the Miocene geological period about 20 million years ago. Originating in what is now central Asia, these trees flourished and spread over most of the Northern Hemisphere, traversing the Equator in Indonesia.

The other genera of the Ulmaceae are Planera (water elm) and Zelkova (zelkova). The genus Celtis (hackberry or nettle tree), formerly included in the Ulmaceae, is now included in the family Cannabaceae.

Contents

Classification[link]

There are about 30 to 40 species of Ulmus (elm); the ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm (Ulmus minor) group. Rackham[2] describes Ulmus as the most difficult critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that 'species and varieties are a distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation'. Eight species are endemic to North America, and a smaller number to Europe;[3] the greatest diversity is found in Asia.[4]

The classification adopted in the List of elm species, varieties, cultivars and hybrids is largely based on that established by Brummitt.[5] A large number of synonyms have accumulated over the last three centuries; their currently accepted names can be found in the list List of elm Synonyms and Accepted Names.

Etymology[link]

The name Ulmus is the classical name for these trees, with the English name "elm" and many other European names derived from it.[6]

Ulmus americana, Dufferin St., Toronto, c.1914

Familiar species[link]

The more abundant or better-known species of Ulmus include:

Pests and diseases[link]

Dutch elm disease[link]

Dutch elm disease (DED) devastated elms throughout Europe and much of North America in the second half of the 20th century. Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far remained unaffected by Dutch Elm Disease, as have the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia in western Canada.

DED is caused by a micro-fungus transmitted by two species of Scolytus elm-bark beetle which act as vectors. The disease affects all species of elm native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have evolved anti-fungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by the beetles, invade the xylem or vascular system. The tree responds by producing tyloses, effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root-grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation with the fungus of over three hundred clones of the European species failed to find a single variety possessed of any significant resistance.

The first, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi, arrived in Europe from the Far East in 1910, and was accidentally introduced to North America in 1928, but was steadily weakened by viruses and had all but disappeared in Europe by the 1940s. The second, far more virulent strain of the disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was identified in Europe in the late 1960s, and within a decade had killed over 20 million trees (approximately 75%) in the UK alone. Approximately three times more deadly, the origin of the new strain remains a mystery. The most popular hypothesis is that it arose from a hybrid between the original O. ulmi and another strain endemic to the Himalaya, Ophiostoma himal-ulmi.[7]

While there is no sign of the current pandemic waning, there is some hope in the susceptibility of the fungus to a disease of its own caused by d-factors: naturally occurring virus-like agents that can severely debilitate it and reduce its sporulation.[8]

Elm phloem necrosis[link]

Elm phloem necrosis (elm yellows) is a disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts.[9] This very aggressive disease, with no known cure, occurs in the Eastern United States and southern Ontario in Canada. It is caused by phytoplasmas which infect the phloem (inner bark) of the tree.[10] Infection and death of the phloem effectively girdles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients. The disease affects both wild-growing and cultivated trees.

Insects[link]

Most serious of the elm pests is the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, which can decimate foliage, although rarely with fatal results. The beetle was accidentally introduced to North America from Europe. Another unwelcome immigrant to North America is the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. In both instances the beetles cause far more damage in North America owing to the absence of the predators present in their native lands. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as foodplants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down.[11][12]

Birds[link]

Sapsucker woodpeckers have a great love of young elm trees.

Development of trees resistant to Dutch elm disease[link]

Efforts to develop resistant cultivars began in the Netherlands in 1928 and continued, uninterrupted by World War II, until 1992.[13] Similar programmes were initiated in North America (1937), Italy (1978), and Spain (1990s). Research has followed two paths:

Species and species cultivars[link]

In North America, careful selection has produced a number of trees resistant not only to disease, but also to the droughts and extremely cold winters afflicting the continent. Research in the USA has concentrated on the American Elm U. americana, resulting in the release of highly resistant clones, notably the cultivars 'Valley Forge' and 'Jefferson'.

Much work has also been done into the selection of disease-resistant Asiatic species and cultivars.[14][15]

In Europe, it is the unique example of the European White Elm Ulmus laevis which has received the most attention. Whilst this elm has little innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, it is not favoured by the vector bark beetles and thus only becomes colonized and infected when there are no other choices, a rare situation in western Europe. Research in Spain has suggested that it may be the presence of a triterpene, alnulin, which makes the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease.[16] However this possibility has not been conclusively proven.[17]

Hybrid cultivars[link]

Owing to their innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, Asiatic species have been crossed with European species, or with other Asiatic elms, to produce trees which are both highly resistant to disease and tolerant of native climates. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced a range of reliable hybrid cultivars now commercially available in North America and Europe.[18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

However, some of these cultivars, notably those with the Siberian Elm U. pumila in their ancestry, will probably have a comparatively small mature size and lack the forms for which the iconic American Elm and English Elm were prized. Moreover, several exported to northwestern Europe have proven unsuited to the maritime climate conditions there, notably because of their intolerance of anoxic conditions resulting from ponding on poorly drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations invariably included the Himalayan Elm U. wallichiana as a source of anti-fungal genes and have proven more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. A number of highly resistant Ulmus cultivars has been released since 2000, notably 'Morfeo'.[19]

Cautions regarding novel cultivars[link]

Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these disease-resistant cultivars is relatively recent, their long-term performance and ultimate size and form cannot be predicted with certainty. The National Elm Trial in North America, begun in 2005, is a large-scale scientific effort to assess strengths and weaknesses of the leading cultivars over a ten-year period.

Uses of elms in landscaping[link]

Ulmus americana (American Elm) at Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
Camperdown elm (Ulmus glabra 'Camperdown'), cultivated in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York

From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms were among the most widely planted ornamental trees in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in avenue plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects. Their tolerance of air-pollution and the comparatively rapid decomposition of their leaf-litter in the fall were further advantages. In North America, the species most commonly planted was the American elm (Ulmus americana), which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use: rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of climates and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal pruning. In Europe, the wych elm (U. glabra) and the smooth-leaved elm (U. minor var. minor) were the most widely planted in the countryside, with the former in northern areas including Scandinavia and northern Britain), and the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, Dutch elm (U. × hollandica), occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. In much of England, it was the English elm (Ulmus procera) which later came to dominate the horticultural landscape. Most commonly planted in hedgerows, the English elm sometimes occurred in densities of over 1000 per square kilometre. In Australia, large numbers of English elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in the 19th century. From about 1850 to 1920, the most prized small ornamental elm in parks and gardens was the Camperdown elm (Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii'), a contorted weeping cultivar of the Wych Elm grafted onto a non-weeping elm trunk to give a wide, spreading and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, elm cultivars enjoyed much popularity as ornamentals in Europe by virtue of their rapid growth and variety of foliage and forms.[25] This "belle époque" lasted until the First World War, when the consequences of hostilities, notably in Germany whence at least 40 cultivars originated, and the outbreak of Dutch elm disease saw the elm slide into horticultural decline. The devastation caused by the Second World War, and the demise in 1944 of the huge Späth nursery in Berlin, only accelerated the process. The outbreak of the new, three times more virulent, strain of Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in the late 1960s brought the tree to its nadir.

Since circa 1990 however, the elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe of cultivars highly resistant to the new disease.[1] Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have been lost to cultivation. Unhappily, enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the Netherlands, sales of elm cultivars slumped from over 56,000 in 1989 to just 6,800 in 2004,[26] whilst in the UK, only four of the new American and European releases were commercially available in 2008.

Other uses of elms[link]

Wood[link]

Elm wood
Elm in boat-building: John Constable, Boat-building near Flatford Mill, 1815 (landscape with hybrid elms Ulmus × hollandica [27])

Elm wood was valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wagon wheel hubs, chair seats and coffins. The elm's wood bends well and distorts easily making it quite pliant. The often long, straight, trunks were favoured as a source of timber for keels in ship construction. Elm is also prized by bowyers; of the ancient bows found in Europe, a large portion of them are elm. During the Middle Ages elm was also used to make longbows if yew was unavailable.

The first written references to elm occur in the Linear B lists of military equipment at Knossos in the Mycenaean Period. Several of the chariots are of elm (« πτε-ρε-ϝα », pte-re-wa), and the lists twice mention wheels of elmwood.[28] Hesiod says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm.[29] The Romans, and more recently the Italians, used to plant elms in vineyards as supports for vines. Lopped at three metres, the elms' quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade and root-suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose. The lopped branches were used for fodder and firewood.[30] Horace in his Epodes characterises the elm as "loving the vine" (amicta vitibus ulmo),[31] and the ancients spoke of the "marriage" between elm and vine.[32]

The density of elm wood varies due to differences between species, but averages around 560 kg per cubic metre.[33]

Elm wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elm was also used as piers in the construction of the original London Bridge. However this resistance to decay in water does not extend to ground contact.[33]

Medicinal products[link]

The mucilaginous inner bark of the Slippery Elm Ulmus rubra has long been used as a demulcent, and is still produced commercially for this purpose in the United States with approval for sale as a nutritional supplement by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[34]

Livestock fodder[link]

Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder, with the leafy branches cut to feed livestock. The practice continues today in the Himalaya, where it contributes to serious deforestation. [35]

Biomass[link]

As fossil fuel resources diminish, increasing attention is being paid to trees as sources of energy. In Italy, the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by > 2 m (6 ft) per annum.[19]

Food[link]

Elm bark, cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of Norway during the great famine of 1812. The seeds are particularly nutritious, comprising 45% crude protein, and < 7% fibre by dry mass.[36]

Bonsai[link]

Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia bonsai

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia is a popular choice for bonsai owing to its tolerance of severe pruning.

Genetic resource conservation[link]

In 1997, a European Union elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm genetic resources of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease. Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing.[37][38][39]

Notable elm trees[link]

Many elm (Ulmus) trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy; among these are the following.

[edit] American Elm Ulmus americana

William Penn and Indians with treaty under a large elm in 1683, as shown in the painting by Benjamin West
"Herbie", once New England's oldest and tallest elm, was cut in 2010 after a long battle with Dutch elm disease.
Large disease-free elm in Johnstown, NY. 188 inch circumference, 110 feet tall. Largest elm in NY, Jan. 2012

Most of North America's notable elms are Ulmus americana, a fast-growing and long-lived species capable of attaining great size in a few centuries, especially when open-grown.[6]

  • The Treaty Elm, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In what is now Penn Treaty Park, the founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn, is said to have entered into a treaty of peace in 1683 with the native Lenape Turtle Clan under a picturesque elm tree immortalized in a painting by Benjamin West. West made the tree, already a local landmark, famous by incorporating it into his painting after hearing legends (of unknown veracity) about the tree being the location of the treaty. No documentary evidence exists of any treaty Penn signed beneath a particular tree. On March 6, 1810 a great storm blew the tree down. Measurements taken at the time showed it to have a circumference of 24 feet (7.3 m), and its age was estimated to be 280 years. Wood from the tree was made into furniture, canes, walking sticks and various trinkets that Philadelphians kept as relics.
  • The Washington Elm, Cambridge, Massachusetts. George Washington is said to have taken command of the American Continental Army under the Washington Elm in Cambridge on July 3, 1775. The tree survived until the 1920s and "was thought to be a survivor of the primeval forest". In 1872, a large branch fell from it and was used to construct a pulpit for a nearby church.[40] The tree, an American White Elm, became a celebrated attraction, with its own plaque, a fence constructed around it and a road moved in order to help preserve it.[41] The tree was cut down (or fell — sources differ) in October 1920 after an expert determined it was dead. The city of Cambridge had plans for it to be "carefully cut up and a piece sent to each state of the country and to the District of Columbia and Alaska," according to The Harvard Crimson.[42] As late as the early 1930s, garden shops advertised that they had cuttings of the tree for sale, although the accuracy of the claims has been doubted. A Harvard "professor of plant anatomy" examined the tree rings days after the tree was felled and pronounced it between 204 and 210 years old, making it at most 62 years old when Washington took command of the troops at Cambridge. The tree would have been a little more than two feet in diameter (at 30 inches above ground) in 1773.[43] In 1896, an alumnus of the University of Washington, obtained a rooted cutting of the Cambridge tree and sent it to Professor Edmund Meany at the university. The cutting was planted, cuttings were then taken from it, including one planted on February 18, 1932, the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington, for whom Washington state is named. That tree remains on the campus of the Washington State Capitol. Just to the west of the tree is a small elm from a cutting made in 1979.[41]
  • The Liberty Tree, an elm on Boston Common in Boston, Massachusetts, was a rallying point for the growing resistance to the rule of England over the American colonies.
  • George Washington's Elm, Washington, D.C. George Washington supposedly had a favorite spot under an elm tree near the United States Capitol Building from which he would watch construction of the building. The elm stood near the Senate wing of the Capitol building until 1948.[40]
  • The Logan Elm stood near Circleville, Ohio. The 65-foot-tall (20 m) tree had a trunk circumference of 24 feet (7.3 m) and a crown spread of 180 feet (55 m).[44] Weakened by Dutch Elm Disease, the tree died in 1964 from storm damage.[44] The Logan Elm State Memorial commemorates the site and preserves various associated markers and monuments.[44] According to tradition, Chief Logan of the Mingo tribe delivered a passionate speech at a peace-treaty meeting under this elm in 1774,[44] said to be the most famous speech ever given by a Native American.[citation needed]
  • "Herbie" in Yarmouth, Maine, stood by present-day East Main Street (Route 88) from 1793-2010.[45] At 110 feet (34 m) in height, it was believed to be, between 1997 and the date of its felling,[46] the oldest[47] and tallest Ulmus americana in New England.[48] The tree, which partially stood in the front yard of a private residence, also had a 20-foot (6.1 m) circumference and (until mid-2008) a 93-foot (28 m) crown spread.[48] As of 2003, only twenty of Yarmouth's original 739 elms had survived Dutch elm disease.[49] In August 2009 it was revealed that, after battling fifteen bouts of Dutch elm disease, the tree had lost, and on January 19, 2010 it was cut down.[50]
  • The Johnstown Elm, in Johnstown, NY, as of Feb., 2012, does not show any signs of Dutch elm disease. It has a circumference of 188 inches (~ 16 feet), a height of 110 feet, and a crown of 120 feet. It is growing in the front yard of a house in a small upstate city, and is probably over 200 years old. See photo at right.
  • The Sauble Elm. With a girth of 24 feet 9 inches and a height of over 40 meters, the Sauble Elm, a white elm (Ulmus americana) which once grew beside the banks of the Sauble River between the towns of Hepworth and Sauble Beach in the county of Bruce in the province of Ontario, was one of the largest "wild" elms in North America. The tree succumbed to Dutch Elm Disease and was felled in 1968. A ring count established that it had begun life in the year 1701. [21]
  • The Philipsburg Elm, Philipsburg, Quebec, was a 280 year-old 30 meter Ulmus americana, dubbed "the king of elms". It was cut down in March 2009 after death from Dutch Elm Disease.[51][52] [22]
  • The Great Elm on Boston Common, supposed to have been in existence before the settlement of Boston, at the time of its destruction by the storm of the 15th of February 1876 measured 22 ft (6.7 m). in circumference.[53] [23]
  • "Elmo", Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, a large elm that "once defined the Thayer Street entrance to Brown’s new Watson Institute for International Studies," contracted Dutch Elm disease and was torn down in December 2003, according to a campus news release. The tree "was thought to have been between 80 and 100 years old. Wood from the tree, one of the largest on campus, was used in various student art projects.[54] [24]
  • The Tabletop Elm in Provo, Utah. Next to the USU Utah County Extension Office resides possibly a one-of-a-kind elm tree. Officially it is a specimen of Ulmus americana, but is unusual because it grows sideways, making it a "tabletop" elm tree. The tree was planted in 1927, and currently its several branches are supported by specialized braces to allow movement and growth. Every fall seven dump truck loads are required to remove all the leaves.[25] [26]
  • The Association Island Elm, New York State. The General Electric think tank organization, the Elfun Society, founded in 1928 at Association Island in the Thousand Islands area of northern New York state, is named after a famous elm tree on the 65-acre (260,000 m2) isle. The tree died in the 1970s, but it survives in the elm tree logo still used by Elfun.[55]
  • New Haven, Connecticut, had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees (including some large elms) that gave New Haven the nickname "The Elm City".[56] This later gave rise to the Yale song, Neath the Elms.

[edit] Wych Elm Ulmus glabra

  • "Joe Pullen's Tree", a wych elm (Ulmus glabra) in Oxford, was planted in about 1700 by the Rev. Josiah Pullen, vice president of Magdalen Hall. Josiah Pullen "used to Walk to that place every day, sometimes twice a day", according to diarist Thomas Hearne. The famous essayist Richard Steele (1672–1729) said his regular walks as an undergraduate to the elm with Pullen helped him to reach a "florid old age". The elm became famous at Oxford and its fame grew with its age. In November 1795, Gentleman's Magazine reported that "Joe Pullen, the famous elm, upon Headington hills, had one of its large branches torn off and carried to a great distance." When new parliamentary district boundaries were drawn after the Reform Act 1832, the tree was named as a landmark helping to mark the boundary of the Parliamentary Borough of Oxford. In early 1847, the owner of the property arranged to have the tree torn down, and work started on it before protests put an end to the plan. By 1892, however, rot had set in, and the tree was torn down to its (large and tall) "stump". Early in the morning of October 13, 1909, vandals set fire to the stump. A plaque was soon after installed on the side wall of Davenport House in Cuckoo Lane, marking the spot. It reads: Near this spot stood the famous elm planted by the Rev. Josiah Pullen about 1680 and known as Jo Pullen's Tree. Destroyed by fire on 13 October 1909.[57]

[edit] Dutch Elm Ulmus × hollandica

  • The Great Saling Elm. With a girth of 6.86 m and a height of 40 m, the elm on Great Saling Green, Great Saling, near Braintree, Essex, identified by R. H. Richens (1983) as an Ulmus × hollandica hybrid, was reputed to be the largest elm in England, before succumbing to Dutch Elm Disease in the 1980s.[58] A photograph of the tree can be found (plate 402) in Elwes & Henry's Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, published in 1913, wherein it is identified as U. nitens (U. minor subsp. minor).[25]
  • The Oudemanhuispoort Elm. 34.6 m tall and 4.4 m in girth, this Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica' in Oudemanhuispoort, Amsterdam, planted in 1895, is the largest elm in the Netherlands.[59]
  • "The MooCoo Tree,", in Athens, Georgia, stands in front of Theta Chi Fraternity at the University of Georgia; it is one of the few Dutch Elm (Ulmus × hollandica) trees in North America east of the Mississippi. Students are known to engage in the "MooCoo Challenge," which consists climbing into the Elm and consuming twelve beers before coming down.[60]

[edit] Field Elm Ulmus minor

The Biscarrosse Elm, France, Field Elm (Ulmus minor) planted 1350, died 2010.
  • The Metaxades Elm. An ancient Field Elm (Ulmus minor) stood until recently in the village square of Metaxades, Thrace, Greece. Having abandoned their original village in 1286 after cholera outbreaks, the villagers re-founded it in the hills where a young elm grew beside a spring. The elm (reputedly the original) and fountain were until recently the focal-point of the village.[61][62]
  • The Biscarrosse Elm. Reputedly planted in 1350, this Field Elm (Ulmus minor) survived in the centre of Biscarrosse in the Landes region of south-west France until 2010, when it finally succumbed to Dutch elm disease [63] [27] [28]. Its habit of producing a circle of white epicormic leaves on the bole every spring gave rise to a local legend. The 'white wreath' was said to be related to the public humiliation in 1450 and death beneath the tree of a local girl wrongly accused of adultery.[64][65]
  • The Elm of Bettange. Reputedly planted in 1593, this Field Elm (Ulmus minor) in the village of Bettange in the Moselle region of France is now a wreck [29] In so far as measurements can be taken of its ruined bole, its girth has been estimated at over 6 m.[66]
  • “L’Olmo di Lando”, known in Italy as “L’Olmo Bello” (:The Beautiful Elm). This shapely, open-grown Field Elm (Ulmus minor) stood at Ostra near Senigallia in the Italian Marches, where its "montagna di verde" (:mountain of greenery) attracted many admirers, who bought its portrait in postcards.[30] [31] It had a 110 m crown-circumference, a 35 m crown-diameter, and a 6,30 m bole-girth at ground level. It was felled in 1935 when it lost its looks and threatened to damage those of the people standing beneath it. A ring-count established that it was over 400 years old.[67]
  • The Mergozzo Elm. A four hundred year-old Ulmus minor, 5.55 metres in girth, survives in the town of Mergozzo in Piedmont.[68] 'L'olmo di Mergozzo', like its French counterparts 'l'orme de Biscarosse' and 'l’orme de Bettange', is hollowed out by age, its life prolonged by pollarding.

[edit] English Elm Ulmus procera

The 'Preston Twins', English elms in Brighton, England
  • The Preston Twins in Preston Park, Brighton, England, are the two oldest English elms in the world. Both trees are aged over 400 years and exceed 6 metres in girth. They have been regularly pollarded for many years and both trunks are hollow. The smaller, nearer the A23 London Road, can be entered from the east side; two people can stand comfortably inside it. The trees may be associated with the Medieval Manorial Scrolls kept in the County Records Office in Lewes.

Other, unidentified elms[link]

  • The Langton Elm in Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, was a large elm tree that "was for a long time so remarkable as to have a special keeper", according to a book published in 1881.[69]

The elm in art[link]

Many artists have admired elms for the ease and grace of their branching and foliage, and have painted them with sensitivity. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example, John Constable, Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Frederick Childe Hassam, Karel Klinkenberg,[70] and George Inness.

The elm in literature[link]

Achilles and Scamander
Dryad

In Greek mythology the nymph Ptelea (Πτελέα, Elm) was one of the eight Hamadryads, nymphs of the forest and daughters of Oxylos and Hamadryas.[71]

The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the Iliad. When Eetion, father of Andromache, is killed by Achilles during the Trojan War, the Mountain Nymphs plant elms on his tomb («περὶ δὲ πτελέoι εφύτεψαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες, κoῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχoιo».[72] Also in the Iliad, when the River Scamander, indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself («ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην».[73]

The Nymphs also planted elms on the tomb in the Thracian Chersonese of “great-hearted Protesilaus’’ («μεγάθυμου Πρωτεσιλάου»), the first Greek to fall in the Trojan War. These elms grew to be the tallest in the known world; but when their topmost branches saw far off the ruins of Troy, they immediately withered, so great still was the bitterness of the hero buried below, who had been loved by Laodamia and slain by Hector.[74] [75] The story is the subject of a poem by Antiphilus of Byzantium (1st century A.D.) in the Palatine Anthology:

Θεσσαλὲ Πρωτεσίλαε, σὲ μὲν πολὺς ᾄσεται αἰών,
Tρoίᾳ ὀφειλoμένoυ πτώματος ἀρξάμενoν•
σᾶμα δὲ τοι πτελέῃσι συνηρεφὲς ἀμφικoμεῦση
Nύμφαι, ἀπεχθoμένης Ἰλίoυ ἀντιπέρας.
Δένδρα δὲ δυσμήνιτα, καὶ ἤν ποτε τεῖχoς ἴδωσι
Tρώϊον, αὐαλέην φυλλοχoεῦντι κόμην.
ὅσσoς ἐν ἡρώεσσι τότ᾽ ἦν χόλoς, oὗ μέρoς ἀκμὴν
ἐχθρὸν ἐν ἀψύχoις σώζεται ἀκρέμoσιν.[76]
[:Thessalian Protesilaos, a long age shall sing your praises,
Of the destined dead at Troy the first;
Your tomb with thick-foliaged elms they covered,
The nymphs, across the water from hated Ilion.
Trees full of anger; and whenever that wall they see,
Of Troy, the leaves in their upper crown wither and fall.
So great in the heroes was the bitterness then, some of which still
Remembers, hostile, in the soulless upper branches.]

Elms occur often in Pastoral Poetry, where they symbolise the idyllic life, their shade being mentioned as a place of special coolness and peace. In the first Idyll of Theocritus, for example, the goat-herd invites the shepherd to sit “here beneath the elm” («δεῦρ’ ὑπὸ τὰν πτελέαν») and sing. Beside elms Theocritus places “the sacred water” («το ἱερὸν ὕδωρ») of the Springs of the Nymphs and the shrines to the nymphs.[77]

In German mythology, the first woman was fashioned from an elm.[78]

See also[link]

Notes[link]

  1. ^ a b Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. ISBN 9709050112819
  2. ^ Rackham, O. (1980). Ancient woodland: its history, vegetation and uses. Edward Arnold, London
  3. ^ Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London
  4. ^ Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [1]
  5. ^ Brummitt, R. K. (1992). Vascular Plant Families & Genera. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London, UK.
  6. ^ a b Werthner, William B. (1935). Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398. 
  7. ^ Brasier, C. M. & Mehotra, M. D. (1995). Ophiostoma himal-ulmi sp. nov., a new species of Dutch elm disease fungus endemic to the Himalayas. Mycological Research 1995, vol. 99 (2), pp. 205-215 (44 ref.) ISSN 0953-7562. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
  8. ^ Brasier, C. M. (1996). New horizons in Dutch elm disease control. Pages 20-28 in: Report on Forest Research, 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK. [2]
  9. ^ "Elm Yellows." Elmcare.Com. 19 Mar. 2008 <http://www.elmcare.com/disease/elm_yellows.htm>.
  10. ^ Price, Terry. "Wilt Diseases." Forestpests.Org. 23 Mar. 2005. 19 Mar. 2008 <http://www.forestpests.org/gfcbook/wiltdiseases.html>.
  11. ^ Wikisource-logo.svg "Elm-Insects". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. 
  12. ^ Wikisource-logo.svg "Elm-Insects". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
  13. ^ Burdekin, D. A. & Rushforth, K. D. (Revised by Webber J. F. 1996). Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease. Arboricultural Research Note 2/96. Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service, Alice Holt, Farnham, UK.
  14. ^ Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. Journal of Arboriculture, (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. [3].
  15. ^ Biggerstaffe, C., Iles, J. K., & Gleason, M. L. (1999). Sustainable urban landscapes: Dutch elm disease and disease-resistant elms. SUL-4, Iowa State University
  16. ^ Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Pajares J. A., López D. 2005. Triterpenes in elms in Spain. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 199–205 (2005). [4]
  17. ^ Pajares, J. A., García, S., Díez, J. J., Martín, D. & García-Vallejo, M. C. 2004. Feeding responses by Scolytus scolytus to twig bark extracts from elms. Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For. 13: 217-225. [5]
  18. ^ [6]
  19. ^ a b c Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F., Mittempergher L., Brunetti M., Crivellaro A., Macchioni N., Elm breeding for DED resistance, the Italian clones and their wood properties. Invest Agrar: Sist. Recur. For (2004) 13 (1), 179-184. 2004. [7]
  20. ^ Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21:3 (May 1995), 121-131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA
  21. ^ Smalley, E. B. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding Elms for Resistance to Dutch Elm Disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology Vol. 31 : 325-354. Palo Alto, California
  22. ^ Heybroek, H. M. (1983). Resistant Elms for Europe. In Burdekin, D. A. (Ed.) Research on Dutch elm disease in Europe. For. Comm. Bull. 60. pp 108–113
  23. ^ Heybroek, H. M. (1993). The Dutch Elm Breeding Program. In Sticklen & Sherald (Eds.) (1993). Dutch Elm Disease Research, Chapter 3. Springer Verlag, New York, USA
  24. ^ Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004) The history of elm breeding. Investigacion agraria: Sistemas y recursos forestales 13(1): 161-177 (2004)
  25. ^ a b Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. pp 1848–1929. Private publication [8]
  26. ^ Hiemstra et al., (2005). Belang en toekomst van de iep in Nederland. Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving, Wageningen UR
  27. ^ a b c d e f Richens
  28. ^ Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, Documents in Mycaenean Greek, Cambridge 1959
  29. ^ Hesiod, Works and Days, 435
  30. ^ Columella, De Re Rustica
  31. ^ Horace, Epodes 1.16.3
  32. ^ Virgil, Georgica, I.2; Ovid, Amores 2.16.41; Catullus, Carmina, 62
  33. ^ a b Elm. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009.
  34. ^ Braun, Lesley; Cohen, Marc (2006). Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-Based Guide (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-7295-3796-4. , quote:"Although Slippery Elm has not been scientifically investigated, the FDA has approved it as a safe demulcent substance."
  35. ^ Maunder, M. (1988). Plants in Peril, 3. Ulmus wallichiana (Ulmaceae). Kew Magazine. 5(3): 137-140. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London.
  36. ^ Osborne, P. (1983). The influence of Dutch elm disease on bird population trends. Bird Study, 1983: 27-38.
  37. ^ Solla, A., Bohnens, J., Collin, E., Diamandis, S., Franke, A., Gil, L., Burón, M., Santini, A., Mittempergher, L., Pinon, J., and Vanden Broeck, A. (2005). Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Forest Science 51(2) 2005. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
  38. ^ Pinon J., Husson C., Collin E. (2005). Susceptibility of native French elm clones to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Annals of Forest Science 62: 1-8
  39. ^ Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study. Min. Agriculture, Bureau des Ressources Genetiques CRGF, INRA-DIC, Paris: 38-39.
  40. ^ a b [9] Platt, Rutherford, "1001 Questions Answered About Trees", 1992, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-27038-6, accessed October 20, 2007
  41. ^ a b [10] Web page titled "Arthur Lee Jacobson: Trees of the Washington State Capitol Campus" at the Web site of Arthur Lee Jacobson (author of Trees of Seattle), text was part of a brochure, "originally published in 1993 as a 14-page brochure produced by the Washington State House of Representatives", according to the Web page, accessed October 20, 2007
  42. ^ [11]"Big Day for Curio Hunter When Famous Elm is Cut", no byline, article in The Harvard Crimson, October 23, 1920, accessed October 20, 2007
  43. ^ [12] Jack, J. G., "The Cambridge Washington Elm", article in the "Bulletin of Popular Information" of Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum, December 10, 1931, accessed October 20, 2007
  44. ^ a b c d "The Logan Elm". http://www.over-land.com/st_loganelm.html. Retrieved 6 October 2011. 
  45. ^ "Will elm trees make their way back?" St. Joseph's College Magazine
  46. ^ According to the plaque on its trunk.
  47. ^ Images of America: Yarmouth, Hall, Alan M., Arcadia (2002)
  48. ^ a b The National Register of Big Trees: 2000-01
  49. ^ "Champion of Trees" - American Profile
  50. ^ "Farewell to Herbie and a 'beautiful' relationship'". Portland Press Herald, January 19, 2010
  51. ^ [13] Ottawa Citizen, accessed December 8, 2008
  52. ^ Radio-Canada, accessed March 10, 2009
  53. ^  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elm". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
  54. ^ [14]"The Elm Tree Project: Brown’s once-mighty 'Elmo' is preserved through artists’ project", May 14, 2004, "Contact Mary Jo Curtis", accessed October 20, 2007
  55. ^ [15] Web page titled "Association Island's History" at the Web site of the Association Island resort, accessed October 20, 2007
  56. ^ They’re Putting The “Elm” Back In “Elm City”
  57. ^ Joe Pullen's Tree, Headington, Oxford
  58. ^ R. H. Richens, Elm (Cambridge 1983), p.243
  59. ^ De Hollandse Iep (photographs 8 and 9)
  60. ^ [16] Georgia, accessed December 8, 2008
  61. ^ Μεταξάδες
  62. ^ Η ιστορία των Μεταξάδων
  63. ^ Le vieil Orme de Biscarosse (Landes)
  64. ^ For photographs of the 'white wreath' of the Biscarosse Elm, see Le vieil Orme de Biscarosse (Landes), la couronne de fleurs légendaire…
  65. ^ [17]
  66. ^ For more photographs of the Elm of Bettange, see krapooarboricole.wordpress.com/2010/02/25/lorme-champetre-de-bettange-moselle/
  67. ^ “L’Olmo di Lando: Un dolce ricordo con L'Olmo Bello" viveresenigallia.it/index.php?page=articolo&articolo_id=234470
  68. ^ OLMO CAMPESTRE - Mergozzo (VCO)
  69. ^ Wheeler, William Adolphus and Wheeler, Charles Gardner, Familiar Allusions: A Hand-book of Miscellaneous Information, 1881, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, page 268, accessed Google digitized version October 20, 2007
  70. ^ Johannes Christiaan Karel Klinkenberg [18]
  71. ^ Athenaeus, Δειπνοσοφισταί, III
  72. ^ Iliad, Ζ, 419-420, www.perseus.tufts.edu [19]
  73. ^ Iliad, Φ, 242-243, www.perseus.tufts.edu [20]
  74. ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Τα μεθ' `Ομηρον, 7.458–462
  75. ^ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 16.88
  76. ^ Anth. Pal., 7.141
  77. ^ Theocritus, Eιδύλλιo I, 19-23; VII, 135-40
  78. ^ Heybroek, H. M., 'Resistant Elms for Europe' (1982) in Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe, HMSO, London 1983

References[link]

  • Richens, R. H.: Elm (Cambridge University Press, 1983; ISBN 0-521-24916-3). A scientific, historical and cultural study, with a thesis on elm-classification, followed by a systematic survey of elms in England, region by region. Illustrated.

Further reading[link]

  • Wilkinson, Gerald: Epitaph for the Elm (Hutchinson, London, 1978; ISBN 0-09-921280-3). A photographic and pictorial celebration and general introduction.
  • Clouston, Brian, & Stansfield, Kathy, eds.: After the Elm (Heinemann, London, 1979; ISBN 0-434-13900-9 / 0-434-13900-9). A general introduction, with a history of Dutch elm disease and proposals for re-landscaping in the aftermath of the pandemic. Illustrated.
  • Dunn, Christopher P., ed.: The Elms: Breeding, Conservation, and Disease-Management (New York, 2000; ISBN 0-7923-7724-9).
  • Coleman, Max, ed.: Wych Elm (Edinburgh, 2009; ISBN 978-1-906129-21-7). A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Elm

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Ulmus

http://cs.wn.com/Jilm

http://es.wn.com/Ulmus

http://ru.wn.com/Вяз

http://pt.wn.com/Ulmeiro

http://fr.wn.com/Orme

http://de.wn.com/Ulmen

http://nl.wn.com/Iep

http://pl.wn.com/Wiąz




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Rasmus Elm
Rasmuselm.jpg
Personal information
Full name Rasmus Cristoffer Elm
Date of birth (1988-03-17) 17 March 1988 (age 24)
Place of birth Kalmar, Sweden
Height 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)
Playing position Midfielder
Club information
Current club AZ
Number 24
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2005–2009 Kalmar FF 96 (18)
2009–2012 AZ 81 (29)
National team
2003–2005 Sweden U17 15 (0)
2005–2007 Sweden U19 19 (5)
2007–2010 Sweden U21 18 (0)
2009– Sweden 23 (1)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 11:36, 31 May 2012 (UTC).

† Appearances (Goals).

‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 11:37, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Rasmus Cristoffer Elm (born 17 March 1988) is a Swedish footballer who plays with Eredivisie side AZ Alkmaar as a Midfielder.

Contents

Early career and Kalmar FF[link]

In his childhood, Elm played for Johansfors IF and Emmaboda IS, before he signed in January 2005 to Kalmar FF. In four and a half years with the Allsvenskan club, Elm played 96 games and scored 18 goals.

AZ[link]

On 27 August 2009, Elm signed a 4-year deal with Eredivisie side AZ Alkmaar. He made his debut on 12 September 2009, in the 2–1 loss against ADO Den Haag.[1] The former coach of the Swedish national team Lars Lagerbäck, said that Elm is the biggest talent Sweden has produced since Zlatan Ibrahimovic. While suffering from injuries and illness during his first 2 seasons in AZ, Elm has really found his form in the 2011–12 season. He has received several player of the match awards as well as praise from the press and the fans. He has been praised with his passing and freekicks as well as his goal scoring.

International career[link]

Elm was the captain of the Swedish U19 squad until in August 2007 Rasmus made his debut in the U21 squad.[2] On 11 February 2009, Elm scored his first goal for the Swedish national team in a friendly match against Austria.[2] Ramus Elm has recently been heavily linked with Liverpool F.C

International goals[link]

# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1. 11 February 2009 UPC-Arena, Austria  Austria 1–0 2–0 Friendly match

Personal life[link]

His brother David is a former player for English Premier League club Fulham F.C. while his other brother Viktor joined Dutch club SC Heerenveen in 2009.

References[link]

  1. ^ Alkmaar holt Elm
  2. ^ a b Jansson, AnnaMaria (11 February 2009). "Rasmus Elm frälste Sverige" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/landslaget/article4388149.ab. Retrieved 11 February 2009. 


External links[link]



http://wn.com/Rasmus_Elm

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Rasmus Elm

http://id.wn.com/Rasmus Elm

http://es.wn.com/Rasmus Elm

http://ru.wn.com/Эльм, Расмус

http://nl.wn.com/Rasmus Elm

http://pl.wn.com/Rasmus Elm

http://fr.wn.com/Rasmus Elm

http://de.wn.com/Rasmus Elm




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Elm

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Richie Beirach
Birth name Richard Beirach
Born (1947-05-23) 23 May 1947 (age 65)
Origin New York City, U.S.
Genres Jazz
Occupations Pianist, composer
Instruments Piano
Associated acts Stan Getz, Chet Baker, Henrik Frisk, David Liebman, Lookout Farm, Quest

Richard "Richie" Beirach (born May 23, 1947) is a jazz pianist and composer born in New York City.

He initially studied both classical and jazz before entering the Berklee College of Music.

In 1972 he began working with Stan Getz. He also worked with Chet Baker and in the 1990s worked well with Swedish saxophonist Henrik Frisk. He maintained an ongoing musical partnership with David Liebman from the 1970s to the 90s, in Lookout Farm, Quest and many duos.

Richie Beirach's style is influenced by Art Tatum, Bill Evans, McCoy Tyner, Chick Corea and his earlier classical training. It is also individualistic with many touches all its own. Several of his compositions, "Leaving" and "Elm" for instance, have found their way into the jazz standard repertoire.

Richie Beirach in the 1980s. (Photo by Brian McMillen)

Contents

Discography[link]

As leader[link]

  • Eon (ECM, 1974)
  • Forgotten Fantasies with David Liebman (Horizon, 1975)
  • Zal
  • Methuselah (1975)
  • Leaving with Jeremy Steig (Storyville, 1976)
  • Hubris (ECM, 1977)
  • Sunday Song
  • Omertà with David Liebman (Trio/Storyville 1978)
  • Elm (ECM, 1979)
  • Elegy for Bill Evans (Palo Alto Records 1981)
  • Breathing Of Statues (Magenta/CMP 1982)
  • Continuum (Baybridge/Eastwind 1983)
  • Antarctica (Pathfinder 1985)
  • Double edge with David Liebman (1985)
  • The Duo live with David Liebman (1985)
  • Ballads (Sony 1986)
  • Ballads 2 (Sony 1987)
  • Emerald City with John Abercrombie (Pathfinder 1987)
  • Common Heart (Owl 1987)
  • Water Lilies (Sony)
  • Inamorata (Sony)
  • Themes and Impromptu Variations (Sony)
  • Some Other Time: A Tribute To Chet Baker (Triloka 1989)
  • Convergence with George Coleman (1991) U.S. Top Jazz Albums #14[1]
  • Chant with David Liebman
  • Live At The Maybeck Recital Hall, Vol. 19 (Concord Jazz 1992)
  • Trust (Transheart)
  • Too grand with Andy Laverne (1992)
  • Universal mind with Andy Laverne (1993)
  • The Snow Leopard (Alfa 1996)
  • What is this thing called love? (Venus)
  • Romantic Rhapsody (Venus)
  • No borders (Venus)
  • Manhattan Reverie (Venus)
  • "The Duo Session" with Laurie Antonioli (2006)
  • Duality- the first ten years (Niveau Records/Nuromusic 2007)
  • Summer Night (Venus 2008)
  • Impressions of Tokyo - Ancient City of the Future (Outnote Records, 2011)

As sideman[link]

With George Adams

With John Abercrombie

With Jeremy Steig

References[link]

  1. ^ Billboard, Allmusic.com

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Richie_Beirach

Related pages:

http://de.wn.com/Richie Beirach

http://fr.wn.com/Richie Beirach




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Beirach

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.