- published: 19 Feb 2011
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- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
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6th October Bridge
The 6th October Bridge (Arabic: جسر 6 أكتوبر, Kubri 6 uktubar) is an elevated highway in central Cairo, Egypt. The 20.5 kilometres (12.7 mi) bridge and causeway crosses the Nile River twice from the west bank suburbs, east through Gezira Island to Downtown Cairo, and on to connect the city to the Cairo International Airport to the east.
Its name commemorates the date of 'The Crossing' which commenced the outbreak day of the October War in 1973.
The bridge and causeway were completed in 1996, with construction taking nearly 30 years. It began in 1969 with the modest, 130 metres (430 ft)-long Phase 1, which only spanned the smaller west branch of the Nile from Gezira to Agouza (built from May 1969 to August 1972). Phase 9 completed the 20.5 kilometres (12.7 mi)-long final length in 1996. The '6th October Bridge and Flyover' runs from the Agricultural Museum in Dokki east to the Autostrade in Nasr City.
The building of the 6th October Bridge and causeway has been declared a national infrastructure project.
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Alexandria
Alexandria (Arabic: الإسكندرية Al Iskandariyya, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ Rakotə, Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια Alexándria, Koine Greek: Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ κατ' Αἴγυπτον IPA: [ɑlɛˈksɑndɾiɑ e kɑt ˈɛʝypton] "Alexandria in Egypt", Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه [eskendeˈrejːæ]) is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.1 million, extending about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country; it is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. It is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important tourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). It is an important industrial centre because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez.
Alexandria was founded around a small pharaonic town c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great. It remained Egypt's capital for nearly a thousand years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641, when a new capital was founded at Fustat (Fustat was later absorbed into Cairo). Alexandria was known because of its Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its library (the largest library in the ancient world); and the Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. Ongoing maritime archaeology in the harbor of Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealing details of Alexandria both before the arrival of Alexander, when a city named Rhacotis existed there, and during the Ptolemaic dynasty.
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Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeria
i/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.
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Amherst College
Amherst College is a private liberal arts college located in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution and enrolled 1,795 students in the fall of 2010. Students choose courses from 35 major programs in an unusually open curriculum.
Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its President Zephaniah Swift Moore, Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts.[citation needed] Amherst remained a men's college until becoming coeducational in 1975.
Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University which form the Little Three colleges. It is also a member of the Five College Consortium.
Founded in 1821, Amherst College developed out of the secondary school Amherst Academy. The college was originally suggested as an alternative to Williams College, which was struggling to stay open. Although Williams remained open, Amherst was formed and diverged from its Williams roots into an individual institution.
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Arab League
The Arab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية al-Jāmiʻa al-ʻArabiyya), officially called the League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabiyya), is a regional organisation of Arab states in North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia (Middle East). It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. The Arab League currently has 22 members (including Syria, whose participation was suspended in November 2011). The main goal of the league is to "draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries."
Through institutions such as the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League's Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the Arab League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific and social programs designed to promote the interests of the Arab world. It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions, to deliberate on matters of common concern, to settle some Arab disputes, and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter which sets out the principles for economic activities in the region.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Harvard
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
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IAEA
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957. Though established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty, the IAEA Statute, the IAEA reports to both the UN General Assembly and Security Council.
The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. The IAEA has two "Regional Safeguards Offices" which are located in Toronto, Canada, and in Tokyo, Japan. The IAEA also has two liaison offices which are located in New York City, United States, and in Geneva, Switzerland. In addition, the IAEA has three laboratories located in Vienna and Seibersdorf, Austria, and in Monaco.
The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide. The programs of the IAEA encourage the development of the peaceful applications of nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials, and promote nuclear safety (including radiation protection) and nuclear security standards and their implementation.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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New York University
Coordinates: 40°43′48″N 73°59′42″W / 40.73°N 73.995°W / 40.73; -73.995
New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City, USA. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is one of the largest private nonprofit institutions of American higher education.
NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1950. The university counts 34 Nobel Prize winners, 3 Abel Prize winners, 10 National Medal of Science recipients, 16 Pulitzer Prize winners, 21 Academy Award winners, and Emmy,Grammy, and Tony Award winners among its faculty and alumni. NYU also has MacArthur and Guggenheim Fellowship holders as well as National Academy of Sciences members among its past and present graduates and faculty.
NYU is organized into 18 schools, colleges, and institutes, located in six centers throughout Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn, as well as more than a dozen other sites across the world, with plans for further expansion.
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Niger
Niger (French pronunciation: [niʒɛʁ], but occasionally pronounced as /niːˈʒɛər/ ori/ˈnaɪdʒər/), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest nation in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far southwest corner of Niger.
Niger is a developing country, and consistently ranks as one of the lowest ranks of the United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI), 186th of 187 countries in 2011. Much of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence and some export agriculture clustered in the more fertile south, and the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger remains handicapped by its landlocked position, desert terrain, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, and environmental degradation.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. It is awarded to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
Per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded in Oslo City Hall on 10 December each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46) and the Parliament (1901–04).
According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Seoul
Seoul (Korean pronunciation: [sʌ.ul] ( listen), English /soʊl/), officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world. The Seoul National Capital Area is the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25 million inhabitants, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Almost a quarter of South Koreans live in Seoul, half of South Koreans live in the metropolitan area, along with over 275,000 international residents.
Located in the Han River, Seoul has been a major settlement for over 2,000 years, with its foundation dating back to 18 B.C. when Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, established its capital in what is now south-east Seoul. It continued as the capital of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire. The Seoul National Capital Area is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeokgung, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty.
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Sidi Bishr
Sidi Bishr (Arabic: سيدي بشر) is a neighborhood in the Montaza District of Alexandria, Egypt. Established as a summering site by the Egyptian middle class before the Revolution of 1952, it has since become one of the largest neighborhoods of the city.
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Mark and Pope Peter—known locally as the Church of the Two Saints—located in Sidi Bishr, was the target of the 2011 Alexandria bombing on 1 January 2011; formerly suspected to be the work of terrorist group the Army of Islam, the Chief Prosecutor of Egypt has since accused the Interior Ministry of carrying out the bombing.
The headquarters of Montaza District are located in Sidi Bishr; the building was damaged by fire during the Revolution of 2011, as it contained a police station.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Tahrir Square
Coordinates: 30°02′40″N 31°14′09″E / 30.044422°N 31.235696°E / 30.044422; 31.235696
Tahrir Square (Arabic: ميدان التحرير Mīdān at-Taḥrīr, IPA: [meˈdæːn ettæħˈɾiːɾ], English: Liberation Square) is a major public town square in Downtown Cairo, Egypt.
The square was originally called "Ismailia Square" (ميدان الأسماعيليّة Mīdān al-Ismā‘īliyyah), after the 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile' design. After the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 the square became widely known as Tahrir (Liberation) Square, but the square was not officially renamed until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which changed Egypt from a constitutional monarchy into a republic. The square was a focal point for the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.
At the centre of Tahrir Square is a large and busy traffic circle. On the north-east side is a plaza with a statue of nationalist hero Omar Makram, celebrated for his resistance against Napoleon I's invasion of Egypt, and beyond is the Omar Makram Mosque.
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Tsinghua University
Coordinates: 40°00′00″N 116°19′36″E / 40°N 116.32667°E / 40; 116.32667
Tsinghua University (Tsinghua, colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911 under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang" or "Tsinghua College" and was renamed the "Tsinghua School" one year later. The university section was founded in 1925 and the name "National Tsinghua University" was adopted in 1928. With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development. Tsinghua is almost always ranked as the first or second best university in mainland China in many national and international rankings. According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011–2012, Tsinghua ranked 71 worldwide among universities.
Since American Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US $30 million plus Boxer indemnity paid to the United States was excessive, in 1909, President Roosevelt then obtained congressional approval to reduce the Qing Dynasty indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the said fund was to be used as scholarship for Chinese students to study in the United States. Using this fund, the Tsinghua College Chinese: 清華學堂(Qīnghuá Xuétáng) was established in Beijing, China, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden belonging to a prince. It was first a preparatory school for students later sent by the government to study in the United States. The faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. In 1925, the school established its College Department and started its research institute on Chinese Study.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Abbas El Fassi
Abbas El Fassi (Arabic: عباس الفاسي; born on September 18, 1940, In Berkane, Morocco) was the Prime Minister of Morocco from 19 September 2007 to 29 November 2011. El Fassi, a member of the Istiqlal Party, replaced independent Driss Jettou.
El Fassi was born in Berkane, Morocco on September 18, 1940. He served as the Minister of Housing from 1977 to 1981, Minister of Handicraft and Social Affairs from 1981 to 1985, Ambassador to Tunisia and the Arab League from 1985 to 1990, Ambassador to France from 1990 to 1994, and as Minister of Employment, Professional training, Social Development and Solidarity from 2000 to 2002. He then took up the post of Minister of State in the Jettou government from 2002 to 2007.King Mohammed VI appointed El Fassi as Prime Minister on September 19, 2007 following Istiqlal's victory in the parliamentary elections on September 7.
His government was appointed by Mohammed VI on October 15, with 33 members (not including El Fassi), including seven women. Five political parties were included in this government: Istiqlal, liberal Mouvement Populaire (MP), the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), the National Rally of Independents (RNI), and the Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS).
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Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Abdelaziz Bouteflika (Arabic pronunciation: [ʕaːbd lʕziz butfliqaː]; Arabic: عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born 2 March 1937) is an Algerian politician who has been the fifth President of Algeria since 1999. He presided over the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002, and he ended emergency rule in February 2011 amidst regional unrest.
He has also served as president of the United Nations General Assembly.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on 2 March 1937 in Oujda, Morocco. He was the first child of his mother and the second child of his father (Fatima, his half-sister, preceded him). His father (Ahmed Bouteflika) and mother (Mansouria Ghezlaoui) originated from the region of Tlemcen. Bouteflika has three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and Aïcha), as well as four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister (Latifa). Saïd serves as Abdelaziz Bouteflika's personal physician, and is said by some to be an important figure in Bouteflika's inner circle of advisers.
Bouteflika was raised in Oujda, where his father had emigrated as a youngster. He successively attended three schools there: "Sidi Ziane", "El Hoceinia" and the "Abdel Moumen" high-school, where he reportedly excelled academically. He was also affiliated with Kadiri Zaouia in Oujda.
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Ahmad Fathi Sorour
Ahmad Fathi Sorour (born 9 July 1932) is an Egyptian politician who was the Speaker of the People's Assembly of Egypt from 1990 until the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Previously he served in the government as Minister of Education from 1986 to 1990.
Dr. Sorour was first elected to the People's Assembly in April 1989 was elected Speaker in November 1990. He was President of the Council of the Inter-Parliamentary Union in 1994–1997 and also served as President of the Union of African Parliaments in 1990–1991. According to Article 84 of the Egyptian Constitution, Sorour, as speaker of the People's Assembly, was first in the order of succession to become President of Egypt if the president died, became incapacitated, or resigned. Upon the resignation of Hosni Mubarak in 2011, however, the military, headed by Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, assumed control of the state.
Sorour was widely criticized for article 93 of the Egyptian Constituation "The parliament is the master of its decisions", meaning that the parliament could make its decision about membership regardless to any judicial decisions. This article caused significant concerns amidst allegations that the Egyptian parliamentary elections were repeatedly systematically rigged. Sorour continued to assert that the parliament is the competent authority to decide as to the validity of its memberships despite the widely acknowledged allegations of rigging. Following the Egyptian revolution of 2011 Sorour's parliament was dissolved and article 93 was referred for revision.
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Ahmed Aboul Gheit
Ahmed Aboul-Gheit (Arabic: أحمد أبو الغيط, also: Abu al-Ghayt, Abu El Gheyt, etc.) (born June 12, 1942) is an Egyptian diplomat who was the Foreign Minister of Egypt from 11 July 2004 to 6 March 2011, since the government of Ahmed Nazif took office. Aboul-Gheit previously served as Egypt's ambassador to the United Nations. In December 2005 he began mediating the Chad-Sudan conflict. He was succeeded by ICJ judge Nabil Elaraby in March 2011, following the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak.
Born at Heliopolis in Cairo, Aboul Gheit was originally from the city of Port Saeed. He started his career as Third Secretary in the Embassy of Cyprus and moved into being the First Secretary for Egypt's Ambassador in the United Nations, Political Consultant in the Egyptian Embassy in Russia in 1984, and moved into being the Ambassador of Egypt in Rome, Macedonia and San Marino, and by 1999 he was the head of Egypt's permanent delegation in the United Nations.
Regarding the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy, he said "this was a very unfortunate statement and it is a statement that shows that there is a lack of understanding of real Islam. And because of this we are hopeful that such statements and such positions would not be stated in order to not allow tension and distrust and recriminations to brew between the Muslim as well as the west."
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Ahmed Ezz
Ahmed Ezz (born in 1959) is an Egyptian businessman and one-time politician, the owner of Ezz Steel and the former chairman of Egypt's national assembly's budget committee. He is also a former senior member of the ruling National Democratic Party of Egypt (NDP) and has been described as "a confidant of the president’s son Gamal Mubarak, and two other former ministers."
In 1982, Ezz graduated from Cairo University with a degree in Civil Engineering. He has been elected twice as the head of the Iron and Steel Arab Union. Prior to his work in organized labor, Ezz was a parliamentary member representing the districts of Sadat-Monouf-Sers al-Liyan from Monofuyia from the year 2000 to 2011, and also the Chairman of the Planning and Budget Committee of the People's Assembly of Egypt as a member of the National Democratic Party. (According to Al Jazeera, he resigned from the NDP on 29 January 2011.)
Prior to the revolution, opposition parties, other parliamentarians, and groups accused Ezz of monopolizing the steel industry in Egypt by holding more than 60 percent of the market share, describing it as an act that is backed up by the government when the dominant share of monopoly was raised from 35 percent to 65 percent, an act that was described by the active parliamentarian Aboul Ezz Al Hariri as "enhancing the proliferation of monopolies rather than fighting them". The groups mentioned are even blaming him of increasing the steel prices of as much as 70 percent. In response Ezz has told reporters that a competition law "would at least provide a legal framework preventing everyone from making accusations".
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Ahmed Nazif
Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: أحمد نظيف, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈæħmæd nɑˈzˤiːf]) (born July 8, 1952 in Alexandria) served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 14 July 2004 to 29 January 2011, when his cabinet was dismissed by President Hosni Mubarak in light of a popular uprising that led to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Nazif was Acting President of Egypt from 5 March to 15 April 2010, when President Mubarak delegated his authorities to Nazif while undergoing surgery in Germany.
President Hosni Mubarak invited him to form the new government on 9 July 2004. Prime Minister Nazif was sworn in together with fourteen new cabinet ministers on 14 July 2004. He received immediate parliamentary backing through a formal vote of confidence. He was the youngest serving prime minister of Egypt since the founding of the Republic and the second youngest prime minister in the history of modern Egypt. His cabinet was known to be mainly composed of technocrats and well educated neo-liberals.
Having come to power replacing outgoing Prime Minister Atef Obeid who resigned at an emergency cabinet meeting, prompting the collapse of the four-year-old 34-member cabinet, pressure to undergo reforms was ripe. Nazif had served as the Minister for Communications and Information Technology in the Obeid Government. Before that, Nazif was a professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University.
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Ahmed Shafik
Ahmed Mohamed Shafik (Arabic: أحمد محمد شفيق, IPA: [ˈæħmæd mæˈħæmmæd ʃæˈfiːʔ]; born November 1941)[citation needed] is an Egyptian politician and candidate for the presidency of Egypt. He was a senior commander in the Egyptian Air Force and later served as Prime Minister of Egypt from the 31st of January 2011 to the 3rd of March 2011, a period of 33 days.
After a career as a fighter pilot, and squadron, wing and base commander, Shafik was the Commander of the Egyptian Air Force from 1996 to 2002, reaching the rank of air marshal. Thereafter he served in the government as Minister of Civil Aviation from 2002 to 2011.
He was appointed as Prime Minister by President Hosni Mubarak on January 31, 2011 in response to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, making him the last Prime Minister to serve as part of Mubarak's administration. He remained in office for only one month, resigning on March 3, 2011, one day after a contentious talk show confrontation in which he was accused by a prominent Egyptian novelist of being a Mubarak regime holdover.
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Ahmed Zewail
Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: أحمد حسن زويل, IPA: [ˈæħmæd ˈħæsæn zeˈweːl]; born February 26, 1946) is an Egyptian-American scientist who won the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. He is the Linus Pauling Chair Professor Chemistry and Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology.
Ahmed's father, Hassan Zewail, was born on September 5, 1913 in Alexandria. The huge effect that World War II had on Alexandria was what eventually pushed Ahmed's father out of Alexandria and to Disuq. Hassan assembled bicycles and motorcycles and later became a government official. Ahmed's mother, Rawhia Dar, was ten years younger than Hassan, but they were married anyway. However, Rawhia did not meet her prospective groom until he had formally asked her family for her hand. They remained married for 50 years, until Hassan died on October 22, 1992.
Ahmed Zewail was born on February 26, 1946 in Damanhour (The Town of Horus) , Egypt and raised in Disuq. As a child,visits to the mosque were common because it was an area of study. The mosque had a positive effect on Ahmed. It kept the influence of negative stimuli from reaching the youth that visited there. The peacefulness and trust of the community around him made it easy to grow and succeed. There was never any need for wants because everyone shared the same things. Ahmed's father was also a positive influence for him, Hassan was always sincere about his family and his work. He taught Ahmed that there is no contradiction between devotion to work and enjoyment of life and people. As for Ahmed's mother, she was never formally educated but always devoted to her children. She was the driving for supporting his education.
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Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President and won the popular vote in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
Gore is currently an author and environmental activist. He has founded a number of non-profit organizations, including the Alliance for Climate Protection, and has received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in climate change activism.
Gore was previously an elected official for 24 years, representing Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85), and later in the U.S. Senate (1985–93), and finally becoming Vice President in 1993. In the 2000 presidential election, Gore won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes. However, he ultimately lost the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush when the U.S. Supreme Court settled the legal controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5-4 in favor of Bush. It was the only time in history that the Supreme Court has determined the outcome of a presidential election.
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Alaa Abd El-Fatah
Alaa Abd El-Fattah (Arabic: علاء أحمد سيف عبد الفتاح, IPA: [ʕæˈlæːʔ ˈæħmæd ˈseːf ʕæbdelfatˈtæːħ]; also presented in English as Alaa Abdel Fattah) is an Egyptian blogger, software developer, and political activist. He is known for co-founding along with his wife Manal Hassan, daughter of activist Bahi El-Din Hassan, the Egyptian blog aggregator "Manalaa" and "Omraneya", the first Arab blog aggregators that did not restrict inclusion based on the content of the blog. In 2005 the "Manalaa" blog won the Special Reporters Without Borders Award in Deutsche Welle's Best of Blogs competition. He has been active in developing Arabic-language versions of important software and platforms.
El-Fattah grew up in a family of activists and activism was a constant topic of discussion in his childhood. His father, Ahmed Seif El-Islam Hamad, a human rights attorney who had been arrested in 1983 by State Security Investigations Service officers and tortured and imprisoned for five years, is one of the founders of the Hisham Mubarak Law Center. His mother Laila Soueif, sister of Ahdaf Soueif, is a professor of mathematics at Cairo University and a political activist. His parents' activism dates to the days of Anwar Sadat. During a demonstration in 2005 his mother, along with other women, were attacked by Mubarak supporters; El-Fattah was said to have protected her.
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Ali Abdullah Saleh
Ali Abdullah Saleh (Arabic: علي عبدالله صالح; born 21 March 1942) is a Yemeni politician who was President of Yemen from 1990 to 2012. Saleh previously served as President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) from 1978 until 1990; upon the unification of North Yemen and South Yemen in 1990, he became President of Yemen.
After more than 33 years in power, Saleh signed the Gulf Cooperation Council agreement in November 2011, paving the way for his vice president to become acting president until February 21, 2012; at that point the vice president would be elected to the presidency. On January 22, 2012, the Yemeni parliament passed a law that granted Saleh immunity from being prosecuted and he left Yemen for treatment in the United States. Saleh stepped down and formally ceded power to his deputy Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi at the Presidential Palace on 27 February 2012.
Saleh was born in the town of Bait el-Ahmar, in the Al-Ahmar family of the small Sanhan tribe, a tribe whose territories lie some 20 kilometers southeast of the capital Sana'a (the Al-Ahmar family of Sanhan is often falsely confounded with the same-named ruling family of the Hashid tribal confederacy, a confederacy to which the Sanhan tribe belongs). Saleh is a Zaydi Shia Muslim. He is a "non-Hashimi" Zaydi (not a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's grandfather), and would not have been eligible to rule under the Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen that ruled the country until 1962.
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Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar (Arabic: علي محسن الأحمر also called Ali Mohsen Saleh Arabic: علي محسن صالح) is the general of the Yemeni army. Born in Sanhan village, Sana'a - Yemen on 20 June 1945. He is rumored to be the half brother of the Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh from a different father.[citation needed]. He serves as President Saleh's chief military adviser. He helped recruit Islamist radicals to fight in Afghanistan during the Soviet-Afghan War.
On March 21, 2011, he said he would protect the anti-government Yemeni protesters, along with other top Yemeni army commanders, in a move that was later condemned as mutinous by President Saleh.
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Amr Moussa
Amr Moussa (Arabic: عمرو محمد موسى, IPA: [ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmmæd ˈmuːsæ]; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 until 1 June 2011. Previously he served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2001.
He was born on 3 October 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the son of former parliamentarian Muhammad Moussa. His father also had a son named Pierre during his studies in France in the 1920s. However, Moussa's half-brother Pierre is only a French citizen and has no ties to Egypt.
Moussa finished his education after earning a degree in law from Cairo University in 1957.
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Anwar Sadat
Anwar El Sadat (Arabic: محمد أنور السادات Anwar as-Sādāt, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾˤ essæˈdæːt]; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. In his eleven years as president he changed Egypt's direction, departing from some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by re-instituting the multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy.
He was a senior member of the Free Officers group that overthrew the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdul Nasser, whom he succeeded as President in 1970. As president he led Egypt in the October War of 1973 to re-acquire Egyptian territory lost to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider Arab World. Afterwards he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. This won him the Nobel Peace Prize but also made him unpopular among some Arabs, resulting in a temporary suspension of Egypt's membership in the Arab League, and eventually his assassination.
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Arab people
Arab people, also known as Arabs (Arabic: عرب, ʿarab), are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing an important part of Arab identity.
The word "Arab" has had several different, but overlapping, meanings over the centuries (and sometimes even today). In addition to including all Arabized people of the world (with language tending to be the acid test), it has also at times been used exclusively for bedouin (Arab nomads [although a related word, "`a-RAB," with the Arabic letter "alif" in the second syllable, once was sometimes used when this specific meaning was intended] and their now almost entirely settled descendants). It is sometimes used that way colloquially even today in some places. Townspeople once were sometimes called "sons of the Arabs." As in the case of other ethnicities or nations, people identify themselves (or are identified by others) as "Arabs" to varying degrees. This may not be one's primary identity (it tends to compete with country, religion, sect, etc.), and whether it is emphasized may depend upon one's audience.
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Asmaa Mahfouz
Asmaa Mahfouz (Arabic: أسماء محفوظ, pronounced [ʔæsˈmæːʔ mɑħˈfuːz, ˈʔæsmæ-], born 1 February 1985) is an Egyptian activist and one of the founders of the April 6 Youth Movement. She has been credited by journalist Mona Eltahawy and others with helping to spark mass uprising through her video blog posted one week before the start of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. She is a prominent member of Egypt's Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution and one of the leaders of the Egyptian revolution.
In 2011, she was one of five recipients of the "Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought" awarded for contributions to "historic changes in the Arab world." The other joint recipients were Ahmed al-Senussi, Razan Zaitouneh, Ali Farzat and Mohamed Bouazizi of the Arab Spring.
Arabian Business placed Mahfouz at #381 on its list of the World's 500 Most Influential Arabs.
Born in 1985 in Egypt, Asmaa graduated from Cairo University with a BA in Business Administration. She would later join several other young Egyptian in founding the April 6 Youth Movement. She currently works for a computer company.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Barry Marshall
Barry James Marshall, AC, FRS, FAA (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian physician, Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine, and Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Marshall and Robin Warren showed that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the cause of most peptic ulcers, reversing decades of medical doctrine holding that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid.
Marshall was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia and lived in Kalgoorlie and Carnarvon until moving to Perth at the age of eight. His father held various jobs, and his mother was a nurse. He is the eldest of four siblings. He attended Newman College and the University of Western Australia, where he received a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery in 1975. He married his wife Adrienne in 1972 and has four children.
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Bashar al-Assad
Bashar Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: بشار حافظ الأسد, Baššār al-ʾAsad, Arabic pronunciation: [bæʃˈʃɑːɾɪlˈʔæsæd]); born 11 September 1965) is the current President of Syria and Regional Secretary of the Syrian-led branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. His father Hafez al-Assad ruled Syria for 29 years until his death in 2000.
Al-Assad graduated from the medical school of the University of Damascus in 1988, and started to work as a doctor in the army. Four years later, he attended postgraduate studies at the Western Eye Hospital, in London, specializing in ophthalmology. In 1994, Al-Assad entered the military academy and in 1998, Al-Assad took charge of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon. In December 2000, Assad married Asma Assad, née Akhras. Al-Assad was elected as President of Syria in 2000 and 2007, unopposed each time. During the Syrian uprising, activists and protesters have called for President al-Assad's resignation.
Bashar Hafez al-Assad was born in Damascus on 11 September 1965, the son of Aniseh (née Makhluf) and Hafez al-Assad. His father, Hafez al-Assad, born to a poor family of Alawite background, had risen through the Party ranks, to take control of the Syrian-led branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in the 1970 Corrective Revolution, thus installing himself as president. Hafez al-Assad purged the Party, and introduced effective Alawite rule of Syria.
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Bernard Kouchner
Bernard Kouchner (born 1 November 1939) is a French politician, diplomat, and doctor. He is co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and Médecins du Monde. From 2007 until 2010 he was the French Minister of Foreign and European Affairs in the right-wing Fillon government under president Nicolas Sarkozy, although he had been in the past a minister in socialist governments.
Kouchner was born in Avignon to a Jewish father and a Protestant mother, he began his political career as a member of the French Communist Party (PCF), from which he was expelled in 1966 for attempting to overthrow the leadership. On a visit to Cuba in 1964, Kouchner spent the night fishing and drinking with Fidel Castro. In the protests of May 1968, he ran the medical faculty strike committee at the Sorbonne. Kouchner has three children (Julie, Camille and Antoine) by his first wife, Évelyne Pisier, a professor of law, and one child, Alexandre, by his present wife Christine Ockrent, a television journalist. He worked as a physician for the Red Cross in Biafra in 1968 (during the Nigerian Civil War). He co-founded Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) in 1971, and then, due to a conflict of opinion with MSF chairman Claude Malhuret, the Doctors of the World ('Médecins du Monde') in 1980. What made him co-found Médecins Sans Frontières was his experience as a physician for the Red Cross during the Nigerian Civil War that took place in Biafra, 1968. Kouchner worked as a humanitarian volunteer during the Siege of Naba’a refugee camp in Lebanon in East Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War taking risks that "other foreign aid workers weren’t, even worked closely with the Shia cleric Imam Musa al-Sadr."
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Bothaina Kamel
Bothaina Kamel (Arabic: بثينة كامل) (born in Cairo, April 18, 1962) is an Egyptian television anchor, activist, and politician. A long time pro-democracy advocate, her professional career has been marked by repeated conflict with authorities. In June 2011 she announced her candidacy for the Egyptian presidency, although she did not receive enough signatures to make the ballot.
Kamel hosted a popular Egyptian radio program called "Nightime Confessions" from 1992 to 1998. She later worked as a new presenter for Egyptian state television, and hosted a show called "Please Understand Me" on the Saudi Arabian-owned Orbit satellite TV network. In each assignment, she eventually encountered official resistance: "Confessions" was cancelled after outcries by religious conservatives; she took a leave of absence from Egyptian state television rather than participate in propaganda surrounding the 2005 elections; and "Understand Me" was taken off the air by the Saudi producers when they became concerned that its coverage of the 2011 Egyptian revolution would implicate Saudi interests.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Colin Powell
Colin Luther Powell ( /ˈkoʊlɨn/; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve in that position. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Colin Luther Powell was born on April 5, 1937 in Harlem, a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, to Jamaican immigrant parents Maud Arial (née McKoy) and Luther Theophilus Powell. He also has Scottish ancestry. Powell was raised in the South Bronx and attended Morris High School, a former public school in the Bronx, from which he graduated in 1954. While at school, he worked at a local baby furniture store where he picked up Yiddish from the shopkeepers and some of the customers. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and was a self-admitted C average student. He was later able to earn a Master of Business Administration degree from the George Washington University in 1971, after his second tour in Vietnam.
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Desmond Tutu
Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African activist and retired Anglican bishop who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. He was the first black South African Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa).
Tutu has been active in the defense of human rights and uses his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. He has campaigned to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, homophobia, and transphobia. Tutu received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984; the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism in 1986; the Pacem in Terris Award in 1987; the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999; the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2005; and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Tutu has also compiled several books of his speeches and sayings.
Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal, the second of the three children of Zacheriah Zililo Tutu and his wife, Aletta, and the only son. Tutu's family moved to Johannesburg when he was twelve. His father was a teacher and his mother was a cleaner and cook at a school for the blind. Here he met Trevor Huddleston who was a parish priest in the black slum of Sophiatown. "One day," said Tutu, "I was standing in the street with my mother when a white man in a priest's clothing walked past. As he passed us he took off his hat to my mother. I couldn't believe my eyes – a white man who greeted a black working class woman!"
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Egyptian Tank Man
During the protests of Egyptian Revolution of 2011, an anonymous young Egyptian man became famous for his act of stopping the advance of an armored police vehicle, that was shooting water on the protestors in Al-Qasr Al-Aini Street in Cairo.
Video and pictures were taken showing him running to stop an armored police vehicle spraying water on the demonstrators, which he succeeded to stop its advance for few moments. The famous video of the situation, was taken by a journalist named Mostafa Fathi of Radio Horreyyetna (Our Freedom), in Egypt. He shot the video from the balcony of his office in the building overlooking Al-Qasr Al-Aini Street. It is worth mentioning that this street leads to the Tahrir Square. The pictures taken of the situation, and spread widely, was taken by a press photographer named Tarek Wajeh of Al Masry Al Youm newspaper, in Egypt. A picture of the Egyptian Tank Man was also featured in France 24's observer network.
The Western media compared him to the Chinese Tank Man during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
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Egyptians
Egyptians (Egyptian Arabic: مَصريين IPA: [mɑsˤɾejˈjiːn]; Arabic: مِصريّون miṣriyūn) are the inhabitants and citizens of Egypt sharing a common culture and a dialect of Arabic.
Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population of Egypt is concentrated in the lower Nile Valley, the small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean and enclosed by desert both to the east and to the west. This unique geography has been the basis of the development of Egyptian society since antiquity. If regarded as a single ethnic group, the Egyptian people constitute one of the world's largest.
The daily language of the Egyptians is the local variety of Arabic, known as Egyptian Arabic or Masri, Also a sizable minority of Egyptian speak Sa'idi Arabic in Upper Egypt. Egyptians are predominantly adherents of Sunni Islam with a Shia minority and a significant proportion who follow native Sufi orders. A sizable minority of Egyptians belong to the Coptic Orthodox Church, whose liturgical language, Coptic, is the last stage of the indigenous Egyptian language.
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Essam Sharaf
Essam Abdel-Aziz Sharaf (Arabic: عصام عبد العزيز شرف, IPA: [ʕeˈsˤɑːm ʕæbdelʕæˈziːz ʃɑɾˤɑf]; born 1952) is an Egyptian academic who was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 3 March 2011 to 7 December 2011. He served as Minister of Transportation from 2004 to 2005.
Sharaf was born in the Egyptian city of Giza in 1952. After receiving his B.Sc. in civil engineering from Cairo University in 1975, he went to Purdue University where he continued his studies, receiving his M.Sc. Engg in 1980 and his Ph.D. in 1984.
Sharaf took a post as a visiting assistant professor at Purdue in 1984 before becoming assistant professor of Highway and Traffic Engineering at the University of Cairo the following year. In 1990, he was an assistant professor in Civil Engineering at King Saud University in Saudi Arabia. He returned to the University of Cairo in 1991, becoming a professor of Highway Engineering in 1996 while working as senior advisor for the Transportation & Aviation department in Zuhair Fayez Partnership (ZFP) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Sharaf was the senior adviser to the Egyptian Minister of Transport in 1999 and the Senior Technical Adviser to the municipality of Al Ain in the UAE in 2003.
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Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of modernization, and socialist reform in Egypt together with a profound advancement of pan-Arab nationalism, including a short-lived union with Syria.
Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in both modern Arab history and politics in the 20th century. Under his leadership, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company and came to play a central role in anti-imperialist efforts in the Arab World and Africa. The imposed ending to the Suez Crisis made him a hero throughout the Arab world. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the international Non-Aligned Movement. He is well known for his nationalist policies and version of pan-Arabism, also referred to as Nasserism, which won a great following in the Arab World during the 1950s and 1960s. Although his status as "leader of the Arabs" was badly damaged by the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War, as well as Egypt's failure to win the subsequent War of Attrition against Israel, many in the general Arab population still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom.
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Gamal Mubarak
Gamal Al Din Mohammed Hosni Ei Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: جمال الدين محمد حسنى سيد مبارك, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl edˈdiːn mæˈħæmmæd ˈħosni ˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾˤɑk]), (born on December 27, 1963), is the younger of the two sons of ousted Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and former First Lady Suzanne Mubarak. In contrast to his older brother Alaa, Gamal had pursued an active public profile and was starting to wield some influence on political life in the country before the revolution of early 2011.
Prior to the revolution, Gamal was the deputy secretary-general of the then-ruling and now-dissolved National Democratic Party, and head of its influential policies committee.
For his early education, he attended St. George's College, Cairo before entering the American University in Cairo. He graduated with a Business Degree from the university and he claims he also earned an MBA from the school.[citation needed] He began his professional life working for Bank of America. He worked primarily in the field of investment banking.
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Gigi Ibrahim
Gihan Ibrahim (Egyptian Arabic: چيهان إبراهيم, IPA: [ʒiˈhæːn ebɾˤɑˈhiːm]), nicknamed Gigi (چيچى, [ˈʒiːʒi], b. 1988), is an Egyptian journalist, blogger and socialist activist. She has been credited as being a part of a new generation of "citizen journalists" who document news events using social media. For this she was featured on a cover of Time magazine as "one of the leaders" of Tahrir Square during the Egyptian Revolution in 2011. Ibrahim however states, that while the internet was important for coordinating people in the ousting of President Hosni Mubarak, "it was the battles on the streets that were crucial ... [i]t was their power that made the revolution."
She is a graduate from the American University in Cairo where she earned a political science degree. Prior to university, Gigi has had no direct links to the workers protests and opposition movements that had previously been occurring in Egypt. It was a lecture on "Social Mobilization under Authoritarian Regimes", where her future husband Hossam el-Hamalawy was a guest speaker, that provided her with insight about activism in Egypt. The contact with el-Hamalawy, a member of the Revolutionary Socialists, led her to decide to join the movement.
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Habib el-Adly
Habib Ibrahim el-Adly (Arabic: حبيب إبراهيم العادلي) (born March 1, 1938) is a former Egyptian politician. He served as an Interior Minister of Egypt from 1997 to 2011.
El-Adly graduated from the police academy in 1961. In 1965 he joined the State Security Investigations Service. After working at various investigation departments, he was employed at the Foreign Ministry from 1982 to 1984. He then investigated state security matters, and became assistant interior minister in 1993. He replaced General Hassan al-Alfi as interior minister after the November 1997 Luxor massacre. He was replaced by Mahmoud Wagdy on January 31, 2011, as part of a cabinet reshuffle aimed at appeasing the mass protests during 2011 Egyptian revolution.
During the uprising, the Egyptian Attorney General announced el-Adly had been given a travel ban. Following Hosni Mubarak's resignation, el-Adly and two other former ministers were arrested on corruption charges. He is reported to be facing charges of fraud, money laundering and for ordering that security forces fire on demonstrators during the early days of the protests. If convicted, el-Adly could face the death penalty. Additionally, el-Adly's assets were ordered frozen by a court order. El-Adly is estimated to have amassed a fortune of 1.2 billion US dollars. He pleaded not guilty to corruption charges on 5 March 2011, answering questions by the judge on whether he had illegally profited from his government position or laundered money by saying "that did not happen." On 5 May, 2011, el-Adly was found guilty of fraud and money laundering and was sentenced to 12 years in prison. He still faces a trial and a possible death penalty for ordering police to use live ammunition on protesters.
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Hans Blix
Hans Martin Blix (help·info) (born 28 June 1928) is a Swedish diplomat and politician for the Liberal People's Party. He was Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs (1978–1979). Blix was also the head of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission from March 2000 to June 2003, when he was succeeded by Dimitris Perrikos. In 2002, the commission began searching Iraq for weapons of mass destruction, ultimately finding none. In February 2010, the Government of the United Arab Emirates announced that Blix will be the head of an advisory board for its nuclear power program.
Blix was born in Uppsala, Sweden. He is the son of professor Gunnar Blix and Hertha Wiberg and grandson of professor Magnus Blix. He comes from a family of Jamtlandic origin. Blix studied at Uppsala University and Columbia University, earning his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge (Trinity Hall). In 1959, he became a Juris Doctor in International Law at the University of Uppsala, where he was appointed Associate Professor in International Law the next year.
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Harold Pinter
Harold Pinter, CH, CBE (10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party (1957), The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978), each of which he adapted to film. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include The Servant (1963), The Go-Between (1970), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), The Trial (1993), and Sleuth (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and others' works.
Pinter was born and raised in Hackney, east London, and educated at Hackney Downs School. He was a sprinter and a keen cricket player, acting in school plays and writing poetry. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art but did not complete the course. He was fined for refusing National Service as a conscientious objector. Subsequently, he continued training at the Central School of Speech and Drama and worked in repertory theatre in Ireland and England. In 1956 he married actress Vivien Merchant and had a son, Daniel born in 1958. He left Merchant in 1975 and married author Antonia Fraser in 1980.
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Hasan Mushaima
Hasan Mushaima (Arabic: حسن مشيمع) is an opposition leader in Bahrain and the secretary-general of the Haq Movement, an important opposition party in Bahrain. He is campaigning for more democratic rights in Bahrain. Before forming Haq, he was a founding member of Al Wefaq and a leading figure in the 1994 uprising in Bahrain.
The Bahraini government has placed Mushaima under arrest several times, twice arresting him during the 1994 uprising. He was later jailed from March 1995 to September 1995 and again from January 1996 till February 2001. Mushaima was re-arrested in February 2007 and jailed for one day, and then was arrested and imprisoned again from January 2009 to April 2009.
In 2010 Mushaima traveled to Great Britain to be treated for lung cancer.
Mushaima announced plans to return to Bahrain during the protests in February 2011, but authorities detained him in Lebanon while en route, possibly at the request of the Bahraini government. Mushaima finally did return to Bahrain on Saturday, February 26, 2011. On that day, he was described by the Associated Press as being "welcomed like a rock star," by protestors in Pearl Square. On 7th March, 2011, Mushaima alongside with Abdulwahab Hussain, the leader of Wafa movement and Saeed Alshehabi the leader of the Bahrain Freedom Movement, formed the " Alliance for the Republic " (Arabic:التحالف من أجل الجمهورية), because of their belief that the Bahraini regime lost legitimacy after the harsh crackdown on protesters using heavy weapons. One months after protests, the Gulf Cooperation Council sent 1,500+ PSF troops (1,000 Saudi, some Qatari troops and 500 Emirati policemen) to crush the popular uprising there and also sent the Kuwaiti Navy to stop any aid to the protesters by sea. After the protesters were kicked from the Pearl Roundabout, many known rights activists operating in Bahrain were arrested, including Mushaima.
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Hassan al-Turabi
Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi (born c.1932 in Kassala), is a religious and Islamist political leader in Sudan, who may have been instrumental in institutionalizing sharia in the northern part of the country. He has been called a "longtime hard-line ideological leader.".
Al-Turabi was leader of the National Islamic Front, a political movement with considerable political power in Sudan but little popularity among voters. In 1979 he became Minister of Justice. In June 1989, a coup d'état by allies, the "National Salvation Revolution", brought him and the National Islamic Front to power.
In March 1996, al-Turabi was elected to a seat in the National Assembly where he served as speaker of the National Assembly "during the 1990s." This period coincided with a decline in the influence of al-Turabi and his party's "internationalist and ideological wing" in favor of more pragmatic leaders, brought on by the imposition of UN sanctions on Sudan in punishment for Sudan's assistance to Egyptian terrorists in their attempt to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
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Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسني السيد مبارك, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmːæd ˈħosni ˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾˤɑk], Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian politician and military commander. He served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
Mubarak was appointed Vice President of Egypt in 1975, and assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat. His almost thirty-year presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force, serving as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rising to the rank of air chief marshal.
Mubarak was ousted after 18 days of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution when, on 11 February, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. On 13 April, a prosecutor[which?] ordered Mubarak and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. He was then ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors during the revolution. These trials officially began on 3 August 2011. Egypt’s military prosecutors then also proclaimed that they are investigating Mubarak's role in the assassination of his predecessor Anwar Sadat.
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Hossam el-Hamalawy
Hossam el-Hamalawy (Arabic: حسام الحملاوى, IPA: [ħoˈsæːm elħæmæˈlæːwi]; AKA 3arabawy عرباوى, [ʕɑɾˤɑˈbɑːwi]; born 14 July 1977) is an Egyptian journalist, blogger, photographer and socialist activist. He is a member of the Revolutionary Socialists and the Center for Socialist Studies.
Hossam married colleague Gigi Ibrahim in 2012. They first met during a lecture on "Social Mobilization under Authoritarian Regimes", where Hossam el-Hamalawy was a guest speaker.
El-Hamalawy started working as a journalist in 2002 for the English language Cairo Times, where he covered protests, trials of dissidents and police torture news. He later joined the Los Angeles Times as a correspondent in Cairo. El-Hamalawy also freelanced for a broad array of local and foreign news organizations, including Bloomberg News and the BBC, and worked as a researcher for Human Rights Watch (HRW). He also worked as a managing editor for the leftist daily El-Badeel and was the founding managing editor of Al-Masry Al-Youm’s English Edition as well as being one of founding editorial team of Ahram Online.
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Israa Abdel Fattah
Esraa Abdel Fatah (Arabic: إسراء عبد الفتاح, IPA: [ʔesˈɾˤɑːʔ ʕæbdelfætˈtæːħ, ˈʔesɾˤɑ-]; also called Facebook Girl; born 1978) is an Egyptian internet activist and blogger.
Esraa worked as a human resources administrator, when she co-founded April 6 Youth Movement Egypt in 2008, a Facebook group that was made to support the workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on April 6. This group gradually became a popular political movement.
She was arrested by Egyptian security in 2008. The detained Facebook Girl drew the attention of few Egyptian newspapers challenging by this the state's censorship policy, turning her into an overnight symbol for resistance and resilience against corruption and injustice.
After two weeks in prison she was released. She made a brief public statement renouncing political activism for good.
Esraa Abdel Fattah reappeared again during the January 2011 nationwide protests in Egypt, that called for the end of Hosni Mubarak's regime. She was active on the internet, and also on the ground, updating Al Jazeera TV with the latest news related to the opposition.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
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John L. Hall
John Lewis "Jan" Hall (born August 21, 1934) is an American physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics. He shared one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics with Theodor W. Hänsch for his work in precision spectroscopy.
Born in Denver, Colorado, Hall holds three degrees from Carnegie Institute of Technology, a B.S. in 1956, an M.S. in 1958, and a Ph.D. in 1961. He completed his postdoctoral studies at the Department of Commerce's National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), where he remained from 1962 until his retirement in 2004. He has lectured at the University of Colorado at Boulder since 1967.
Hall is currently a NIST Senior Fellow, Emeritus and remains a Fellow at JILA, formerly the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, and Lecturer at the CU Boulder Physics Department. JILA is a research institute managed jointly by CU Boulder and NIST.
Hall shared half of the Nobel prize with Theodor W. Hänsch for their pioneering work on laser-based precision spectroscopy, and the optical frequency comb technique. The other half of the prize was awarded to Roy J. Glauber.
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John R. Bolton
John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948) is an American lawyer and diplomat who has served in several Republican administrations. Appointed on a recess appointment, he served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from August 2005 until December 2006. He resigned in December 2006, when the recess appointment would have otherwise ended, because he was unlikely to win senate confirmation.
Bolton is currently a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), frequent op-ed contributor to the Wall Street Journal and the National Review, Fox News Channel commentator, and of counsel to the law firm Kirkland & Ellis, in their Washington D.C. office. He is also involved with a broad assortment of other conservative think tanks and policy institutes, including the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), Project for the New American Century (PNAC), Institute of East-West Dynamics, National Rifle Association, U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, and the Council for National Policy (CNP). Known for his strong views on foreign policy, often equating diplomacy with weakness and indecisiveness, Bolton is often described as a neoconservative, though he personally rejects the term.
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Kamal el-Fayoumi
Kamal el-Fayoumi (Arabic: كمال الفيومي, IPA: [kæˈmæːl elfæjˈjuːmi]) is an Egyptian socialist and workers' rights activist. He is a member of the Workers Democratic Party. He is possibly[vague] best known for his role as one of the leaders of the Egyptian general strike in 2008, when three strike leaders were arrested following anti-Mubarak regime riots. The three were later released from detention and given back their jobs, which was seen as a key victory for the El-Mahalla El-Kubra textile workers. Socialist and blogger Hossam el-Hamalawy called el-Fayoumi a "working class hero". El-Fayoumi also participated in the Egyptian revolution in 2011 as one of the leaders of workers who went on strike. After Mubarak's departure as President, el-Fayoumi declared: "All of us, as workers, said that the revolution began on February 11 when Mubarak left. When the head of the old regime stepped down, it was just the start of the revolution."
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Kamal Ganzouri
Kamal Ganzouri (Arabic: كمال الجنزورى, IPA: [kæˈmæːl elɡænˈzuːɾi]) (born 12 January 1933) is an Egyptian economist who has been Prime Minister of Egypt since 7 December 2011. He previously served as Prime Minister from 1996 to 1999. He came to power in 1996 succeeding Atef Sedki, and was in turn succeeded by Atef Ebeid in 1999. He was branded Minister of the Poor and the Opposition Minister because of his way of dealing with limited income people and the opposition. Before becoming Prime Minister, Ganzouri served as Minister of Planning and International Cooperation. On 24 November 2011, Egypt's military rulers appointed him as Prime Minister. He was sworn in and took office on 7 December 2011.
Kamal Ganzouri was born on 12 January 1933 in Garwan, a town in Bagor city in Monofia. He obtained a PhD at University of Michigan, United States and began teaching at Egyptian universities and training institutes in 1959.
He had served as a board member of the Sadat Academy for Administrative Sciences from 1962 to 1967 and became economic adviser to the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa in 1968. He was an adviser to the President Anwar Sadat. He was also a member of the National Specialized Councils of production, education and services. In 1974, he became undersecretary Of Planning Minister and kept this until 1975. He was appointed as Governor of the New Valley State in 1976 and then became Governor of the Bani Suef State in 1977 but resigned after just six months.
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Kamal Khalil
Kamal Khalil (Arabic: كمال خليل, IPA: [kæˈmæːl xæˈliːl]) is an Egyptian engineer and labour activist. He is a leading member of the Revolutionary Socialists, a representative of the Workers Democratic Party and the founder and director of the Center for Socialist Studies in Cairo. He is a critic of the social democrats, youth parties and the Muslim Brotherhood in the post-Mubarak Egypt. He advocates more workers' unity, particularly in regions such as El-Mahalla El-Kubra, which has in the past been a center of industrial struggle by textile workers. Khalil has said Egypt's workers must create independent trade unions and a political party to represent them: "No party will represent the workers other than the workers' party itself." Prior to the Egyptian Revolution in 2011, Khalil had been arrested many times. In 2003 he was arrested by the State Security Investigations Service (SSI) and placed in solitary confinement for his role in the anti-war movement, causing the Stop the War Coalition in Britain to demonstrate outside the Egyptian Embassy in London.
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Kaveh L Afrasiabi
Dr Kaveh L. Afrasiabi is a political scientist and author of Iranian origin who has lived for many years in the United States.
Afrasiabi has taught political science at Tehran University,[citation needed]Boston University,[citation needed] and Bentley College[citation needed]. Afrasiabi has been a visiting scholar at Harvard University,UC Berkeley,[citation needed]Binghamton University,[citation needed]Center For Strategic Research, Tehran[citation needed] and Institute for Strategic Studies[clarification needed] in Paris. During 2004-2005, Afrasiabi was involved as an advisor to Iran's nuclear negotiation team. From 1996 to 2003, Afrasiabi was involved in a legal conflict with Roy Mottahedeh, former director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University, who had been his superior during Afrasiabi's time as a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard, and Harvard University itself. The conflict started with an alleged extortion against Mottahedeh's subordinates and a "pre-dawn" arrest of Afrasiabi by Harvard police, and terminated in 2003 with a civil rights case against Harvard, Mottahedeh and the Supreme Court of the United States, in which Afrasiabi acted as his own attorney. During associated controversies, Afrasiabi was supported by Mike Wallace of the US television program 60 Minutes, author David Mamet, linguist Noam Chomsky and political scientist Howard Zinn, and former deputy prime minister of Iran, Farhang Mehr.[citation needed].In a video deposition, Mr. Wallace has defended Afrasiabi and accused professor Mottahedeh of making false statements to him about Afrasiabi. His "David and Goliath" battle with Harvard has been praised by Mike Wallace, who has stated "I admire Dr. Afrasiabi. He has been wronged. The cannons of Harvard are lined up against a pea shooter."
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Khaled al-Johani
Khaled al-Johani (also al-Jehani, Arabic: خالد الجهني, born 1969/1970 (age 42–43)) is a teacher of religious instruction in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He was imprisoned, without charges or trial for nearly one year, at `Ulaysha Prison for having publicly asked for freedoms and democracy in Saudi Arabia – an absolute monarchy – during the 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests. His public statement was made to a BBC Arabic Television team on a street in Riyadh in the presence of security forces. On 22 February 2012 he was charged in a court for al-Qaeda suspects and a trial date set for April 2012. Al-Johani is an Amnesty International prisoner of conscience as of February 2012[update].
After the Arab Spring revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt in early 2011, some protests took place in Saudi Arabia. A "Day of Rage" was proposed for Saudi Arabia for 11 March 2011. On that day, hundreds of people protested in Qatif, al-Awamiyah and Hofuf, but in Riyadh, the police presence was "overwhelming" by early in the morning, with large numbers of police cars present and helicopters that "crisscrossed the skies all day".
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Kofi Annan
Kofi Atta Annan ( /ˈkoʊfi ˈænən/; born 8 April 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize for his founding of the Global AIDS and Health Fund to support developing countries in their struggle to care for their people.
Since February 2012, Annan has been the UN-Arab League envoy to Syria, to help find a resolution to ongoing conflict there.
Kofi Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shares the middle name Atta, which in Fante and Akan means 'twin'. Annan and his sister were born into one of the country's aristocratic families; both their grandfathers and their uncle were tribal chiefs.
In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week on which they were born, and/or in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday.
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Lawrence Wilkerson
Lawrence B. "Larry" Wilkerson (born 15 June 1945) is a retired United States Army Colonel and former chief of staff to United States Secretary of State Colin Powell. Wilkerson has criticized many aspects of the Iraq War, including his own preparation of Powell's presentation to the UN.
Wilkerson was born in Gaffney, South Carolina. After three years of studying philosophy and English literature at Bucknell University, Wilkerson dropped out in 1966 and volunteered to serve in the Vietnam War. He told the Washington Post: "I felt an obligation because my dad had fought, and I thought that was kind of your duty."
Wilkerson arrived as an Army officer piloting an OH-6A Cayuse observation helicopter and logged about 1100 combat hours over a year. He flew low and slow through Vietnam, and was involved in one incident in which he says he prevented a war crime by purposely placing his helicopter between a position that was full of civilians, and another helicopter that wanted to launch an attack on the position. He also had many vocal disagreements with his superiors and his own gunner crew over free-fire zones, including an incident in which one of his crew shot a wagon that wound up having a little girl inside of it. He went on to Airborne School and Ranger School before receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature and graduate degrees in international relations and national security. He attended the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island and later returned there to teach. He later served as deputy director of the Marine Corps War College at Quantico.
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Libyan civil war
The Libyan civil war (also referred to as the Libyan revolution), was an armed conflict in the North African state of Libya, fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government. The war was preceded by protests in Benghazi beginning on Tuesday, 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces that fired on the crowd. The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the National Transitional Council.
The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle and restricting their travel, and referred the matter to the International Criminal Court for investigation. In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before attacking Benghazi. A further U.N. resolution authorised member states to establish and enforce a no-fly zone over Libya, and to use "all necessary measures" to prevent attacks on civilians. The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it, though it then accused rebels of violating the ceasefire when they continued to fight as well. Throughout the conflict, rebels rejected government offers of a ceasefire and efforts by the African Union to end the fighting because the plans set forth did not include the removal of Gaddafi.
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Liu Xiaobo
Liu Xiaobo (born 28 December 1955) is a Chinese literary critic, writer, professor, and human rights activist who called for political reforms and the end of communist single-party rule in China. He is currently incarcerated as a political prisoner in China.
Liu has served from 2003 to 2007 as President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center, an organization funded by the National Endowment for Democracy, which in turn is almost entirely funded by the US Congress. He was also the President of NED-funded MinZhuZhongGuo (Democratic China) magazine since the mid-1990s. On 8 December 2008, Liu was detained because of his participation with the Charter 08 manifesto. He was formally arrested on 23 June 2009 on suspicion of "inciting subversion of state power." He was tried on the same charges on 23 December 2009, and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on 25 December 2009.
During his fourth prison term, he was awarded the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China." He is the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China. Liu is the third person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while in prison or detention, after Germany's Carl von Ossietzky (1935) and Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi (1991). Liu is also the second person (the first being Ossietzky) to be denied the right to have a representative collect the Nobel prize for him.
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Mahmoud Jibril
Mahmoud Jibril el-Warfally (Arabic: محمود جبريل الورفلي), also transcribed Jabril or Jebril or Gebril, (born 28 May 1952) is a Libyan politician who served as the interim Prime Minister of Libya for seven and a half months during the Libyan civil war, chairing the executive board of the National Transitional Council from 5 March to 23 October 2011. He also served as the Head of International Affairs.
Toward the end of the conflict, Jibril was increasingly referred to by foreign governments and in media as the interim prime minister of Libya rather than as the chairman of the executive board, the title used to describe him on the NTC's website, but it was unclear whether this was an official title or simply referred to his position as the provisional council's head of government. Jibril's government was recognized as the "sole legitimate representative" of Libya by the majority of UN states including France, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Iran and Qatar.
Jibril graduated in Economics and Political Science from Cairo University in 1975, then earned a master's degree in political science in 1980 and a doctorate in political science in 1985, both from the University of Pittsburgh. He taught strategic planning at Pittsburgh for several years.
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Manal al-Sharif
Manal al-Sharif is a women's rights activist from Saudi Arabia who helped start a women's right to drive campaign in 2011. A women's rights activist who had previously filmed herself driving, Wajeha al-Huwaider, filmed al-Sharif driving a car as part of the campaign. The video was posted on YouTube and Facebook. Al-Sharif was detained and released on 21 May and rearrested the following day. On 30 May, al-Sharif was released on bail, on the conditions of returning for questioning if requested, not driving and not talking to the media.The New York Times and Associated Press associated the women's driving campaign with the wider pattern of Arab world protests and the long duration of al-Sharif's detention with Saudi authorities' fear of protests.
Manal al-Sharif graduated from King Abdulaziz University with a Bachelor of Science in computing and a Cisco Career Certification. Until May 2012, she worked as an Internet Security Consultant for Saudi Aramco, the Saudi national oil company.
Al-Sharif has said that she sympathized with Islamic radicals as a girl, but her views shifted when she connected to the Internet in 2000, and when she saw television footage of the September 11 attacks: "When al-Qaida took responsibility for the attacks, I realized my heroes were nothing but bloody terrorists."
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Marouf al-Bakhit
Dr. Marouf Suleiman al-Bakhit (Arabic: معروف البخيت, born 1947) is a Jordanian politician and two-time Prime Minister. He first served as Prime Minister from 27 November 2005 until 25 November 2007 and then again from 9 February 2011 to 17 October 2011. Bakhit also held the position of Jordanian ambassador to Israel and the national security chief. Appointed as Prime Minister by King Abdullah II less than three weeks after the 2005 Amman bombings, Bakhit's main priorities were to maintain security and stability in Jordan. He was reappointed as Prime Minister by the King on 1 February 2011, following weeks of protests.
He resigned from his post on 17 October 2011, and was succeeded by Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh on 24 October.
Bakhit graduated with a Bachelor's degree in General Management and Political Science from University of Jordan. He also earned a Master's degree in Management from the University of Southern California, and a PhD in War Studies from King's College London in 1990.
Marouf al-Bakhit comes from Jordan's Al-Abbadi Tribe. He joined the Jordanian Armed Forces in 1964, and graduated from the Royal Military College in 1966 as Second Lieutenant. He retired from the Armed Forces in 1999 as Major General.
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Mohab Mamish
Vice Admiral Mohab Mamish (Arabic: مهاب مميش) (born 1948) is the Commander in Chief of the Egyptian Navy.
Mohab Mamish was born on August 6th, 1948. He graduated from the Egyptian Naval Academy in 1971. He received a fellowship from the Nasser Military Academy. He has received additional military training in the United Kingdom (1980), the United States of America (1983, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2004), the United Arab Emirates (1987-1989), China (1992), Greece (1999), and France (2002).
He has received many medals, including the medal of long and Meritorious Service, of Longevity, of Duty, of the 6th of October, of the Egyptian Navy, of the 20th Anniversary of the July Revolution, of the 25th of April, of October Warriors, of Superior Service, 23rd of July 50th Anniversary, and the Silver Jubilee of Saini Liberation.
He is married, with two daughters.
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Mohamed Bouazizi
Mohamed Bouazizi (29 March 1984 – 4 January 2011; Arabic: محمد البوعزيزي) was a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on 17 December 2010, in protest of the confiscation of his wares and the harassment and humiliation that he reported was inflicted on him by a municipal official and her aides. His act became a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring, inciting demonstrations and riots throughout Tunisia in protest of social and political issues in the country. The public's anger and violence intensified following Bouazizi's death, leading then-President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to step down on 14 January 2011, after 23 years in power.
The success of the Tunisian protests inspired protests in several other Arab countries, plus several non-Arab countries. The protests included several men who emulated Bouazizi's act of self-immolation, in an attempt to bring an end to their own autocratic governments. Those men and Bouazizi were hailed by some Arab commentators as "heroic martyrs of a new Middle Eastern revolution."
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Mohammed Nabbous
Mohamed "Mo" Nabbous (محمد نبوس ; 27 February 1983 – 19 March 2011) was a Libyan information technologist, blogger, businessperson and civilian journalist who created and founded Libya Al Hurra TV.
In the wake of the 2011 Libyan civil war, Nabbous founded Libya Alhurra TV, the first independent broadcast news organization since Gaddafi took power in Libya. Libya AlHurra TV was established in Benghazi, Libya on 19 February 2011 and started broadcasting online when Nabbous established a two-way satellite connection in the wake of a complete Internet blackout imposed by the Gaddafi regime subsequent to the 17 February protests.
Nabbous was shot by a Pro-Gaddafi sniper and killed on 19 March 2011 while reporting on attempts by government forces to fight revolutionaries and attack civilians in Benghazi. In the hours following the death of Nabbous, UN Coalition planes entered Libyan airspace to enforce a No-Fly Zone approved by the UN Security Council along with a Resolution authorizing "all necessary measures" to protect civilians against Gaddafi forces. In the last weeks of his life, Nabbous focused on bringing international attention to the humanitarian crisis unfolding in Libya. His death was widely reported by CNN and various media outlets. Prior to the establishment of Libya Al Hurra TV, Nabbous operated a number of businesses in Benghazi City.
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Mona Seif
Mona Seif (Arabic: منى سيف, IPA: [ˈmonæ ˈseːf]) is a female Egyptian activist, known for her use of social media, her role in the 2011 Egyptian revolution, and her continued push against military trials for civilian protesters.
Seif grew up in a family of activists, and activism was a constant topic of discussion in Mona's childhood. Her father, Ahmad Seif, is a human rights attorney who was imprisoned five years. During his detention, he was tortured. Her mother, Laila Soueif, is also an activist and a mathematics professor. She helped organize demonstrations against the Mubarak regime over the decades before his downfall. Her mother is "known on the streets as brash and courageous, and has on numerous occasions faced down baton-wielding policemen with nothing but her scolding, scathing, booming voice and steely eyes". Mona's brother Alaa co-created the Egyptian blog aggregator Manalaa and in 2005 began to document abuses by the Mubarak regime. Alaa was arrested at a demonstration in 2006 and imprisoned for 45 days, during which Mona and jis wife Manal helped organize an online campaign to free him. Mona's younger sister, Sanaa, is also involved in organizing protests.
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Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي) (June 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Muammar Gaddafi /ˈmoʊ.əmɑr ɡəˈdɑːfi/ (Arabic: مُعَمَّر القَذَّافِي Muʿammar al-Qaḏḏāfī audio (help·info)) or Colonel Gaddafi, was the official ruler of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the "Brother Leader" of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Gaddafi seized power in a bloodless military coup in 1969 and served as the country's head of state until 1977, when he stepped down from his official executive role as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya, and claimed subsequently to be merely a symbolic figurehead. He styled himself as "Leader of the Revolution"; in 2008 a meeting of traditional African rulers bestowed on him the title "King of Kings". A leading advocate for a United States of Africa, he served as Chairperson of the African Union (AU) from 2 February 2009 to 31 January 2010.
Gaddafi replaced the Libyan Constitution of 1951 with laws based on the political ideology he had formulated, which he called the Third International Theory and published in The Green Book. After establishing the Jamahiriya (جماهيرية, "state of the masses") system in 1977, he officially stepped down from power and after that time held a largely symbolic role within the country's official governance structure. Rising oil prices and extraction in Libya led to increasing revenues. By exporting as much oil per capita as Saudi Arabia and through various welfare programs, Libya achieved the highest living standards in Africa; Libya remained debt-free.
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Mustafa Abdul Jalil
Mustafa Abdul Jalil or Abdul-Jalil (Arabic: مصطفى عبد الجليل, also transcribed Abdul-Jelil, Abd-al-Jalil,Abdel-Jalil, Abdeljalil or Abdu Al Jeleil) (born 1952) is the Chairman of the National Transitional Council of Libya, and as such serves as head of state in Libya's caretaker government which was formed as a result of the 2011 Libyan civil war. He is also a spokesman for the city of Bayda.
From 2007 to 2011, Abdul Jalil was Minister of Justice (officially, the Secretary of the General People's Committee of Justice) under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. He has been noted in some news media for his stance against various human rights violations in Libya, although others express a different view and accuse him, for example, of intransigence during the appeal by the Bulgarian nurses (that sentence was later converted to life imprisonment and the nurses were eventually released). During the civil war, Abdul Jalil was identified as the Chairman of the National Transitional Council based in Benghazi, although this position was contested by others in the uprising due to his past direct participation in Gaddafi's government as Minister of Justice for four years until 2011.}
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Naguib Mahfouz
Naguib Mahfouz (Arabic: نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ, IPA: [næˈɡiːb mɑħˈfuːzˤ]; 11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism. He published over 50 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films.
Born to a lower middle-class Muslim family in the Gamaleyya quarter of Cairo, Mahfouz was named after Professor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz (1882–1974), the renowned Coptic physician who delivered him. Mahfouz was the seventh and the youngest child in a family that had five boys and two girls. The family lived in two popular districts of the town, in el-Gamaleyya, from where they moved in 1924 to el-Abbaseyya, then a new Cairo suburb; both provided the backdrop for many of Mahfouz's writings. His father, whom Mahfouz described as having been "old-fashioned", was a civil servant, and Mahfouz eventually followed in his footsteps. In his childhood Mahfouz read extensively. His mother often took him to museums and Egyptian history later became a major theme in many of his books.
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Nawara Negm
Nawara Negm (نوارة نجم, IPA: [nɑwˈwɑːɾˤɑ ˈneɡm]) (born in Cairo in 1973) is an Egyptian journalist, blogger and human rights activist based in Cairo, Egypt. Daughter of the leftist poet Ahmed Fouad Negm and Islamist thinker and journalist Safinaz Kazem, she obtained her BA in English Language from the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University and has since worked for the Egyptian Nile Television Network (NTN) as a translator and news editor.
In 2009 she published her first book, Esh A'rrih ('A Nest on the Wind'; Egyptian Arabic: عش عالريح, IPA: [ʕeʃ.ʃe ʕæɾˈɾiːħ, ʕælˈ-]), a collection of articles, and in the same year she co-authored a book written exclusively by women writers under the title of Ana Ontha (I'm Female; Arabic: أنا أنثى).
Since her first year in university, from 1992 to 1993, Negm apprenticed as a journalist for Al-Sahabab, a monthly magazine issued by Al-Ahram Publishing House, then she moved to the English-language Al-Ahram Weekly, issued also by Al-Ahram. She worked as an apprentice for Nesf Al-Donia, a weekly women's magazine also printed by Al-Ahram. Sanaa Al-Bissy, the then editor-in-chief of the magazine decided to hire her but Ibrahim Nafie, ex-CEO of Al-Ahram, refused, saying that "she will be tenured when she ceases to be the daughter of Safinaz Kazem and Ahmed Fouad Negm".
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Omar Suleiman
Omar Suleiman (Arabic: عمر سليمان, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈʕomɑɾˤ seleˈmæːn]; born 2 July 1936) is a former Egyptian army general, politician, diplomat, and intelligence officer. A leading figure in Egypt's intelligence system beginning in 1986, Suleiman was appointed to the long-vacant Vice Presidency by then-President Hosni Mubarak on 29 January 2011. On 11 February 2011, Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and ceased being Vice President; governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council, of which Suleiman is not a member. A new head of intelligence services was appointed by the ruling Supreme Council. Suleiman withdrew from the political scene and did not appear in public after announcing Mubarak's resignation.
Millions of Egyptian citizens involved in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 opposed Suleiman or Mubarak remaining in power without elections taking place. Human rights groups tied Suleiman’s career to a regime marked by widespread human rights abuses, and asserted that many Egyptians "see Suleiman as Mubarak II." Torture victims and human rights groups charged that Suleiman oversaw the systematic use of torture on detainees and that in at least one instance he personally tortured a detainee during his career in intelligence. In response to the 2011 protests, Suleiman blamed foreign influence and appealed to protestors to go home.
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Richard R. Schrock
Richard Royce Schrock (born 4 January 1945) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his contributions to the metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry.
Born in Berne, Indiana, Schrock went to Mission Bay High School in San Diego, California. He holds a B.A. (1967) from the University of California, Riverside and a Ph. D. (1971) from Harvard University. At Harvard he studied under J.A. Osborn. In 1971-72, he carried out postdoctoral studies at the University of Cambridge with Lord Jack Lewis. In 1972, he was hired by DuPont, where he worked at the Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware in the group of George Parshall. He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 and became full professor in 1980.
He has held his current post, the Frederick G. Keyes Professor of Chemistry, at MIT since 1989. Schrock is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and was elected to the Board of Overseers of Harvard University in 2007.
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Robert Aumann
Robert John Aumann (Hebrew name: ישראל אומן - Yisrael Aumann, born June 8, 1930) is an Israeli-American mathematician and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. He is a professor at the Center for the Study of Rationality in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. He also holds a visiting position at Stony Brook University and is one of the founding members of the Center for Game Theory in Economics at Stony Brook.
Aumann received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2005 for his work on conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis. He shared the prize with Thomas Schelling.
Aumann was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and fled to the United States with his family in 1938, two weeks before the Kristallnacht pogrom. He attended the Rabbi Jacob Joseph School, a yeshiva high school in New York City. He graduated from the City College of New York in 1950 with a B.Sc. in Mathematics. He received his M.Sc. in 1952, and his Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1955, both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His doctoral dissertation, Asphericity of Alternating Linkages, concerned knot theory. His advisor was George Whitehead, Jr.
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Robert H. Grubbs
Robert (Bob) Howard Grubbs (b. 27 February 1942 near Possum Trot, Kentucky) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate.
As he noted in his official Nobel Prize autobiography, "In some places, my birthplace is listed as Calvert City and in others Possum Trot [NB: both in Marshall County]. I was actually born between the two, so either one really is correct." He spent his early childhood in Marshall County and attended public school at McKinley Elementary, Franklin Junior High and Paducah Tilghman High School in Paducah, Kentucky. Grubbs studied chemistry at the University of Florida (B.S. and M.S.), where he worked with Merle Battiste, and Columbia University, where he obtained his Ph.D. under Ronald Breslow in 1968.
He next spent a year with James Collman at Stanford University. He was then appointed to the faculty of Michigan State University. In 1978 he moved to California Institute of Technology where he is presently Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry.
His main interests in organometallic chemistry and synthetic chemistry are catalysts, notably Grubbs' catalyst for olefin metathesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization with cyclic olefins such as norbornene. He also contributed to the development of so-called "living polymerization".
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Robin Warren
John Robin Warren AC (born 11 June 1937 in Adelaide) is an Australian pathologist, Nobel Laureate and researcher who is credited with the 1979 re-discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, together with Barry Marshall.
He received his MBBS degree from the University of Adelaide, having completed his high school education at St Peter's College, Adelaide. In 1967 he was admitted into the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and became a senior pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital where he spent the majority of his career. At the University of Western Australia with his colleague Barry J. Marshall, Warren proved that the bacterium is the cause of stomach ulcers. Warren helped develop a convenient diagnostic test (14C-urea breath-test) for detecting H. pylori in ulcer patients. In 2005, Warren and Marshall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
He married Winifred Theresa Warren (née Williams) and together they had six children. Winifred Warren went on to become an accomplished psychiatrist.
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Roger Cohen
Roger Cohen (born August 2, 1955) is a British-born journalist and author. He is a columnist for The New York Times and International Herald Tribune. He has worked as a foreign correspondent in fifteen different countries.
Roger Cohen was born in London to a Jewish family. His father, Sydney Cohen, a doctor, emigrated from South Africa to England in the 1950s. In the late 1960s, Roger studied at Westminster School, one of Britain's top private schools. He won a scholarship and would have entered College, the scholar's house, but was told a Jew could not attend College or hold his particular scholarship. Instead, he received a different scholarship.
In 1973, Cohen and his friends traveled throughout the Middle East, including Iran and Afghanistan. He drove a Volkswagen Kombi named 'Pigpen' after the late keyboard playing frontman of the Grateful Dead. He attended Balliol College, Oxford University. Cohen graduated with M.A. degrees in History and in French in 1977. He then left that year for Paris to teach English and to write for Paris Metro. He started working for Reuters and the agency transferred him to Brussels.
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Roy J. Glauber
Roy Jay Glauber (born September 1, 1925) is an American theoretical physicist. He is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics at Harvard University and Adjunct Professor of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. Born in New York City, he was awarded one half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", with the other half shared by John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch.
In this work, published in 1963, he created a model for photodetection and explained the fundamental characteristics of different types of light, such as laser light (see coherent state) and light from light bulbs (see blackbody). His theories are widely used in the field of quantum optics.
Glauber was born in 1925 in New York City, a member of the 1941 graduating class of the Bronx High School of Science, and went on to do his undergraduate work at Harvard University. After his sophomore year he was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where (at the age of 18) he was one of the youngest scientists at Los Alamos. His work involved calculating the critical mass for the atom bomb. After two years at Los Alamos, he returned to Harvard, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1946 and his PhD in 1949.
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Sadiq al-Ahmar
Sheikh Sadiq bin Abdullah bin Hussein bin Nasser al-Ahmar (born 6 October 1956 in al-Khamri, 'Amran Governorate, Yemen) is a Yemeni politician and the leader of the Hashid tribal federation and the Al-Islah tribal confederacy. He succeeded his father Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar in these positions after Abdullah's death in 2007. He is best known for his role in the 2011 Yemeni uprising, in which fighters under his command attacked and seized government facilities in the Battle of Sana'a.
Sadiq al-Ahmar was born on 6 October 1956 in the village of al-Khamri, located in the 'Amran Governorate of Yemen. His family moved to Sana'a after the establishment of North Yemen. He studied at the undergraduate level in Egypt until his father's relationship with the Egyptian government deteriorated, forcing Sadiq to move back to Yemen to complete his studies. Sadiq continued his studies in the United States beginning in 1982 after graduating in Yemen. He returned to Yemen shortly after earning his small aircraft pilot's licence in 1987.
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Safwat El-Sherif
Mohamed Safwat El-Sherif (Arabic: محمد صفوت الشريف) is a former Egyptian politician and the former speaker of the Egyptian Shura Council.. His last position was the Secretary-General of the NDP until 5 February 2011, when he resigned along with other senior party members as a reaction to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. He was followed by Hossam Badrawi in an apparent effort to recast the party in a reformist light. Sharif holds a B.A. degree in Military Science as well as other degrees and studies. He served in the government as Minister of Information.
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Sameh Naguib
Sameh Naguib (Arabic: سامح نجيب, IPA: [ˈsæːmeħ næˈɡiːb]) is an Egyptian sociologist at the American University in Cairo, a socialist activist and a leading member of the Trotskyist organization the Revolutionary Socialists. In 2006 he described Hezbollah's defeat of the Israeli Defense Force in the Lebanon War as "a very important victory for the anti-war movement worldwide", claiming it prevented or delayed US and Israeli plans to attack Iran and Syria. Naguib has also criticized others on the far-left of not differentiating between Islamic organizations such as al-Qaeda - whom he labels a network of "individual terrorists", Hamas and Hezbollah - "national liberation movements", and the Muslim Brotherhood - "reformist mass movements". In 2007, Naguib was a speaker at the fifth Cairo Anti-war Conference, which he used as a platform to condemn former President Hosni Mubarak and pointed to Egypt's striking workers as a way forward for the movement:
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Sami Hafez Anan
General Sami Hafez Anan or Enan (Arabic: سامى حافظ عنان, IPA: [ˈsæːmi ˈħɑːfezˤ ʕæˈnæːn, -ʕeˈnæːn]; born 1948) is the Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces. From 1990 to 1992 he was the Egyptian Defence Attaché to Morocco. More recently he served as the Commander of the Egyptian Air Defence Forces from 2001 to 2005. He serves as Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.
When the 2011 Egyptian Revolution began in January 2011, Anan was in Washington "for a week of meetings with senior American officers". Cutting his visit short, he returned to Egypt on 28 January. As the commander of an army of 468,000 troops, he was considered likely to play a crucial role in the political uncertainty surrounding the protests. On 1 February 2011, the UK's Channel 4 News reported that the United States was pressing for Anan to play a role in coordinating interim arrangements for government in Egypt after Hosni Mubarak.
As the protests built momentum into their second week, there was considerable speculation whether Enan, on one hand, was "'too close to Mubarak to stay,' [per ...] Gawdat Bahgat, a professor at National Defense University in Washington who has worked extensively with Egyptian officers attending the school," or, on the other, "a trusted partner. Retired Army Lt. Gen. R. Steven Whitcomb, who oversaw joint exercises with the Egyptian military while stationed in the Middle East, invited Enan and his wife to his home at Fort McPherson in Atlanta for a private dinner in 2007. According to Whitcomb, Enan complained about the effect that budget cuts were having on the military as the Mubarak administration dealt with political and economic problems."
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Samir Rifai
Samir Zaid al-Rifai (Arabic: سمير زيد الرفاعي) (born July 1, 1966) is a Jordanian politician of Palestinian descent, who was Prime Minister of Jordan from 14 December 2009 to 1 February 2011. He was replaced by Marouf al-Bakhit by the king Abdullah II, following weeks of protests in the country. He is the son of former Prime Minister Zaid al-Rifai and grandson of Samir al-Rifai.
Rifai was born in to a prominent Palestinian family hailing from Safed in Northern Palestine. He took admission in Harvard University in 1984 and received his bachelor's degree in Middle East Studies in 1988, Samir Rifai began his career working in the Royal Court in 1988, He obtained his master's degree in International Relations from Cambridge University in 1989. In 1999 he was appointed Secretary General of the Royal Hashemite Court where he oversaw the implementation of an integrated program for restructuring the administrative and financial affairs office, also took over the Information Office and the Public Relations Department of King Abdullah II. In 2003, he was appointed Minister of the Hashemite Royal Court to represent the fundamental link between the King and the Government. In April 2005, Rifai was appointed adviser to the King, and continued in that position until the end of 2005.
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Shaul Mofaz
Lt. General (Res.) Shaul Mofaz (born Shahram Mofazzakar) (Hebrew: שאול מופז, born 4 November 1948) is an Israeli politician who serves as the Deputy Prime Minister and a Minister without portfolio.
He joined the Israel Defense Forces in 1966 and served in the Paratroopers Brigade. He fought in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, 1982 Lebanon War, and Operation Entebbe with the paratroopers and Sayeret Matkal, an elite special forces unit.
Mofaz became the 16th IDF's Chief of the General Staff, and served as Israel's Minister of Defense, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Transportation and Road Safety. He is the current Chairman of the Kadima Party, which is the largest party by seats in the current Knesset.
His birth name is Shahram Mofazzakar. He was born in Tehran (although his parents came from Isfahan), Mofaz immigrated to Israel with his parents in 1957. Upon graduating from high school he joined the Israel Defense Forces in 1966 and served in the Paratroopers Brigade. He participated in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, 1982 Lebanon War, and Operation Entebbe with the paratroopers and Sayeret Matkal, an elite special forces unit.
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Shimon Peres
Shimon Peres (help·info) GCMG (Hebrew: שמעון פרס, born Szymon Perski; 2 August 1923) is the ninth and current President of the State of Israel. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel and once as Interim Prime Minister, and has been a member of 12 cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to the Knesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President.
He held several diplomatic and military positions during and directly after Israel's War of Independence. His first high-level government position was as Deputy Director-General of Defense in 1952, and Director-General in 1953 through 1959. During his career, he has represented five political parties in the Knesset: Mapai, Rafi, the Alignment, Labor and Kadima, and has led Alignment and Labour. Peres won the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize together with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat for the peace talks that he participated in as Israeli Foreign Minister, producing the Oslo Accords.
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Shirin Ebadi
Shirin Ebadi (Persian: شيرين عبادى Širin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist and founder of Defenders of Human Rights Center in Iran. On 10 October 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights. She was the first ever Iranian, and the first Muslim woman to receive the prize.
In 2009, Ebadi's award was allegedly confiscated by Iranian authorities, though this was later denied by the Iranian government. If true, she would be the first person in the history of the Nobel Prize whose award has been forcibly seized by state authorities.
Ebadi lives in Tehran, but she has been in exile in the UK since June 2009 due to the increase in persecution of Iranian citizens who are critical of the current regime. In 2004, she was listed by Forbes magazine as one of the "100 most powerful women in the world". She is also included in a published list of the "100 most influential women of all time."
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Tarek El-Bishry
Tarek El-Bishry (Arabic: طارق عبد الفتاح سليم البشرى, IPA: [ˈtˤɑːɾˤeʔ ʕæbdelfætˈtæːħ seˈliːm elˈbeʃɾi]; born November 1, 1933) is an Egyptian thinker and Judge, considered one of Egypt's top legal minds. On February 15, 2011 El-Bishry was appointed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to head the committee set up to propose constitutional changes in the aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011.
He was born in Cairo. His grandfather, Salim al-Bishri, was shaykh of al-Azhar from 1900–1904 and 1909-1916. His father, 'Abd al-Fattah al-Bishri, was president of the Egyptian Court of Appeal until his death in 1951. His uncle, 'Abd al-'Aziz, was a celebrated writer. He has two sons, 'Imad and Ziyad.
Tariq al-Bishri graduated from the Faculty of Law at Cairo University in 1953. Upon graduation, he was appointed after the Council of State, where he worked until his retirement in 1998. At the time of his retirement, he held the offices of first deputy (Al-na'ib al-awwal) to the Council of State and Chairman of its General Assembly for Legislation and Consultation (Al-jama'iya al-'umumiya lil-fatawa wal-tashri').
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Tawakel Karman
-- | name = Tawakkul Karman | image = Tawakkol Karman.jpg | native_name = توكل كرمان | native_name_lang = Arabic | image_size = | alt = Tawakul Karman | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = (1979-02-07) 7 February 1979 (age 33) | birth_place = Taiz, Yemen | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | nationality = Yemeni | party = Al-Islah | movement = Jasmine Revolution | influences = Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr, Nelson Mandela | religion = Sunni Islam | spouse = Mohammed al-Nahmi | children = Three | parents = Abdel Salam Karman | occupation = Journalist, politician and human rights activist | awards = 2011 Nobel Peace Prize }}
Tawakul Karman (Arabic: توكل كرمان Tawak[k]ul Karmān) (Anglicised: Tawakul,Tawakkol,Tawakkul or Tawakel Abdel-Salam Karman) (born 7 February 1979) became the international public face of the 2011 Yemeni uprising that is part of the Arab Spring uprisings. She has been called by Yemenis the "Iron Woman" and "Mother of the Revolution." She is a co-recipient of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first Yemeni, the first Arab woman, and the second Muslim woman to win a Nobel Prize and the youngest Nobel Peace Laureate to date.
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Theodor W. Hänsch
Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch (b. 30 October 1941 in Heidelberg, Germany) is a German physicist. He received one fourth of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique", sharing the prize with John L. Hall and Roy J. Glauber.
Hänsch is Director of the Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (quantum optics) and Professor of experimental physics and laser spectroscopy at the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
Hänsch gained his Diplom and doctoral degree from Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg in 1960s. Subsequently, he became a professor at Stanford University, California from 1975 to 1986. He was awarded the Comstock Prize in Physics from the National Academy of Sciences in 1983. In 1986, he received the Albert A. Michelson Medal from the Franklin Institute. In the same year Hänsch returned to Germany to head the Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik. In 1989, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research. In 2005, he also received the Otto Hahn Award of the City of Frankfurt am Main, the Society of German Chemists and the German Physical Society. In that same year, the Optical Society of America awarded him the Frederic Ives Medal and the status of honorary member in 2008.
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Thomas Schelling
Thomas Crombie Schelling (born 14 April 1921) is an American economist and professor of foreign affairs, national security, nuclear strategy, and arms control at the School of Public Policy at University of Maryland, College Park. He is also co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with Robert Aumann) for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis."
Schelling was born to John M. Schelling and Zelda M. Ayres in Oakland, California. Schelling graduated from San Diego High. He received his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1944. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1951.
He served with the Marshall Plan in Europe, the White House, and the Executive Office of the President from 1948 to 1953.[non-primary source needed] He wrote most of his dissertation on national income behavior working at night while in Europe. He left government to join the economics faculty at Yale University, and in 1958 he was appointed Professor of Economics at Harvard. In 1969 he joined the Kennedy School at Harvard University.[non-primary source needed]
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Tsinghua University
Coordinates: 40°00′00″N 116°19′36″E / 40°N 116.32667°E / 40; 116.32667
Tsinghua University (Tsinghua, colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911 under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang" or "Tsinghua College" and was renamed the "Tsinghua School" one year later. The university section was founded in 1925 and the name "National Tsinghua University" was adopted in 1928. With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development. Tsinghua is almost always ranked as the first or second best university in mainland China in many national and international rankings. According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2011–2012, Tsinghua ranked 71 worldwide among universities.
Since American Secretary of State John Hay suggested that the US $30 million plus Boxer indemnity paid to the United States was excessive, in 1909, President Roosevelt then obtained congressional approval to reduce the Qing Dynasty indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the said fund was to be used as scholarship for Chinese students to study in the United States. Using this fund, the Tsinghua College Chinese: 清華學堂(Qīnghuá Xuétáng) was established in Beijing, China, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden belonging to a prince. It was first a preparatory school for students later sent by the government to study in the United States. The faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. In 1925, the school established its College Department and started its research institute on Chinese Study.
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Wael Abbas
Wael Abbas (Arabic: وائل عباس, IPA: [ˈwæːʔel ʕæbˈbæːs]) (born on November 14, 1974 in Egypt) is an internationally renowned Egyptian journalist, blogger, and human rights activist, who blogs at Misr Digital (Egyptian Awareness). He reported an incident of mob harassment of women, and broadcast several videos of police brutality. His actions led to the conviction of police for torture, but he has been harassed by the Egyptian government, and his accounts with YouTube and Yahoo were closed. YouTube has since restored his account and most of his videos. Facebook had deleted Wael's account but it has since been restored.
In September 2007, his YouTube account was shut down. All the videos he had sent to YouTube were no longer available. They included videos of police brutality, voting irregularities and anti-government protests. About 12 or 13 were of violence in police stations. He was shocked by YouTube's decision.
Yahoo had shut down two of his email accounts, accusing him of being a spammer.
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Wael Ghonim
Wael Ghonim (Arabic: وائل غنيم, IPA: [ˈwæːʔel ɣoˈneːm]; other transliterations include: Ghoneim, Ghonaim) (born 23 December 1980 in Cairo, Egypt) is an Internet activist and computer engineer with an interest in social entrepreneurship.
In 2011, he became an international figure and energized pro-democracy demonstrations in Egypt after his emotional interview following 11 days of secret incarceration by Egyptian police—during which he was interrogated regarding his work as the administrator of the Facebook page, "We are all Khaled Saeed", which helped spark the revolution. The TIME magazine added him in its "Time 100" list of 100 most influential people of 2011.
Wael Ghonim was born to a middle-class family on 23 December 1980 in Cairo, Egypt and grew up in Abha, Saudi Arabia until he was 13 years old, then he moved back to live in Cairo. In January 2010, Wael was promoted to Head of Marketing at Google in the Middle East & North Africa and moved to Dubai, the United Arab Emirates.
He earned a BS in computer engineering from Cairo University in 2004 and an MBA, with honors, in marketing and finance from the American University in Cairo in 2007.[citation needed]
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Wangari Maathai
Wangari Muta Maathai (1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a Kenyan environmental and political activist. She was educated in the United States at Mount St. Scholastica and the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the University of Nairobi in Kenya. In the 1970s, Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organization focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights. In 1986, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award, and in 2004, she became the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for "her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace." Maathai was an elected member of Parliament and served as assistant minister for Environment and Natural Resources in the government of President Mwai Kibaki between January 2003 and November 2005. Furthermore she was an Honorary Councillor of the World Future Council. In 2011, Maathai died of complications from ovarian cancer.
On 1 April 1940, Maathai was born in the village of Ihithe, Nyeri District, in the central highlands of the colony of Kenya. Her family was Kikuyu, the most populous ethnic group in Kenya, and had lived in the area for several generations. Around 1943, Maathai's family relocated to a white-owned farm in the Rift Valley, near the town of Nakuru, where her father had found work. Late in 1947, she returned to Ihithe with her mother, as two of her brothers were attending primary school in the village, and there was no schooling available on the farm where her father worked. Her father remained at the farm. Shortly afterward, at the age of eight, she joined her brothers at Ihithe Primary School.
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Yukiya Amano
Yukiya Amano (天野 之弥, Amano Yukiya?, born 9 May 1947) is the current Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), having been elected to the position in July 2009. Amano previously served as a Japanese diplomat and international civil servant for the United Nations and its subdivisions.
Amano was born in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, in 1947. He started his studies at the University of Tokyo in 1968. After graduating from the Faculty of Law, he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in April 1972. He specialized in the international disarmament issue and nuclear nonproliferation efforts. In 1973–1974, he studied at the University of Franche-Comté and in 1974–1975, at the University of Nice, France.
Amano held different posts in the foreign ministry such as the Director of the Science Division and Director of the Nuclear Energy Division in 1993. As a member of the Diplomatic service, he was posted in the Embassies of Japan in Vientiane, Washington and Brussels, in the Delegation of Japan to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and was Consul General of Japan in Marseille.
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Yves Chauvin
Yves Chauvin (born October 10, 1930) is a French chemist and Nobel Prize laureate. He is honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole and a member of the French Academy of Science. Chauvin received his degree from the Lyon School of Chemistry, Physics and Electronics in 1954.
He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for his work from the early 1970s in the area of olefin metathesis. Chauvin was embarrassed to receive his award and initially indicated that he may not accept it. He did however receive his award from the King of Sweden and deliver his Nobel lecture.
Metathesis involves organic (carbon-based) compounds. Nearly all organic molecules consist of chains, rings, or more complex frameworks of carbon atoms to which atoms of other elements can be attached. Single, double, or triple chemical bonds connect the atoms in these molecules. Double bonds are much stronger than single bonds, making it difficult for chemists to break double bonds to form new compounds. In metathesis, chemists break double bonds more easily by introducing a catalyst—that is, a substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction. Chemists began performing metathesis in the 1950s without knowing exactly how the reaction worked. This lack of understanding hindered the search for more efficient catalysts.
wn.com/Yves_Chauvin -
Zakaria Azmi
Zakaria Azmi is the former chief of presidential staff in Egypt.
Zakaria Azmi was the National Democratic Party's (NDP) deputy for el-Zeitoun district in eastern Cairo and chief of the presidential staff. He had joined the NDP following its establishment in 1978, was elected to the People's Assembly in 1987 and appointed chief of the presidential staff in 1989. Azmi was one of the army officers who supported late Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat in his conflict with Nasserist rivals in 1971. This earned him the post of manager of the office of the presidential chief of staff in 1975.
He became more involved in politics when he was elected in 1979 as deputy chairman of the Cairo Municipal Council. His overtly critical approach in People's Assembly debates led many observers to dub him "the representative of the NDP opposition wing in parliament". Azmi spoke against the terms of US economic grants to Egypt, corruption in city councils and pollution in Cairo. For example, in May 1997, Azmi was involved in a confrontation with Mohamed Abul-Enein, a businessman appointed by President Mubarak to parliament. The showdown was described by newspapers as "a confrontation between money and power". Newspapers also said that Azmi had "become a parliamentary phenomenon". Azmi was promoted to the NDP's secretariat-general in 1993.
wn.com/Zakaria_Azmi
Famous quotes by Mohamed ElBaradei:
"I'm not sure it is very far-fetched,"
"We now have the right to have immediate, unfettered access to any site in Iraq and we have the right to interview people, both inside and outside Iraq."
"I hope everybody will go back to the negotiating table. I've always said this is the only way forward."
"I hope we will find some way to go out from this situation."
"regrettably going through a period of confrontation and political brinkmanship."
"What we have seen coming today from North Korea gives me a lot of encouragement that issues as complex (as Iran) can in fact be resolved if good faith on both sides exist."
"What we have seen today coming from Korea gives me a lot of encouragement that issues as complex as they could be can in fact be resolved if good faith on all sides exists,"
"The earlier we go back the better,"
"The earlier we go back, the better,"
"poverty, mental health problems and 'lifestyle' diseases have come to pose a far greater threat to affected communities than radiation exposure."
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Frost Over the World - Mohamed ElBaradei
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:30
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
A week after the resignation of Hosni Mubarak, Sir David is joined by Nobel Laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, the man many are touting to be the next president of Egypt. Plus, Jeffrey Ghannam on the role of social media in the protests that are sweeping the Middle East.
http://wn.com/Frost_Over_the_World_Mohamed_ElBaradei
A week after the resignation of Hosni Mubarak, Sir David is joined by Nobel Laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, the man many are touting to be the next president of Egypt. Plus, Jeffrey Ghannam on the role of social media in the protests that are sweeping the Middle East.
Mohamed ElBaradei On Iraq - Did he justify the war?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Mohamed ElBaradei speech to the Security Council March 7th, 2003 (13 days before the US invasion of Iraq) concluding the IAEA findings of Iraq nuclear activities. For the full speech: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei_On_Iraq_Did_he_justify_the_war?
Mohamed ElBaradei speech to the Security Council March 7th, 2003 (13 days before the US invasion of Iraq) concluding the IAEA findings of Iraq nuclear activities. For the full speech: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
- published: 06 Feb 2011
- views: 10219
- author: ahanafy
Naguib Sawiris on Mohamed Elbaradei & Amr Moussa | Charlie Rose - 04 11 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 11 Apr 2012
Naguib Sawiris on Mohamed Elbaradei & Amr Moussa | Charlie Rose 04 11 2011
http://wn.com/Naguib_Sawiris_on_Mohamed_Elbaradei_Amr_Moussa_|_Charlie_Rose_04_11_2011
Naguib Sawiris on Mohamed Elbaradei & Amr Moussa | Charlie Rose 04 11 2011
- published: 12 Oct 2011
- views: 1353
- author: EnlightenedEgyptians
Mursi's rule by decree decision still drawing anger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
www.euronews.com What is being referred to as Egyptian President Mohammed Mursi's 'power grab' is still causing anger on the streets of Cairo. Mursi's decision to rule by decree has left many accusing him of being authoritarian and ruling like a pharoah. Mursi's decree has sidelined the judiciary who do not have the power to review his decisions until a parliament is convened next year. Angry judges denounced the President and demanded a nationwide strike. Opposition politicians, such as the prominent Mohamed ElBaradei are adding their voices of dissaproval. "There is no room for dialogue when a dictator imposes the most repressive, abhorring measures and then says, 'Let's split the difference'. We cannot split any difference there but we are of course ready for dialogue once he rescinds that (the decree). Then we can start talking," said ElBaradei. Cairo's Tahrir Square has been the site of several days of clashes between the President's opponents and supporters. Both groups are planning rival demonstrations on Tuesday. Find us on: Youtube bit.ly Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter twitter.com
http://wn.com/Mursi's_rule_by_decree_decision_still_drawing_anger
www.euronews.com What is being referred to as Egyptian President Mohammed Mursi's 'power grab' is still causing anger on the streets of Cairo. Mursi's decision to rule by decree has left many accusing him of being authoritarian and ruling like a pharoah. Mursi's decree has sidelined the judiciary who do not have the power to review his decisions until a parliament is convened next year. Angry judges denounced the President and demanded a nationwide strike. Opposition politicians, such as the prominent Mohamed ElBaradei are adding their voices of dissaproval. "There is no room for dialogue when a dictator imposes the most repressive, abhorring measures and then says, 'Let's split the difference'. We cannot split any difference there but we are of course ready for dialogue once he rescinds that (the decree). Then we can start talking," said ElBaradei. Cairo's Tahrir Square has been the site of several days of clashes between the President's opponents and supporters. Both groups are planning rival demonstrations on Tuesday. Find us on: Youtube bit.ly Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter twitter.com
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 740
- author: Euronews
AIC 2012 Interview: Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, former Head of the IAEA, Egyptian Opposition Leader
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Political change is reshaping the Middle East and North Africa. Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei explains why he dropped his bid to become Egypt's President, future investment opportunities in the region and what the turmoil in the region means for the supply of oil and gas.
http://wn.com/AIC_2012_Interview_Dr_Mohamed_ElBaradei,_former_Head_of_the_IAEA,_Egyptian_Opposition_Leader
Political change is reshaping the Middle East and North Africa. Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei explains why he dropped his bid to become Egypt's President, future investment opportunities in the region and what the turmoil in the region means for the supply of oil and gas.
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 678
- author: creditsuissevideos
Mohamed ElBaradei on Charlie Rose
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Mohamed ElBaradei on Charlie Rose part one Visit charlierose.com for the full interview
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei_on_Charlie_Rose
Mohamed ElBaradei on Charlie Rose part one Visit charlierose.com for the full interview
- published: 05 Dec 2007
- views: 20335
- author: CharlieRose
Mohamed Elbaradei - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:13
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei lbæˈɾædʕi; born June 17, 1942 in Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat. He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAE... Mohamed Elbaradei - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: World Economic Forum Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: Unknown Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Al Jazeera Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 )
http://wn.com/Mohamed_Elbaradei_Wiki_Article
Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei lbæˈɾædʕi; born June 17, 1942 in Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat. He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAE... Mohamed Elbaradei - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: World Economic Forum Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: Unknown Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Al Jazeera Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 )
- published: 17 Nov 2012
- views: 87
- author: WikiPlays
Who is Mohamed ElBaradei?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Mohamed ElBaradei's name has surfaced as a likely leader of the new Egyptian government after the Revolution of 2011. President Hosni Mubarak has named the chief of Egypt's general intelligence agency and former head of the Bush Rendition Program as Vice President but has resigned his name from the september elections leaving Egyptian protestors furious that their demands of immediate resignation by Mubarak have not been met while also opening the door for ElBaradei to usher in a new, more democratic Egpytian government.
http://wn.com/Who_is_Mohamed_ElBaradei?
Mohamed ElBaradei's name has surfaced as a likely leader of the new Egyptian government after the Revolution of 2011. President Hosni Mubarak has named the chief of Egypt's general intelligence agency and former head of the Bush Rendition Program as Vice President but has resigned his name from the september elections leaving Egyptian protestors furious that their demands of immediate resignation by Mubarak have not been met while also opening the door for ElBaradei to usher in a new, more democratic Egpytian government.
- published: 02 Feb 2011
- views: 1696
- author: TheDailyConversation
Presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei steps down
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 12 Mar 2012
Mohamed ElBaradei, Egypt's well received presidential candidate, announced on Saturday that he is to withdraw his bid for the presidency carrying with it a wave of uncertainty for his supporters and relief for Egyptians against his campaign. Press TV's Sara al-Mojaddidi reports from Cairo.
http://wn.com/Presidential_candidate_Mohamed_ElBaradei_steps_down
Mohamed ElBaradei, Egypt's well received presidential candidate, announced on Saturday that he is to withdraw his bid for the presidency carrying with it a wave of uncertainty for his supporters and relief for Egyptians against his campaign. Press TV's Sara al-Mojaddidi reports from Cairo.
- published: 16 Jan 2012
- views: 244
- author: PressTVGlobalNews
UN Ban Ki-Moon and IAEA Mohamed ElBaradei on Obama's Nobel Peace Prize
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
UN Ban Ki-Moon and IAEA Mohamed ElBaradei on Obama's Nobel Peace Prize
http://wn.com/UN_Ban_Ki-Moon_and_IAEA_Mohamed_ElBaradei_on_Obama's_Nobel_Peace_Prize
UN Ban Ki-Moon and IAEA Mohamed ElBaradei on Obama's Nobel Peace Prize
- published: 11 Aug 2011
- views: 251
- author: EnlightenedEgyptians
Inside Story - Mohamed El Baradei for the Egyptian presidency?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:50
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Mohamed El Baradei, the former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, has returned to his native Egypt saying he wants to serve the country. Could he become the next president of Egypt? Can he overcome the current political and constitutional restrictions to be elected president? And in a country where the vast majority of the population do not vote and many do not trust the ballot box, will Egyptians see El Baradei as a long-awaited for saviour?
http://wn.com/Inside_Story_Mohamed_El_Baradei_for_the_Egyptian_presidency?
Mohamed El Baradei, the former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, has returned to his native Egypt saying he wants to serve the country. Could he become the next president of Egypt? Can he overcome the current political and constitutional restrictions to be elected president? And in a country where the vast majority of the population do not vote and many do not trust the ballot box, will Egyptians see El Baradei as a long-awaited for saviour?
- published: 22 Feb 2010
- views: 25856
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Mohamed ElBaradei, Leader of the Egyptian National Coalition of Change
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
Interview with Mohamed ElBaradei, Leader of the Egyptian National Coalition of Change, on the occasion of the European Policy summit 'Europe and the Arab Spring: Responding to the changing Arab order' organised by Friends of Europe on 31 May 2012 in Brussels. bit.ly www.friendsofeurope.org
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei,_Leader_of_the_Egyptian_National_Coalition_of_Change
Interview with Mohamed ElBaradei, Leader of the Egyptian National Coalition of Change, on the occasion of the European Policy summit 'Europe and the Arab Spring: Responding to the changing Arab order' organised by Friends of Europe on 31 May 2012 in Brussels. bit.ly www.friendsofeurope.org
- published: 01 Jun 2012
- views: 335
- author: foefriendsofeurope
Mohamed ElBaradei mobbed in Tahrir Square
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
ElBaradei, the former UN nuclear watchdog chief and opposition figure, spoke to protesters in central Cairo. An Al Jazeera web producer on top of a nearby shed filmed the mob surrounding him as he attempted to leave.
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei_mobbed_in_Tahrir_Square
ElBaradei, the former UN nuclear watchdog chief and opposition figure, spoke to protesters in central Cairo. An Al Jazeera web producer on top of a nearby shed filmed the mob surrounding him as he attempted to leave.
- published: 30 Jan 2011
- views: 27807
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Latuff interviews Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei for Samuel magazine (Nov 2, 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Carlos Latuff interviews Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei for Samuel magazine in Sao Paulo, Brazil (transcrição em português aqui: revistasamuel.uol.com.br
http://wn.com/Latuff_interviews_Nobel_Peace_laureate_Mohamed_ElBaradei_for_Samuel_magazine_Nov_2,_2012
Carlos Latuff interviews Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei for Samuel magazine in Sao Paulo, Brazil (transcrição em português aqui: revistasamuel.uol.com.br
- published: 06 Nov 2012
- views: 449
- author: Latuff
Deadly Protests Erupt in Egypt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Tens of thousands of anti-government protesters poured into the streets of Egypt Friday, stoning and confronting police in the most violent and chaotic scenes yet in the challenge to President Hosni Mubarak's 30-year rule. (Jan. 28)
http://wn.com/Deadly_Protests_Erupt_in_Egypt
Tens of thousands of anti-government protesters poured into the streets of Egypt Friday, stoning and confronting police in the most violent and chaotic scenes yet in the challenge to President Hosni Mubarak's 30-year rule. (Jan. 28)
- published: 28 Jan 2011
- views: 11829
- author: AssociatedPress
Tahrir reacts to Egypt's draft constitution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Egypt's constituent assembly has adopted a draft constitution after a marathon overnight session. Many, including liberals and the Coptic Church, have denounced it. They say the proposed laws restrict freedom of speech and religion. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei has been equally critical. He says the charter belongs in the garbage bin of history. Al Jazeera's Sherine Tadros reports from Cairo's Tahrir Square.
http://wn.com/Tahrir_reacts_to_Egypt's_draft_constitution
Egypt's constituent assembly has adopted a draft constitution after a marathon overnight session. Many, including liberals and the Coptic Church, have denounced it. They say the proposed laws restrict freedom of speech and religion. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei has been equally critical. He says the charter belongs in the garbage bin of history. Al Jazeera's Sherine Tadros reports from Cairo's Tahrir Square.
- published: 30 Nov 2012
- views: 2839
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Mohamed ElBaradei | Eugen Freund: Iran's Nuclear Program - ORF, Austrian TV - 15 10 2009 - 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 05 Apr 2012
Mohamed ElBaradei | Eugen Freund: Iran's Nuclear Program ORF, Austrian TV 15 10 2009
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei_|_Eugen_Freund_Iran's_Nuclear_Program_ORF,_Austrian_TV_15_10_2009_1
Mohamed ElBaradei | Eugen Freund: Iran's Nuclear Program ORF, Austrian TV 15 10 2009
- published: 02 Nov 2011
- views: 230
- author: EnlightenedEgyptians
The Voices Of Peace with the Dalai Lama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:23
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
"Shifting the Global Consciousness" Moderated by NBC News national and international correspondent Ann Curry. Introduction by Founding Director of the SU Humanities Center, Gregg Lambert. Panelists: His Holiness the Dalai Lama; human rights advocate Martin Luther King III; N obel Peace Laureate and Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi; Nobel Peace Laureate and former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei; Academy Award winning composer, UN Ambassador and philanthropist AR Rahman; and Iranian-American journalist Roxana Saberi.
http://wn.com/The_Voices_Of_Peace_with_the_Dalai_Lama
"Shifting the Global Consciousness" Moderated by NBC News national and international correspondent Ann Curry. Introduction by Founding Director of the SU Humanities Center, Gregg Lambert. Panelists: His Holiness the Dalai Lama; human rights advocate Martin Luther King III; N obel Peace Laureate and Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi; Nobel Peace Laureate and former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei; Academy Award winning composer, UN Ambassador and philanthropist AR Rahman; and Iranian-American journalist Roxana Saberi.
- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 330
- author: AJCCJaffa
"Shifting the Global Consciousness" featuring the Dalai Lama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 130:11
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Our "global consciousness" is constantly changing. The ebb and flow of the issues that inform our behavior, politics, and philosophy are driven by a variety of factors, from the availability and timeliness of information to the constantly changing zeitgeists. This discussion explores the way we view ourselves in the context of this information. And if we are truly global citizens, what steps must we take to push the global consciousness towards peace and humanity? Moderated by NBC News national and international correspondent Ann Curry. Introduction by Founding Director of the SU Humanities Center, Gregg Lambert. Panelists: His Holiness the Dalai Lama; human rights advocate Martin Luther King III; N obel Peace Laureate and Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi; Nobel Peace Laureate and former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei; Academy Award winning composer, UN Ambassador and philanthropist AR Rahman; and Iranian-American journalist Roxana Saberi.
http://wn.com/Shifting_the_Global_Consciousness_featuring_the_Dalai_Lama
Our "global consciousness" is constantly changing. The ebb and flow of the issues that inform our behavior, politics, and philosophy are driven by a variety of factors, from the availability and timeliness of information to the constantly changing zeitgeists. This discussion explores the way we view ourselves in the context of this information. And if we are truly global citizens, what steps must we take to push the global consciousness towards peace and humanity? Moderated by NBC News national and international correspondent Ann Curry. Introduction by Founding Director of the SU Humanities Center, Gregg Lambert. Panelists: His Holiness the Dalai Lama; human rights advocate Martin Luther King III; N obel Peace Laureate and Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi; Nobel Peace Laureate and former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei; Academy Award winning composer, UN Ambassador and philanthropist AR Rahman; and Iranian-American journalist Roxana Saberi.
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 22361
- author: Syracuse
Mohamed ElBaradei: A World Free of Nuclear Weapons - CFR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:07
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Mohamed ElBaradei: A World Free of Nuclear Weapons CFR (Council for Foreign Relations)
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei_A_World_Free_of_Nuclear_Weapons_CFR
Mohamed ElBaradei: A World Free of Nuclear Weapons CFR (Council for Foreign Relations)
- published: 23 Sep 2011
- views: 105
- author: EnlightenedEgyptians
Mohamed ElBaradei | Jonathan Schell: Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:34
- Updated: 16 Dec 2011
Mohamed ElBaradei | Jonathan Schell: Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei_|_Jonathan_Schell_Yale_Center_for_the_Study_of_Globalization
Mohamed ElBaradei | Jonathan Schell: Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
- published: 14 Oct 2011
- views: 187
- author: EnlightenedEgyptians
Cairo clashes continue-Comment-12-06-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:39
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Rocks and Molotov cocktails flew between opposition protesters and supporters of Morsi, who had gathered in response to a call from the Muslim Brotherhood. Sounds of gunshots were reportedly heard as angry demonstrators torched cars and set off fireworks. Earlier in the day, the president's supporters chased anti-Morsi protesters away from a camp, which they had earlier set up near the presidential palace. On November 22, Morsi issued a controversial decree permitting him to "issue any decision or law that is final and not subject to appeal. Since then, thousands of people have staged massive demonstrations in Cairo and a number of other Egyptian cities in protest against the president's decree and the speedy adoption of a draft constitution. Meanwhile, Egypt's prominent opposition leader Mohamed Elbaradei says that at least two people have lost their lives in the skirmishes. Watch this video on our website: www.presstv.com Follow our Facebook on: www.facebook.com Follow our Twitter on: twitter.com Follow our Tumblr on: presstvchannel.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/Cairo_clashes_continue-Comment-12-06-2012
Rocks and Molotov cocktails flew between opposition protesters and supporters of Morsi, who had gathered in response to a call from the Muslim Brotherhood. Sounds of gunshots were reportedly heard as angry demonstrators torched cars and set off fireworks. Earlier in the day, the president's supporters chased anti-Morsi protesters away from a camp, which they had earlier set up near the presidential palace. On November 22, Morsi issued a controversial decree permitting him to "issue any decision or law that is final and not subject to appeal. Since then, thousands of people have staged massive demonstrations in Cairo and a number of other Egyptian cities in protest against the president's decree and the speedy adoption of a draft constitution. Meanwhile, Egypt's prominent opposition leader Mohamed Elbaradei says that at least two people have lost their lives in the skirmishes. Watch this video on our website: www.presstv.com Follow our Facebook on: www.facebook.com Follow our Twitter on: twitter.com Follow our Tumblr on: presstvchannel.tumblr.com
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 575
- author: PressTVGlobalNews
"The Rise of Democracy in the Middle East" featuring the Dalai Lama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 108:52
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
The so-called "Arab Spring" has rocked the world. Centered in the Middle East, but reverberating everywhere, citizens have been rising up, demanding civil and economic rights, protesting against and overthrowing totalitarian regimes. Governments have been replaced in Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia, and Libya. There will certainly be more. The discussion will consider the lessons of this movement and the pathway forward for emerging democracies, and question what must be done to consolidate gains on a humanitarian level, while continuing to move in the direction of a more peaceful—and compassionate—existence. Moderated by NBC News national and international correspondent Ann Curry. Welcome by Chancellor Nancy Cantor. Introduction by Founding Director of the SU Humanities Center, Gregg Lambert. Panelists: His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama; Nobel Peace Laureate and Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi; Nobel Peace Laureate and former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei; director of the Moral Courage Project at New York University's School of Public Service Irshad Manji; energy and national security specialist and former Director of Central Intelligence R. James Woolsey; and former UN ambassador Andrew Young.
http://wn.com/The_Rise_of_Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_featuring_the_Dalai_Lama
The so-called "Arab Spring" has rocked the world. Centered in the Middle East, but reverberating everywhere, citizens have been rising up, demanding civil and economic rights, protesting against and overthrowing totalitarian regimes. Governments have been replaced in Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia, and Libya. There will certainly be more. The discussion will consider the lessons of this movement and the pathway forward for emerging democracies, and question what must be done to consolidate gains on a humanitarian level, while continuing to move in the direction of a more peaceful—and compassionate—existence. Moderated by NBC News national and international correspondent Ann Curry. Welcome by Chancellor Nancy Cantor. Introduction by Founding Director of the SU Humanities Center, Gregg Lambert. Panelists: His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama; Nobel Peace Laureate and Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi; Nobel Peace Laureate and former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei; director of the Moral Courage Project at New York University's School of Public Service Irshad Manji; energy and national security specialist and former Director of Central Intelligence R. James Woolsey; and former UN ambassador Andrew Young.
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 5779
- author: Syracuse
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Osama Faisal
08 Dec 2012
There has been a historic shift in the UN climate talks in Qatar, with the prospect of rich nations having to compensate poor nations for losses due to climate change. The US has fiercely opposed the measure - it says the cost could be unlimited. But after angry tussles throughout the night the principle of Loss and Damage is now in the final negotiating text ... The political stakes are high ... "I will block this ... "I will block this ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: NASA
06 Dec 2012
NASA, the national space agency of the US, on Thursday released a black and white satellite imagery of India Diwali night 2012, cautioning people against the fake image in circulation on the social media ... “The image is based on data collected by the VIIRS ‘day- night band’, which detects light in a range of wavelengths from green to near-infrared ... Keywords....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
08 Dec 2012
Mohamed Morsi, the Egyptian president, is expected to press ahead with talks on ways to end Egypt's worst crisis since he took office even though the country's main opposition leaders have vowed to boycott negotiations ... The Front's co-ordinator, Mohamed ElBaradei, a Nobel peace laureate, dismissed the offer as "arm-twisting and imposition of a fait accompli"....(size: 19.5Kb)
The Washington Post
09 Dec 2012
CAIRO — Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi early Sunday annulled most of an extraordinary Nov ... In Egypt, large crowds of opponents of President Mohamed Morsi marched on his palace to increase pressure after he rejected their demands ... A constitution that axes our rights and freedoms is a constitution we will bring down today before tomorrow,” opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei tweeted shortly after 2 a.m....(size: 5.7Kb)
Wall Street Journal
09 Dec 2012
A lawsuit submitted last week accused secular-leaning leaders of sedition, and another set of lawsuits filed Saturday appeared to implicate prominent opposition leaders, including Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, in supposed plans to assassinate Mr ... ElBaradei and Mr ... ElBaradei, pledged to continue using "all legitimate means" to defend Egyptians' "rights and freedoms and correct the course of the revolution."....(size: 11.9Kb)
Bloomberg
09 Dec 2012
Egyptian President Mohamed Mursi’s reversal of a decree expanding his powers failed to appease opponents who vowed to keep up protests against a controversial draft constitution ... “We have broken the barrier of fear,” opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei wrote on his Twitter account ... Mohamed Badie, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’s leader, called yesterday for voters to decide on the referendum....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
09 Dec 2012
Another prominent opposition leader, former UN atomic agency chief and Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, tweeted after Morsi's announcement that "a constitution that curtails our rights and freedoms is a constitution we will topple.". Graffiti depicting Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi covers an outer wall of the presidential palace ... "This will change nothing," said one anti-Morsi activist, Mohamed Shakir, 50....(size: 5.2Kb)
Middle East Online
09 Dec 2012
A prominent opposition leader, former UN atomic agency chief and Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, tweeted after Morsi's announcement that "a constitution that curtails our rights and freedoms is a constitution we will topple." ... "This will change nothing," said one anti-Morsi activist, Mohamed Shakir, 50....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Times of India
09 Dec 2012
A prominent opposition leader, former UN atomic agency chief and Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, tweeted after Morsi's announcement that "a constitution that curtails our rights and freedoms is a constitution we will topple." ... "This will change nothing," said one anti-Morsi activist, Mohamed Shakir, 50....(size: 4.2Kb)
The Guardian
09 Dec 2012
Graffiti criticising Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi is painted on the outer walls of Egypt's Presidential Palace, ... The Egyptian president, Mohamed Morsi, has scrapped a decree that had generated widespread unrest by awarding him near-absolute powers ... On Friday, Mohammed ElBaradei, co-ordinator of the National Salvation Front, called on protesters to demonstrate peacefully....(size: 6.0Kb)
Khaleej Times
09 Dec 2012
A prominent opposition leader, former UN atomic agency chief and Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, tweeted after Mursi’s announcement that “a constitution that curtails our rights and freedoms is a constitution we will topple.” ... “This will change nothing,” said one anti-Mursi activist, Mohamed Shakir, 50....(size: 4.2Kb)
CNTV
09 Dec 2012
The statement came as Egyptian President Mohamed ... In an attempt to end the turmoil, Morsi delivered a speech on Thursday evening inviting opposition for dialogue, but the initiative was declined by the main opposition bloc National Salvation Front led by former diplomat and liberal politician Mohamed ElBaradei and former Arab League chief Amr Moussa....(size: 6.4Kb)
Detroit Free Press
09 Dec 2012
CAIRO, Egypt -- Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi revoked a decree that had increased his powers and Vice President Mahmoud Mekki said the army has been mobilized to maintain security ... Mohamed Badie, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood's spiritual leader, called Saturday for voters to decide on the referendum ... Former United Nations nuclear-agency chief Mohamed ElBaradei, leader of National Salvation Front, urged Morsi to rescind the Nov....(size: 5.8Kb)
The Observer
09 Dec 2012
Eyewitness accounts of the fighting between Muslim Brotherhood supporters of President Mohamed Morsi and ... The insistence of Mohamed ElBaradei and other opposition leaders that, before any dialogue can resume, Morsi must relinquish his new powers and cancel the 15 December referendum on the draft constitution may not be in the national interest....(size: 5.9Kb)
Reuters
09 Dec 2012
CAIRO, Dec 9 (Reuters) - Egyptian President Mohamed Mursi has cancelled a decree that gave him sweeping powers and sparked violent unrest but did not delay this month's referendum on a new constitution that was a major demand of his opponents ... The National Salvation Front, whose members include Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohamed ElBaradei and former foreign minister Amr Moussa, stayed away from Saturday's talks....(size: 6.8Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
08 Dec 2012
Legal Affairs Minister Mohammed Mahsoub said the administration was weighing several proposals — including calling off the referendum and returning it to the constituent assembly for changes ... Vice President Mahmoud Mekki told the Qatari-based Al-Jazeera network that he had contacted leading democracy advocate Mohamed ElBaradei to join Morsi in a dialogue ... In a televised speech, ElBaradei made clear the opposition’s demands....(size: 3.3Kb)
| Mohamed ElBaradei محمد البرادعى |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| ElBaradei at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, 25 January 2007 | |
| Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency | |
| In office 1 December 1997 – 30 November 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Hans Blix |
| Succeeded by | Yukiya Amano |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1942-06-17) 17 June 1942 (age 70) Cairo, Egypt |
| Political party | Constitution Party |
| Alma mater | Cairo University Graduate Institute of International Studies New York University |
| Profession | Scholar, Diplomat, Activist |
| Religion | Islam[1][2] |
| Website | Official website |
Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei (Arabic: محمد مصطفى البرادعى, Muḥammad Muṣṭafā al-Barādʿī, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmmæd mosˈtˤɑfɑ (ʔe)lbæˈɾædʕi]; born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat. He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an intergovernmental organization under the auspices of the United Nations, from December 1997 to November 2009. ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. ElBaradei was also an important figure in the 2011 Egyptian revolution which ousted the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
Family and personal life[link]
ElBaradei was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. He was one of five children of Mostafa ElBaradei, an attorney who headed the Egyptian Bar Association and often found himself at odds with the regime of President Gamal Abdel Nasser. ElBaradei's father was also a supporter of democratic rights in Egypt, supporting a free press and an independent judiciary.[3]
ElBaradei is married to Aida El-Kachef, an early-childhood teacher. They have two children: a daughter, Laila, who is a lawyer living in London; and a son, Mostafa, who is an IT manager living in Cairo. They also have one granddaughter, Maya.[4]
ElBaradei speaks Arabic, English, and French, and knows “enough German to get by, at least in Vienna.”[5]
Early career[link]
ElBaradei earned a bachelor's degree in law from the University of Cairo in 1962, a master's degree in international law at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, and a J.S.D.[6][7] in International Law at the New York University School of Law in 1974.
His diplomatic career began in 1964 in the Ministry of External Affairs, where he served in the Permanent Missions of Egypt to the United Nations in New York and in Geneva, in charge of political, legal, and arms-control issues. From 1974 to 1978, he was a special assistant to the foreign minister. In 1980, he became a senior fellow in charge of the International Law Program at the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. From 1981 to 1987, he was also an adjunct professor of international law at the New York University School of Law.
In 1984, ElBaradei became a senior staff member of the IAEA Secretariat, serving as the agency's legal adviser (1984 to 1993) and Assistant Director General for External Relations (1993 to 1997).
ElBaradei is currently a member of both the International Law Association and the American Society of International Law.
Public career as IAEA Director General[link]
ElBaradei began to serve as Director General of the IAEA, which is based in Vienna, on December 1, 1997, succeeding Hans Blix of Sweden.[8][9] He was re-elected for two more four-year terms in 2001 and in 2005. His third and last term ended in November 2009. ElBaradei's tenure has been marked by high-profile, non-proliferation issues, which include the inspections in Iraq preceding the March 2003 invasion and tensions over the nuclear program of Iran.
First term as Director General[link]
After being appointed by the IAEA General Conference in 1997, ElBaradei said in his speech that, “for international organizations to enjoy the confidence and support of their members, they have to be responsive to [members'] needs; show concrete achievements; conduct their activities in a cost-effective manner; and respect a process of equitable representation, transparency, and open dialogue.”[10]
Just a couple of months before ElBaradei took office, the Model Additional Protocol was adopted, creating a new environment for IAEA verification by giving it greater authority to look for undeclared nuclear activities. When in office, Elbaradei launched a program to establish “integrated safeguards” combining the IAEA’s comprehensive safeguard agreements with the newly adopted Additional Protocol. In his statement to the General Conference in 1998, he called upon all states to conclude the Additional Protocol: “One of the main purposes of the strengthened-safeguards system can be better achieved with global adherence. I would, therefore, urge all states with outstanding-safeguards agreements to conclude them, and I would also urge all states to accelerate their consideration of the Model Additional Protocol and enter into consultations with the Agency at the earliest possible opportunity. We should work together to ensure that, by the year 2000, all states [will] have concluded outstanding-safeguards agreements and also the Additional Protocol.” Elbaradei repeated this call through his years as the Director General of the IAEA. In November 2009, 93 countries had Additional Protocols in force.[11]
ElBaradei’s first term ended in November 2001, just two months after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. These attacks made clear that more needed to be done to protect nuclear material and installations from theft or a terrorist attack. Consequently, ElBaradei established a nuclear security program to combat the risk of nuclear terrorism by assisting member states to strengthen the protection of their nuclear and radioactive material and installations, the Nuclear Security Fund.[12]
Second term as Director General[link]
One of the major issues during ElBaradei’s second term as the director general of the IAEA was the agency’s inspections in Iraq. ElBaradei disputed the U.S. rationale for the 2003 invasion of Iraq from the time of the 2002 Iraq disarmament crisis, when he, along with Hans Blix, led a team of UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. ElBaradei told the UN Security Council in March 2003 that documents purporting to show that Iraq had tried to acquire uranium from Niger were not authentic.
ElBaradei described the U.S. invasion of Iraq as "a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."[13] ElBaradei further stated that "we learned from Iraq that an inspection takes time, that we should be patient, that an inspection can, in fact, work,"[14] and that he had "been validated" in concluding that Saddam Hussein had not revived his nuclear weapons program.[15]
In a 2004 op-ed piece on the dangers of nuclear proliferation, in the New York Times (February 12, 2004), ElBaradei stated that "[w]e must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction, yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security -- and indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for their use."[16] He went on to say "If the world does not change course, we risk self-destruction."
Third and final term as Director General[link]
The United States initially voiced opposition to his election to a third four-year term in 2005.[17] In a May 2005 interview with the staff of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Lawrence Wilkerson, the chief of staff to former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, charged former Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security John Bolton with an underhanded campaign to unseat ElBaradei.[18] “Mr. Bolton overstepped his bounds in his moves and gyrations to try to keep [ElBaradei] from being reappointed as [IAEA] head,” Wilkerson said. The Washington Post reported in December 2004 that the Bush administration had intercepted dozens of ElBaradei’s phone calls with Iranian diplomats and was scrutinizing them for evidence [that] they could use to force him out.[18] IAEA spokesman Mark Gwozdecky said the agency worked on "the assumption that one or more entities may be listening to our conversations." "It's not how we would prefer to work, but it is the reality. At the end of the day, we have nothing to hide," he said. Iran responded to the Washington Post reports by accusing the U.S. of violating international law in intercepting the communications.[19]
The United States was the only country to oppose ElBaradei's reappointment and eventually failed to win enough support from other countries to oust ElBaradei. On June 9, 2005, after a meeting between U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and ElBaradei, the United States dropped its objections. Among countries that supported Elbaradei were China, Russia, Germany, and France. China praised his leadership and objectivity,[17] and supported him for doing "substantial fruitful work, which has maintained the agency's role and credit in international non-proliferation and promoted the development of peaceful use of nuclear energy. His work has been universally recognized in the international community. China appreciates Mr. El Baradei's work and supports his reelection as the agency's director general."[20] France, Germany, and some developing countries, have made clear their support for ElBaradei as well.[18] Russia issued a strong statement in favor of re-electing him as soon as possible.
ElBaradei was unanimously re-appointed by the IAEA board on June 13, 2005.[21]
Comments on no fourth term[link]
In 2008, ElBaradei said that he would not be seeking a fourth term as director general.[22] Moreover, he said, in an IAEA document,that he was "not available for a further term" in office.[23] In its first five rounds of voting, the IAEA Board of Governors was split in its decision regarding the next director general. ElBaradei said, "I just hope that the agency has a candidate acceptable to all--north, south, east, west--because that is what is needed."[24] After several rounds of voting, on July 3, 2009, Mr. Yukiya Amano, Japanese ambassador to the IAEA, was elected as the next IAEA director general.
ElBaradei and U.S. Relations[link]
Mohamed ElBaradei, leader of the National Coalition for Change, has been a major voice for democratic change in Egypt since 2009 and was a significant leader during the recent protests.[25] However, he has a rocky history with the U.S. government and supports some policies that do not support current U.S. foreign policy towards stability in the Middle East. ElBaradei was the Director General of the IAEA from 1997–2009. During his three terms, he repeatedly downplayed claims of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program, which undermined U.S. efforts to press Iran over its safeguards violations.[26] According to a July 3, 2003 article in Time Magazine, ElBaradei also maintained that Iraq's nuclear program had not restarted before the 2003 Iraq War, contradicting claims by the Bush Administration. He told the German news magazine Der Spiegel on July 12, 2010 that he wanted to open the Gaza Strip – Egypt border and accused Israel of being the biggest threat to the Middle East because of their nuclear weapons.[27]
ElBaradei has called for international criminal investigation of former Bush regime officials for their roles in fomenting the war on Iraq.[28]
Role in addressing the nuclear program of Iran[link]
Main article: Nuclear program of Iran
In his last speech to the IAEA Board of Governors in June 2009, ElBaradei stated that “the agency has been able to continue to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran." He regretted, however, that "Iran has not implemented any of the measures called for by the Security Council and by the Agency's Board of Governors.” ElBaradei also said that he was encouraged “by the new initiative of the United States to engage the Islamic Republic of Iran in direct dialogue, without preconditions and on the basis of mutual respect” and expressed hope “that Iran will respond to the US initiative with an equal gesture of goodwill and trust building.” This gesture “could include implementing again the agency's design-information requirements and applying the provisions of the additional protocol.”
The IAEA Board of Governors and UN Security Council have commended ElBaradei for "professional and impartial efforts" to resolve all outstanding issues with Iran.[29][30] The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has also reiterated "its full confidence in the impartiality and professionalism of the Secretariat of the IAEA."[31][32]
Statements to the media[link]
In an interview with CNN in May 2007, ElBaradei gave one of his sternest warnings against using military action against Iran, a state signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Referring to "the extreme people who have extreme views" he said that "you do not want to give additional argument to some of the 'new crazies' who want to say let us go and bomb Iran."[33]
The New York Times columnist Roger Cohen interviewed ElBaradei in April 2009. ElBaradei is quoted as saying, “Israel would be utterly crazy to attack Iran." He states that an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities would "turn the region into a ball of fire and put Iran on a crash course for nuclear weapons with the support of the whole Muslim world.”[34] ElBaradei believes that the nuclear non-proliferation regime has "lost its legitimacy in the eyes of Arab public opinion because of the perceived double standard" in relation to Israel's nuclear-weapons' program.[35]
In an interview with French newspaper, Le Monde, ElBaradei said that he wants "to get people away from the idea that Iran will be a threat from tomorrow and that we are faced right now with the issue of whether Iran should be bombed or allowed to have the bomb. We are not at all in that situation. Iraq is a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."[13]
In an interview published on July 12, 2010, in the German magazine Der Spiegel, ElBaradei said "I do not believe that the Iranians are actually producing nuclear weapons. . . .[I]n general, the danger of a nuclear-armed Iran is overestimated; some even play it up intentionally.[36]
Reactions to Elbaradei's role in addressing the nuclear program of Iran[link]
Former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has indirectly criticized ElBaradei for "muddying the message" to Iran and has also said that "the IAEA is not in the business of diplomacy. The IAEA is a technical agency that has a board of governors of which the United States is a member." In response to Rice's comments, a senior official from the agency said that "the IAEA is only doing now what the U.N. Security Council asked us to do."[37] ElBaradei notes that Rice said that, "from the U.S. perspective, I served with distinction,",[38] and Rice has further said that she appreciated his "stewardship of the nonproliferation regime."[39]
Former prime minister and current president of Israel, Shimon Peres, has said that "there are holes in the (IAEA) apparatus for deterring a culture of nuclear weapons, as in the case with Iran, but the agency certainly has done much in the prevention of nuclear weapons from reaching dangerous hands."[40] In a different reaction, former Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Shaul Mofaz has called for ElBaradei to be impeached.[41]
In September 2007, French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner, warned about the potential dangers of a nuclear Iran. He stated that "we have to prepare for the worst, and the worst is war."[42] In response to Kouchner, ElBaredei characterized talk of attacking Iran as "hype", and dismissed the notion of a possible attack on Iran. He referred to the war in Iraq, where "70,000 innocent civilians have lost their lives on the suspicion that a country has nuclear weapons."[43] He further added "I do not believe at this stage that we are facing a clear and present danger that requires [that] we go beyond diplomacy."[44]
Iran points out that ElBaradei has highlighted the lack of evidence that Iran is after a nuclear bomb[45][46] and has stated that Iran is meeting its obligations to allow inspectors into its nuclear sites. Iran further states that the IAEA chief has consistently verified non-diversion in Iran's nuclear program and has said that his investigations show no military aspect in Iran's program.[47][48] According to the Tehran Times political desk, ElBaradei has reaffirmed in December 2008 that Iran's nuclear activities are "legal".[49][50]
Dr. Kaveh L Afrasiabi, the author of After Khomeini: New Directions in Iran's Foreign Policy, said that ElBaradei has been downplaying Iran's cooperation for some time, a statement which is raising the ire of Tehran. Afrasiabi further says that ElBaradei has given himself "the license to speculate on the timeline when Iran could convert its peaceful nuclear work into weaponization," which is irresponsible and inconsistent with his statements on other states.[51]
The NAM has also reiterated "its full confidence in the impartiality and professionalism of the Secretariat of the IAEA." "[The] NAM recognizes the IAEA as the sole competent authority for verification and expresses its full confidence in the professionalism and impartiality of the IAEA. In this regard, [the] NAM strongly believes that all issues on safeguards and verification, including those of Iran, should be resolved only by the agency, within its framework, and be based on technical and legal grounds," the NAM said in another statement.[31][52]
Multinational control of the nuclear fuel cycle[link]
In an op-ed that he wrote for the Economist in 2003, ElBaradei outlined his idea for the future of the nuclear fuel cycle. His suggestion was to “limit the processing of weapon-usable material in civilian nuclear programs, as well as the production of new material, by agreeing to restrict these operations exclusively to facilities under multinational control.” Also, “nuclear-energy systems should be deployed that, by design, avoid the use of materials that may be applied directly to making nuclear weapons.” He concluded by saying that “considerable advantages would be gained from international co-operation in these stages of the nuclear-fuel cycle. These initiatives would not simply add more non-proliferation controls, to limit access to weapon-usable nuclear material; they would also provide access to the benefits of nuclear technology for more people in more countries.”[53]
Non-nuclear-weapon states have been reluctant to embrace these proposals due to a perception that the commercial or strategic interests of nuclear-weapon states motivate the proposals, a perception that the proposals produce a dependency on a limited number of nuclear fuel suppliers, and a concern that the proposal restricts their unalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.[54]
Technical cooperation and cancer control[link]
ElBaradei’s work does not only concentrate on nuclear verification. Another very important aspect is development through nuclear technology. In 2004, ElBaradei sponsored a comprehensive global initiative—the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT)--to fight cancer. In one of his statements, Elbaradei said: “A silent crisis in cancer treatment persists in developing countries and is intensifying every year. At least 50 to 60 percent of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy, but most developing countries do not have enough radiotherapy machines or sufficient numbers of specialized doctors and other health professionals.” In the first year of operation, PACT provided cancer-treatment capacity in seven member states, using the IAEA's share of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize.[55]
In his speech to the 2008 General Conference, ElBaradei said that “development activities remain central to our work. Our resources have long been insufficient to keep pace with requests for support, and we have increasingly made use of partnerships with other organizations, regional collaborations and country-to-country support. I again emphasise that technical cooperation is not a bargaining chip, part of a political 'balance' between the development and safeguards activities of the agency.”[56]
International Crisis Group[link]
ElBaradei served on the Board of Trustees of the International Crisis Group, a non-governmental organization that enjoys an annual budget of over $15 million and is bankrolled by the Carnegie, the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as George Soros’ Open Society Institute. Soros himself serves as a member of the organization’s Executive Committee.[57]
Egyptian politics[link]
2011 Egyptian revolution[link]
Main article: 2011 Egyptian revolution
While speaking at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government on April 27, 2010, ElBaradei joked that he is "looking for a job" and is seeking to be an "agent of change and an advocate for democracy" within Egyptian politics. He also made clear that his wife is not very enthusiastic about any potential run.[58]
On January 27, 2011, ElBaradei returned to Egypt amid ongoing turmoil, with the largest mass protests in 30 years, which had begun two days earlier, on January 25, 2011. ElBaradei declared himself ready to lead a transitional government if that was the will of the nation, saying that, "If [people] want me to lead the transition, I will not let them down."[59] Subsequently, "when he joined protesters Friday after noon prayers, police fired water cannons at him and his supporters. They used batons to beat some of ElBaradei's supporters, who surrounded him to protect him."[60] On January 28, 2011, ElBaradei was reported to have been placed under house arrest in Egypt.[61] However, the next day, when he was interviewed by Al Jazeera, he said that he was unaware of any such arrest.[62]
Later on, ElBaradei arrived in Tahrir Square to join thousands of other protesters against the Mubarak regime and spoke directly to the people, stating that they "have taken back [their] rights" and that they cannot go back. A number of Egyptian political movements have called on ElBaradei to form a transitional government.[63] ElBaradei has also stated that "the people [of Egypt] want the regime to fall." In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new vice president of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power. I think [that] it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today." Additionally, ElBaradei restated his position that, when Egypt does become a democratic nation, "there is no reason to believe that a democracy in Egypt would not lead to a better relationship with the US based on respect and equity."[64]
The Guardian reported that ElBaradei has been mandated by the Muslim Brotherhood and four other opposition groups to negotiate an interim "national salvation government." However, BBC reports that the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party banned by Mubarak's regime, has not consented to the choice of ElBaradei as the representative of the opposition. "The people have not appointed Mohamed ElBaradei to become a spokesman of them. The Muslim Brotherhood is much stronger than Mohamed ElBaradei as a person. And we do not agree [that he should represent] this movement. The movement is represented by itself, and it will [appoint] a committee. . .to [delegate its representatives]."[65]
His appointment is controversial largely because of the long periods that he has spent outside the country. His appointment is seen as a recognition of the importance of various Western nations' support of the revolts.
Possible presidential candidacy[link]
Main articles: Egyptian presidential election, 2012 and National Association for Change
ElBaradei's name has been circulated by opposition groups since 2009 as a possible candidate to succeed President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt's highest executive position.[66][67][68]
ElBaradei did not make any clear statements regarding his intentions to run for the office; however, he has demanded that certain conditions be met to ensure fair elections accompanied by changes to the constitution that will allow more freedom for independent candidates before he would actually consider running for the presidency. Several opposition groups have endorsed him, considering him a neutral figure who could transition the country to greater democracy.
On February 24, 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellectuals at his home in Cairo. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called the "National Association for Change." The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly article 76 of the Egyptian constitution, which places restrictions on free presidential elections, especially when it comes to independent candidates. The banned political group, the Muslim Brotherhood, was represented at the meeting by one of its key figures; however, its stand in accepting a non-member of its group as a representative is still unclear. It is also unknown whether Amr Moussa, the head of the Arab League who met with ElBaradei a day earlier, will be part of the new movement.[69]
On March 7, 2011 it was announced that Elbaradei intended to run for the presidential elections, this intention was later clearly stated in a live interview by ElBaradei to the ON TV channel March 10, 2011.[70] On January 14, 2012 ElBaradei declared he would not run for president.[71]
Launch of Constitution Party[link]
On 28 April 2012, ElBaradei launched the Constitution Party. This date was too late to allow him to run for the presidency.[72]
Awards[link]
During his tenure as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei has been recognized with many awards for his efforts to ensure that nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes.
2005 Nobel Peace Prize[link]
On October 7, 2005, ElBaradei and the IAEA were announced as joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize for their "efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy, for peaceful purposes, is used in the safest possible way." ElBaradei donated all of his winnings to building orphanages in Cairo. The IAEA's winnings are being spent to train scientists from developing countries to use nuclear techniques in combating cancer and malnutrition. ElBaradei is the fourth Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat (1978 in Peace), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature), and Ahmed Zewail (1999 in Chemistry).
In his Nobel lecture, ElBaradei said that the changing landscape of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament may be defined by the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology, and the stagnation in nuclear disarmament. To combat proliferation, ElBaradei has suggested keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups, tightening control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons, and accelerating disarmament efforts.[73] ElBaradei also stated that only one percent of the money spent to develop new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world and that, if we hope to escape self destruction, nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience and no role in our security.
United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan said that he was delighted that the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to the UN nuclear watchdog and its head, ElBaradei. "The secretary general congratulates him and the entire staff of the agency, past and present, on their contributions to global peace," a spokesman for Annan said.[74]
Other awards and recognition[link]
ElBaradei has received many awards for his work as director of the IAEA:
- The Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria (Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash) (2009)
- The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross with Star and Sash) (2010)[75]
- “El Athir” award, Algeria's highest national distinction[4]
- The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award (2006)[76]
- The James Park Morton Interfaith Award[77]
- The Golden Plate award from the American Academy of Achievement[77]
- The Jit Trainor award from Georgetown University for distinction in the conduct of diplomacy[78]
- The Human Security award from the Muslim Public Affairs Council[79]
- The Prix de la Fondation award from the Crans Montana Forum[80]
- The Golden Dove of Peace prize from the President of Italy[81]
- Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society (2006) of Trinity College, Dublin, following in the footsteps of previous Nobel Peace Prize Winners Desmond Tutu and John Hume[82]
- Greatest Nile Collar, the highest Egyptian civilian decoration, awarded by the Government of Egypt[81]
- Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Peaceful Worldwide Use of Nuclear Technology, awarded by The World Nuclear Association in September 2007[83]
- The Mostar 2007 international peace award of the Mostar Center for Peace and Multiethnic Cooperation[84]
- The 2008 "Peacebuilding Award" of the EastWest Institute[85][86]
- The International Seville NODO Prize for Peace, Security and Inter-Cultural Dialogue[87]
- The 2008 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development[88]
- The 2009 Delta Prize for Global Understanding, sponsored by the University of Georgia and Delta Air Lines[89]
- The XIV International Grupo Compostela-Xunta de Galicia Prize
ElBaradei has also received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Dublin, Trinity College; New York University; the University of Maryland; the American University in Cairo; the Free Mediterranean University (LUM) in Bari, Italy; Soka University of Japan; Tsinghua University of Beijing; the Polytechnic University of Bucharest; the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; Konkuk University in Seoul; the University of Florence; the University of Buenos Aires; the National University of Cuyo in Argentina; Amherst College and Cairo University.[90]
He is also a member of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation’s Ibrahim Prize Committee.
See Also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Jahn, George (30 November 2009), “Outgoing IAEA chief leaves complex legacy,” Associated Press, accessed 5 February 2011 on msnbc.com.
ElBaradei, who describes himself as having a Muslim background, sometimes cites his favorite Christian prayer when speaking of his role on the world stage.
- ^ "History -- Muslim Public Affairs Council (October 2006: MPAC presents inaugural "Human Security Award" to Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, head of the International Atomic Energy Agency.)". Muslim Public Affairs Council. http://www.mpac.org/about/history.php. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei". Notable Biographies. http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-Ei-La/ElBaradei-Mohamed.html. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b "Director General ElBaradei's Biography". International Atomic Energy Agency. http://www.iaea.org/About/dg/elbaradei/biography.html. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei Interview—Nobel Prize for Peace". The American Academy of Achievement. 3 June 2006. p. 2. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/elb0int-2. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ Julius Library Catalog at NYU Law (entry for Mohamed El Baradei, “The right of passage through straits in time of peace [microform] / by Mohamed M. El-Baradei,” Thesis (S.J.D.)--New York University, 1974, accessed 4 February 2011), julius.law.nyu.edu/record=b418078~S0.
- ^ N.Y.U. L. Rev. 60 (index): i--x (front matter). 1985. Google search result.
- ^ Austria (2005-06-13). "IAEA Board Reappoints Director General Mohamed ElBaradei". Iaea.org. http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2005/dg_reappointment.html. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ Austria (2009-03-26). "Board Meeting on Director General Appointment". IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2009/dgappointment.html. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (1997-09-29). "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC41/Statements/gcelbard.html. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. 2009-11-26. http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2005-09-23). "Nuclear Security - Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Terrorism". IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC49/Documents/gc49-17.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ a b Boyle, Jon (October 22, 2007). "Iran seen to need 3-8 yrs to produce bomb". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2214711120071022. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ "Iraq war wasn't justified, U.N. weapons experts say". CNN. 2004-03-21. http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/03/21/iraq.weapons/. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ Lynch, Colum; Linzer, Dafna (2004-11-02). "U.N. Nuclear Agency Chief Urges Iran to Suspend Activities". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17060-2004Nov1.html. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2004-12-02). "Saving Ourselves from Self Destruction". IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2004/ebNYT20040212.html. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ a b Voice of America: IAEA Postpones Decision on ElBaradei's Third Term[dead link]
- ^ a b c "ElBaradei Set to Win Third Term". Arms Control Today. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_07-08/ElBaradei. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "ElBaradei 'has nothing to hide'". BBC News. 2004-12-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4093567.stm. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Press Conference on 16 December 2004". China-botschaft.de. http://www.china-botschaft.de/det/fyrth/t175367.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "US agrees to back UN nuclear head". BBC News. 9 June 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4075496.stm. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ "IAEA chief ElBaradei will not seek fourth term". International Herald Tribune. 2009-03-29. http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/09/10/africa/OUKWD-UK-NUCLEAR-IAEA-ELBARADEI.php. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ Voice of America: IAEA Chief ElBaradei Will Not Seek Another Term[dead link]
- ^ "5-Vote impasse reopens race to head UN atom watchdog". Reuters. 2009-03-27. http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINLR30012520090327. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ de Nesera, Andre (February 2, 2011). Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Former-Egyptian-Diplomat-ElBaradei-Face-of-Opposition-to-President-Mubarak-115126994.html.
- ^ Pleming, Sue (September 19, 2007). "Rice swipes at IAEA, urges bold action on Iran". Rueters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/19/us-iran-usa-rice-idUSN1822732020070919.
- ^ Follach, Erich (July 12, 2010). "Interview with Mohammed ElBaradei". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,705991,00.html.
- ^ "Former IAEA head suggests Iraq war crime probe of Bush administration." AP, 22 April 2011.
- ^ "International Atomic Energy Agency: Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran (2006-14)" (PDF). http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2006/gov2006-14.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "International Atomic Energy Agency: UN Security Council: Resolution 1747 (2007)" (PDF). http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIran/unsc_res1747-2007.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b "''XinhuaNet'': Non-aligned nations voice support deal between IAEA, Iran". News.xinhuanet.com. 2007-09-12. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/12/content_6706557.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Report Of The IAEA Director-General to the Board of Governors GOV/2008/15" (PDF). http://www.mfa.gov.sg/geneva/pdf/bog.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Transcript of Interview with IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei". CNN Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. 28 October 2007. http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Transcripts/2007/cnn281007.html. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ Realpolitik for Iran
- ^ "Israel seen undermining disarmament ElBaradei". Reuters. 2009-02-16. http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-38051120090216. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ Der Spiegel: Interview with Mohamed ElBaradei, 12 July 2010. Accessed 15 July 2010.
- ^ Pleming, Sue (2007-09-19). "Rice: ElBaradei "muddying the message" and Agency "not in the business of diplomacy"". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1822732020070919. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Arms Control Association: "Tackling the Nuclear Dilemma: An Interview With IAEA Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei"". Armscontrol.org. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_03/ElBaradei. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ U.S. State Department: Remarks With International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohamed ElBaradei After Meeting
- ^ Jerusalem Post: IAEA, ElBaradei share Nobel Peace Prize
- ^ "Israel minister: Sack ElBaradei". BBC News. 8 November 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7085213.stm. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ France warning of war with Iran
- ^ IAEA boss warns against Iran attack UK Press Google, accessed September 22, 2007.
- ^ ElBaradei concerned over Iran row, BBC News, Sep. 17, 2007
- ^ PressTV: ElBaradei: Iran not after bomb
- ^ Atlantic Free Press: Threats of War Against Iran Continue to Escalate
- ^ PressTV: Soltaniyeh: Nothing new in ElBaradei's report
- ^ France24: ElBaradei: 'No evidence Iran is making nuclear weapons'
- ^ Tehran Times: ElBaradei says Iran’s nuclear program is legal: report
- ^ Mehr News: ElBaradei says Iran’s nuclear program is legal: report
- ^ Asia Times: IAEA 'mismanagement' raises Tehran's ire
- ^ South African Government: Notes following briefing by Deputy Minister Aziz Pahad on current international issues, Union Building, Pretoria - Iran
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2003-10-16). "Towards a Safer World". The Economist. http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/proliferation/fuel-cycle/elbaradei-economist.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ American Society of International Law: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Taking Stock after the May 2008 Preparatory Committee Meeting ?
- ^ "IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund". IAEA. May 2006. http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/Nobel/nobelfund0506.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2008-09-29). "IAEA At a Crossroads (Abridged Version)". IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2008/ebsp2008n008a.html. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ Crisis Group's Board of Trustees - International Crisis Group
- ^ "Nonproliferation & Arms Control : Challenges & Opportunities". Harvard University Institute of Politics. 2005-11-01. http://www.iop.harvard.edu/Multimedia-Center/All-Videos/Nonproliferation-Arms-Control-Challenges-Opportunities2. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ Memmott, Mark (2011-01-27). "ElBaradei Back In Egypt; Says It's Time For A New Government". NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/01/27/133275390/el-baradei-back-in-egypt-says-its-time-for-a-new-government. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ AP (2010-02-01). "Five People Killed During Protests in Egypt". FoxNews.com. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/01/28/violent-clashes-police-break-cairo/. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ Mubarak Faces His Biggest Challenge Amid Nationwide Protests
- ^ Thousands in Cairo defy curfew
- ^ ElBaradei's speech on Tahrir Square
- ^ "Video - Breaking News Videos from". CNN.com. 2010-07-16. http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2011/01/30/gps.elbaradei.intv.cnn?iref=allsearch. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ Kevin Connolly (2011-01-31). "Egypt protesters step up pressure on Hosni Mubarak". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12320959. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ "Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president". Tehran Times. October 8, 2009. http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=204908.
- ^ "El Baradei to run for president of Egypt?". Daily Times. October 7, 2009. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C10%5C07%5Cstory_7-10-2009_pg4_7.
- ^ "Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid". Earth Times. October 20, 2009. http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/291035,arab-league-chief-refuses-to-rule-out-egypt-presidential-bid.html.
- ^ ElBaradei to form 'national association for change'
- ^ "البرادعي يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة". Masrawy.com. 2011-03-07. http://www.masrawy.com/News/Egypt/Politics/2011/march/7/barad3i_president.aspx. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ "ElBaradei, in Protest, Drops Bid for Egypt’s Presidency". New York Times. January 14, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/world/middleeast/mohamed-elbaradei-pulls-out-of-egypts-presidential-race.html?_r=1&hp.
- ^ BBC News (28 April 2012). "Baradei launches new Egyptian party, but too late for election". http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17880367. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ The Nobel Foundation: Mohamed ElBaradei, The Nobel Peace Prize 2005
- ^ Peoples Daily: Int'l community hails IAEA, ElBaradei's winning of Nobel Peace Prize
- ^ "Der Bundespräsident / "Visionär für eine Menschheitsfamilie" - Ansprache von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler anlässlich der Verleihung des Großen Verdien". www.bundespraesident.de. 2010-03-03. http://www.bundespraesident.de/Reden-und-Interviews/Reden-Horst-Koehler-,12213.662472/Visionaer-fuer-eine-Menschheit.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Laureates since 1982
- ^ a b Yale University: ElBaradei Will Speak at Yale
- ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: ElBaradei Remarks at Georgetown University
- ^ MPAC: Dr. Mohamed Elbaradei to be Presented with MPAC's Human Security Award
- ^ Arrivée de Graça Machel au Comité d’attribution du Prix Mo Ibrahim
- ^ a b Amherst: Amherst College To Honor Atomic Agency Head, Princeton President and Five Others at Commencement May 25
- ^ University Philosophical Society: Honorary Patrons
- ^ World Nuclear University: Inaugural Ceremony of the World Nuclear University - Part Two
- ^ Center za mir: "Centar za mir - Mostar"
- ^ ZERO NUCLEAR'S FOUR STATESMEN, ELBARADEI TO BE HONORED
- ^ Richard Erdman and the EastWest Institute: Statesman of the Year Award
- ^ Entrega del IV Premio Sevilla-Nodo
- ^ Indian Express: ElBaradei chosen for Indira Gandhi Peace Prize
- ^ University of Georgia: 2009 Delta Prize Recipient
- ^ IAEA: Biography of Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mohamed ElBaradei |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mohamed ElBaradei |
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Wikinews has news related to: |
- Taghyeer.net official blog
- Mohamed ElBaradei on Twitter
- Column archive at The Guardian
- Annotated Bibliography for Mohamed ElBaradei at the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Director General Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei at IAEA
- Mohamed ElBaradei at the Internet Movie Database
- Mohamed ElBaradei on Charlie Rose
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Mohamed ElBaradei collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Mohamed ElBaradei collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Mohamed ElBaradei collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Mohamed ElBaradei collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Mohamed ElBaradei in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Profile: Mohamed ElBaradei, BBC News, 30 January 2011
- 2005 Nobel Peace Prize Lecture at NobelPrize.org
- Mohamed ElBaradei at the Academy of Achievement
- Articles
- The 2005 Nobel Peace Prize, photoessay by Scott London
- What Price, Peace?, Mohamed ElBaradei (LL.M '71, J.S.D. '74), NYU Law School, Autumn 2006
- Paul C. Warnke Lecture on International Security: A World Free of Nuclear Weapons: Illusion or Possibility, Council on Foreign Relations, November 4, 2009
- Full transcript of BBC's interview with Dr ElBaradei - May 2007 CASMII
- Washington intercepts ElBaradei phone calls for information to displace him, Washington Post, December 11, 2004
Nomination of ElBaradei[link]
- Nomination of ElBaradei
- ElBaradei: I will run for the presidential elections if it is free and fair
- ElBaradei Campaign Starts with a banner (Working together so ElBaradei can be our President)
- Wide reactions on ElBaradei's declaration of his candidacy for the presidency
- A facebook group dedicated to Nominate Mohamed ElBaradei to the presidency of Egypt in 2011
- ElBaradei set conditions to run for Egypt's presidential election
- ElBaradei: I joined the opposition in rejecting the inheritance of the Egyptian Presidency, demanding reforms from Mubarak and a new constitution
- Did ElBaradei become the youth candidate in the presidential election?
- The Egyptian government Campaign against ElBaradei Following his announcement of his intention to run for president
- Mufid Shehab (Minister of Legal Affairs): If ElBaradei Considering the presidency of Egypt he is mistaken
- Dr. ElBaradei dialogue with Al-Arabiya
- ElBaradei In a comprehensive interview with (Al-Shorouk) (1-3): I call on Mubarak to form a committee to draft a new constitution
- ElBaradei In a comprehensive interview with (Al-Shorouk) (2-3): The Egyptian people deserve better life than the one they are living
- ElBaradei In a comprehensive interview with (Al-Shorouk) (3-3): In Egypt, People are living below the level of the average human life
- Wide reactions from ElBaradei's interview with (Al-Shorouk)
- ElBaradei's interview with (Al-Shorouk) renew the debate over his personalty and his program
- The debate over ElBaradei's interview with (Al-Shorouk) continues
- (Al-Shorouk) Readers open hot files with ElBaradei
- (Al-Shorouk) Readers open hot files with ElBaradei (2)
- Dr. Said Sadiq (Professor of political sociology at the American University): ElBaradei is Modest and civilized .. And the opportunity of him winning is enhanced day after day
- (Isaac) calls for a public reception to ElBaradei
- (Health Minister) Hatem el-Gabali: ElBaradei is not fit to be president...Gamal is the fittest for the job if his father refuses to run for President
- A seminar on sectarian tensions: ElBaradei gave a kiss of life
- ElBaradei in Cairo on the first of February
| Diplomatic posts | ||
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| Preceded by Hans Blix |
Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency 1997–2009 |
Succeeded by Yukiya Amano |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Wangari Maathai |
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 2005 Served alongside: International Atomic Energy Agency |
Succeeded by Muhammad Yunus |
| Succeeded by Grameen Bank |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | ElBaradei, Mohamed |
| Alternative names | محمد البرادعي (Arabic) |
| Short description | Egyptian diplomat and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency |
| Date of birth | June 17, 1942 |
| Place of birth | Egypt |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mohamed_ElBaradei
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Muhammad al-Barade'i
http://cs.wn.com/Muhammad Baradej
http://id.wn.com/Mohamed ElBaradei
http://es.wn.com/Mohamed el-Baradei
http://ru.wn.com/Эль-Барадеи, Мохаммед
http://pl.wn.com/Mohamed ElBaradei
http://fr.wn.com/Mohamed El Baradei
http://hi.wn.com/मोहम्मद अलबारदेई
http://pt.wn.com/Mohamed ElBaradei
http://de.wn.com/Mohammed el-Baradei
http://nl.wn.com/Mohammed el-Baradei
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2011) |
 |
It has been suggested that Sawiris Family be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2010. |
| Naguib Sawiris | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | June 15, 1954 |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Net worth | $2.5 billion (US$) |
| Religion | Christian, of the Coptic Orthodox Church |
Naguib Onsi Sawiris (or Sawires, Egyptian Arabic: نجيب انسى ساويرس, IPA: [næˈɡiːb ˈʔonsi sæˈwiːɾɪs] or [sæˈwiːɾes]; born June 15, 1954) is an Egyptian businessman and politician. He was executive chairman of the telecommunications companies Wind Telecom and Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) before turning to politics in May 2011.[1] OTH launched the first mobile operator in Egypt, Mobinil in 1998.
OTH has 20,000 employees and manages 11 GSM operators around the globe. In the beginning, OTH’s strategy was to target underpenetrated high population markets. However, soon after it started to pursue more developed markets with the launch of Wind Mobile by its Globalive subsidiary in Canada in December 2009. Moreover, OTH launched the first mobile operator in North Korea in 2008, “Koryolink”.
Contents |
Background[link]
Sawiris joined Orascom in 1979. The Orascom Group is the country’s largest private sector employer and has the largest market capitalization on the Cairo & Alexandria Stock Exchange. Sawiris established and built the railway, information technology, and telecommunications sectors of Orascom. The conglomerate was later split into separate operating companies: Orascom Telecom (OT), Orascom Construction Industries (OCI), Orascom Hotels & Development and Orascom Technology Systems (OTS). OTH was established in late 1997 and since then has been chaired by Sawiris.
Wind Telecom S.p.A.[link]
In early 2005, Sawiris founded Weather Investments (later called Wind Telecom) and led the leveraged buyout of a majority stake of Wind Telecommunications in Italy, taking over as its chairman. A year later, he led Weather Investments' acquisition of Tim Hellas in Greece and re-branded it Wind Hellas. In November 2006, Wind Telecommunications floated the largest ever PIK debt in Europe and used the proceeds to complete the buyout of Wind from ENEL, resulting in the Sawiris Family owning 98% of Weather.
In October, 2010, VimpelCom Ltd., Russia’s second-largest mobile phone operator, and Sawiris agreed to merge their phone assets in a transaction valued at about US$6.5 billion. Sawiris announced his plan for a new company with the companies not included in the merger: the Egyptian mobile-services company, Mobinil, the North Korean GSM operator, Koryolink, Mena Cables, and non-GSM companies.[2][3] In January 2011, the company changed its name from "Weather Investments S.p.A." to "Wind Telecom S.p.A.".[citation needed]
Associations[link]
At international and regional levels, Naguib Sawiris serves on the following Boards, Committees and Councils:
- Member of the international advisory committee to the NYSE Board of Directors (IAC) since November 2005
- Board member of the International Advisory Board to the National Bank of Kuwait
- President of the German-Arab Chamber of Industry and Commerce for 2008–2009
- Board member of the Supreme Council of Sciences and Technology formed by a presidential decree issued by the former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The council's board includes Nobel laureate Dr Ahmed Zewail, Dr Farouq el-Baz and Sir Magdy Yaqoub.
- Co-chair, the Egyptian Italian Business Council
- Board member on both the Board of Trustees and the board of Directors of the Arab Thought Foundation
- Board of Trustees member of the French University in Cairo
- Board member of the Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs
- Board member of the Consumer Rights Protection Association of Egypt
- Chairman of the Board of Endeavor
Political involvements[link]
He is considered a nationalist and supporter of liberalism. He favored a gradual transition during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and played as a mediating figure between the protesters and Hosni Mubarak's people. Although he expressed concerns about the military caretaker government[4] he favored changes that increased democracy and stability.[5] He is the founder of the liberal Free Egyptians Party.[6][7] In 2009, Sawiris launched the Arabic-language ONTV television network, which has adopted a politically liberal stance and, in addition to its popular Ramadan serials, hosts two of the most-watched talk shows in Egypt.[8]
Political difficulties[link]
In late June 2011, his tweet of Mickey Mouse with an Islamic beard and dressed in a Jilbāb and Minnie Mouse wearing a full Muslim veil caused controversy, accusing him of racism and Islamophobia.[9][10][11] Sawiris' tweet of Mickey and Minnie Mouse in salafi garb led to calls for a boycott of the various businesses in which he has invested, including Mobinil and the Al-Masry Al-Youm newspaper. [12]
Awards and recognitions[link]
Naguib Sawiris is the recipient of numerous honorary degrees, industry awards and civic honors, including the French Legion of Honour and the Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam award, conferred upon him in 2006 by Pervez Musharraf “for services rendered to the people of Pakistan in the field of telecommunication, investments and social sector work.” In November 2011, the Canadian International Council recognized him as the 2011 CIC Globalist of the Year.[13]
Education[link]
Naguib Sawiris holds a Diplom (similar to a Master's) in Business Administration and Mechanical Engineering from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland and the Abitur (diploma) from the German Protestant School, Cairo, Egypt.
Personal life[link]
Naguib Sawiris is the eldest of three brothers. His brothers are Nassef Sawiris and Samih Sawiris. He is the son of Onsi Sawiris who established the Orascom Group.
In 2010, Naguib Sawiris was listed in Forbes magazine as the 374th richest person in the world, with a personal wealth of US$2.5 billion.[14]
Sawiris is an Egyptian Christian, following the teachings of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
References[link]
- ^ “Egyptian Billionaire Naguib Sawiris Dumps Business For Politics”, Mfonobong Nsehe – The Africa Chronicles, Forbes blog. May 19 2011.
- ^ Orascom, VimpelCom, agree to combine phone operations, Al-asr Al-Youm, October 4, 2010
- ^ Sawiris to found new company for assets excluded from recent merger, Al-asr Al-Youm, October 5, 2010
- ^ Time Magazine
- ^ Bloomberg, January 30, 2011
- ^ Daily News Egypt
- ^ Al-Ahram
- ^ "The Egyptian Naguib Sawiris launches a competing channel Al-Jazeera". Technology Data. 30 September 2011. http://dataloker.com/the-egyptian-naguib-sawiris-launches-a-competing-channel-al-jazeera.html. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- ^ Al Ahram
- ^ BBC
- ^ CBS
- ^ http://www.facebook.com/pages/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3-Boycott-Naguib-Sawiris/227505960655660
- ^ “2011 CIC Globalist of the Year”, Canadian International Council. Accessed August 20, 2011.
- ^ “The World's Billionaires”, Forbes. October 3, 2010.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sawiris, Naguib |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 15 June 1954 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Naguib_Sawiris
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Савирис, Нагиб
http://fr.wn.com/Naguib Sawiris
http://de.wn.com/Naguib Sawiris
http://it.wn.com/Naguib Sawiris
http://es.wn.com/Naguib Sawiris
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Sawiris
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Amr Moussa عمرو موسى |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Secretary-General of the Arab League | |
| In office 1 June 2001 – 1 June 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
| Succeeded by | Nabil Elaraby |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 20 May 1991 – 15 May 2001 |
|
| Prime Minister | Atef Sedki Kamal Ganzouri Atef Ebeid |
| Preceded by | Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
| Succeeded by | Ahmed Maher |
| Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations | |
| In office 1 January 1990 – 20 May 1991 |
|
| President | Hosni Mubarak |
| Preceded by | Ahmed Aboul Gheit |
| Succeeded by | Nabil Elaraby |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Amr Mouhammed Moussa Abu-Zeid (1936-10-03) 3 October 1936 (age 75) Cairo, Egypt |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse(s) | Leila Moussa |
| Children |
|
| Alma mater | Cairo University |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Amr Moussa (Arabic: عمرو محمد موسى, IPA: [ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmmæd ˈmuːsæ]; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the Secretary-General of the Arab League, a 22-member forum representing Arab states, from 1 June 2001 until 1 June 2011. Previously he served in the government of Egypt as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to 2001.
Contents |
Early life[link]
He was born on 3 October 1936 in Cairo, Egypt, the son of former parliamentarian Muhammad Moussa. His father also had a son named Pierre during his studies in France in the 1920s. However, Moussa's half-brother Pierre is only a French citizen and has no ties to Egypt.[1]
Moussa finished his education after earning a degree in law from Cairo University in 1957.
Diplomatic career[link]
Moussa then began his diplomatic career. Between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt’s Embassy in Switzerland and the Egyptian mission to the United Nations. From 1974 to 1977 he was an advisor to the Minister for Foreign Affairs. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to India. In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations. He was named Minister of Foreign Affairs by Prime Minister Atef Sedki on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary General of the Arab League. Moussa has been heavily involved with Egypt's foreign policy since 1958. He has been Egypt's Ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was among the many Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the Lebanon War (1975–1990), and for this he is criticized for taking a strong anti-Christian position. After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.[2] Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.[3] At the Forum for New Diplomacy in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the 2006 Palestinian elections that brought Hamas into power.[4] Like El-Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, he supports opening the Gaza Strip/Egypt border (Seale, 2010). His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular. Many political commentators said the Mubarak sent him to work for the Arab League in 2001 so as not to compete as a presidential candidate in the 2005 Presidential elections because of his popularity. Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.[5]
Secretary-General of the Arab League[link]
On 15 May 2001, Moussa was selected as Secretary General of the League of Arab States and took office on 1 June 2001. Critics of president Hosni Mubarak allege that Moussa's appointment to the Office of Secretary-General of the Arab League was motivated by Mubarak's desire to remove him from the public spotlight. On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security. On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the Holy See and met with Pope Benedict XVI in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.[6] On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited Gaza in a move to pressure Israel to lift its economic blockade over Hamas-ruled Gaza.[7] The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the Gaza flotilla raid, Moussa said the Arab League would go to the UN Security Council to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, Nabil Elaraby was elected as Secretary General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 June 2011.
Possible presidential candidacies[link]
2005 presidential election[link]
Main article: Egyptian presidential election, 2005
In 2004 an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a Doha Debate Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,[8] Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.
2012 presidential election[link]
Main article: Egyptian presidential election, 2012
When asked about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".[9] He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to Gamal Mubarak, son of Hosni Mubarak.[10] He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him.".[11]
Moussa held talks with Mohamed Elbaradei after his return to Egypt. Many[who?] speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in Zurich, Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.[12] On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.[13] On the 8 February broadcast of Al Jazeera English's Empire, well-connected American journalist Seymour Hersh stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not." [14] On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt. On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper Alwafd reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.[15]
A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.[16]
Criticisms[link]
Although credited with shaking up the Arab League’s bureaucracy,[17] Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, The League of the Arab States: what’s left of it, former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El-Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.[18]
Awards[link]
- 2001 Grand Cordon of the Nile, Egypt
- 2001 The Two Niles, First Class, Sudan
References[link]
- ^ Amr Moussa: No, I don’t have an Israeli half-brother, timesofisrael.com, by Elhanan Miller, dated 6 April 2012.
- ^ United, Nations (March 4, 2011). "Biography of Amre Mahmoud Moussa". United Nations. http://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/amre-moussa-bio.pdf.
- ^ "Profile: Amre Moussa". British Broadcasting Company. January 23, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1766776.stm.
- ^ Seale, Patrick (February 5, 2010). "An Arab Voice". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/opinion/06iht-edseale.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=amrmoussa.
- ^ Badawi, Rania (March 1, 2011). "Moussa To Run For President, Will Announce Election Platform Soon". Al-Masry Al-Youm. http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/335453.
- ^ Wooden, Cindy (2009-04-23). "Vatican, Arab League sign new agreement to promote peace, dialogue". Catholic News. http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901836.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ Tim Franks (2010-06-13). "Arab League chief Amr Moussa in first visit to Gaza". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10303301.stm. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ WHAT THE MEDIA SAY ABOUT THE DOHA DEBATES. thedohadebates.com
- ^ "Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt". CNN Arabic. 2009-10-20. http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ "Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt". Reuters Arabia. 2009-10-20. http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president.
- ^ Frank-Jurgen Richter. "Horasis Annual Meeting". http://www.horasis.org/Horasis%20Annual%20Meeting%202011%20-%20Report%20.pdf.
- ^ Weaver, Matthew (2011-02-01). "Egypt protests". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2011/feb/01/egypt-protests-live-updates. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ Hersh, Seymour (2011-02-08). "Empire". Al Jazeera. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDp8TnY3IsA. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ ثوار يلتقون موسى وزويل لبحث"الرئاسة". alwafd.org
- ^ "Phone Survey of Cairo and Alexandria", Scribd Middle East Polls. Scribd.com (2010-06-24). Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
- ^ Moran, Michael (2005-10-20). "The Arab League and Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/publication/9061/arab_league_and_iraq.html. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ Egypt’s opposition divided over counter-attack strategy
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amr Moussa |
- Amre Moussa Presidential Campaign Website (Arabic)
- Amre Moussa Official Facebook Page (Arabic)
- Secretary-General at League of Arab States (Arabic)
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Amr Moussa on Charlie Rose
- Amr Moussa at the Internet Movie Database
- Amr Moussa collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Amr Moussa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Profile: Amr Moussa at BBC News, 23 January 2002
- Works by or about Amr Moussa in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Amr Moussa at the Notable Names Database
- Articles
- Profile at Medea, April 2010 (French)
- Arab League leader says nations shouldn't fear revolts, Leila Fadel, The Washington Post, February 15, 2011
- Diplomat seen as a solid leader, but too old to be Egypt's president, Timothy M. Phelps, Los Angeles Times, February 17, 2011
- Amr Moussa launches presidential campaign, Dina Ezzat, Ahram Online, 9 March 2011
- Moussa sharply criticized during first campaign trail speech, staff, Al-Masry Al-Youm, 9 March 2011
- Amr Moussa, secretary general of the Arab League, Jason Burke, The Guardian, 21 March 2011, profile
| Diplomatic posts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ahmed Aboul Gheit |
Egyptian Ambassaor to the United Nations 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nabil Elaraby |
| Preceded by Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
Secretary-General of the Arab League 2001–2011 |
|
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid |
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1991–2001 |
Succeeded by Ahmed Maher |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Moussa, Amre |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1936-10-03 |
| Place of birth | Cairo, Egypt |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Amr_Moussa
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http://id.wn.com/Amr Moussa
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http://ru.wn.com/Муса, Амр
http://nl.wn.com/Amr Moussa
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_Moussa
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the American journalist. For the talk show, see Charlie Rose (talk show). For other people with the same name, see Charlie Rose (disambiguation).
| Charlie Rose | |
|---|---|
 Rose in May 2010 |
|
| Born | Charles Peete Rose, Jr. (1942-01-05) January 5, 1942 (age 70) Henderson, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Education | Duke University B.A. (1964) Duke University J.D. (1968) |
| Occupation | Talk show host Journalist |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Notable credit(s) | Charlie Rose, 60 Minutes II, 60 Minutes, CBS News Nightwatch, CBS This Morning |
| Website | |
| http://www.charlierose.com/ | |
Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942)[1] is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991 he has hosted Charlie Rose, an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. He has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since January 2012. Rose, along with Lara Logan, has hosted the revived CBS classic Person to Person, a news program during which celebrities are interviewed in their homes, originally hosted from 1953 to 1961 by Edward R. Murrow.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina, the only child[3] of Margaret Frazier and Charles Peete Rose, Sr., tobacco farmers who owned a country store.[4][5] As a child, Rose lived above his parents' store in Henderson and helped out with the family business from age seven.[6] Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble.[7] A high school basketball star, Rose entered Duke University intending to pursue a degree with a pre-med track, but an internship in the office of Democratic North Carolina Senator B. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics.[8] Rose graduated in 1964 with a bachelor's degree in history. At Duke, he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity. He earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968.[6] He met his wife, Mary (née King), while attending Duke.[3][4]
Career[link]
After his wife was hired by the BBC (in New York), Rose handled some assignments for the BBC on a freelance basis. In 1972, while continuing to work at Bankers Trust, he landed a job as a weekend reporter for WPIX-TV. His break came in 1974, after Bill Moyers hired Rose as managing editor for the PBS series Bill Moyers' International Report. In 1975, Moyers named Rose executive producer of Bill Moyers Journal. Rose soon began appearing on camera. "A Conversation with Jimmy Carter," one installment of Moyers's series U.S.A.: People and Politics, won a 1976 Peabody Award. Rose worked at several networks honing his interview skills until KXAS-TV in Dallas-Fort Worth hired him as program manager and gave him the late-night time slot that would become the Charlie Rose show.
Rose worked for CBS News (1984–1990) as the anchor of CBS News Nightwatch, the network's first late-night news broadcast. The Nightwatch broadcast of Rose's interview with Charles Manson won an Emmy Award in 1987.[4] In 1990, Rose left CBS to serve as anchor of Personalities, a syndicated program produced by Fox Broadcasting Company, but he got out of his contract after six weeks because of the tabloid-style content of the show. Charlie Rose premiered on PBS station Thirteen/WNET on September 30, 1991, and has been nationally syndicated since January 1993. In 1994, Rose moved the show to a studio owned by Bloomberg Television, which allowed for improved satellite interviewing.[9]
Rose was a correspondent for 60 Minutes II[10] from its inception in January 1999 until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes.[11]
Rose was a member of the board of directors of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation from 2003 to 2009.[3] In May 2010, Charlie Rose delivered the commencement address at North Carolina State University.
On November 15, 2011, it was announced that Rose would return to CBS to help anchor CBS This Morning, replacing The Early Show, commencing January 9, 2012, along with co-anchors Erica Hill and Gayle King.
Cameo appearances[link]
Rose has appeared as himself in the 1998 film Primary Colors,[12] in a 2000 episode of The Simpsons[13] and in the 2008 movie Elegy.[14] He and his show were also used in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. He also appears as himself in the 2011 George Clooney directed film, The Ides of March.
[edit] Accusations of conflict of interest
While hosting the 2002 Coca-Cola Company shareholders' meeting, Rose said "few companies are able to connect as completely with consumers in the way that Coca-Cola is. It is a privilege to be associated with [The Coca-Cola family] ... This is the business of Coca-Cola: being part of a family, being worldwide, doing well and doing good at the same time."[15] Afterward, Coca-Cola agreed to become what Rose called "a leading underwriter" of The Charlie Rose Show, paying "six or possibly seven figures."[16] Even the Charlie Rose mugs used on his PBS show feature a Coca-Cola logo on one side.[17][18] Although CBS News policy bars correspondents from doing commercials and product endorsements, the Washington Post reported CBS was "comfortable" with Rose's actions. Rose insists he "would never do a story on 60 Minutes II about anybody who underwrites my PBS show."[16]
[edit] Quiet influence
The New York Times reported that Rose encouraged a discussion between the leaders of NBC and Fox, that led eventually to a mutual reduction in ad hominem attacks between Keith Olbermann and Bill O'Reilly on their respective news programs.[19]
Rose has attended several Bilderberg Group conference meetings, including meetings held in the United States in 2008;[20] Spain in 2010;[21] and Switzerland in 2011.[22] These unofficial conferences hold guests from North America and Western Europe, most of whom are political leaders and businessmen. Details of meetings are closed off to the public and strictly invitation-only, and critics[who?] speculate the controversial nature of these meetings of highly influential people. Accusations from conspiracy theorists against The Charlie Rose show claim that it has become the US media outlet for Bilderberg.[23][unreliable source?]
Personal life[link]
Rose's twelve-year marriage to Mary Rose (née King) ended in divorce in 1980. Mary is the sister-in-law of Morgan Stanley Chairman John J. Mack. Since 1993, his companion has been socialite and chairman of the New York City Planning Commission and director of the city department of planning Amanda Burden, a stepdaughter of CBS founder William S. Paley.[24]
On March 29, 2006, after experiencing shortness of breath in Syria, Rose was flown to Paris and underwent surgery for mitral valve repair in the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital. His surgery was performed under the supervision of Alain F. Carpentier, a pioneer of the procedure.[25] Rose returned to the air on June 12, 2006, with Bill Moyers and Yvette Vega (the show's executive producer), to discuss his surgery and recuperation.
In a 2009 Fresh Dialogues interview, Rose described his life as "great and glorious."[7] He added, '"I get up every morning with a new adventure. The adventure is fueled by interesting people. I get a chance to control my own destiny. I do something that is immediately either appreciated or not. I get feedback."
Rose owns a 575-acre (2.33 km2) farm in Oxford, North Carolina, an apartment overlooking Central Park in New York City, a beach house in Bellport, New York, an apartment in Washington D.C.[3] and an apartment in Paris, France.
References[link]
- ^ Marks, Peter (January 5, 1993). "The Love Cult of Charlie Rose". Newsday: p. 42.
- ^ "Charlie Rose, Lara Logan on "Person to Person". Person to Person (CBS News). February 8, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505383_162-57373639/charlie-rose-lara-logan-on-person-to-person/. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?section=money_latest. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ a b c O'Shaughnessy, Elise (September 1993). "The Fame of the Rose". Vanity Fair 56 (9): pp. 172–181. ISSN 0733-8899.
- ^ "Charlie Rose Biography (1942–)". Filmreference.com. January 5, 1942. http://www.filmreference.com/film/1/Charlie-Rose.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Charlie Rose biography from Bloomberg News
- ^ a b van Diggelen, Alison (February 26, 2009). "Transcript of Interview with Charlie Rose". Fresh Dialogues. http://www.freshdialogues.com/2009/02/26/transcript-of-fresh-dialogues-with-charlie-rose/. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
- ^ The North Carolina Awards: Charlie Rose (1942 -) Public Service 2007 from the website of the State Library of North Carolina
- ^ Charlie Rose, Bloomberg News
- ^ 60 Minutes II profile from CBS News
- ^ "Charlie Rose". CBS News. January 17, 2008. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/17/60minutes/bios/main3725276.shtml. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Nancy Basile. ""The Simpsons" Episode Guide – Season Eleven". About.com. http://animatedtv.about.com/od/thesimpsonsepisodes/a/epguidesimp11.htm. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ Leslie Felperin (February 10, 2008). "Review of Elegy". Variety. http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2478&reviewid=VE1117936157&starting=1. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
- ^ audio, aired on Le Show
- ^ a b Lloyd Grove, "The Reliable Source," Washington Post, April 23, 2002, C03
- ^ Orange County Weekly, January 24, 2003
- ^ Fear & Favor 2003: How power shapes the news, Extra!, FAIR, March/April 2003
- ^ Stelter, Brian (August 1, 2009). "Voices From Above Silence a Cable TV Feud". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/01/business/media/01feud.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ Fobes, Stefan (June 23, 2008). "My analysis of Bilderberg 2008". A War of Illusions. WordPress.com. http://warofillusions.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/my-analysis-of-bilderberg-2008. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2010 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2011 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Newman, Alex (June 12, 2011). "Awareness of Bilderberg Cabal Explodes in 2011". The New American. http://thenewamerican.com/world-mainmenu-26/europe-mainmenu-35/7841-awareness-of-bilderberg-cabal-explodes-in-2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Gardner, Ralph (May 13, 2002). "Social Planner". Nymag.com. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/newyork/features/6005/. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2009092811. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2012) |
- Charlie Rose Official website of his eponymous show
- Charlie Rose official channel on YouTube
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at the Los Angeles Times
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Charlie Rose at the Notable Names Database
- Charlie Rose shows on Hulu
- celebritynetworth.com, Celebrity Net Worth, Charlie Rose
- Why Business Loves Charlie Rose David A. Kaplan, Fortune, September 28, 2009
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rose, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Rose, Charles Peete, Jr. |
| Short description | American TV interviewer and journalist |
| Date of birth | 1942-01-05 |
| Place of birth | Henderson, North Carolina |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Роуз, Чарли
http://fr.wn.com/Charlie Rose
http://de.wn.com/Charlie Rose
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ban Ki-moon 반기문 潘基文 |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Secretary-General of the United Nations | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 1, 2007 |
|
| Deputy | Asha-Rose Migiro Jan Eliasson (designate) |
| Preceded by | Kofi Annan |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade | |
| In office January 17, 2004 – November 10, 2007 |
|
| President | Roh Moo-hyun |
| Prime Minister | Goh Kun Lee Hae Chan Han Duck-soo Han Myeong-sook |
| Preceded by | Yoon Young Kwan |
| Succeeded by | Song Min-soon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1944-06-13) 13 June 1944 (age 68)[1] Injō, Chūsei-hokudō, Korea, Empire of Japan (present-day Eumseong County, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea) |
| Nationality | South Korean |
| Spouse(s) | Yoo Soon-taek |
| Alma mater | Seoul National University (B.A.) Harvard University (M.P.A.) |
| Religion | No public affiliation[2][3] |
| Signature |  |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 반기문 |
| Hanja | 潘基文 |
| Revised Romanization | Ban Gimun |
| McCune–Reischauer | Pan Kimun |
| Korean pronunciation: [panɡimun] | |
 |
This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja. |
Ban Ki-moon (Hangul: 반기문; Hanja: 潘基文; born 13 June 1944) is the eighth and current Secretary-General of the United Nations, after succeeding Kofi Annan in 2007. Before going on to be Secretary-General, Ban was a career diplomat in South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in the United Nations. He entered diplomatic service the year he graduated from university, accepting his first post in New Delhi, India. In the foreign ministry he established a reputation for modesty and competence .
Ban was the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. In February 2006, he began to campaign for the office of Secretary-General. Ban was initially considered to be a long shot for the office. As foreign minister of South Korea, however, he was able to travel to all of the countries that were members of the United Nations Security Council, a maneuver that turned him into the front runner.
On 11 October 2006, he was elected to be the eighth Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly and officially succeeded Annan on 1 January 2007. Ban has led several major reforms regarding peacekeeping and UN employment practices. Diplomatically, Ban has taken particularly strong views on Darfur, where he helped persuade Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir to allow peacekeeping troops to enter Sudan; and on global warming, pressing the issue repeatedly with former U.S. President George W. Bush. Ban has received strong criticism from OIOS, the UN internal audit unit, stating that the secretariat, under Ban's leadership, is "drifting into irrelevance".[4]
In 2011, Ban ran unopposed for a second term as Secretary-General. On 21 June 2011, he was unanimously re-elected by the General Assembly and therefore will continue to serve until 31 December 2016.[5][6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Ban was born in Eumseong in a small farming village in North Chungcheong, in 1944 at the end of the Japanese rule of Korea. His family moved to the nearby town of Chungju, where he was raised.[7] During Ban's childhood, his father had a warehouse business, but the warehouse went bankrupt and the family lost its middle-class standard of living. When Ban was six, his family fled to a remote mountainside for the duration of the Korean War.[1] After the war ended, his family returned to Chungju. Ban has mentioned meeting U.S. military troops at this time.[8]
In secondary school (Chungju High School), Ban became a star pupil, particularly in his studies of English. In 1952, he was selected by his class to address a message to then UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, but it is unknown if the message was ever sent. In 1962, Ban won an essay contest sponsored by the Red Cross and earned a trip to the United States where he lived in San Francisco with a host family for several months.[9] As part of the trip, Ban met U.S. President John F. Kennedy.[1] When a journalist at the meeting asked Ban what he wanted to be when he grew up, he said, "I want to become a diplomat."[8]
He received a [[bachelor's degree] in International Relations from Seoul National University in 1970, and earned a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1985.[8] At Harvard, he studied under Joseph Nye who remarked that Ban had "a rare combination of analytic clarity, humility and perseverance."[9] Ban was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) by the University of Malta on 22 April 2009.[10] He further received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Washington in October 2009.[11]
In addition to his native Korean, Ban speaks English, French, and Japanese. There have been questions, however, regarding the extent of his knowledge of French, one of the two working languages of the United Nations Secretariat.[12]
Family[link]
Ban Ki-moon met Yoo Soon-taek in 1962 when they were both high school students. Ban was 18 years old, and Yoo Soon-taek was his secondary school's student council president. Ban Ki-moon married Yoo Soon-taek in 1971. They have three adult children: two daughters and a son. His elder daughter, Seon-yong, was born in 1972 and now works for the Korea Foundation in Seoul. She is married to an Indian.[13][14] His son, Woo-hyun was born in 1974 in India.[13] He received an MBA from Anderson School of Management at University of California, Los Angeles, and works for an investment firm in New York.[15] His younger daughter, Hyun-hee (born 1976), is a field officer for UNICEF in Nairobi.[1] After his election as Secretary-General, Ban became an icon in his hometown, where his extended family still resides. Over 50,000 gathered in a soccer stadium in Chungju for celebration of the result. In the months following his election, thousands of practitioners of geomancy went to his village to determine how it produced such an important person.[7] Ban himself is not a member of any church or religious group[2] and has declined to expound his beliefs: "Now, as Secretary-General, it will not be appropriate at this time to talk about my own belief in any particular religion or God. So maybe we will have some other time to talk about personal matters."[3] His mother is a Buddhist.[7]
Personality[link]
In the Korean Foreign Ministry his nickname was riya, meaning "the Bureaucrat" or "the administrative clerk." The name was used as both positive and negative: complimenting Ban's attention to detail and administrative skill while deriding what was seen as a lack of charisma and subservience to his superiors.[16] The Korean press corps calls him "the slippery eel" for his ability to dodge questions.[8] His peers praise his understated "Confucian approach."[17] and he is regarded by many as a "stand-up guy"[9] and is known for his "easy smile".[1]
Diplomatic career[link]
After graduating from university, Ban received the top score on Korea's foreign service exam. He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in May 1970, and worked his way up the career ladder during the years of the Yusin Constitution.[9]
His first overseas posting was to New Delhi, where he served as vice consul and impressed many of his superiors in the foreign ministry with his competence. Ban reportedly accepted a posting to India rather than the more prestigious United States, because in India he would be able to save more money, and send more money home to his family.[18][19] In 1974 he received his first posting to the United Nations, as First Secretary of the South Permanent Observer Mission (South Korea became a full UN member-state on 17 September 1991).[20] After Park Chung-hee's 1979 assassination, Ban assumed the post of Director of the United Nations Division.
In 1980 Ban became director of the United Nations' International Organizations and Treaties Bureau, headquartered in Seoul.[19] He has been posted twice to the Republic of Korea embassy in Washington, D.C. Between these two assignments he served as Director-General for American Affairs in 1990–1992. In 1992, he became Vice Chairman of the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission, following the adoption by South and North Korea of the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[18] From 1993–1994 Ban was Korea's deputy ambassador to the United States. He was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister for Policy Planning and International Organizations in 1995 and then appointed National Security Advisor to the President in 1996.[19] Ban's lengthy career overseas has been credited with helping him avoid South Korea's unforgiving political environment.[17]
Ban was appointed Ambassador to Austria and Slovenia in 1998, and a year later he was also elected as Chairman of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO PrepCom). During the negotiations, in what Ban considers the biggest blunder of his career, he included in a public letter a positive statement about the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2001, not long after the United States had decided to abandon the treaty. To avoid anger from the United States, Ban was fired by President Kim Dae-jung, who also issued a public apology for Ban's statement.[1]
Ban was unemployed for the only time in his career and was expecting to receive an assignment to work in a remote and unimportant embassy.[1] In 2001, during the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the Republic of Korea held the rotating presidency, and to Ban's surprise, he was selected to be the chief of staff to general assembly president Han Seung-soo.[21] In 2003, incoming president Roh Moo-hyun selected Ban as one of his foreign policy advisors.[19]
Foreign Minister of South Korea[link]
File:Yudhoyono BanKiMoon.jpg
Ban Ki-moon with Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
In 2004, Ban replaced Yoon Young Kwan as foreign minister of South Korea under president Roh Moo-hyun.[8] At the beginning of his term, Ban was faced with two major crises: in June 2004 Kim Sun-il, a Korean translator, was kidnapped and killed in Iraq by Islamic extremists; and in December 2004 dozens of Koreans died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Ban survived scrutiny from lawmakers and saw an upturn in his popularity when talks began with North Korea.[19] Ban became actively involved in issues relating to inter-Korean relationships.[18] In September 2005, as Foreign Minister, he played a leading role in the diplomatic efforts to adopt the Joint Statement on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue at the Fourth Round of the Six-party talks held in Beijing.[22][23]
As foreign minister, Ban oversaw the trade and aid policies of South Korea. This work put Ban in the position of signing trade deals and delivering foreign assistance to diplomats who would later be influential in his candidacy for Secretary-General. For example, Ban became the first senior South Korean minister to travel to the Republic of the Congo since its independence in 1960.[24]
Campaign for Secretary-General: 2007[link]
| 2007 Secretary-General candidates[25] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Position | |
 |
Ban Ki-moon | South Korean foreign minister |
 |
Shashi Tharoor | Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations for public information; from India |
 |
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga | President of Latvia |
 |
Ashraf Ghani | Chancellor of Kabul University, Afghanistan |
 |
Surakiart Sathirathai | Deputy prime minister of Thailand |
 |
Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad | Jordan's ambassador to the United Nations |
 |
Jayantha Dhanapala | Former Under-Secretary-General for disarmament; from Sri Lanka |
In February 2006, Ban declared his candidacy to replace Kofi Annan as UN Secretary-General at the end of 2006, becoming the first South Korean to run for the office.[26] Though Ban was the first to announce a candidacy, he was not originally considered a serious contender.[9]
Over the next eight months, Ban made ministerial visits to each of the 15 countries with a seat on the Security Council.[8] Of the seven candidates, he topped each of the four straw polls conducted by the United Nations Security Council: on 24 July,[27] 14 September,[28] 28 September,[29] and 2 October.[30]
During the period in which these polls took place, Ban made major speeches to the Asia Society and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York.[31][32] To be confirmed, Ban needed not only to win the support of the diplomatic community, but also to be able to avoid a veto from any of the five permanent members of the council: People's Republic of China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Ban was popular in Washington for having pushed to send South Korean troops to Iraq, and had the support of the Bush administration as he pursued the position.[33] But Ban also opposed several U.S. positions: he expressed his support for the International Criminal Court and favoured an entirely non-confrontational approach to dealing with North Korea.[8] Ban said during his campaign that he would like to visit North Korea in person to meet with Kim Jong-il directly.[23] Ban was viewed as a stark contrast from Kofi Annan, who was considered charismatic, but perceived as a weak manager because of problems surrounding the UN's oil-for-food program in Iraq.[16]
Ban struggled to win the approval of France. His official biography states that he speaks both English and French, the two working languages of the UN Secretariat. He has repeatedly struggled to answer questions in French from journalists.[12] Ban has repeatedly acknowledged his limitations at French, but assured French diplomats that he was devoted to continuing his study. At a press conference on 11 January 2007, Ban remarked, "My French perhaps could be improved, and I am continuing to work. I have taken French lessons over the last few months. I think that, even if my French isn't perfect, I will continue to study it."[34]
As the Secretary-General election drew closer, there was rising criticism of the South Korean campaign on Ban's behalf. Specifically, his alleged practice of systematically visiting all member states of the Security Council in his role as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade to secure votes in his support by signing trade deals with European countries and pledging aid to developing countries were the focus of many news articles.[35] According to The Washington Post, "rivals have privately grumbled that Republic of Korea, which has the world's 11th-largest economy, has wielded its economic might to generate support for his candidacy." Ban reportedly said that these insinuations were "groundless." In an interview on 17 September 2006 he stated: "As front-runner, I know that I can become a target of this very scrutinizing process," and "I am a man of integrity."[36]
In the final informal poll on 2 October, Ban received fourteen favorable votes and one abstention ("no opinion") from the fifteen members of the Security Council. The one abstention came from the Japanese delegation, who vehemently opposed the idea of a Korean taking the role of Secretary-General. Due to the overwhelming support of Ban by the rest of the Security Council, Japan later voted in favor of Ban to avoid controversy. More importantly, Ban was the only one to escape a veto; each of the other candidates received at least one "no" vote from among the five permanent members. After the vote, Shashi Tharoor, who finished second, withdrew his candidacy[37] and China's Permanent Representative to the UN told reporters that "it is quite clear from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly."[38]
|
Wikinews has related news: General Assembly elects Ban Ki-moon as next UN chief |
On 9 October, the Security Council formally chose Ban as its nominee. In the public vote, he was supported by all 15 members of the council.[39] On 13 October, the 192-member General Assembly acclaimed Ban as Secretary-General.[21]
First Term as Secretary-General[link]
When Ban became Secretary-General, The Economist listed the major challenges facing him in 2007: "rising nuclear demons in Iran and North Korea, a haemorrhaging wound in Darfur, unending violence in the Middle East, looming environmental disaster, escalating international terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the spread of HIV/AIDS. And then the more parochial concerns, such as the largely unfinished business of the most sweeping attempt at reform in the UN's history."[40] Before starting, Kofi Annan shared the story that when the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie left office, he told his successor, Dag Hammarskjöld, "You are about to take over the most impossible job on earth."[21]
On 23 January 2007 Ban took office as the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations. Ban's term as Secretary-General opened with a flap. At his first encounter with the press as Secretary-General on 2 January 2007, he refused to condemn the death penalty imposed on Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi High Tribunal, remarking that "The issue of capital punishment is for each and every member State to decide".[41] Ban's statements contradicted long-standing United Nations opposition to the death penalty as a human-rights concern.[42] He quickly clarified his stance in the case of Barzan al-Tikriti and Awad al-Bandar, two top officials who were convicted of the deaths of 148 Shia Muslims in the Iraqi village of Dujail in the 1980s. In a statement through his spokesperson on 6 January, he "strongly urged the Government of Iraq to grant a stay of execution to those whose death sentences may be carried out in the near future."[43][44] On the broader issue, he told a Washington, D.C., audience on 16 January 2007 that he recognized and encouraged the "growing trend in international society, international law and domestic policies and practices to phase out eventually the death penalty."[45]
On the tenth anniversary of Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot's death, 15 April 2008, Ban Ki-moon appealed for the senior leaders of the regime to be brought to justice. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia-tribunal, which was established by both the United Nations and Cambodia and which became operational in 2006, is expected to continue until at least 2010.[46]
Cabinet[link]
In early January, Ban appointed the key members of his cabinet. As his Deputy Secretary-General, he selected Tanzanian foreign minister and professor Asha-Rose Migiro – a move that pleased African diplomats who had concerns of losing power without Annan in office.[47]
The top position devoted exclusively to management, Under-Secretary-General for Management, was filled by Alicia Bárcena Ibarra of Mexico. Bárcena was considered a UN insider, having previously served as Annan's chief of staff. Her appointment was seen by critics as an indication that Ban would not make dramatic changes to UN bureaucracy.[48] Ban appointed Sir John Holmes, the British Ambassador to France, as Under-Secretary-General for humanitarian affairs and coordinator of emergency relief.[48]
Ban initially said that he would delay making other appointments until his first round of reforms were approved, but he later abandoned this idea after receiving criticism.[43][49] In February he continued with appointments, selecting B. Lynn Pascoe, the U.S. ambassador to Indonesia, to become Under-Secretary-General for political affairs. Jean-Marie Guéhenno, a French diplomat, who had served as Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping operations under Annan, remained in office. Ban selected Vijay K. Nambiar as his chief of staff.[50]
The appointment of many women to top jobs was seen as fulfilling a campaign promise Ban had made to increase the role of women in the United Nations. During Ban's first year as Secretary-General, more top jobs were being handled by women than ever before. Though not appointed by Ban, the president of the General Assembly, Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa, is only the third woman to hold this position in UN history.[51]
Reform agenda[link]
During his first month in office, Ban proposed two major restructurings: to split the UN peacekeeping operation into two departments and to combine the political affairs and disarmament department. His proposals were met with stiff resistance from members of the UN General Assembly who bristled under Ban's request for rapid approval. The proposed merger of the disarmament and political affairs offices was criticized by many in the developing world, partially because of rumours that Ban hoped to place American B. Lynn Pascoe in charge of the new office. Alejandro D. Wolff, then acting American ambassador, said the United States backed his proposals.[43][49]
After the early bout of reproach, Ban began extensive consultation with UN ambassadors, agreeing to have his peacekeeping proposal extensively vetted. After the consultations, Ban dropped his proposal to combine political affairs and disarmament.[52] Ban nevertheless pressed ahead with reforms on job requirements at the UN requiring that all positions be considered five-year appointments, all receive strict annual performance reviews, and all financial disclosures be made public. Though unpopular in the New York office, the move was popular in other UN offices around the world and lauded by UN observers.[53] Ban's proposal to split the peacekeeping operation into one group handling operations and another handling arms was finally adopted in mid-March 2007.[54]
Key issues[link]
The Secretary-General of the United Nations has the ability to influence debate on nearly any global issue. Although unsuccessful in some areas, Ban's predecessor Annan had been successful in increasing the UN peacekeeping presence and in popularizing the Millennium Development Goals. UN observers were eager to see on which issues Ban intends to focus, in addition to reform of the United Nations bureaucracy.[40]
On several prominent issues, such as proliferation in Iran and North Korea, Ban has deferred to the Security Council.[54] In 2007, the Republic of Nauru raised the issue of allowing the Republic of China (Taiwan) to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Ban referenced the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, and refused the motion. On 19 July 2007, Taiwanese President Chen Shui-bian wrote to request admission into the UN by the name Taiwan. Ban rejected the request.[55]
Global warming[link]
Ban early on identified global warming as one of the key issues of his administration. In a White House meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush in January, Ban urged Bush to take steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions. On 1 March 2007 in a speech before the UN General Assembly, Ban emphasized his concerns about global warming. Ban stated, "For my generation, coming of age at the height of the Cold War, fear of nuclear winter seemed the leading existential threat on the horizon. But the danger posed by war to all humanity — and to our planet — is at least matched by climate change"[56] (referring to Global Warming, see P:GW portal). On 3 September 2009 he further emphasized his concerns at the World Climate Conference in Geneva, when he stated, "Our foot is stuck on the accelerator and we are heading towards an abyss".[57]
Middle East[link]
On Thursday, 22 March 2007, while Ban was taking part in the first stop of a tour of the Middle East, a mortar attack hit just 80 meters (260 ft) from where the Secretary-General was standing, interrupting a press conference in Baghdad's Green Zone, and visibly shaking Ban and others. No one was hurt in the incident.[58] The United Nations had already limited its role in Iraq after its Baghdad headquarters was bombed in August 2003, killing 22 people. Ban said, however, that he still hoped to find a way for the United Nations to "do more for Iraqi social and political development."[59]
On his trip, Ban visited Egypt, Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, where Ban attended a conference with leaders of the Arab League and met for several hours with Omar Hassan al-Bashir, the Sudanese president who had resisted UN peacekeepers in Darfur.[54] While Ban met with Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian president, he declined to meet with Ismail Haniya of Hamas.[60]
Ban Ki-moon criticized Israel on 10 March 2008 for planning to build housing units in a West Bank settlement, saying the decision conflicts with "Israel's obligation under the road map" for Middle East peace.[61]
During a meeting of the UN Security Council on Wednesday, 7 January 2009, Ban called for an immediate end to fighting in the Gaza Strip. He criticized both sides, Israel for bombarding Gaza and Hamas for firing rockets into Israel.[62]
Although the 2009 Iranian presidential election was widely disputed, Ban Ki-moon sent a traditional congratulation message [63] to the Iranian president upon his inauguration. He kept silent over the request of Shirin Ebadi to visit[64] Iran after the crackdown on peaceful post-election protests by the Iranian police – an event that was perceived by some as a crime against humanity .[65] More than 4000 people were arrested and nearly 70 were killed, some while being held in prison.[66] In another incident, several prominent intellectuals including Akbar Ganji, Hamid Dabashi, Noam Chomsky went on a three-day hunger strike in front of the UN. The incident was followed by an official request[67] by more than 200 intellectuals, human rights activists and reformist politicians in Iran for the UN reaction. Ban Ki-moon however did not take any action to stop the violence in Iran.
On 9 May 2012 Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon expressed his concern about the condition of the Palestinian hunger strikers in Israeli prisons.[68]
Darfur[link]
Ban took the first foreign trip of his term to attend the African Union summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in January 2007 as part of an effort to reach out to the Group of 77.[40] He repeatedly identified Darfur as the top humanitarian priority of his administration.[54] Ban played a large role, with several face-to-face meetings with Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, in convincing Sudan to allow UN peacekeepers to enter the Darfur region. On 31 July 2007 the United Nations Security Council approved sending 26,000 UN peacekeepers into the region to join 7,000 troops from the African Union. The resolution was heralded as a major breakthrough in confronting the Darfur conflict (although the United States labeled the conflict a "genocide," the United Nations has declined to do so). The first phase of the peacekeeping mission began in October 2007.[69]
Myanmar[link]
Ban Ki-moon flew to Myanmar on 25 May 2008 to guide a conference with international agencies aimed at boosting donations for the nation, which was struck by Cyclone Nargis on 2 May 2008. The conference was initiated after Ban had met with Than Shwe, the leading figure of Myanmar's government 23 May 2008. Ban toured the devastation—especially in the hard-hit Irrawaddy Delta—23 May 2008 and 24 May 2008. Myanmar officials agreed to allow the Yangon International Airport to be used as a logistical hub for aid distribution.[70]
Campaign for second term as Secretary-General: 2011[link]
On 6 June 2011, Ban Ki-moon formally announced his candidacy for a second consecutive term[5] as Secretary-General of the United Nations. He announced his candidacy at a press conference, following a meeting with the Asian group of countries at the United Nations. Ban Ki-moon's first mandate as the Secretary-General was set to end on 31 December 2011.[71] The five permanent Security Council members supported his candidacy. There was no declared rival for the post.[72]
On 17 June 2011, he received the recommendation of the Security Council by a unanimous vote,[73] and, on 21 June, his nomination was confirmed by a unanimous[6] acclamation vote at the United Nations General Assembly.[74]
His new five-year term as Secretary-General commenced on 1 January 2012[75] and will end on 31 December 2016.[5]
Honors and awards[link]
- Ban Ki-moon was awarded the Order of Service Merit by the Government of the Republic of Korea on three occasions: in 1975, 1986 and 2006.[22]
- For his accomplishments as an envoy, he received the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria in 2001.
- He was bestowed the Grand Cross of Rio Branco by the government of Brazil.
- He was bestowed the Gran Cruz del Sol by the government of Peru.
- He was bestowed a Doctor Honoris Causa by the National University of San Marcos, the main university in Peru and the oldest of the Americas (2011).
- He was bestowed a Doctor of Laws Degree Honoris Causa by the University of the Philippines College of Law, the national university of the country, in 2008.
- He was honored with James A. Van Fleet Award by the Korea Society in New York City for his contributions to friendship between the United States and the Republic of Korea.[76]
Controversy[link]
According to The Washington Post, "some U.N. employees and delegates" expressed resentment at Ban's perceived favoritism in the appointment of South Korean nationals in key posts. Previous U.N. chiefs such as Kurt Waldheim (Austria), Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru) and Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) brought small teams of trusted aides or clerical workers from their country's Foreign Ministry. But according to "some officials" in the Post story, Ban has gone further, boosting South Korea's presence in U.N. ranks by more than 20 percent during his first year in office. In response, Ban and his aides have claimed that allegations of favoritism are wrong, and that some of the harshest criticisms against him have undercurrents of racism.[77] He said that the South Korean nationals he had appointed — including Choi Young-jin, who has served as a high-ranking official in the United Nations' peacekeeping department — are highly qualified for their positions. Others such as Donald P. Gregg, a former U.S. ambassador to South Korea say the complaints are driven by envy, "I think being from South Korea, and people have growing respect for South Korea, that's a great enhancement for the secretary general. If he brings along talented people who (whom) he knows very well, I think that's also a plus." U.N. records show that South Korea, the organization's eleventh-largest financial contributor, had 54 South Korean nationals assigned to its mission six months before Ban took over the top U.N. post. [77]
Former U.N. Under Secretary Inga-Britt Ahlenius denounced Ban Ki Moon after resigning her post in 2010, calling him reprehensible.[78]
Question of bias[link]
During the ROKS Cheonan sinking saga, he took the unusual step of demanding action against North Korea for the alleged sinking of a vessel from his country. This move was perceived[by whom?] as unusual because it was rare for any Secretary-General—and particularly Ban Ki-moon—to comment on the Security Council taking action on a particular issue as his office had, in the past, tended to be extremely deferential to the Security Council.[79]
References[link]
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- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, official United Nations profile, statements, reports, press briefings
- Column archive at The Guardian
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Ban Ki-moon on Charlie Rose
- Ban Ki-moon at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Ban Ki-moon in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Ban Ki-moon collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Ban Ki-moon collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Ban Ki-moon collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Ban Ki-moon collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Ban Ki-moon interview with Dennis Wholey on 23 February 2006
- Ban Ki-moon's address to the United Nations General Assembly, General Debate of the 63rd Session, 23 September 2008
- Ban Ki-moon on Sixty Years of UN Peacekeeping, Dublin Castle, 7 July 2009
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Yoon Young-kwan |
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of South Korea 2004–2006 |
Succeeded by Song Min-soon |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Kofi Annan |
Secretary-General of the United Nations 2007–present |
Incumbent |
|
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|
||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ban, Ki-moon |
| Alternative names | 반기문 (Hangul); 潘基文 (Hanja) |
| Short description | Current Secretary-General of the United Nations |
| Date of birth | 13 June 1944 |
| Place of birth | Eumseong County, South Korea |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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