- published: 05 Mar 2011
- views: 4338
- author: anthony3661
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- 76 Club
- A Shropshire Lad
- A.E. Housman
- Abbey
- Abbot
- Abbots Bromley
- Act of Parliament
- Admiral of the Fleet
- Air Training Corps
- Alastair Yates
- Aldi
- Ale
- Alice Cooper
- Allied Breweries
- Alrewas and Fradley
- Amateur radio
- Ancient Rome
- Appleby Magna
- Arriva
- Arriva Midlands
- Ashby-de-la-Zouch
- Association football
- Baltic Sea
- Bareilvi
- Barnsley
- Baron Burton
- Barrel
- Bass (beer)
- Bass Brewery
- BBC Radio Derby
- BBC West Midlands
- BBC World News
- Beer
- Belgium
- Benedictine
- Biddulph
- Bielawa
- Birmingham
- Blantyre, Malawi
- Bloodstock Open Air
- Blythe Bridge
- Bovril
- Brailsford
- Branston Pickle
- Brewing
- British Empire
- British India
- Brizlincote
- Bronze Age
- Burntwood
- Burslem
- Burton Abbey
- Burton Albion F.C.
- Burton College
- Burton upon Trent
- Caldon Canal
- Caldwell, Derbyshire
- Canada
- Candlemas Day
- Cannock
- Canterbury
- Carling
- Catton Hall
- Chain store
- Chapter house
- Christian Hardy
- Church (building)
- Cloister
- Clone town
- Coalville
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- Cooper (profession)
- Cooper's Square
- Cornwall
- Coton in the Elms
- County borough
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- CrossCountry
- David Maurice Curry
- DE postcode area
- Demonym
- Deobandi
- Derby
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- Dio (band)
- Dire Straits
- Districts of England
- Domesday book
- Drakelow
- East Leake
- East Midlands
- East Midlands Trains
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- Eccleshall
- Edward I
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- Elizabeth I
- Elkhart, Indiana
- England
- Execution by burning
- Farmer's market
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- Flint tool
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- General Baptist
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- Maundy Thursday
- Medieval
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- Mesolithic period
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- Microbrewery
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- Nick Hemming
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- Pirelli
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- Rob McElwee
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- Stone, Staffordshire
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- Tamworth (borough)
- Tatenhill
- The Leisure Society
- The Onedin Line
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- Thegn
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-
Abbots Bromley
Coordinates: 52°49′05″N 1°52′52″W / 52.818°N 1.881°W / 52.818; -1.881
Abbots Bromley is a village in Staffordshire, England. It is famous for the annual Abbots Bromley Horn Dance. It is also the home of one of the Woodard Schools, Abbots Bromley School for Girls (formerly known as the School of S. Mary and S. Anne). The parish includes Bagot's Wood the largest remaining part of the Needwood Forest and Blithfield Reservoir.
Phil Drabble's Goats Lodge nature reserve is there.
The first historical record of the village dates from 942, when the manor of "Bromleage" was given to Wulfsige the Black. The will, dated 1002, of Wulfric Spot, Earl of Mercia, gave the village to the Abbey of Burton upon Trent. There is some evidence that the current settlement was a planned town - there is evidence of burgess plots, a grid pattern of streets and a wide market place. Abbas Bromley is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086-7 as Brunlege, when it was part of the land of St Mary of Burton.
In 1227, a weekly market was confirmed by Royal Charter at the site of the Butter Cross (recorded in 1339, the present structure said by Pevsner to date from the 17th Century), which survives to the present. The current, triangular market place is now grassed over and serves as a village green and the focus for events on Horn Dance Day.
wn.com/Abbots_Bromley -
Alrewas and Fradley
Alrewas and Fradley, was a large civil parish in the Lichfield district of Staffordshire, England. The parish included the villages of Alrewas, Fradley and Orgreave, and in 2001 had a population of 4,686,. From 1 April 2009 it was divided into the two new parishes of Alrewas and Fradley.
Coordinates: 52°44′N 1°46′W / 52.73°N 1.76°W / 52.73; -1.76
wn.com/Alrewas_and_Fradley -
Appleby Magna
Coordinates: 52°41′02″N 1°32′11″W / 52.683863°N 1.5363130°W / 52.683863; -1.5363130
Appleby Magna is a village and civil parish in the district of North West Leicestershire, England. The civil parish, as well as Appleby Magna, includes the small Hamlet of Appleby Parva and the Villages of Norton-Juxta-Twycross, Snarestone and Swepstone. Historically Appleby was one of the largest and wealthiest Parishes in Leicestershire, which the size of church is testament to.
The original name Aeppel-by refers to apple trees, the by suggesting a Danish settlement. The village lies on the edge of the ancient boundary between the Kingdoms Mercia and the Danelaw.
The village sits on the outskirts of The National Forest and is bordered by the Historic Gopsall Park Estate.
The Ashby-De-La-Zouch Canal passes within a mile of the village, as do the M42 and A444.
Pre-Historic Times
There is evidence of Settlement in Appleby from the early Neolithic period, 6000 years ago. There was no one settlement, but a scattering of round houses, farming the land south of the River Mease. Crop markings reviled the oval ditch of a 6 acre enclosure in the same area. An archaeological dig in 1966 uncovered Pre-Historic pottery.
wn.com/Appleby_Magna -
Barnsley
Coordinates: 53°33′13″N 1°28′45″W / 53.5537°N 1.4791°W / 53.5537; -1.4791
Barnsley is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Dearne, 11.8 miles (19 km) north of the city of Sheffield, 17 miles (27 km) south of Leeds and 14.5 miles (23 km) west of Doncaster. Barnsley is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, of which Barnsley is the largest and the administrative centre. The metropolitan borough had a population of 218,063 at the 2001 UK Census; Barnsley Urban Area had a population of 71,599.
Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Barnsley is notable as a former industrial town centred on coal mining and glassmaking although in the town a few factories remain notably the glassworks and coking plant. Though these industries declined in the 20th century, Barnsley's local culture remains rooted in this industrial heritage; Barnsley has a tradition of brass bands, originally created as social clubs for its mining communities.
wn.com/Barnsley -
Belgium
Belgium (
i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
wn.com/Belgium -
Biddulph
Coordinates: 53°06′52″N 2°10′24″W / 53.1145°N 2.1732°W / 53.1145; -2.1732
Biddulph is a town in Staffordshire, England, north of Stoke-on-Trent and south east of Congleton, Cheshire.
Biddulph's name may come from Anglo-Saxon bī dylfe = "beside the pit or quarry". Some have said[weasel words] that the name Biddulph is a corruption of the Saxon Bidulfe, signifying Wolf Slayer, and as a result the Biddulph family crest is a wolf rampant.
In common with other parts of the area administered by Staffordshire LEA, the Middle School system operates in Biddulph.
Biddulph has one high school (ages 13 to 16) with a sixth form (ages 16 to 18). Called Biddulph High School, it was awarded Sports College status in 2002. It has since gained Technology College status. Biddulph also has two middle schools: Woodhouse Middle School and James Bateman Junior High School (formerly Park Middle School), serving pupils aged 9–13. These are fed by several first schools, such as Kingsfield First School, Knypersley First School, Squirrel Hayes First School, Oxhey First School, and several more.
wn.com/Biddulph -
Bielawa
Bielawa [bʲɛˈlava] (
listen) (German: Langenbielau) is a town in south-western Poland with 31,988 inhabitants (2010). It is situated in Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999); previously it has been a part of the Wałbrzych Voivodeship (1975-1998).
Bielawa lies in the central part of Lower Silesia, stretching along the Bielawica stream in the Sowie Mountains region. The town covers an area in excess of 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi).
Bielawa lies at an altitude range of 280 and 964 m above sea level, in the Sowie Mountains. The region is considered one of the most captivating nooks of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, drawing numerous year round tourists. Among its many outdoor attractions, the region is home to four major hiking trails of varying difficulties, situated in an 80 square kilometre Scenic Park of the Sowie Mountains. The area also includes numerous cycling trails and ski lifts.
Bielawa offers a rich choice of old architecture. At its center is the 19th-century Neo-Gothic Church of the Assumption with a 101 m tall tower (the third tallest in Poland). Other interesting architectural buildings include a late-Renaissance palace originally built as a fortified manor house, the Church of the Corpus Christi erected in 1743, and numerous Baroque houses from the 18th century, converted in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Bielawa is also a home to a number of medieval penitential crosses.
wn.com/Bielawa -
Birmingham
Birmingham (i/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/ BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 (2010 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology and economic organisation, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society. By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly-skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.
wn.com/Birmingham -
Blythe Bridge
Coordinates: 52°58′13″N 2°04′15″W / 52.9704°N 2.0709°W / 52.9704; -2.0709
Blythe Bridge is a village situated in the Staffordshire Moorlands District, although it is effectively a south-eastern suburb of the city of Stoke-on-Trent.
Blythe Bridge is so called as it is built around the site of a bridge over the River Blithe (spelt differently to the name of the village itself), a small river which passes directly through the village.
It has a high school, sixth form college and library, as well as two public houses: The Black Cock on Uttoxeter Road and The Duke of Wellington. The Smithfield and The White Cock are now demolished. The village also has range of services available including a bakery, post office, mortgage shop betting shop, newsagents, motor garage, dentist, GP surgery, shoeshop, a few hairdressers and some fast-food outlets. The library, which is joined to Blythe Bridge High School, doubles as a youth centre.
Train services are available at Blythe Bridge railway station, which was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway on August 7, 1848, on the Crewe to Derby railway line. The station buildings and signal box have been demolished.
wn.com/Blythe_Bridge -
Brailsford
Coordinates: 52°58′16″N 1°37′23″W / 52.971°N 1.623°W / 52.971; -1.623
Brailsford (52°58′16″N 1°37′26″W / 52.97111°N 1.62389°W / 52.97111; -1.62389) is a small red brick village in Derbyshire on the A52 midway between Derby and Ashbourne. The village has a pub, a post office, a petrol station and a school. There are many fine houses in the district including two 20th century country homes: Brailsford Hall built in 1905 in Jacobean style, and Culland Hall.
Brailsford was mentioned in the Domesday Book as being in the tenancy of Elfin (possibly an Anglo-norman rendering of the Saxon Aelfwine) who also held the nearby manors of Bupton, Osmaston and Thurvaston from the tenant-in-chief, Henry de Ferrers.
The Domesday survey of 1086 records the following for Brailsford:
Land of Henry de Ferrers M. In Brailsford Earl Waltheof had 2 carucates of land taxable. Land for 2 ploughs. Now in lordship 2 ploughs. 24 villagers and 3 smallholders have 5 ploughs. A priest and ½ church; 1 mill, 10s 8d; meadow 11 acres; Woodland pasture 1 league long and 1 league wide. Value before 1066, 60s; now 40s. Elfin holds it.
wn.com/Brailsford -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
wn.com/British_Empire -
Brizlincote
Brizlincote is a civil parish in Burton upon Trent in East Staffordshire, England. It is in the south-east of the town.
The parish was one of 7 new parishes to be created in Burton in 2003. It is one of the more affluent parishes in Burton, with an average house price of approx. £250,000.
Coordinates: 52°47′59″N 1°36′4″W / 52.79972°N 1.60111°W / 52.79972; -1.60111
wn.com/Brizlincote -
Burntwood
Coordinates: 52°40′59″N 1°55′12″W / 52.6831°N 1.9200°W / 52.6831; -1.9200
Burntwood is a town in Staffordshire, England, lying in the Cannock Chase area approximately 4 miles (6 km) west of Lichfield. The town had a population of 25,674 at the time of the 2001 census and forms part of Lichfield district. The town forms one of the largest urbanised parishes in England. Samuel Johnson opened an academy in nearby Edial in 1736. The town is home to the smallest park in the UK, Prince's park, which is located next to Christ Church on the junction of Farewell Lane and Church Road. The town expanded in the nineteenth century around the coal mining industry.
Areas of Burntwood are Boney Hay, Chase Terrace, Chasetown, Gorstey Lea and Burntwood Green. Nearby places are Brownhills, Cannock, Cannock Wood, Norton Canes, Gentleshaw, Hammerwich and Lichfield.
In September 2009 it was announced that a Burntwood man, Terry Herbert, had discovered a hoard of Saxon treasure with a metal detector in a field in the adjoining village of Hammerwich. Known as the Staffordshire Hoard, it is the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold yet found.
wn.com/Burntwood -
Burslem
Coordinates: 53°02′33″N 2°11′16″W / 53.042621°N 2.187889°W / 53.042621; -2.187889
The town of Burslem, known as the Mother Town, is one of the six towns that amalgamated to form the current city of Stoke-on-Trent, in the ceremonial county of Staffordshire, in the Midlands of England.
Burslem is sited on the eastern ridge of the Fowlea Valley, the Fowlea being one of the main early tributaries of the River Trent. Burslem embraces the areas of Middleport, Dalehall, Longport, Westport, Trubshaw Cross, and Brownhills. The Trent & Mersey Canal cuts through, to the west and south of the town centre. A little further west, the West Coast Main Line railway and the A500 road run in parallel, forming a distinct boundary between Burslem and the abutting middle-class town of Newcastle-under-Lyme. To the south is Grange Park and Festival Park, reclaimed by the Stoke-on-Trent Garden Festival.
The Domesday Book shows Burslem (listed as Bacardeslim) as a small farming hamlet; strategically sited above a vital ford (crossing) at Longport, part of the major pack horse track out of the Peak District and Staffordshire Moorlands to the Liverpool/London road. As far back as the late 12th century a thriving pottery industry existed, based on the fine & abundant local clays. After the Black Death, Burslem emerges in the records as a medieval town - the 1536 stone church is still standing and in use. Until the mid-1760s Burslem was relatively cut off from the rest of England; it had no navigable river nearby, and there were no good & reliable roads. By 1777 the Trent and Mersey Canal was nearing completion, and the roads had markedly improved. The town boomed on the back of fine pottery production & canals, and became known as 'The Mother Town' of the six towns that make up the city. In 1910 the town was federated into the county borough of Stoke-on-Trent, and the borough was granted city status in 1925.
wn.com/Burslem -
Burton Abbey
Burton Abbey at Burton upon Trent in Staffordshire, England, was originally founded in the 7th or 9th century by St Modwen or Modwenna; and later refounded in 1003 as a Benedictine abbey by Wulfric Spott, a thegn possibly descended from King Alfred. He was known to have been buried in the abbey cloister in 1010, alongside the grave of his wife.
Burton Abbey was mentioned in the Domesday book when it was said to control lands in Mickleover, Appleby Magna in Leicestershire, Winshill and Stapenhill in Staffordshire, Coton in the Elms, Caldwell and Ticknall. The abbey itself was neither large nor wealthy and in 1310 was claimed to be the smallest and poorest Benedictine monastery in England by the monks. It suffered frequent financial troubles throughout its existence, often due to mismanagement and outright criminal behaviour, though the situation seems to have been resolved by the 16th century.
In the 13th to 14th centuries there were around thirty monks in residence though this had fallen off to almost half the number by the 1520s.
wn.com/Burton_Abbey -
Burton College
Burton and South Derbyshire College is a further education college located in Burton upon Trent in England. Early in 2011 the college was renamed Burton & South Derbyshire College.
Burton and South Derbyshire College has a variety of course types, including:
Burton and South Derbyshire College also offers university level courses in conjunction with Staffordshire University, Wolverhampton University and Nottingham Trent University.
The Employer Engagement Unit is the commercial training arm of Burton College. The Unit is able to provide customised training for all types of organisations. Through the Employer Engagement Unit, the College is able to offer the Train to Gain Service and Apprenticeships.[citation needed]
In December 2008, Burton College was only 1 of 35 colleges in the UK to achieve the Training Quality Standard (TQS), an assessment which recognises the quality of industry training provision. Earlier that year, the Employer Engagement Unit had also achieved The Matrix accreditation which the College's Student Services Department had also achieved in 2004.[citation needed]
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Burton upon Trent
Coordinates: 52°47′58″N 1°38′17″W / 52.7995°N 1.6380°W / 52.7995; -1.6380
Burton upon Trent, also known as Burton-on-Trent or simply Burton, is a town straddling the River Trent in the east of Staffordshire, England. The demonym for residents of the town is "Burtonian". Burton, which had an estimated population of 43,784 (2001 Census), lies within the National Forest.
Burton is best known for its brewing industrial heritage, home to over a dozen breweries in its heyday. Beer is still brewed in the town. The town originally grew up around Burton on Trent Abbey, which was the most important religious centre in medieval Staffordshire. Burton Bridge also became an important crossing point of the Trent and was the site of two battles, first in 1322 when Edward III defeated the rebel Earl of Lancaster and also in 1643 when the royalists captured the town during the First English Civil War. Sir William Paget and his descendents were responsible for extending the manor house within the abbey grounds and facilitating the extension of the River Trent Navigation to Burton. Burton had grown into a busy market town by the early modern period. There is some confusion as to whether Burton is based in the West Midlands or the East Midlands, even though all of the urban centre is southwest of the River Dove, which forms the Derbyshire/Staffordshire boundary. This is probably because it was formerly within the East Midlands Utility (electricity/gas) areas, and has Derby postcodes (DE13-DE15). It could also be due to the fact that the local vernacular shares more similarities with that of East Midlands English than West Midlands English. The town is served by the BBC Midlands (West Midlands) region, based in Birmingham and before consolidation exercises formed part of the ITV Central (West) region, again based in Birmingham The town is served by Burton-on-Trent railway station.
wn.com/Burton_upon_Trent -
Caldon Canal
The Caldon Canal (or more properly, the Caldon Branch of the Trent & Mersey Canal), opened in 1779, runs 18 miles from Etruria, in Stoke-on-Trent where it leaves the Trent and Mersey Canal at the summit level, to Froghall, Staffordshire. The canal has 17 locks and the 69 metre long Froghall Tunnel.
The first plans by the proprietors of the Trent & Mersey Canal Company to construct a canal from the summit level to Leek were considered in January 1773. This would have been a tub-boat canal, as the boats were designed to carry just 5 tons, and rather than using locks, inclined planes were to be used at points where the level of the canal needed to change. Two more plans were considered, and the third included extra reservoirs which would supply the summit level of the existing main line. At a similar time, an independent company was planning a link to Leek, but the Trent & Mersey managed to block this. Having secured contracts with several owners of limestone quarries in the Caldon Low area, the company sought an Act of Parliament to authorise construction of the new works, which it obtained in May 1776.
wn.com/Caldon_Canal -
Caldwell, Derbyshire
Coordinates: 52°45′N 1°38′W / 52.75°N 1.63°W / 52.75; -01.63
Caldwell is a hamlet or small village in Derbyshire, England within the National Forest.
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Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Cannock
Coordinates: 52°41′17″N 2°01′44″W / 52.688°N 2.029°W / 52.688; -2.029
Cannock is the most populous of three towns in the district of Cannock Chase in the central southern part of the county of Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England.
Cannock lies to the north of the West Midlands conurbation on the M6, A34 and A5 roads, and to the south of Cannock Chase, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Cannock is served by a railway station on the Chase Line.
Cannock had a 2010 mid-year estimated population of 27,883 (from the estimated headcounts of its four district council electoral wards). The Cannock South ward includes the civil parish of Bridgtown, but the rest of Cannock is unparished.
Cannock is part of Cannock Chase District's largest built-up area. The area is covered by nine district council electoral wards and part of another ward whose estimated population in 2001 was 60,814.
Cannock is also part of a wider built-up area which includes parts of South Staffordshire District. This is the Cannock/Great Wyrley Urban Area which had a population of 83,797.
wn.com/Cannock -
Canterbury
Coordinates: 51°16′30″N 1°05′13″E / 51.275°N 1.087°E / 51.275; 1.087
Canterbury (i/ˈkæntərbᵊri/ or /ˈkæntərbɛri/) is a historic English cathedral city, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour.
Originally a Brythonic settlement, it was renamed Durovernum Cantiacorum by the Roman conquerors in the 1st century AD. After it became the chief Jutish settlement, it gained its English name Canterbury, itself derived from the Old English Cantwareburh ("Kent people's stronghold"). After the Kingdom of Kent's conversion to Christianity in 597, St Augustine founded an episcopal see in the city and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, a position that now heads the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion (though the modern-day Province of Canterbury covers the entire south of England). Thomas Becket's murder at Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 led to the cathedral becoming a place of pilgrimage for Christians worldwide. This pilgrimage provided the theme for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th-century literary classic The Canterbury Tales. The literary heritage continued with the birth of the playwright Christopher Marlowe in the city in the 16th century.
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Coalville
Coordinates: 52°43′01″N 1°22′12″W / 52.717°N 1.370°W / 52.717; -1.370
Coalville is a town in North West Leicestershire, England, with a population estimated in 2003 to be almost 33,000. It is situated on the A511 trunk road between Leicester and Burton upon Trent, close to junction 22 of the M1 motorway where the A511 meets the A50 between Ashby-de-la-Zouch and Leicester. Coalville is the administrative centre for North West Leicestershire District Council and a market town for the district; it borders the upland area of Charnwood Forest which lies to the town's east. It is twinned with Romans-sur-Isère in South East France.
As the name indicates, Coalville is a former coal mining town, with name coming from the name of the house of the owner of Whitwick Colliery, Coalville House. Coal has been mined in the area since medieval times and mine workings from these times can be found on the Hough Mill site at Swannington near the Califat Colliery site. A life-sized horse gin has been built on the Hough Mill site and craters can be seen in the ground, where the medieval villagers dug out their allocation of coal. The seam is at ground level in Swannington, but gradually gets deeper between Swannington and the deepest reserves at Bagworth, so consequentially, it was not until mining technology advanced that shafts were sunk in Coalville. A disused colliery at Snibston has been regenerated into Snibston Discovery Park, a museum focused on transport, mining and engineering.
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Cornwall
Cornwall ( /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
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Coton in the Elms
Coordinates: 52°43′38″N 1°37′34″W / 52.727104°N 1.62608°W / 52.727104; -1.62608
Coton in the Elms is a village and parish in the English county of Derbyshire. It is located five miles south of Burton upon Trent.
South east of the village is Church Flatts Farm, which is defined by the Ordnance Survey as the farthest point from the sea in Great Britain.
Coton is mentioned over a thousand years ago when land was transferred to Wulfrige the Black in AD942. It is also on the salt route known as Walton Way, which starts in nearby Walton-on-Trent.
Coton in the Elms is mentioned in the Domesday book where it is then spelt Cotes. The book says under the title of “The lands of the Abbey of Burton".
"In Coton in the Elms Ælfgar had two carucates of land to the geld. There is land for three ploughs. Now the abbot has it of the king. There are now one plough in demesne and six villans and three bordars having two ploughs. TRE worth 40 shillings now 30 shillings."
Coton is situated on the Walton Way and is first mentioned in 942 in a charter giving land in the area to Wulfrige the Black. This formed part of a much larger estate covering many of the villages in the area. Coton would seem to have been roughly in the centre of this estate. It would appear that it was a crossroads as there is an old lane which runs all the way from Tamworth through Coton and on northwards towards Burton on Trent. At the time of Domesday Burton Abbey held land at Coton - however this had been initially seized by King William - no doubt in part due to the rebellion led by Earl Morcar. However, by the time of Domesday this land had been restored to Burton. The village itself forms a diamond of roads around a small village green. The original route of the Walton Way may have been the south west corner of this diamond as this runs past the Church and Church Farm. To the north east of the village coal mining became important and this is reflected in the lane name Coalpit Lane.
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DE postcode area
Coordinates: 52°55′55″N 1°29′56″W / 52.932°N 1.499°W / 52.932; -1.499
The DE postcode area, also known as the Derby postcode area, is a group of postcode districts around Alfreton, Ashbourne, Bakewell, Belper, Burton upon Trent, Derby, Heanor, Ilkeston, Matlock, Ripley and Swadlincote in England.
The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:
Clockwise from the east, the adjacent postcode areas are: NG (Nottingham), LE (Leicester), CV (Coventry), B (Birmingham), WS (Walsall), ST (Stoke-on-Trent), SK (Stockport), S (Sheffield).
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Derby
Derby (i/ˈdɑːbi/ DAR-bi), is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407. According to the 2001 census, Derby was at that time the 18th largest settlement in England, measured by urban area.
The city has Roman, Saxon and Viking origins.
The Roman camp of 'Derventio' was probably at Little Chester/Chester Green (grid reference SK353375); The site of the old Roman fort is at Chester Green. Later the town was one of the 'Five Boroughs' (fortified towns) of the Danelaw.
Djúra-bý, recorded in Anglo-Saxon as Deoraby "Village of the Deer". This popular belief is asserted by Tim Lambert who states, "The name Derby is derived from the Danish words deor by meaning deer settlement" without reference or proof. However some[who?] assert that it is a corruption of the original Roman name 'Derventio'. The proven origin of the name "Derby" would seem to be elusive.
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Derbyshire
Coordinates: 53°8′N 1°36′W / 53.133°N 1.6°W / 53.133; -1.6
Derbyshire (i/ˈdɑrbɨʃə/ DAR-bi-shər or /ˈdɑrbɪʃɪər/ DAR-bi-sheer; abbreviated Derbys. or Derbs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire. The southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills extends into the north of the county. The county contains within its boundary of approximately 225 miles part of the National Forest. It borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest, West Yorkshire to the north, South Yorkshire to the northeast, Nottinghamshire to the east, Leicestershire to the southeast, Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west. In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts farm, near Coton in the Elms, as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain.
The city of Derby is now a unitary authority area, but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland: 75% of the population live in 25% of the area.[citation needed]
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Drakelow
Coordinates: 52°46′26″N 1°38′10″W / 52.774°N 1.636°W / 52.774; -1.636
Drakelow is a hamlet in the parish of Church Gresley in South Derbyshire, England. It is two and a half miles south-west of Burton on Trent. It is pleasantly situated on the east bank of the River Trent. Drakelowe Hall was the principal residence of the Gresley Baronets, but this has been replaced by Drakelow Power Station. The cooling towers from the last power station were demolished in September 2006.
In 2005, the electricity company, e.on, was given permission to build a new power station in Drakelow. The new combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) is rated at 1,200MW and will provide sufficient power for 1,000,000 homes.
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East Leake
Coordinates: 52°49′45″N 1°11′00″W / 52.829167°N 1.183333°W / 52.829167; -1.183333
East Leake ( /ˈiːst ˈliːk/) is a large village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe district of Nottinghamshire, England, although its closest town and postal address is Loughborough across the border in Leicestershire. It has a population of around 7,000. The original village was located on the Sheepwash Brook. Kingston Brook also runs through the village. Near the centre of the village is the historic St. Mary's Church which dates back to the 11th century. The church has six bells.
One of the earliest mentions of East Leake is in the Domesday book recorded as 'Leche.' The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon word meaning water-meadow, since the village lies on the Kingston Brook, a tributary of the River Soar.
British Gypsum, a plasterboard manufacturer, has its headquarters in the village. The manufacturing of plasterboard began in this area in about 1880.
The origin of Leake appears to be Laeke (Old Norse - brook or stream), and is consistent with East Leake's position in the heart of the Danelaw, which had various forms over time before becoming "Leake".
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East Staffordshire
East Staffordshire is a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire in England. It has two main towns, Burton upon Trent, famous for its breweries, and Uttoxeter, for its racecourse.
Villages in the area include Abbots Bromley, Tutbury, Barton-under-Needwood, Rolleston on Dove, Hanbury, Kingstone, Marchington, Mayfield and The Heath.
The borough was formed on April 1, 1974 by the merger of the former county borough of Burton upon Trent with Uttoxeter Urban District, Tutbury Rural District and Uttoxeter Rural District.
The main roads through the Borough are the A38 through Burton upon Trent and the A50 near Uttoxeter.
There are two railway stations in the Borough, Burton-on-Trent on the Cross Country Route and Uttoxeter on the Crewe to Derby Line, There is also a station serving Tutbury also on the Crewe to Derby Line called Tutbury and Hatton which is in the South Derbyshire district.
Coordinates: 52°48′29″N 1°38′45″W / 52.8080°N 1.6457°W / 52.8080; -1.6457
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Eccleshall
Coordinates: 52°51′32″N 2°15′04″W / 52.859°N 2.251°W / 52.859; -2.251
Eccleshall is a town in Staffordshire, England. It is located seven miles north west of Stafford, and six miles west of Stone. Eccleshall is twinned with Sancerre in France.
According to the Domesday book, Eccleshall in 1086 was no more than a small village of about one hundred inhabitants and a few fragments of stone at the base of the tower of the present Parish Church of Holy Trinity suggest that a stone church was in existence about this time and the base of the 10th century cross still stands outside the church. The oldest part of the church, the pillars and arches of the nave were begun in 1180 while the remainder of the church was completed during the 13th century, with a fine clerestory being added in the 15th century.
Eccleshall briefly played a part in the War of the Roses, when the castle was used as a base for the Lancastrian Queen Margaret of Anjou and her troops before and after her defeat at the battle of Blore Heath in 1459.
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Elkhart, Indiana
Elkhart /ˈɛlk.hɑrt/ is a city in Elkhart County, Indiana, United States. The city is located 15 miles (24 km) east of South Bend, 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Fort Wayne, 110 miles (180 km) east of Chicago, and 150 miles (240 km) north of Indianapolis. Elkhart has the larger population of the two principal cities of the Elkhart-Goshen Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in turn is part of the South Bend-Elkhart-Mishawaka Combined Statistical Area, in a region commonly known as Michiana. The population was 50,949 at the 2010 census. Despite the shared name, it is not the county seat of Elkhart County; that position is held by the city of Goshen, located about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Elkhart.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the area now known as Elkhart was mainly inhabited by the Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes. In 1829, the Village of Pulaski was established, consisting of a Post Office, mill, and a few houses on the north side of the St. Joseph River. Two years later, Dr. Havilah Beardsley moved westward from Ohio and purchased one square mile of land from Pierre Moran (a half French, half Native American Potawatomi Chief) in order to establish a rival town named Elkhart. In 1839, the Pulaski Post Office was officially changed to Elkhart.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Fazeley
Coordinates: 52°36′55″N 1°42′22″W / 52.61541°N 1.70604°W / 52.61541; -1.70604
Fazeley is a small town and civil parish in the District of Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. Fazeley is located on the outskirts of Tamworth and the civil parish of Fazeley also includes Mile Oak and Bonehill.
It sits astride the junction of the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal and Coventry Canal; at Fazeley Junction are a couple of multi storey mills. Fazeley is also adjacent to Drayton Manor, formerly the home of Robert Peel and now a theme park and zoo.
Fazeley also sits astride the old Roman road of Watling Street, which is now much quieter following the move of the A5 road to run on a new course between Fazeley and Tamworth.
Fazeley has two primary schools, Millfield County Primary School and Longwood Primary School, in Mile Oak. Millfield was built in Victorian times and part of the original building still remains.
The First Annual Fazeley Festival and Mile Oak Mile Charity hop took place on 15 September 2007.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Groby
Coordinates: 52°39′30″N 1°13′58″W / 52.65824°N 1.23267°W / 52.65824; -1.23267
Groby (pronounced "groo-bee") listen (help·info) is a large English village in the county of Leicestershire, to the north west of the city of Leicester. The population at the time of the 2001 census was 7,301.
The village has expanded vastly since the 1970s and is now part of the Leicester Urban Area. The southern side is dominated by new housing estates, built upon what was formerly farming land between the historic part of Groby and the neighbouring village of Glenfield. The old village centre still retains some character, with some cobbled lanes and thatched cottages. The church of St Philip and St James, built in the lancet style by George Harry Grey, the seventh Earl of Stamford, dates from 1840 and stands on the site of Groby Castle. The architect was William Railton. No remains are left of the castle, other than a slight rise in ground to the east of the main church building, and the manor house (Groby Old Hall), the stone-built parts of which are thought to have been part of the castle's outer buildings. In April 2010 archaeologists from the popular Channel 4 television show, Time Team excavated the area behind the old hall and the Church. They were looking for Groby Castle. The episode was aired on 20 March 2011.
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Harlaston
Coordinates: 52°41′46″N 1°40′59″W / 52.696°N 1.683°W / 52.696; -1.683
Harlaston is a village and civil parish in Staffordshire, England. It lies on the River Mease, about 5 miles (8 km) north of Tamworth. There is an Early English church, dedicated to St Matthew, and a public house, the White Lion.
Harlaston is a conservation area, and has won the Staffordshire Best Kept Small Village award 5 times.
The name Harlaston comes from Old English, and means either Heoruwulf's farm or Heorulaf's farm. It has been suggested that the church goes back to the 11th century and is of Anglo-Saxon origin. Certainly, a corn mill is mentioned in the Domesday Book.
Until 1845 Harlaston was a chapelry of the parish of Clifton Campville, after which date it became an independent ecclesiastical parish.
In 1851 the population was 221, on about 1400 acres of land. There were 2 lords of the manor, Captain Theophilus Levett and W Chettle, though much of the land belonged to other people.
The township of Harlaston became part of Tamworth Poor Law Union in 1836. In 1866 it also became a civil parish in its own right, becoming part of Tamworth Rural District in 1894. During the boundary changes of 1934, the parish was extended to incorporate Haselour, becoming part of Lichfield Rural District. In 1974 it became part of the new non-metropolitan district of Lichfield.
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Hednesford
Coordinates: 52°42′41″N 2°00′02″W / 52.7115°N 2.0006°W / 52.7115; -2.0006
Hednesford (pronounced /ˈhɛnzfərd/[citation needed]) is a small town and civil parish in Staffordshire, England, within Cannock Chase District. It adjoins Cannock Chase to the north, and the town of Cannock to the south. It had a 2010 mid-year estimated population of 16,928.
Hednesford was an important coal mining community for over a century. This is commemorated in the town centre, where a Miner's Lamp has been erected, surrounded by a wall with individual bricks giving the names of former miners. The oldest sections of the town surround the hilltop areas of the existing town; however, the lower part of the town became the focal point as the community grew with the mining industry.
Between 1914 and 1918 two huge army training camps were built in the area and over a quarter of a million British and Commonwealth troops passed through destined for the Western Front. In 1938 a Royal Air Force training camp was established to train technicians in maintenance and repair of airframes and engines. No. 6 School of Technical training became better known as RAF Hednesford. The camp was later used for resettlement of Hungarian refugees fleeing from the Russian invasion of Budapest, in 1956. The site is now a part of Cannock Chase Country Park.
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Hilton, Derbyshire
Coordinates: 52°52′16″N 1°38′13″W / 52.871°N 1.637°W / 52.871; -1.637
Hilton is a village not far from Derby.
Hilton was mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 as belonging to Henry de Ferrers and being worth ten shillings. Although ancient, it has undergone a great deal of development.
The new estate was created on the site of the former MoD depot by St Modwen developments-
1993 - Development agreement granted over 280-acre (1.1 km2) MOD site.
2000 - Acquisition of MoD's remaining freehold interest.
2004 - Acquisition of water authorities former sewage works.
Many well known house builders have contributed to the development including Redrow (which also included one of their Debut By Redrow developments aimed at first time buyers and people starting over), McLean, Persimmon, Bryant and Wimpy.
In 2006 St Modwen built a warehouse for Daher on their industrial estate but this was destroyed by fire in early 2007. This has since been rebuilt.
Hilton also has a small retail site which is home to Tesco Express, The Hilton Fish Bar, Hilton Brook pub. This was recently extended with the addition of three new units, occupied by Jhoots Pharmacy and two locally owned businesses; a Chinese takeaway and an estate agent. (The Chinese Takeaway replaces the coffee bar)
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Hoar Cross
Coordinates: 52°47′24″N 1°48′00″W / 52.790°N 1.800°W / 52.790; -1.800
Hoar Cross is a small village and civil parish in the Borough of East Staffordshire, situated approximately seven miles west of Burton upon Trent.
Surrounded by agricultural land, Hoar Cross is in a notably affluent part of the East Staffordshire borough, nestled in the hills of the ancient Needwood Forest (now part of the National Forest). The Anglican parish church of Hoar Cross is Holy Angels' Church, in the Diocese of Lichfield. It was built by the pious Anglo-Catholic, Emily Charlotte Meynall-Ingram (sister of Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax) as a memorial to her late husband Hugo Francis Meynell Ingram. The church - an extremely elaborate edifice - was designed by George Frederick Bodley and Thomas Garner. One of its more famous features is a highly elaborate set of Stations of the Cross.
19th century mansion Hoar Cross Hall, which is a hotel and health spa, is situated half a mile to the west of Hoar Cross village.
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Horninglow
Coordinates: 52°49′34″N 1°38′24″W / 52.8260°N 1.6400°W / 52.8260; -1.6400
Horninglow is a suburb of Burton upon Trent in East Staffordshire. Horninglow lies to the north west of Burton, and is linked to the town centre by the A511.
The parish church of Horninglow is St John the Divine, part of the Diocese of Lichfield.
Horninglow is one of the older parishes, shown on maps as early as 1770. Over time its development has increased the size of the area to its current layout.
In recent years, Horninglow has become a popular place to live with a wide variety of housing. Horninglow's one grade II listed building, the Chestnuts farmhouse on Horninglow Road North, is being developed with barns being converted to residential accommodation as of 2008.
Horninglow has a number of schools at both the primary and secondary school level. Primary schools include Horninglow Infants School, Outwoods Primary School (formerly Castle Park Infants School and William Hutson Junior School), Lansdowne Infant School, Eton Park Junior School, Belvedere Junior School and St Modwen's Roman Catholic Primary School.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Kegworth
Kegworth (the w is sometimes silent by locals) is a large village (population of approximately 3,500) and civil parish in Leicestershire, England.
Lying on the River Soar, it is situated on the A6 near junction 24 of the M1 motorway and is also close to East Midlands Airport. An air-crash incident in 1989 was just short of the airport's runway at the eastern side of the airport. Although this was outside the village, it has subsequently been referred to as the Kegworth air disaster.
Nearby places include Long Eaton, Castle Donington, Sutton Bonington, Hathern and Loughborough. The post town is Derby.
The site of Kegworth was situated well within the territory of the Caritani, one of the most powerful Ancient British tribes.
A date cannot be put on the foundations of the first settlement, although Anglo-Saxon burials have been found in Kingston-on-Soar and at Hathern, a pin from the 7th century was also found near the hermitage which may indicate the date and location of the earliest settlers. The name of Kegworth comes from two languages, Old English and Danish, so it must date from some time between 874 and 1086. It means 'worth' or 'enclosure' of a man named Kaggi, the Danish name for redbeard. However, some sources claim it may mean locked enclosure, from caega "key", an Old English word.
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Kidsgrove
Coordinates: 53°05′15″N 2°14′52″W / 53.0874°N 2.2478°W / 53.0874; -2.2478
Kidsgrove is a town in the borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, near the border with Cheshire. It is part of The Potteries Urban Area in North Staffordshire, along with Stoke-on-Trent and Newcastle-under-Lyme. It has a population of 24,112 (2001 census). Most of the town is in the Kidgsrove ward, whilst the western part is in Ravenscliffe.
From the 18th century, Kidsgrove grew around coal mining, although the pits have now closed. Clough Hall Mansion in the town, now demolished, was a local theme park. Modern Kidsgrove is a commuter town, which has seen house prices rise quite sharply in the first decade of the 21st century.[citation needed] Many people now work in the larger cities such as Manchester and Birmingham.
The engineer James Brindley cut the first Harecastle Tunnel on the Trent and Mersey Canal near the town; Thomas Telford cut the second. Kidsgrove also marks the southern extremity of the Macclesfield Canal. There is a legend regarding a headless ghost that is said to haunt the Harecastle Tunnel. The ghost is said to be that of a young woman who was murdered inside the tunnel. She is referred to as the "Kidsgrove Boggart".
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Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull (i/ˌkɪŋstən əpɒn ˈhʌl/ KING-stən ə-pon HUL), usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of 263,900 (2010 est.). The Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) population stands at 573,300.
Renamed Kings town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, the town and city of Hull has served as market town, military supply port, a trading hub, fishing and whaling centre, and industrial metropolis.
Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th-century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, played a key role in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain.
The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally-owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes.
After suffering heavy damage during the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline, during which the city gained unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education and policing. In recent years the city has embarked on an extensive programme of economic regeneration, reconstruction and urban renewal. The economic crisis since 2008 has caused some setbacks to these developments.
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
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Leek, Staffordshire
Coordinates: 53°06′29″N 2°01′24″W / 53.108°N 2.0234°W / 53.108; -2.0234
Leek is a market town in the county of Staffordshire, England, on the River Churnet. It is an ancient borough and was granted its royal charter in 1214.
It is the administrative centre for the Staffordshire Moorlands District Council. King John granted Ranulph de Blundeville, Earl of Chester, the right to hold a weekly Wednesday market and an annual seven-day fair in Leek in 1207.
Leek's coat of arms is made up of a Saltire Shield. On the top is the Staffordshire Knot, either side is the famous Leek "Double Sunset" and below a gold garb. The crest is a mural crown with three Mulberry leaves on a Mount of Heather on top of which a Moorcock is resting his claw on a small-weave Shuttle. The motto 'ARTE FAVENTE NIL DESPERANDUM' translates to: Our skill assisting us, we have no cause for despair. The Coat of Arms was granted on 7 May 1956.[citation needed]
The town has had a regular cattle market for hundreds of years, reflecting its role as a centre of local farming. Following the industrial revolution it became a major producer of textiles, with silk working in particular coming to dominate the industrial landscape. Though this industry has declined somewhat, it has continued through the large number of clothing manufacturers in the town, and the prominence of dyeing and allied trades. The mills from the town's textile era still remain. Many are currently being converted into houses. The town's markets still remain active to this day.
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Leicester
Coordinates: 52°38′03″N 1°08′19″W / 52.63422°N 1.13852°W / 52.63422; -1.13852
Leicester (/lɛstər/ LESS-tər pronunciation (help·info)) is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest. In 2010, the population of the Leicester unitary authority was estimated at 306,600, the second highest in the region, whilst 441,213 people lived in the wider Leicester Urban Area in 2006, making Leicester the tenth most populous settlement in the United Kingdom and the UK's fourteenth largest urban area. It is the largest city in the East Midlands yet has the second largest urban area in the region behind Nottingham Urban Area. Eurostat's Larger Urban Zone listed the population of the area at 772,400 people as of 2004.
Ancient Roman pavements and baths remain in Leicester from its early settlement as Ratae Corieltauvorum, a Roman military outpost in a region inhabited by the Celtic Corieltauvi tribe. Following the demise of Roman society the early medieval Ratae Corieltauvorum is shrouded in obscurity, but when the settlement was captured by the Danes it became one of five fortified towns important to the Danelaw. The name "Leicester" is thought to derive from the words castra of the "Ligore", meaning camp of the dwellers on the (river) Legro. Leicester appears in the Domesday Book as "Ledecestre". Leicester continued to grow throughout the Early Modern period as a market town, although it was the Industrial Revolution that facilitated a process of rapid unplanned urbanisation in the area.
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Leicestershire
Leicestershire (i/ˈlɛstəʃɪər/ or /ˈlɛstərʃər/ or /ˈlɛstəʃə/; abbreviation Leics.) is a landlocked county in the English Midlands. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, traditionally its administrative centre, although the City of Leicester unitary authority is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders Derbyshire to the north-west, Nottinghamshire to the north, Rutland to the east, Warwickshire to the south-west, Staffordshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north-east, and Northamptonshire to the south-east. The border with Warwickshire is Watling Street (the A5).
County Hall, situated in Glenfield, about 3 miles (5 km) north-west of Leicester city centre, is the seat of Leicestershire County Council and the headquarters of the county authority. The City of Leicester is administered from offices in Leicester itself and the City Council meets at Leicester Town Hall.
The River Soar rises to the east of Hinckley, in the far south of the county, and flows northward through Leicester before emptying into the River Trent at the point where Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Nottinghamshire meet. A large part of the north-west of the county, around Coalville, forms part of the new National Forest area extending into Derbyshire and Staffordshire. The highest point of the county is Bardon Hill at 278 metres (912 ft), which is also a Marilyn.
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Letocetum
Letocetum is the remains of a Roman settlement. It was an important military staging post and posting station near the junction of Watling Street, the Roman military road to North Wales (now the A5 road), and Icknield (or Ryknild) Street (now the A38). The site is now within the parish of Wall, Staffordshire, England. It is owned and run by the National Trust, under the name Letocetum Roman Baths Site & Museum. The site is in the guardianship of English Heritage as Wall Roman Site.
The Romans came to Letocetum in 50 CE to establish a fortress during the early years of the invasion of Britain. The land could not support large amounts of soldiers and Letocetum, at an important cross-roads, became a large scale posting station. The settlement developed with successive bath houses and mansiones built to serve the official travellers as well as the growing civilian population. It is known mainly from detailed excavations in 1912–13, which concentrated on the sites of the mansio and bath-house, but there is evidence of a substantial settlement with possible basilica, temples, and amphitheatre.
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Little Haywood
Coordinates: 52°47′28″N 1°59′28″W / 52.7911°N 1.9911°W / 52.7911; -1.9911
Little Haywood is a village in Staffordshire, England. It lies beside a main arterial highway, the A51 (linking the English Midlands with Liverpool) but traffic through the village is mainly light, owing to this bypass. Nearby also is the West Coast Main Line railway, the Trent and Mersey Canal and beside it, the river Trent. Little Haywood is about 125 miles (201 km) northwest of London, about 25 miles (40 km) north of Birmingham, 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Rugeley and 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Stafford.
Little Haywood is cited in the Domesday Book of 1086. Although originally a small village, housing expansion during the 1980s has created a commuter village and most of its inhabitants have employment far outside the confines of the Haywood area.
Little Haywood is situated on the side of a hill in the system of valleys drained by the rivers Trent and Sow. It lies near the northern edge of Cannock Chase and is surrounded in the main by farmland. Geologically, the village lies on Triassic sandstone of the Sherwood Sandstone Group, with overlying glacial deposits from the last glaciation of Great Britain.
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Liverpool
Liverpool ( /ˈlɪvəpuːl/) is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. According to the Office for National Statistics, the 2010 mid-year population estimate for Liverpool was 445,200 and was part of a larger urban area of 816,216.
Historically a part of Lancashire, the urbanisation and expansion of Liverpool were both largely brought about by the city's status as a major port. By the 18th century, trade from the West Indies, Ireland and mainland Europe coupled with close links with the Atlantic Slave Trade furthered the economic expansion of Liverpool. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade passed through Liverpool's docks, contributing to Liverpool's rise as a major city.
Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians but are also colloquially known as "Scousers", in reference to the local dish known as "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which, historically, were drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Malawi
Malawi (
/məˈlɑːwi/; Chichewa [malaβi][need tone]), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Malawi is over 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre and the third is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa".
The area of Africa now known as Malawi was colonized by migrating tribes of Bantu around the 10th century. In 1891 the area was colonized again, this time by the British. In 1953 Malawi, then known as Nyasaland, became part of the semi-independent Central African Federation (CAF). The Federation was dissolved in 1963 and in 1964, Nyasaland gained full independence and was renamed Malawi. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained president until 1994, when he was ousted from power. Joyce Banda (no relation) is the current president, raised to that position after president Bingu Mutharika died in 2012. She is the first female leader in Malawi. Malawi has a democratic, multi-party government. Malawi has a small military force that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations.
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
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Mickleover
Coordinates: 52°54′04″N 1°33′07″W / 52.901°N 1.552°W / 52.901; -1.552
Mickleover is a suburb located two miles (3 km) west of the city centre and is the most westerly suburb of the City of Derby in the United Kingdom.
The suburb is mentioned as a village in the Domesday Book when it was owned by Burton Abbey. At the time of the Domesday Survey, 1086, Mickleover was known as Magna (the Old English version of this is Micel) Oufra. Magna, in early Latin means Great; oufra coming from Anglo Saxon ofer, flat-topped ridge. The oldest parts of the suburb now are located along Uttoxeter Road (B5020). Mickleover was transferred to the County Borough of Derby from Repton Rural District in 1968. The resident population of Mickleover ward in 2003 was 13,528. The current population is estimated to be in excess of 18,000.
Mickleover is now one of the largest suburbs in Derby and is still expanding due to ongoing housing developments. House prices in areas of Mickleover are amongst the highest in Derby, with prices exceeding £500,000 in the Mickleover Country Park area, colloquially known as Pastures, after the former psychiatric hospital found there.
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Newcastle-under-Lyme
Coordinates: 53°00′39″N 2°13′40″W / 53.0109°N 2.2278°W / 53.0109; -2.2278
Newcastle-under-Lyme is a market town in Staffordshire, England, and is the principal settlement in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme. It is part of The Potteries Urban Area and North Staffordshire. In the 2001 census the town had a population of 73,944. It is not to be confused with the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.
The Newcastle part of the name derives from being the location of a 'new' castle, built in the 12th century. The "Lyme" section could refer to the Lyme Brook or the extensive Forest of Lyme that covered the area with lime trees in the mediæval period.
Newcastle is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, as it grew up around the 12th century castle, but it must early have become a place of importance, for a charter, known only through a reference in a charter to Preston, was given to the town by Henry II of England in 1173. The new castle was built to supersede an older fortress at Chesterton about two miles to the north, the ruins of which were to be seen up to the end of the 16th century.
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Newton Solney
Coordinates: 52°51′00″N 1°35′24″W / 52.8500°N 1.5900°W / 52.8500; -1.5900
Newton Solney is a small village in South Derbyshire, England, located about two miles (3 km) from the East Staffordshire border, near to Burton upon Trent. Its nearest neighbour is Repton, situated about two miles (3 km) to the northeast.
When the Anglian invaders came up the Trent in the sixth century, they would have found Newton Solney a very attractive place, sitting at the confluence of two rivers, the Trent, which could be forded here and the Dove. They called it Niwantune meaning the new farm and from this tiny nucleus, the village slowly grew. When the Vikings, in their turn, raided Mercia and destroyed the Saxon monastery at Repton (873-4) they may also have sacked and occupied Newton Solney.
This manor was in the Domesday Book in 1086. Under the title of “The land of the King (in Derbyshire” it said:
In Newton Solney and Bretby Ælfgar had seven carucates of land to the geld. There is land for six ploughs. There the king has one plough and nineteen villans and one bordar with five ploughs. There are 12 acres (49,000 m2) of meadow, woodland pasture two leagues long and three furlongs broad. TRE as now worth one hundred shillings.
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Nottingham
Nottingham (i/ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ NOT-ing-əm) is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and is one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group.
Nottingham is famed for its links with the legend of Robin Hood and, during the Industrial Revolution, obtained worldwide recognition for its lace-making, bicycle and tobacco industries. With origins tracable back to 600 AD, Nottingham was granted its city charter as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria in 1897 and has since been officially titled the City of Nottingham. The city has historically been nicknamed The Queen of the Midlands, being the smaller yet less industrialised regional neighbour to the Midlands biggest city, Birmingham. Nottingham is considered the primary centre of England's East Midlands region, being home to numerous regional headquarters and media stations including the BBC East Midlands and the Regional Government Office.
Whilst Nottingham has always had a tightly-drawn authority boundary, accounting for its relatively small population of 306,700, Nottingham's Urban Area has a population of approximately 670,000; in the 2001 census, it was the eighth largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Eurostat's concept of the Larger Urban Zone listed the area's population at 825,600 as of 2004.
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Penkridge
Coordinates: 52°43′31″N 2°06′59″W / 52.7252°N 2.1164°W / 52.7252; -2.1164
Penkridge is a market town and ancient parish in Staffordshire, England with a population of 7,836 (Census 2001). Many locals refer to it as a village, although it has a long history as an ecclesiastical and commercial centre. Its main distinction in the Middle Ages was as the site of an important collegiate church, which still dominates the skyline. It has continued to prosper mainly because of its favourable location on regional transport links.
Penkridge is a parish unit within the East Cuttlestone Hundred of Staffordshire. Its boundaries have varied considerably over the centuries. The ancient parish of Penkridge, as defined from 1551 (although it existed in much the same form throughout the Middle Ages), was made up of four distinct townships: Penkridge itself, Coppenhall, Dunston, and Stretton. As a place with its own institutions of local government, the parish was also known as Penkridge Borough.
Penkridge became a civil parish in the 1830s and in 1866 was shorn of the three smaller townships, which became separate parishes. It was constituted as a parish of four distinct constablewicks: Penkridge, Levedale, Pillaton, and Whiston. In 1934, the civil parish exchanged some territory with the surrounding parishes to rationalise the boundaries, acquiring the whole of the former civil parish of Kinvaston in the process. The present civil parish thus consists of the following settlements:
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Poldhu
Poldhu is a small area in south Cornwall, England, UK, situated on the Lizard Peninsula; it comprises Poldhu Point and Poldhu Cove. It lies on the coast west of Goonhilly Downs, with Mullion 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the south and Porthleven 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the north. Poldhu means "black pool" in Cornish.
The site is famous as the location of Poldhu Wireless Station, Guglielmo Marconi's transmitter for the first transatlantic radio message on December 12, 1901 to Marconi's temporary receiving station on Signal Hill, St. John's, Newfoundland.
The station's fifty acre (200,000 m²) plot was bought in 1900 and construction work ran from October 1900 to January 1901, to a design by John Ambrose Fleming. The original 20 mast circular aerial was destroyed in a storm on September 17, 1901. For Marconi's experiments a temporary installation of two 200 foot (61 m) masts was used. The transmitter operated with a power of roughly 13 kW and a wavelength usually estimated at 170 meters.[citation needed] The original mast layout was not rebuilt, it was replaced with a four mast design, 215 feet (66 m) high and forming a 200 foot (61 m) square.
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Repton
Coordinates: 52°50′17″N 1°32′56″W / 52.838°N 1.549°W / 52.838; -1.549
Repton is a village and civil parish on the edge of the River Trent floodplain in South Derbyshire, about 4.5 miles (7 km) north of Swadlincote. Repton is close to the county boundary with neighbouring Staffordshire and about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of Burton upon Trent.
Christianity was reintroduced to the Midlands at Repton, where the Mercian royal family under Peada were baptised in AD 653. Soon a double abbey under an Abbess was built.
In 669 the Bishop of Mercia translated his see from Repton to Lichfield. Offa, King of Mercia, seemed to resent his own bishops paying allegiance to the Archbishop of Canterbury in Kent who, while under Offa's control, was not of his own kingdom of Mercia.[citation needed] Offa therefore created his own Archdiocese of Lichfield, which presided over all the bishops from the Humber to the Thames. Repton was thus the forebear of the archdiocese of Lichfield, a third archdiocese of the English church: Lichfield, the other two being Canterbury and York. This lasted for only 16 years, however, before Mercia returned to being under the Archbishopric of Canterbury.
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River Anker
The River Anker is a river in England. The river flows through the centre of Nuneaton towards Tamworth in Staffordshire. The river continues on before merging with the River Tame in Tamworth. The Anker is popular with anglers and is known to contain some large pike and chub.
The River Anker has flooded Nuneaton several times in the past until a storm burst flood relief in Weddington made sure that the river would not flood Nuneaton Town Centre.
In 2007 the river flooded Liberty Way, forcing Nuneaton Borough and Nuneaton RFC to cancel matches while the river water was cleared up.
The river's name is used for Anker Radio, a radio station in Nuneaton which broadcasts within George Eliot Hospital in the town.
Coordinates: 52°37′N 1°41′W / 52.617°N 1.683°W / 52.617; -1.683
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River Churnet
The River Churnet is a river that flows in Staffordshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Dove.
The origins of the name "Churnet" are unknown, though it is thought to derive from the pre-English, British name for the river.
The source of the river is located over 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level in the Staffordshire moorlands, near to the Gritstone escarpment of the Roaches, and next to the A53 Leek to Buxton road and only a few hundred yards away from Black Brook which ultimately, through the Dane and Weaver, flows into the Irish Sea; however the Churnet, through the Dove, Trent and Humber Estuary ultimately flows into the North Sea.
After flowing downhill for a few miles it reaches Tittesworth reservoir, a major supplier of fresh water to the Potteries and Leek. After it leaves the dam at Tittesworth, it flows into the ancient market town of Leek, where it was used until quite recently[when?] to aid the manufacture of dyes that were used in the town's textile and silk industries. South of Cheddleton, the river flows through the Churnet Valley, an area of outstanding beauty with ancient woodland, an abundance of wildlife and industrial heritage.
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River Wheelock
The River Wheelock is a small river in Cheshire in north west England. It drains water from the area between Sandbach and Crewe, and joins the River Dane at Middlewich (grid reference SJ693669), and then the combined river flows into the River Weaver in Northwich. Alternative names for the river have were recorded in 1619 as Sutton Watter, Sutton Brooke, and Lawton Brooke.
Early recorded variations of the name Wheelock have included Quelok, Qwelok, Whelok, Whelocke, with later forms using Wheelock Watter and Wheelock Brooke. The name is said to mean "winding river" and it is reported to have based on the Old Welsh word chwylog, the chwyl part of which means "a turn, a rotation, a course", with an adjective suffix of og. The river has given its name to the large village of Wheelock.
Coordinates: 53°11′51″N 2°27′31″W / 53.19747°N 2.4586°W / 53.19747; -2.4586
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Rugeley
Coordinates: 52°45′36″N 1°56′20″W / 52.7599°N 1.9388°W / 52.7599; -1.9388
Rugeley is an historic market town in the county of Staffordshire, England. It lies on the northern edge of Cannock Chase, and is situated roughly midway between the towns of Stafford, Cannock, Lichfield and Uttoxeter. The population as at the 2001 census was 22,724 (including the Brereton and Etchinghill wards).
The town was a centre of coal mining until 1991, when the Lea Hall Colliery was demolished. The Rugeley B coal-fired power station dominates the skyline where a flue gas desulphurisation plant has been constructed. This will allow it to continue to generate electricity and comply with environmental legislation. The former Rugeley A station took its fuel directly from the neighbouring mine by conveyor belt (this is a disputed fact as the mines coal was of poor quality). This was the first such arrangement in Britain. It is twinned with Western Springs, Illinois in the United States.
Rugeley has two railway stations, Rugeley Town and Rugeley Trent Valley, which lie on the Chase Line connecting Rugeley, Walsall and Birmingham. This line has not yet been electrified, and so the service is functional but slow, a typical end-to-end journey taking 54 minutes. Rugeley Trent Valley also lies on the West Coast Main Line, and now has a regular hourly service to London via Lichfield, Nuneaton, Rugby and Milton Keynes, and to Crewe via Stafford and Stoke-on-Trent.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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South Staffordshire
South Staffordshire is a local government district in Staffordshire, England. The district lies to the north and west of Wolverhampton and the West Midlands, bordering Shropshire to the west and Worcestershire to the south. It contains no towns of major size and many of the settlements within the district are dormitory villages for Stafford, Wolverhampton, Birmingham and Telford.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by the merger of Cannock Rural District (in the north) and Seisdon Rural District (in the south).
Its council is based in Codsall, one of the larger settlements in the district, along with Brewood, Cheslyn Hay, Great Wyrley, Kinver, Landywood, Penkridge, Perton and Wombourne. Other villages in the district include Coven, Essington, Featherstone, Gospel End, Huntington, Lower Penn, Pattingham, Seisdon and Trysull.
The district covers a similar geographic area to South Staffordshire parliamentary constituency, although the north of the district is covered by the Stafford (UK Parliament constituency). Sir Patrick Cormack of the Conservative Party held the South Staffordshire seat, and its predecessors, between 1970–2010, when he retired and the seat was won by Gavin Williamson for the Conservative Party.
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Spath
Coordinates: 52°54′54″N 1°52′23″W / 52.915°N 1.873°W / 52.915; -1.873
Spath, is a small village north of Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England.
Spath is on the River Tean and is divided from Uttoxeter by the A50 road.
In UK railway history, Spath is notable as the site of the first automatic (i.e. train-operated) level crossing in the United Kingdom, which came into operation on 5 February 1961. The railway has now been dismantled, the road which crossed it via the automatic crossing is now gated and only leads to a farm and there is no remaining visible sign of the crossing. More information about the development of the automatic barriers at Spath crossing can be found at the Derby Signalling web site.
Spath was the original home of Stevensons of Uttoxeter, a bus company which celebrated its 80th Anniversary in 2007.
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Stafford
Coordinates: 52°48′24″N 2°07′02″W / 52.8066°N 2.1171°W / 52.8066; -2.1171
Stafford is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands region of England. It lies approximately 16 miles (26 km) north of Wolverhampton and 18 miles (29 km) south of Stoke-on-Trent, adjacent to the M6 motorway Junction 13 to Junction 14. The population of Stafford was given in the 2001 census as 63,681, with that of the wider borough of Stafford as 122,000, making Stafford the fourth largest settlement in the Ceremonial county, after Stoke on Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle under Lyme.
Stafford means 'ford' by a 'staithe' (landing place). The original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still a large area of marshland northwest of the town, which has always been subject to flooding, such as in 1947, 2000 and 2007.
It's thought Stafford was founded in about 700 AD by Mercian prince called Bertelin who, according to legend, established a hermitage on the peninsular named Betheney or Bethnei. Until recently it was thought that the remains of a wooden preaching cross from this time had been found under the remains of St Bertelin's chapel, next to the later collegiate Church of St Mary in the centre of the town. Recent re-examination of the evidence shows this was a misinterpretation – it was a tree trunk coffin placed centrally in the first, timber, chapel at around the time Æthelflæd founded the burh, in 913 AD. The tree trunk coffin may have been placed there as an object of commemoration or veneration of St Bertelin.
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Staffordshire
Staffordshire (/ˈstæfərdʃɪər/ or /ˈstæfərdʃaɪər/; abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. Part of the National Forest lies within its borders. It adjoins the ceremonial counties of Cheshire (to the north west), Derbyshire (to the east), Leicestershire (to the east), Warwickshire (to the south east), West Midlands (to the south), Worcestershire (to the south), and Shropshire (to the west).
The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority. Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford (the county town), Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek and Tamworth.
Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich and Smethwick were also in Staffordshire until local government reorganisation in 1974, but are now within the West Midlands County in the West Midlands Conurbation.
With the exception of Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire is divided into the districts of Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield, Newcastle-under-Lyme, South Staffordshire, Stafford, Staffordshire Moorlands, and Tamworth.
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Stapenhill
Coordinates: 52°47′58″N 1°38′17″W / 52.7995°N 1.6380°W / 52.7995; -1.6380
Stapenhill is an area and civil parish in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire in the UK. Stapenhill was a small village owned by Nigel of Stafford in 1086.
The village of Stapenhill has long since been surrounded by new housing developments.
Stapenhill Gardens is the epitome of Stapenhill. Its main feature is a gigantic model swan with flowers planted in it. This represents the gardens' main inhabitants, the swans. In a similar vein, the local football team is known as The Stapenhill Swans. Stapenhill Gardens is also the location of the annual "Tulip Festival."
Major pubs in the area include The Copper Hearth, The New Inn, The Punch Bowl, The Barley Mow, The Crown, The Grove and The Elms.
Other local features include a Church of England church and a cemetery. The main Secondary Schools in the area are Paulet High School, and Blessed Robert Sutton Catholic Sports College, with Stapenhill Post 16 Centre. Infant/Junior schools in the area include; Violet Lane Infants, Edge Hill Junior, Waterside Junior and Short Street Infants-soon to be "Riverside Primary".
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Stone, Staffordshire
Coordinates: 52°54′N 2°09′W / 52.9°N 2.15°W / 52.9; -2.15
Stone is an old market town in Staffordshire, England, situated about seven miles north of Stafford, and around seven miles south of the city of Stoke-on-Trent. It is the second town, after Stafford itself, in the Borough of Stafford, and has long been of importance from the point of view of communications. Stone gave its name to both an urban district council and a rural district council before becoming part of the borough in 1974. In 2001 it had a population of 14,555.[citation needed]
Stone was the capital of early Mercia,[citation needed] a powerful Anglian kingdom that later expanded over most of what is now the West Midlands. Christianity arrived via monks from Lindisfarne around the year 650, King Penda of Mercia having invited them in. The capital was later moved to Stafford, and then to Tamworth.
A copper seal from the 7th century Stone Priory, and dated from the 14th century has recently been discovered by a metal detector in Cobham, Surrey. It will be displayed at St Michael and St Wulfad's church in Stone over the Christmas period.
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Swadlincote
Coordinates: 52°46′26″N 1°33′25″W / 52.774°N 1.557°W / 52.774; -1.557
Swadlincote is a town and unparished area in South Derbyshire, about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southeast of Burton-upon-Trent and about 10 miles (16 km) south of Derby. It is the main town of South Derbyshire and the seat of South Derbyshire District Council.
Swadlincote consists of the settlements of Swadlincote, Church Gresley, Midway and Newhall. Their combined population is about 36,000.
Swadlincote's toponym is derived from the Old English "Swartlings Cottas", Swartling being a man's name and cottas meaning cottages. Past forms of the toponym include Sivardingescote and Swartlincote. Swadlincote residents often shorten its name to "Swad".
Famous for having Ģirts Bērziņš living in it currently.
The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded Swadlincote as a small manor. It was part of the parish of Gresley (latterly Church Gresley) until the 19th century.
The first record of mineral extraction in the area is from the end of the 13th century, but the area remained rural until the industrialisation in the 18th century. The presence of coal and clay in the area led to urbanisation as colleries, brickworks and potteries came to dominate Swadlincote. These industries continued to expand until the Second World War. In Alexandra Road one traditional bottle-shaped kiln survives. The fireclay strata in the coal measures has a high alumina content. Swadlincote is one of only six places in Great Britain with clay deposits of such quality. The high alumina content makes it particularly suitable for salt glazing, where common salt is thrown onto the kiln fire. A chemical reaction results in a fused glaze that is highly resistant to corrosion. The properties of the clay mean that it is easily formed into pipes that are resistant to sewage. The 1875 Public Health Act created a huge demand for locally produced pipes.
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Tamworth
Coordinates: 52°37′59″N 1°41′42″W / 52.633°N 1.695°W / 52.633; -1.695
Tamworth is a town and larger local government district in Staffordshire, England, located 14 miles (23 km) north-east of Birmingham city centre and 103 miles (166 km) north-west of London. The town takes its name from the River Tame, which flows through the town, as does the River Anker. At the 2001 census the town had a population of 74,531. Tamworth is the second largest settlement after Stoke-on-Trent and the largest town in Staffordshire.
Tamworth is the home of the historic Tamworth Castle and Moat House, and has a non-league football team, Tamworth FC. The Snowdome, the UK's first full-sized real-snow indoor ski slope is located in Tamworth, and only a short distance away is Drayton Manor Theme Park.
The town's main industries include logistics, engineering, clothing, brick, tile and paper manufacture. It was also home to the Reliant car company, which produced the famous three-wheeled Robin model and the Scimitar sports car for several decades.
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Tamworth (borough)
Tamworth is a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire in England. It is named after its main town also called Tamworth.
Areas of Tamworth include Amington, Belgrave, Bolehall, Coton Green, Dosthill, Glascote, Stonydelph and Wilnecote. The town of Fazeley despite bordering Tamworth is within the Lichfield District.
The borough is completely unparished.
At the last election the Conservative Party held the borough with 23 councilors and Labour held 6 and there was 1 Independent.
One third of Tamworth Council is elected each year, followed by one year where there is an election to Staffordshire County Council instead. Since the last boundary changes in 2002, 30 councillors have been elected from 10 wards.
Since the foundation of the council in 1973 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:
Tamworth Council election, 1998
Tamworth Council election, 1999
Tamworth Council election, 2000
Tamworth Council election, 2002 (whole council elected after boundary changes)
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Tatenhill
Coordinates: 52°47′42″N 1°41′56″W / 52.795°N 1.699°W / 52.795; -1.699
Tatenhill is an ancient village and a civil parish located in a deep valley, between two hills, which gradually descend from the eastern border of Needwood Forest, three and a half miles west-southwest of Burton upon Trent.
RAF Tatenhill is an old World War II airfield, still in use for light aircraft as Tatenhill Airfield. On 16 December 2007, there was a light aircraft collision involving an aircraft from Tatenhill.
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Ticknall
Coordinates: 52°48′43″N 1°28′52″W / 52.812°N 1.481°W / 52.812; -1.481
Ticknall is a small village and civil parish in South Derbyshire, England. Situated on the A514 road, close to Melbourne, it has three pubs, several small businesses, and a primary school. Two hundred years ago it was considerably larger and noisier with lime quarries, tramways and potteries. Coal was also dug close to the village. Close to the village is Calke Abbey, now a National Trust property.
The old village of Tichenhalle is mentioned in the Domesday Book, and probably existed from Anglo-Saxon times. Ticknall was an estate village to Calke Abbey until late in the 20th century. It reached its hey-day in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when the limeyards and the brickmaking, tile and pottery industries were operating at maximum capacity. The population reached 1500, treble the present number of around 500. Since the neighbouring Calke Abbey changed its status in 1984 from long-standing private occupation by the Harpur-Crewe family to semi-public administration by the National Trust, much of the village has changed. The break-up of the former estate has meant the sale of cottages and building land, altering not only the randomness of the architecture, but also the dilution of the former feudal relationship between the villagers and their somewhat reclusive lords of the manor. The village has developed with examples of new buildings and renovations.
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Toyserkan
Tuyserkan (Persian: تويسركان, also Romanized as Tūyserkān, Tooyserkan, Tūīsarkān, and Tūysarkān) is a city in and capital of Tuyserkan County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42,520, in 11,802 families.
Tuyserkan is located about 100 km south of Hamadan, in western Iran. However, it was formerly called Roud Avar. Latter was ruined in the invasion of the Mongols and its people fled to Toy (or Tuy) village, afterwards called Toyserkan because of its proximity to Serkan (a town located northwest of Toyserkan). The ancient hills of Baba Kamal, Roudlar, Shahrestaneh, the remains of a Sassanid city in Velashjerd, the Saljuk Dome named after prophet Habakkuk, the Safavid building of Shaykh Ali Khani School and the Qajar period’s covered bazaar, are all indicative of Toyserkan’s historical background. Toyserkan is well known for its quality Walnut trees within Iran and the world. Its weather is mild and nice in the summer and cold in the winter, the city is surrendered by Zagros Mountains with great views and landscapes.
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Tutbury
Coordinates: 52°51′14″N 1°41′10″W / 52.854°N 1.686°W / 52.854; -1.686
Tutbury is a large village and civil parish of about 3,000 residents in the English county of Staffordshire.
It is surrounded by the agricultural countryside of both Staffordshire and Derbyshire. The site has been inhabited for over 3000 years, with Iron Age defensive ditches encircling the main defensive hill, upon which now stands ruins of a Norman castle. These ditches can be seen most clearly at The Park pale and at the top of the steep hills behind Park Lane.
The name Tutbury probably derives from a Scandinavian settler and subsequent chief of the hill-fort, Totta, bury being a corruption of burh the Anglo-Saxon name for 'fortified place'. It is 5 miles north of Burton upon Trent and 20 miles south of the Peak District.
Quarries near Tutbury once produced alabaster which was used in the carving of Nottingham Alabaster.
Until 2006, Tutbury Crystal, a manufacturer of high-quality cut glass products, was based in the village--however production transferred to Stoke-on-Trent as the existing factory was very old and was thought to be too small for the modern company's requirements. The old factory was demolished and apartments are built on the site, but a factory shop still operates in the village however. Despite this, the tourism trade survives thanks to the long and distinguished history of the Norman Priory Church and medieval Tutbury Castle where Mary, Queen of Scots, was once imprisoned.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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USA
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Wall, Staffordshire
Coordinates: 52°39′29″N 1°51′14″W / 52.658°N 1.854°W / 52.658; -1.854
Wall is a small village and civil parish in Staffordshire, England, just south of Lichfield. It lies on the site of the Roman settlement of Letocetum.
The nearby junction of the A5 and A5127 roads and the M6 Toll motorway is often referred to as Wall junction.
The parish includes the small villages of Pipehill, Hilton, Chesterfield and the tiny hamlet of Aldershawe, which is about half a mile north of the village of Wall.
The earliest evidence of settlement in Wall have been the discovery of flints dating to the Neolithic period found in the upper part of Wall village. The first detailed evidence of human settlement comes in the 1st century. A Roman fort named Letocetum was established at Wall in or soon after AD 50 to accommodate Legio XIV, then advancing towards Wales. A fort was certainly built in the upper area of the village near to the present church in 50's or 60's and Watling Street was constructed to the south in the 70's.
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Walsall
Coordinates: 52°35′N 1°59′W / 52.58°N 1.98°W / 52.58; -1.98
Walsall ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a large industrial town in the West Midlands of England. It is located northwest of Birmingham and east of Wolverhampton. Historically a part of Staffordshire, Walsall is a component area of the West Midlands conurbation and part of the Black Country.
Walsall is the administrative headquarters of the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall, though it has changed its name to Walsall Council. In the 2001 census, the town had a population of 170,994 with the wider borough having a population of 253,500. Neighbouring towns in the borough include Brownhills, Willenhall, Bloxwich and Aldridge.
The name Walsall is thought to have derived from the words "Walh halh", meaning "valley of the Welsh speakers" (referring to the Brythons). Walsall is first referenced as 'Walesho' in a document dated 1002. Possibly as a result of a clerical error, it is not referenced in the Domesday Book, while the settlements of Aldridge, Bescot, Shelfield, Pelsall, Bloxwich, Great Barr and Rushall within the Metropolitan Borough are. However, it is believed that a manor was held here by William FitzAnsculf, who held numerous manors in the Midlands. By the first part of the 13th century, Walsall was a small market town, with the weekly market being introduced in 1220 and held on Tuesdays. The mayor of Walsall was created as a political position in the 14th century. Walsall is known as "the town of a hundred trades". (This appellation is a nod to the fact that nearby Birmingham is known as "the city of a thousand trades".)
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Walton-on-Trent
Coordinates: 52°45′36″N 1°40′48″W / 52.760°N 1.680°W / 52.760; -1.680
Walton-on-Trent is a parish and village in the National Forest that is just within South Derbyshire. As its name implies it is an ancient crossing point of the River Trent. It was at this point that King Edward II crossed the river in pursuit of the disaffected barons including the Earl of Lancaster. Listed buildings in the parish include Catton Hall and Walton Hall.
The name Walton comes from settlement/farmstead of Wealas - native Celts which is what the new Anglo Saxon speaking peoples called the native inhabitants of England. There is strong evidence that in many areas of England taken over by Germanic speaking settlers, the native British (Wealas) remained undisturbed, farming the same land they did when the Romans left. Over time they just adopted or forgot their Celtic tongue (similar to Old Welsh/Cornish) for the language and culture of the newcomers in order to climb the social ladder or were coerced to do so. It was in the Anglo Saxon interest that the native British carry on as usual to ensure the economy produced food and goods for the new landowners.
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Winshill
Coordinates: 52°50′06″N 1°37′16″W / 52.8350°N 1.6210°W / 52.8350; -1.6210
Winshill is a suburb to the east of the town of Burton upon Trent, in the borough of East Staffordshire, England.
Flanked to the north and east by the South Derbyshire border, historically the parish of Winshill had always been part of Derbyshire until it was transferred to Staffordshire in the late 19th century.
Along its southern flank runs the A511, known locally as the Ashby Road, from Bretby Lane and Moat Bank (Burton upon Trent's highest point) to the eastern end of the Trent Bridge and the junction with the A444.
Along its western flank are the River Trent and the B5008 Newton Road, which runs to Newton Solney and Repton in South Derbyshire.
The parish church in Winshill is St Mark's, part of the Diocese of Derby.
The name Winshill has its origin in Old English and means Wine's hill. There was a settlement here in the late 11th century when William I installed privileged tenants at Winshill. By this time there was a corn mill on the Winshill bank of the River Trent, and in the 14th century a fulling mill – which became a cotton mill in the late 18th century - was built on an island nearby. By the end of the 18th century the village was grouped around a green on the east side of the hill. The medieval Burton bridge crossed into Winshill at its east end, and the road to Ashby-de-la-Zouch then followed a line along Bearwood Hill Road and High Bank Road. A tollgate was placed near the foot of Bearwood Hill Road when it became a turnpike road in 1753. The Ashby Road was put onto a more direct line in the later 1830s and the tollgate was placed near Moat Bank.
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A.E. Housman
Alfred Edward Housman ( /ˈhaʊsmən/; 26 March 1859 – 30 April 1936), usually known as A. E. Housman, was an English classical scholar and poet, best known to the general public for his cycle of poems A Shropshire Lad. Lyrical and almost epigrammatic in form, the poems were mostly written before 1900. Their wistful evocation of doomed youth in the English countryside, in spare language and distinctive imagery, appealed strongly to late Victorian and Edwardian taste, and to many early 20th century English composers (beginning with Arthur Somervell) both before and after the First World War. Through its song-setting the poetry became closely associated with that era, and with Shropshire itself.
Housman was counted one of the foremost classicists of his age, and has been ranked as one of the greatest scholars of all time. He established his reputation publishing as a private scholar and, on the strength and quality of his work, was appointed Professor of Latin at University College London and later, at Cambridge. His editions of Juvenal, Manilius and Lucan are still considered authoritative.
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Alastair Yates
Alastair Yates is a British journalist. He worked with the BBC, on BBC World News and BBC News until April 2011 when he took a sabbatical from work and in January 2012 became Head of Media, Communications & Marketing at The Horse Rangers Association (Hampton Court) Ltd. He is also MD of his own Public Relations company.
Born and brought up in Burton upon Trent, Yates was educated at Manor House School, Ashby-de-la-Zouch and the former Burton Grammar School. Before deciding on journalism as a career Yates was a DJ and managed pop and folk groups.
Yates, under the pseudonym Al Kay, got his broadcasting break when he began a weekly Saturday morning pop show on Radio Derby in 1973. That same station offered him the chance to move away from music-based shows to speech programming. He began his journalism career in 1976 with BBC Local Radio stations in Derby, Leicester, and Birmingham. He made his debut TV appearance at Pebble Mill in Birmingham in 1978 reporting for BBC Midlands's regional news programme Midlands Today. Whilst at BBC Midlands, Yates was also a regional continuity announcer and newsreader. He also appeared in some "Play for Today" dramas as himself. He left the BBC and joined ITV in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1980 at Grampian Television as a presenter and reporter for North Tonight. By 1986 he was presenting Anglia Television's evening news show About Anglia.
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Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper (born Vincent Damon Furnier; February 4, 1948) is an American rock singer, songwriter, and musician whose career spans more than four decades. With a stage show that features guillotines, electric chairs, fake blood, boa constrictors, and baby dolls, Cooper has drawn equally from horror movies, vaudeville, and garage rock to pioneer a grandly theatrical and violent brand of heavy metal designed to shock.
Originating in Detroit in the late 1960s, Alice Cooper was originally a band consisting of Furnier on vocals and harmonica, lead guitarist Glen Buxton, Michael Bruce on rhythm guitar, Dennis Dunaway on bass guitar, and drummer Neal Smith. The original Alice Cooper band broke into the international music mainstream with the 1971 hit "I'm Eighteen" from the album Love It to Death, which was followed by the even bigger single "School's Out" in 1972. The band reached their commercial peak with the 1973 album Billion Dollar Babies.
Furnier's solo career as Alice Cooper, adopting the band's name as his own name, began with the 1975 concept album Welcome to My Nightmare; in 2011 he released Welcome 2 My Nightmare, his 19th album as a solo artist, and his 26th album in total. Expanding from his Detroit rock roots, in his career Cooper has experimented with a number of musical styles, including conceptual rock, art rock, hard rock, New Wave, pop rock, experimental rock and industrial rock.
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David Maurice Curry
David Maurice Curry (born 13 June 1944) is a British Conservative Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Skipton and Ripon from 1987 to 2010.
Curry, the son of a teacher, was educated at the Ripon Grammar School where he was head boy in 1962, and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he received a BA degree in Modern History in 1966. He also attended the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University as a Kennedy Scholar. He began his career as a reporter on the Newcastle Journal in 1966. In 1970, he became the world trade editor at The Financial Times where he remained until he was elected to the European Parliament. In 1977, he founded the Paris Conservative Association. He contested the safe Labour seat at Morpeth at the February 1974 general election, but was soundly beaten by the sitting Labour MP George Grant by 13,034 votes. The two met again at the October 1974 general election, when on this occasion Grant won by 14,687. Curry was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 1979 for Essex North East, he served in Strasbourg (and Brussels) until 1989.
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Edward I
Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (from Latin: Malleus Scottorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward left on a crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and he was crowned king at Westminster on 19 August.
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Edward Wightman
Edward Wightman (Burbage, December 20, 1566 – April 11, 1612) was an English radical Anabaptist, executed at Lichfield on various charges of heresy brought by the Church of England, though little of his own words and none of his own writings survive. He was the last person to be burned at the stake for heresy in England.
Edward Wightman was born at Wykin Hall, Burbage, near Hinckley and like most infants was christened in traditional orthodox fashion. He attended Burton Grammar School and entered the clothiers business of his mother's family. Eventually, he served an apprenticeship as a woolen draper in the town of Shrewsbury. He married Frances Darbye of Hinckley in 1593 and settled in Burton. Apart from his mercer's business in Burton he also became a minister of the local Baptist Church.
He became involved with the Puritans and in 1596 was chosen as one of the leaders assigned to the investigation of demonic possession by 13 year old Thomas Darling. This suggests that by the mid-1590s Wightman was an important and well-respected public figure, taking part in the newly formed movement that began to hold sway over Burton’s society and politics. His involvement in the Darling case proved a turning point in his life, making him entirely amenable to the possibility of unmediated spiritual intervention. Darling claimed not just to be possessed by the devil, but engaged in a series of ‘spiritual wars’ in which both demonic and angelic voices were said to emanate from him:
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Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his half-sisters out of the succession in contradiction to statute law. His will was set aside, Lady Jane Grey was executed, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel, and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement later evolved into today's Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir so as to continue the Tudor line. She never did, however, despite numerous courtships. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity, and a cult grew up around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day.
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First World War
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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George Hayne
George Hayne (died 1723) was a merchant and entrepreneur who was responsible for the creation of the Trent Navigation in England and hence the development of Burton upon Trent as the pre-eminent beer brewing and exporting town.
Hayne was the son of John and Elizabeth Hayne of Ashbourne Green at Ashbourne, Derbyshire, and was originally a merchant at Wirksworth. In 1711, he obtained the lease of rights to undertake the Trent Navigation from Lord Paget. Paget had revived a scheme to make the River Trent navigable between Burton and Wilden Ferry, in Castle Donington. Paget was named as undertaker in an Act of 1699, which empowered a toll of up to three pence per ton and authorised a levy of £600 from the inhabitants of Burton, but by 1711 had made little progress.
Hayne was to pay £10 a year for the 31-year lease and went into partnership with Leonard Fosbrooke, a carrier based at Wilden Ferry. He set about quickly creating and opening the navigation and by 1713 had built a warehouse near Burton Bridge. He leased part of Burton-on-Trent Abbey to construct a wharf and extended the navigation to there.
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Henry II of England
Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle, Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as King of England (1154–89), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, who was the daughter of King Henry I and took the title of Empress from her first marriage. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, and was made the Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to the French king Louis VII had recently been annulled. King Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and he inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Still quite young, he now controlled what would later be called the Angevin empire, stretching across much of western Europe.
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Henry III of England
Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready. England prospered during his reign and his greatest monument is Westminster, which he made the seat of his government and where he expanded the abbey as a shrine to Edward the Confessor. He is the first of only five monarchs to reign in the Kingdom of England or its successor states for 50 years or more, the others being Edward III (1327–1377), George III (1760–1820), Victoria (1837–1901) and Elizabeth II (1952–present).
He assumed the crown under the regency of the popular William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, but the England he inherited had undergone several drastic changes in the reign of his father. He spent much of his reign fighting the barons over Magna Carta and the royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first "parliament" in 1264. He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine.
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Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.
Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church. Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542.
Henry was considered an attractive, educated and accomplished king in his prime and has a reputation as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne". Besides ruling with absolute power, he also engaged himself as an author and composer. His desire to provide England with a male heir—which stemmed partly from personal vanity and partly because he believed a daughter would be unable to consolidate the Tudor Dynasty and the fragile peace that existed following the Wars of the Roses—led to the two things for which Henry is remembered: his six marriages, and the English Reformation, making England a mostly Protestant nation. In later life he became morbidly obese and his health suffered; his public image is frequently depicted as one of a lustful, egotistical, harsh, and insecure king.
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King Alfred
Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd, Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.
Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his death had become the dominant ruler in England. He is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.
Alfred was born in the village of Wanating, now Wantage, Oxfordshire. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, by his first wife, Osburh.
In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king". Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, his succession could not have been foreseen at the time, as Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul"; a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion. It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854–855.
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King Edward IV
Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was the first Yorkist King of England. The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to this throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king he was 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
Edward of York was born at Rouen in France, the second child of Richard, 3rd Duke of York (who had a strong genealogical claim to the throne of England), and Cecily Neville. He was the eldest of the four sons who survived to adulthood. His younger brother Edmund, Earl of Rutland, died along with his father fighting for the Yorkist cause. The Duke of York's assertion of his claim to the crown in 1460 was the key escalation of the conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. When his father was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, Edward inherited his claim.
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
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Michael Arthur Bass
Michael Arthur Bass, 1st Baron Burton KCVO (12 November 1837 – 1 February 1909), known as Sir Michael Bass, 1st Baronet, from 1882 to 1886, was a British brewer, Liberal politician and philanthropist. He sat in the House of Commons from 1865 to 1888 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Burton.
Bass was born at Burton, the elder son of Michael Thomas Bass and the great-grandson of William Bass, the founder of the brewery firm of Bass & Co in Burton. His mother was Eliza Jane, daughter of Samuel Arden. Bass was educated at Burton Grammar School, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a Director of the family firm of Bass, Ratcliff, Gretton and Co from 1863, and Chairman of the Directors upon his father’s death in 1884. He also sat as a Member of Parliament for Stafford from 1865 to 1868, for East Staffordshire from 1868 to 1885 and for Burton from 1885 to 1886. As a brewer, it was uncomfortable to be a Liberal MP as there was a strong temperance element to the Liberal party at the time.
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Mick Dyche
Mick Dyche (born 1951) is an English rock and folk guitarist and former member of 1970's soft rock band Sniff 'n' the Tears who played guitars on their only major hit Driver's Seat in 1978.
In an interview in 2007 former band-mate, Laurence "Loz" Netto , credits Dyche as the player of the distinctive guitar 'hook' or riff that opens the single:
No, the guitar hook was Mick Dyche, I must learn to lie.
Dyche later played live - and recorded - with a range of bands and musicians including Glenn Cornick's band Wild Turkey,Pat Travers Band, Noel McCalla, John Illsley,The Hank Wangford Band and The Maddy Prior Band - amongst others. Recently played with Burton on Trent band Mona Leeza.
Mick Dyche was born in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, UK
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Nick Hemming
Nicholas 'Nick' Hemming (born 17 April 1973) is a British musician and guitarist, formerly of early 1990s indie band She Talks To Angels with actor Paddy Considine, film director Shane Meadows and bassist Richard Eaton.
Nick wrote and performed music for the films A Room for Romeo Brass and Dead Man's Shoes.
Hemming is a key musician in the Willkommen Collective, currently the lead singer for The Leisure Society as well as playing banjo and mandolin with Sons of Noel and Adrian and Shoreline.
He penned The Leisure Society's debut single 'The Last Of The Melting Snow', receiving huge critical and public acclaim and extensive radio play on Zane Lowe's Radio 1 show,Marc Riley's BBC 6 Music show,Lauren Laverne's 6 Music show and Mark Radcliffe and Stuart Maconie's Radio 2 show, where they were voted 'Record of the Week' by listeners with a record 90% of the vote. The track has also been championed by Elbow frontman Guy Garvey who named it his favourite song of 2008. The song was nominated for an Ivor Novello award.
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Oswald Mosley
Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet, of Ancoats, (16 November 1896 – 3 December 1980) was an English politician, known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists. He was a Member of Parliament for Harrow from 1918 to 1924 and for Smethwick from 1926 to 1931, as well as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Labour Government of 1929–1931.
Mosley was the eldest of three sons of Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet, of Ancoats (29 December 1873 - 21 September 1928), and wife Katharine Maud Edwards-Heathcote (1874–1950), the second child of Captain Justinian Edwards-Heathcote of Market Drayton, Shropshire. Mosley's family were Anglo-Irish. His branch were prosperous landowners in Staffordshire, seated at Rolleston Hall, near Burton-on-Trent. Through the intermarriage common among the British upper classes, the 5th Baronet was the third cousin of the Earl of Strathmore, which would eventually make Oswald Mosley, the 6th baronet, fourth cousin to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, who was the Earl of Strathmore's daughter, and fourth cousin once removed to Queen Elizabeth II.
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Paddy Considine
Patrick George "Paddy" Considine (born 5 September 1973) is an English actor, filmmaker, screenwriter, musician and frequent collaborator with Shane Meadows. Best known to audiences for his portrayals of dark, troubled, morally or mentally ambiguous characters. He has starred in films such as In America, Dead Man's Shoes, The Cry of the Owl, Le Donk & Scor-zay-zee and Hot Fuzz, as well as in television films such as The Red Riding Trilogy, The Suspicions of Mr. Whicher, and PU-239.
Considine came to prominence in the early-2000s with a string of strong performances in independent films that prompted the Observer to describe him as "The best-kept secret in British movies". In addition to leading and supporting roles in Hollywood films, Considine has frequently acted in independent British films and television shows. Aside from acting, he directed and wrote Tyrannosaur, a film based on his directorial debut, the short film Dog Altogether both of which feature actors Peter Mullan, Olivia Colman and Paul Popplewell. He was both actor and writer on several music videos, namely the Arctic Monkeys promotional video for "Leave Before the Lights Come On".
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PC David Copperfield
PC David Copperfield is the pen name of Stuart Davidson, formerly of the Staffordshire Police, who is believed to have been the Internet's first police blogger, who later wrote the best-selling book about the British police service, Wasting Police Time, while serving as Police Constable (PC). He is now serving as a police officer in Canada.
Copperfield began blogging in 2004; Having initially started to write about his passion for gardening, he found that mentions of his working life in the police attracted far more interest and so switched to commenting on law and order issues.
In 2005, a number of his blog posts were used without permission by the London-based Mail on Sunday newspaper. The usage of the material attracted protest from fellow bloggers, and Copperfield jokingly described the journalists as 'bastards'. However, the three-page article also attracted the attention of a number of publishers and agents, eventually leading to his first book.
In early 2006 Copperfield signed a book deal with British publisher Monday Books to turn his blog into a book. For its title, he chose the term wasting police time, a misdemeanor criminal offence under British law. In October 2006, Wasting Police Time was published. It chronicles Copperfield's despair at the way policing in his town - dubbed 'Newtown' (revealed to be Burton upon Trent) - has all but collapsed.
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Phil Seamen
Phillip William "Phil" Seamen (28 August 1926 in Burton-on-Trent – 13 October 1972) was an English jazz drummer.
With a solid background in big band music, Seamen played and recorded in a wide range of musical contexts with virtually every key figure of 1950s and 1960s British jazz. Notable examples included Joe Harriott, Tubby Hayes, Stan Tracey, Ronnie Scott, Dick Morrissey, Harold McNair, Don Rendell, Victor Feldman, Dizzy Reece, Tony Coe, Tony Lee, and George Chisholm, to name but a few. Later in his career he worked with Alexis Korner, Georgie Fame, and had a spell with Ginger Baker's Air Force, the leader of the band being one of Seamen's foremost disciples. Drug addiction and alcoholism hampered him throughout his career.
Seamen began playing drums at the age of six, turning professional at the age of 18 by joining Nat Gonella and his Georgians in 1944. He joined the Tommy Sampson Orchestra in 1948, and by 1949, Seamen and tenor saxist Danny Moss had formed a bebop quintet from within the ranks and which was featured on a radio broadcast by the orchestra in September 1949.
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Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his half-sisters out of the succession in contradiction to statute law. His will was set aside, Lady Jane Grey was executed, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel, and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement later evolved into today's Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir so as to continue the Tudor line. She never did, however, despite numerous courtships. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity, and a cult grew up around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day.
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Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Rob McElwee
Robert "Rob" McElwee (born 21 January 1961, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire) was BBC Weather's longest-serving weather forecaster since the departure of Michael Fish. He presented forecasts on BBC News, BBC World News, BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC One. He was also a regular weather presenter on the BBC News at Ten and the BBC News at Six, having previously forecast on the BBC News at One.
He gained an HNC in maths, statistics and physics from Reading College of Technology (now called Reading College).
Rob joined the Met Office in 1982 working as a weather observer, spending most of the next eight years observing the weather on the Army Air Corps base of Netheravon on the Salisbury Plain. Following this, he trained as a forecaster and worked at airbases in East Anglia.
He joined the BBC Weather Centre in May 1991, making his first appearance in July. He is a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society. He lives with his wife Rosanne MacMillan and sons in Buckinghamshire.
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Robert W. Ford
Robert Webster Ford (born 27 March 1923 in Burton-on-Trent) was a radio operator and British diplomat who worked in Tibet in the late 1940s. He was one of the few Westerners to be appointed by the Government of Tibet at the time of independent Tibet, before the Chinese invasion of 1950. He spent five years in Tibet, and declared he "had the opportunity to witness and experience at first hand the reality of Tibetan independence."
Robert Ford was a radio technician of the Royal Air Force during World War II and worked in England and in India. In 1945, he joined the British Mission in Lhasa as a radio officer and had an audience with the 14-year-old 14th Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The same year he was transferred to Gangtok, Sikkim, where he worked on British India relations with Tibet. When India became independent in 1947, Robert Ford returned to Lhasa and was appointed by the Government of Tibet, becoming the first foreigner to be given an official rank in the country.
Following one year in Lhasa, he was requested to go to Chamdo, capital of eastern Tibet (Kham), to establish a radio link between Lhasa and Chamdo, which he managed successfully. In 1949 Ford and three wireless operator students left for the city. They helped the Governor General of Kham, Lhalu Tsewang Dorje, improve defense in Chamdo and the surrounding area. In addition, a direct link was established for the first time between Lhasa and Chamdo. Early in 1950, Lhalu requested Ford shorten the training of the wireless operator students. At that time, new arrival of arms and instructors arrived and training in the use of Bren guns. Robert Ford wrote that "the Tibetan Army began to look a little less like something out of the Middle Ages."
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St Modwen
Modwen, or Modwenna, was an English nun and saint, who founded Burton-on-Trent Abbey in Staffordshire, England, in the 7th century.
According to the medieval 'Life of St Modwenna (British Library Cotton Cleopatra A.ii) she was an Irish noblewoman by birth, and founded the abbey on an island in the River Trent. Modwenna spent seven years at the abbey with two other Irish nuns called Lazar and Althea, before the three embarked on a pilgrimage to Rome. Upon their return to England they built a church at Stapenhill in honour of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.
Modwen is reported to have performed many holy miracles at Burton Abbey, and to this day the well on the site is said have healing properties. After a time Modwen left Burton-upon-Trent and travelled to Scotland where she died in Langfortin, near Dundee, reportedly at the age of 130. Her body was returned to Burton-upon-Trent for burial. Another abbess and saint, Osyth (died 700), was raised under Modwenna's direction.
Others, however, say that she has been confused with St Monenna (Moninne) of Ireland and with a Scottish saint also called Modwenna, and that the Anglo-Norman text of her life has little historical value.
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Tracey Hallam
Tracey Jayne Hallam (born 24 March 1975) is an English badminton player.
Hallam played badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics. In women's singles, she defeated Juliane Schenk of Germany and Camilla Martin of Denmark in the first two rounds. In the quarterfinals, Hallam lost to Mia Audina of the Netherlands 11-0, 11-9.
She won the title of women's singles of badminton at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
She participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the Women's singles event but she was knocked out in the third round by Xu Huaiwen of Germany (21-10, 21-7).
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Wilfrid
Wilfrid (originally spelled Wilfrith;c. 633 – c. 709) was an English bishop and saint. Born a Northumbrian noble, he entered religious life as a teenager and studied at Lindisfarne, at Canterbury, in Gaul, and at Rome; he returned to Northumbria in about 660, and became the abbot of a newly founded monastery at Ripon. In 664 Wilfrid acted as spokesman for the Roman "party" at the Council of Whitby, and became famous for his speech advocating that the Roman method for calculating the date of Easter should be adopted. His success prompted the king's son, Alhfrith, to appoint him Bishop of Northumbria. Wilfrid chose to be consecrated in Gaul because of the lack of what he considered to be validly consecrated bishops in England at that time. During Wilfrid's absence Alhfrith seems to have led an unsuccessful revolt against his father, Oswiu, leaving a question mark over Wilfrid's appointment as bishop. Before Wilfrid's return Oswiu had appointed Ceadda in his place, resulting in Wilfrid's retirement to Ripon for a few years following his arrival back in Northumbria.
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Wulfhere
Wulfhere (died 675) was King of Mercia from the end of the 650s until 675. He was the first Christian king of all of Mercia, though it is not known when or how he converted from Anglo-Saxon paganism. His accession marked the end of Oswiu of Northumbria's overlordship of southern England, and Wulfhere extended his influence over much of that region. His campaigns against the West Saxons led to Mercian control of much of the Thames valley. He conquered the Isle of Wight and the Meon valley and gave them to King Æthelwealh of the South Saxons. He also had influence in Surrey, Essex, and Kent. He married Eormenhild, the daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent.
Wulfhere's father, Penda, was killed in 655 at the Battle of Winwaed, fighting against Oswiu of Northumbria. Penda's son Peada became king under Oswiu's overlordship but was murdered a year later. Wulfhere came to the throne when Mercian nobles organized a revolt against Northumbrian rule in 658 and drove out Oswiu's governors.
By 670, when Oswiu died, Wulfhere was the most powerful king in southern Britain. He was effectively the overlord of Britain south of the Humber from the early 660s, although not overlord of Northumbria as his father had been. In 674, he challenged Oswiu's son Ecgfrith of Northumbria, but was defeated. He died, probably of disease, in 675. Wulfhere was succeeded as King of Mercia by his brother, Æthelred. Stephen of Ripon's Life of Wilfrid describes Wulfhere as "a man of proud mind, and insatiable will".
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Wulfric Spott
Wulfric (died circa 1004), called Wulfric Spot or Spott, was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman. His will is an important document from the reign of King Æthelred the Unready. Wulfric was a patron of the Burton Abbey, around which the modern town of Burton on Trent later grew up, and may have refounded the Benedictine monastery there.
He was one of the three known children of the noblewoman Wulfrun, after whom Wolverhampton is named. Wulfric's family was linked with the Wulfric the Black to whom King Edmund granted land in Staffordshire. As much of Wulfric the Black's estate was granted to Wolverhampton by Wulfrun, and other parts, including lands around modern Abbots Bromley passed to Wulfric, it is possible that Wulfric the Black was this Wulfric's maternal grandfather. The family was related to the Wulfgeat who is a witness to charters in the reign of King Edgar and received lands in Staffordshire and Gloucestershire from the king. Of Wulfric's father and his paternal kin nothing is known.
Wulfric's brother was Ælfhelm, Ealdorman of York or Northumbria from 993 until he was killed in 1006. Ælfhelm was the father of King Cnut's first wife Ælfgifu of Northampton, mother of Svein and King Harold Harefoot. He also had two sons, Wulfheah and Ufegeat, who were blinded when he was killed. Their sister was Ælfthryth whose daughter Ealdgyth married Morcar, killed in 1015 along with his brother Sigeferth on the orders of King Æthelred. Ælfthryth appears to have died before Wulfric's will was written.
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burton on trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:21
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Burton Upon Trent in it's wonderful glory, and may I say What a wonderful history. Pubs, Swans, Geese, what more do you ask. Out with Coors back in with Bass, which is so sad but he is no more, They decided to change it to American Coor. He will be turning in his grave bless him. Stanyon and Holmes have gone down the sink, Woolworths are making a comeback,( they think), Burton market is not the same when it was born, And Bargates is looking oh so forlorn. Enough of the not so good poem. here is a bit of Burton. That did not rhyme. Typically it's the past I normally delve, Not looking forward to 2012.
http://wn.com/burton_on_trent
Burton Upon Trent in it's wonderful glory, and may I say What a wonderful history. Pubs, Swans, Geese, what more do you ask. Out with Coors back in with Bass, which is so sad but he is no more, They decided to change it to American Coor. He will be turning in his grave bless him. Stanyon and Holmes have gone down the sink, Woolworths are making a comeback,( they think), Burton market is not the same when it was born, And Bargates is looking oh so forlorn. Enough of the not so good poem. here is a bit of Burton. That did not rhyme. Typically it's the past I normally delve, Not looking forward to 2012.
The Flood Levels in Burton on Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
The old river trent was very high today and has burst along the banks of burton on trent.
http://wn.com/The_Flood_Levels_in_Burton_on_Trent
The old river trent was very high today and has burst along the banks of burton on trent.
- published: 05 Aug 2007
- views: 5473
- author: Phil Campbell
Milad un Nabi - Burton Upon Trent - 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:29
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
contact @ hassan333_wa@hotmail.co.uk
http://wn.com/Milad_un_Nabi_Burton_Upon_Trent_2012
Burton on Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
www.inburton.co.uk Burton on Trent - A photo guide from InBurton.co.uk InBurton.co.uk is the online guide to Burton on Trent with over 500 pages of local information including 'What's On', Restaurant Guide, 2 Minute Video Tours, Business and Services Directory, News, Competition, Photos and much more!
http://wn.com/Burton_on_Trent
www.inburton.co.uk Burton on Trent - A photo guide from InBurton.co.uk InBurton.co.uk is the online guide to Burton on Trent with over 500 pages of local information including 'What's On', Restaurant Guide, 2 Minute Video Tours, Business and Services Directory, News, Competition, Photos and much more!
- published: 07 Mar 2008
- views: 3657
- author: InBurton
BURTON upon TRENT, Wreath laying , EDL 7/11/2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:42
- Updated: 30 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/BURTON_upon_TRENT,_Wreath_laying_,_EDL_7_11_2010
LDC CBT Training Burton on Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Learn to ride a motorcycle with LDC school of Motoring.
http://wn.com/LDC_CBT_Training_Burton_on_Trent
Learn to ride a motorcycle with LDC school of Motoring.
- published: 18 Mar 2012
- views: 1757
- author: Luke Churchley
Central Park Bridge Brewery 1987? Burton Upon Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:00
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Central Park Burton Upon Trent Beer Burton Bridge Brewery 1987? Bargates Nightclub Spoony
http://wn.com/Central_Park_Bridge_Brewery_1987?_Burton_Upon_Trent
Central Park Burton Upon Trent Beer Burton Bridge Brewery 1987? Bargates Nightclub Spoony
- published: 04 May 2012
- views: 3821
- author: SP00NY
Burton-upon-Trent assault (Girl Gets Punched)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 30 Jul 2012
Help Catch this TIT !!. This bloke needs to be brought to justice. very lame, it's one thing to stamp on some one's head but to floor a defenceless girl is just out of order. HELP CATCH THIS PRICK !!! If you know him or can give any information to the police see the crimewatch website www.bbc.co.uk don't let him get away with it............
http://wn.com/Burton-upon-Trent_assault_Girl_Gets_Punched
Help Catch this TIT !!. This bloke needs to be brought to justice. very lame, it's one thing to stamp on some one's head but to floor a defenceless girl is just out of order. HELP CATCH THIS PRICK !!! If you know him or can give any information to the police see the crimewatch website www.bbc.co.uk don't let him get away with it............
- published: 22 Dec 2009
- views: 16540
- author: shayneb28
Burton on Trent Restaurants
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
www.inburton.co.uk Restaurants in Burton on Trent, Staffordshire
http://wn.com/Burton_on_Trent_Restaurants
www.inburton.co.uk Restaurants in Burton on Trent, Staffordshire
- published: 06 Jan 2009
- views: 2124
- author: InBurton
Burton-on-Trent December 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Burton-on-Trent December 2010
http://wn.com/Burton-on-Trent_December_2010
Burton upon Trent: St George's Park National Football Centre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
This piece first broadcast on 2 Jul 2012. Televised on UK's regional television ITV1 Central. Programme (Program) -- Central Tonight.
http://wn.com/Burton_upon_Trent_St_George's_Park_National_Football_Centre
This piece first broadcast on 2 Jul 2012. Televised on UK's regional television ITV1 Central. Programme (Program) -- Central Tonight.
- published: 04 Jul 2012
- views: 389
- author: BhamUrbanNewsUK
CB600f Hornet Module 2 Burton on Trent test route
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Filmed whilst module 2 training. Some guy trying to get his knee down at the light.....why?
http://wn.com/CB600f_Hornet_Module_2_Burton_on_Trent_test_route
Filmed whilst module 2 training. Some guy trying to get his knee down at the light.....why?
- published: 01 Mar 2012
- views: 1418
- author: tarmacscratcher
OLYMPIC TORCH IN BURTON ON TRENT ON THE 30/6/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Updated: 30 Jun 2012
OLYMPIC TORCH IN BURTON ON TRENT ON 30TH JUNE 2012
http://wn.com/OLYMPIC_TORCH_IN_BURTON_ON_TRENT_ON_THE_30_6_2012
OLYMPIC TORCH IN BURTON ON TRENT ON 30TH JUNE 2012
- published: 30 Jun 2012
- views: 495
- author: DEBORAH WARRINGTON
The National Brewery Centre at Burton on Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
www.inburton.co.uk The National Brewery Centre Burton on Trent has now re-opened. It used to be called the Bass Museum and then The Coors Visitor Centre. The photos in this video were taken on the Centre's opening day 1st May 2010.
http://wn.com/The_National_Brewery_Centre_at_Burton_on_Trent
www.inburton.co.uk The National Brewery Centre Burton on Trent has now re-opened. It used to be called the Bass Museum and then The Coors Visitor Centre. The photos in this video were taken on the Centre's opening day 1st May 2010.
- published: 07 May 2010
- views: 754
- author: InBurton
Meteorite Breaking Up Over Burton on Trent, England, UK (21/9/12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:13
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
A terrible quality video of a Meteorite, breaking up, over Burton on Trent, England, UK 21/9/12. It looks like a bright ball on this, how ever, to me it looked like an extremely bright green & yellow ball followed by a streak the same colour. I thought it was a firework at first. Then strangely, just behind it, a red light looking asif it was chasing it, almost like a planes tail light... seemed way too fast to be an aircraft though.
http://wn.com/Meteorite_Breaking_Up_Over_Burton_on_Trent,_England,_UK_21_9_12
A terrible quality video of a Meteorite, breaking up, over Burton on Trent, England, UK 21/9/12. It looks like a bright ball on this, how ever, to me it looked like an extremely bright green & yellow ball followed by a streak the same colour. I thought it was a firework at first. Then strangely, just behind it, a red light looking asif it was chasing it, almost like a planes tail light... seemed way too fast to be an aircraft though.
- published: 21 Sep 2012
- views: 798
- author: MangosScrapbook
Tamworth To Burton-Upon-Trent To Derby, Onboard Cross Country 170106 (11th January 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:13
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Onboard the 1M60, 1207 From Tamworth High Level to Nottingham, onboard Cross Country Trains Class 170/1 Turbostar, 170106 This Train started it's Journey from Cardiff Central at 0945 and called at Newport, Gloucester, Cheltenham Spa, University (Birmingham), Birmingham New Street and then Tamworth, this service calls at Burton-Upon-Trent, Derby and Nottingham but this ride only goes as far as Derby Tamworth 1207 Burton-on-Trent 1220 1221 Derby 1236 This Video even features an British Rail Class 424 which was built in 1997 and has been Preserved which stands outside Derby's Litchurch Lane works Anyone who just want to watch the Burton-Upon-Trent to Derby, start playing this video from 12:01
http://wn.com/Tamworth_To_Burton-Upon-Trent_To_Derby,_Onboard_Cross_Country_170106_11th_January_2011
Onboard the 1M60, 1207 From Tamworth High Level to Nottingham, onboard Cross Country Trains Class 170/1 Turbostar, 170106 This Train started it's Journey from Cardiff Central at 0945 and called at Newport, Gloucester, Cheltenham Spa, University (Birmingham), Birmingham New Street and then Tamworth, this service calls at Burton-Upon-Trent, Derby and Nottingham but this ride only goes as far as Derby Tamworth 1207 Burton-on-Trent 1220 1221 Derby 1236 This Video even features an British Rail Class 424 which was built in 1997 and has been Preserved which stands outside Derby's Litchurch Lane works Anyone who just want to watch the Burton-Upon-Trent to Derby, start playing this video from 12:01
- published: 17 Jan 2011
- views: 2115
- author: Sim0nTrains
Season 2, Episode 288 - Burton-on-Trent (09/07/2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 12 Nov 2011
And seeing as how we had a little bit of time on our hands before we got the final dessie of the day from Tamworth, let's head down the East Midlands network to the Crsso Country served station of Burton-on-Trent Like I said, it's only Cross Country here but they come from a variety of destinations including Nottingham, Birmingham New Street, Glasgow Central, Taunton, Newcastle and Cardiff Central Please rate, comment and subscribe and thanks for watching!
http://wn.com/Season_2,_Episode_288_Burton-on-Trent_09_07_2011
And seeing as how we had a little bit of time on our hands before we got the final dessie of the day from Tamworth, let's head down the East Midlands network to the Crsso Country served station of Burton-on-Trent Like I said, it's only Cross Country here but they come from a variety of destinations including Nottingham, Birmingham New Street, Glasgow Central, Taunton, Newcastle and Cardiff Central Please rate, comment and subscribe and thanks for watching!
- published: 15 Jul 2011
- views: 699
- author: IanPooleTrains
Burton on Trent Floods
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Photographs of the floods surrounding Burton on Trent, taken between 25th & 27th November 2012 after a period of very heavy rain throughout most of the country.
http://wn.com/Burton_on_Trent_Floods
Photographs of the floods surrounding Burton on Trent, taken between 25th & 27th November 2012 after a period of very heavy rain throughout most of the country.
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 151
- author: Shaun Darker
Stretton, Burton on Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:50
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Tour of Stretton, Burton on Trent
http://wn.com/Stretton,_Burton_on_Trent
Burton-on-Trent in Flood 26-11-12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:53
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
A circular tour of the Burton washlands as the Trent peaked @3.70m ( in 2000 it hit 3.79). ** taken from the Drakelow Station.
http://wn.com/Burton-on-Trent_in_Flood_26-11-12
A circular tour of the Burton washlands as the Trent peaked @3.70m ( in 2000 it hit 3.79). ** taken from the Drakelow Station.
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 7244
- author: TheBurtonRam
Moving Earth workshop, Burton On Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 28 Jul 2011
Moving Earth is a dance project across the West Midlands, bringing together choreographed martial arts from India with popular dance styles in the UK. sampad is creating 20 groups of 12 dancers to perform in the run up to the Olympic Games. Inspired by the ecological elements of Earth, Air, Fire and Water, Moving Earth will create new choreography by combining the unique energies of martial arts based dance forms such as Chhau and Kalaripayattu with cutting edge contemporary styles. Two internationally-renowned artists from India, dancer Santosh Kumar Nair and musician Praveen D Rao will lead a team of local choreographers and musicians to develop new performances with a unique musical score. Moving Earth is part of Dancing for the Games, which is celebrating and counting down to London 2012 by encouraging people across the region to get dancing.
http://wn.com/Moving_Earth_workshop,_Burton_On_Trent
Moving Earth is a dance project across the West Midlands, bringing together choreographed martial arts from India with popular dance styles in the UK. sampad is creating 20 groups of 12 dancers to perform in the run up to the Olympic Games. Inspired by the ecological elements of Earth, Air, Fire and Water, Moving Earth will create new choreography by combining the unique energies of martial arts based dance forms such as Chhau and Kalaripayattu with cutting edge contemporary styles. Two internationally-renowned artists from India, dancer Santosh Kumar Nair and musician Praveen D Rao will lead a team of local choreographers and musicians to develop new performances with a unique musical score. Moving Earth is part of Dancing for the Games, which is celebrating and counting down to London 2012 by encouraging people across the region to get dancing.
- published: 22 Jul 2011
- views: 159
- author: sampadbirmingham
Fullmotion Media - Mayhem Music in Burton-On-Trent - UBA Rooms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Updated: 11 Apr 2011
Manchester's MAYHEM tearing up Under 18's UBA Rooms Event Links for Remdog & Slayer's mixtapes: files.filefront.com
http://wn.com/Fullmotion_Media_Mayhem_Music_in_Burton-On-Trent_UBA_Rooms
Manchester's MAYHEM tearing up Under 18's UBA Rooms Event Links for Remdog & Slayer's mixtapes: files.filefront.com
- published: 17 Dec 2009
- views: 1865
- author: keifer46
5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Storms Duffield & Departs Burton on Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
5043 speeds past Duffield in Derbyshire working The Christmas White Rose. I then chase it to Burton upon Trent station, where I was rather hoping for another passing shot however not to be when The Earl slowly drew into the station.
http://wn.com/5043_Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe_Storms_Duffield_Departs_Burton_on_Trent
5043 speeds past Duffield in Derbyshire working The Christmas White Rose. I then chase it to Burton upon Trent station, where I was rather hoping for another passing shot however not to be when The Earl slowly drew into the station.
- published: 19 Dec 2010
- views: 2611
- author: KBRAILVIDEOS
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
13 Dec 2012
MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Syrian rebels behind the kidnapping of Ukrainian journalist Ankhar Kochneva have released a video threatening more attacks on Russians and Ukrainians, as a deadline for her execution approaches on Thursday. Kochneva, a 40-year-old Ukrainian citizen, was abducted in October by Syrian rebels as she traveled to the city of Homs, and has been held there by them since, they claim ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
13 Dec 2012
The head of the internet giant Google has defiantly defended his company’s tax avoidance strategy claiming he was “proud” of the steps it had taken to cut its tax bill which were just “capitalism”. In an interview in New York Eric Schmidt, Google’s Chairman, confirmed the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer ... “I am very proud of the structure that we set up ... ” ....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
11 Dec 2012
Afghan women victims of violence are still being failed by the justice system, according to a new UN report. Although there had been some progress in implementing a 2009 anti-violence law, overall use of the law "remained low", the report says. Cultural pressures and inconsistent police practices are hampering implementation of the law, it added ... 'Tip of the iceberg' ... Afghan victims of sexual abuse rarely speak out ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Francois Mori
13 Dec 2012
Sami al-Saadi, wife and four children were secretly flown from Hong Kong to Tripoli where he was tortured by Gaddafi police. Libyan dissident Sami al-Saadi in Tripoli in October 2011. Photograph. Marco Longari/AFP ... Having sought for years to avoid the agents of the Libyan dictator, Sami al-Saadi was forced on board a plane in Hong Kong with his wife and four young children in a joint UK-US-Libyan operation ... Saadi said on Thursday ... He said....(size: 5.9Kb)
The Guardian
13 Dec 2012
• 'Everything is put to bed, we move on'. • CPS decide not to prosecute Chelsea fan over 'gesture' ... Photograph. Shizuo Kambayashi/AP ... The Chelsea chairman, Bruce Buck, had met Clattenburg at the National Football Centre in Burton upon Trent to discuss the issue with the 16 elite referees, the Professional Game Match Officials Limited general manager Mike Riley, and the Premier League's chief executive, Richard Scudamore ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
noodls
12 Dec 2012
(Source. England Hockey) ... East Grinstead have won the final for the last four years, and manager Matt Jones said ... An action-packed weekend of quickfire matches is on the cards at St George's Park in Burton upon Trent, with many of the stars of last summer's Olympics turning out for the tournament which sees nine 40-minute matches each day, offering crowds a high-energy hockey experience with goals aplenty ... December 15 2012 ... (noodl....(size: 4.5Kb)
noodls
10 Dec 2012
(Source. Lichfield District Council). Published on Monday, 10th December 2012. Lichfield District Council is celebrating after winning a Southern Staffordshire Regeneration Award ... "To be rubbing shoulders in this category with such prestigious projects, such as St George's Park in Burton upon Trent, is testament to the quality of work the team does." ... Cross Cutting category ... Langan's Tea Rooms, Burton (O'Connor gateway Charitable Trust)....(size: 7.6Kb)
noodls
04 Dec 2012
ST. MODWEN PROPERTIES PLC. ("St. Modwen" or "the Company"). TRADING UPDATE ... St ... We continue to secure planning permissions across the UK, one of the most recent being East Staffordshire Borough Council's approval of plans to create a 30 acre development on disused parts of the Pirelli Factory Site in Burton upon Trent, comprising up to 300 homes, a hotel, restaurants, public house, offices and commercial units ... St ... St....(size: 9.3Kb)
The Daily Mail
30 Nov 2012
BBC News
27 Nov 2012
Orange News
27 Nov 2012
There were delays between Berwick-upon-Tweed and Newcastle due to flooding near Morpeth in Northumberland, while flooding at Hartlepool meant buses had to replace trains between Seaham and Middlesbrough ... Staffordshire Police said flooding on the A38 near Burton-upon-Trent had caused severe congestion, completely closing the northbound carriageway between Barton and Clay Mills....(size: 4.6Kb)
The Guardian
27 Nov 2012
Further north, East Coast trains have suffered delays between Berwick-upon-Tweed and Newcastle due to ... The Midlands has also taken a knock with traffic snarled up during rush-hour by flooding near Lichfield and Burton-upon-Trent and at Tysoe, Knowle and Kenilworth in Warwickshire and Hopwas, Barton-under-Needwood and Alrewas in Staffordshire....(size: 3.9Kb)
noodls
20 Nov 2012
Sporting Life
20 Nov 2012
Houllier, 65, took charge of Paris Saint-Germain in 1985, the same year the French academy at Clairefontaine was originally signed off and he played a key role in its development ... Houllier is convinced St George's Park, the FA's Clairefontaine equivalent which opened earlier this year in Burton-upon-Trent, will give English football the added impetus it requires to challenge for honours within a decade ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
The Independent
20 Nov 2012
Former Liverpool manager Gerard Houllier believes the St George's Park National Football Centre will be the catalyst for improvement in English football ... Houllier is convinced St George's Park, the FA's Clairefontaine equivalent which opened earlier this year in Burton-upon-Trent, will give English football the added impetus it requires to challenge for honours within a decade ... He said ... PA ....(size: 2.0Kb)
BBC News
19 Nov 2012
Coordinates: 52°47′58″N 1°38′17″W / 52.7995°N 1.6380°W / 52.7995; -1.6380
| Burton upon Trent | |
 Burton-upon-Trent Town Hall at King Edward Place, built in 1894. BBC Radio Derby has a local studio in the building. East Staffordshire Borough Council also has offices here.[1] |
|
 Burton upon Trent
Burton upon Trent shown within Staffordshire |
|
| Population | 43,784 (2001 Census) |
|---|---|
| District | East Staffordshire |
| Shire county | Staffordshire |
| Region | West Midlands |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BURTON-ON-TRENT |
| Postcode district | DE13-DE15 |
| Dialling code | 01283 |
| Police | Staffordshire |
| Fire | Staffordshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
| EU Parliament | West Midlands |
| UK Parliament | Burton |
| List of places: UK • England • Staffordshire | |
Burton upon Trent, also known as Burton-on-Trent or simply Burton, is a town straddling the River Trent in the east of Staffordshire, England. The demonym for residents of the town is "Burtonian". Burton, which had an estimated population of 43,784 (2001 Census),[2] lies within the National Forest.
Burton is best known for its brewing industrial heritage, home to over a dozen breweries in its heyday. Beer is still brewed in the town.[3] The town originally grew up around Burton on Trent Abbey, which was the most important religious centre in medieval Staffordshire. Burton Bridge also became an important crossing point of the Trent and was the site of two battles, first in 1322 when Edward III defeated the rebel Earl of Lancaster and also in 1643 when the royalists captured the town during the First English Civil War. Sir William Paget and his descendents were responsible for extending the manor house within the abbey grounds and facilitating the extension of the River Trent Navigation to Burton. Burton had grown into a busy market town by the early modern period. There is some confusion as to whether Burton is based in the West Midlands or the East Midlands, even though all of the urban centre is southwest of the River Dove, which forms the Derbyshire/Staffordshire boundary. This is probably because it was formerly within the East Midlands Utility (electricity/gas) areas, and has Derby postcodes (DE13-DE15). It could also be due to the fact that the local vernacular shares more similarities with that of East Midlands English than West Midlands English. The town is served by the BBC Midlands (West Midlands) region, based in Birmingham and before consolidation exercises formed part of the ITV Central (West) region, again based in Birmingham The town is served by Burton-on-Trent railway station.
Contents |
History[link]
There is little evidence for human activity in the Burton area in the Mesolithic period, although flints have been found and the burial of a woman on an elevated platform beside the river Trent in Branston may also be Mesolithic. There is evidence of Bronze Age activity in the surrounding areas. What were probably Bronze Age objects have also been found north of Burton, and there seems to have been an Iron Age cremation cemetery south of Stretton village.
The Roman Ryknild Street ran diagonally through the later parish of Burton linking camps at (Letocetum) Wall), near Lichfield, and Derventio (Little Chester), near Derby.[4]
Between 666 and 669 Wilfrid, the pro-Roman bishop of York, exercised episcopal functions in Mercia, whose Christian king, Wulfhere, gave him land in various places on which he established monasteries. Burton was almost certainly one of the sites: the name Andresey given to an island in the river Trent near the parish church means 'Andrew's isle' and refers to a church there dedicated to St. Andrew.[4] The island is associated with the legend of St Modwen or Modwenna, an Irish abbess.[5] It is likely that any surviving religious house would have been destroyed during the Danish incursion into the area in the 874. Place names indicate Scandinavian influence, and several personal names of Scandinavian origin were still used in the area in the early 12th century.[4] In 1003 a Benedictine abbey was established on a new site on the west bank of the Trent at Burton by Wulfric Spott, a thegn possibly descended from King Alfred. He was known to have been buried in the abbey cloister in 1010, alongside his wife.
Burton Abbey was mentioned in the Domesday book when it was said to control lands in Mickleover, Appleby Magna in Leicestershire, Winshill and Stapenhill in Staffordshire, Coton in the Elms, Caldwell and Ticknall. The monastery was the most important in Staffordshire and by the 1530s had the highest revenue. It is known that there were frequent Royal visits to the abbey, including those by William I, Henry II and Edward I. In the 12th and 13th centuries streets were laid out off the west side of High Street, the earliest being New Street which stretched from the abbey gates towards the line of the Roman road, Ryknild Street. Horninglow Street at the north end of High Street was part of a major east-west route using the bridge over the river.[6]
A royal charter was granted on 12 Apr 1200 by King John to the Abbott to hold a market every Thursday in Burton.[7] This charter was later renewed by King Henry III and King Edward IV[8] There used to be four fairs held a year for the trade of horses, cattle and produce, on Candlemas Day, April 5, Holy Thursday, and October 29 (the feast of St. Modwen), although as in other British towns this practice has now died out.
While Burton's great bridge over the Trent was in poor repair by the early 16th century it served as "a comen passage to and fro many countries to the grett releff and comfort of travellyng people", according to the abbot.[9] The bridge was the site of two battles, first in 1322 when Edward III defeated the rebel Earl of Lancaster and also in 1643 when the Royalists captured the town during the First English Civil War.
File:William Paget.png
William Paget, 1st Baron Paget was granted the lands at Burton Abbey in 1546 by Henry VIII and expanded the Manor House using materials from the abbey. The family's ownership was later confiscated after being implicated in a Catholic plot against Elizabeth I, but was restored to his descendent William Paget, 6th Baron Paget.
Under Henry VIII the abbey was dissolved in 1539, to be refounded in 1541 as a collegiate church for a dean (who had been the last abbot) and four prebendaries. It was again dissolved in 1545 and granted to Sir William Paget. Paget began planning to expand the Manor House within the abbey precincts, known to have existed since at least 1514, into a grand mansion. To provide the materials for this project, the old abbey buildings were to be cannibalised. There were major alterations to the house over the next three centuries. Sir William died in 1563. After his death, the Paget family was implicated in Catholic plots against Queen Elizabeth I, the manor house along with most of the family estates were confiscated, with the Manor House leased to Richard Almond in 1612.[10] Parts of the abbey church may have been retained for parish use, however these were demolished and replaced by a new church in 1719-26. Some fragments remain of the chapter house nearby but little of the rest remains either. Two buildings were converted to residential use - a part known as the Manor House, and the former Infirmary. The Infirmary became known as The Abbey, and is now an Inn.
The Paget family's lands and title were restored to them by James I in 1602 and they owned considerable estates around Burton for over 150 years.[11] In 1699, William Paget, 6th Baron Paget obtained an Act of Parliament to extend navigation on the River Trent from Nottingham up to Burton, but nothing was immediately done. In 1711, Lord Paget leased his rights to George Hayne, who in 1712 opened the River Trent Navigation and constructed a wharf and other buildings in the precinct of the old abbey.[12] This led to the development of Burton as the major town for brewing and exporting beer, as it allowed Burton beer to be shipped to Hull, and on to the Baltic Sea and Prussia, as well as to London where it was being sold in 1712. A number of breweries opened in the second half of the 18th century to take advantage of this trade. The Napoleonic blockade brought this to a halt, leading to some consolidation and a redirection of the trade to London and Lancashire via canals. When Burton brewers succeeded in replicating the pale ale produced in London, the advantage of the water’s qualities allowed the development of the trade of Burton India Pale Ale (an ale specially brewed to keep during the long sea voyage to India). The building of rail links to Liverpool enabled brewers to export their beer throughout the British Empire.
Burton came to dominate the brewing trade, and at its height one quarter of all beer sold in Britain was produced here. In the second half of the 19th century there was a growth in native breweries, supplemented by outside brewing companies moving into the town so that over 30 breweries were recorded in 1880.[13] However at the beginning of the 20th century there was a slump in beer sales causing many breweries to fail, unhelped by the Liberal government’s anti-drinking attitudes. This time no new markets were found and so the breweries shrank by closure and consolidation from 20 in 1900 to 8 in 1928. A further process of mergers and buy-outs resulted in three main breweries remaining by 1980: Bass, Ind Coope and Marston's.
Burton was home to the Peel family, who played a significant role in the Industrial Revolution and founded the Peelers, which became the modern day police force. The family home is still visible in the town as Peel House on Lichfield Street. HM Queen Elizabeth II visited the town on 3 July 2002 to celebrate her Golden Jubilee.
Government[link]
Burton is the administrative centre for the borough of East Staffordshire and forms part of the Burton constituency. The local Member of Parliament is the Conservative Party's Andrew Griffiths, who has represented the Burton (and Uttoxeter) constituency since May 2010. The Conservatives took the seat from Labour in the 2010 general election with an 8.7% swing.[14]
Geography[link]
Burton is located approximately 109 miles North West of the capital city London,[15] approximately 24 miles North East of Birmingham, the largest city in the West Midlands[16] and approximately 23 miles East of the county town Stafford.[17] It is situated on the Eastern-most border of the county of Staffordshire with Derbyshire, its suburbs and the course of the River Trent forming part of the county boundary. Burton is closer to Derby (approx. 12 miles) than it is to Stafford. It is also near the south-eastern terminus of the Trent and Mersey Canal. Burton lies within the northern boundary of the National Forest.[18] The town centre is situated on the western bank of the River Trent in a valley bottom; its elevation is on average approximately 50 metres above sea level, although its suburbs of Winshill and Stapenhill are, as their names suggest, much higher, rising to 100m above sea level in Stapenhill and 130m in Winshill.[19]
 |
Stoke on Trent, Blythe Bridge, Uttoxeter, Hanbury, Tutbury | Brailsford, Hilton, Rolleston, Horninglow, | Newton Solney, Repton, Willington, Derby | |
| Stafford, Little Haywood, Abbots Bromley, Hoar Cross, Rangemore |  |
Melbourne, East Midlands Airport, Kegworth, East Leake | ||
 Burton upon Trent East |
||||
 |
||||
| Barton-under-Needwood, Alrewas and Fradley, Lichfield, Walsall | Drakelow, Harlaston, Tamworth | Swadlincote, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Coalville, Groby, Leicester |
Burton became a centre for the brewing industry due in part to the quality of the local water, which contains a high proportion of dissolved salts, predominantly caused by the gypsum in the surrounding hills. This allowed a greater proportion of hops, a natural preservative, to be included in the beer, thereby allowing the beer to be shipped further afield. Much of the open land within and around the town is protected from chemical treatment[citation needed] to help preserve this water quality.
Demography[link]
The town had an estimated population of 43,784 (2001 Census), Stapenhill and Winshill are treated as separate and together have a population of 21,985 according to this source[20] Burton was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1878. The incorporated area was split between the counties of Staffordshire and Derbyshire - the Local Government Act 1888 incorporated the entirety of the borough in Staffordshire, including the Derbyshire parishes of Stapenhill and Winshill. It became a county borough in 1901, having reached the 50,000 population required.
It never substantially exceeded the population of 50,000, and at a population of 50,201 in the 1971 census was the smallest county borough in England after Canterbury. The Local Government Commission for England recommended in the 1960s that it be demoted to a non-county borough within Staffordshire, but this was not implemented. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the town became on 1 April 1974, an unparished area in the new district of East Staffordshire.
The town became entirely parished on 1 April 2003, when the parishes of Anglesey, Branston, Brizlincote, Burton, Horninglow & Eton, Shobnall, Stapenhill, and Winshill were created.
Burton parish itself only covers the town centre, with the other parishes covering various suburbs.[21]
Economy[link]
Brewing[link]
For centuries brewing was Burton's major trade, and it is still an important part of its economy. The town is currently home to 8 breweries; Coors Brewers Ltd: formerly Bass Brewers Ltd, and now the UK arm of Molson Coors Brewing Company – a brewery from Canada (co-headquartered in the United States) – which produces Carling and Worthington Bitter; Marston, Thompson and Evershed plc, bought by Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries now renamed Marstons plc. The Marston's Brewery produces its own brands, draught Marstons Pedigree, draught Hobgoblin snf also draught Bass under licence from InBev.
Burton Bridge Brewery is a local company based in Bridge Street with a six local pubs in and around Burton. It produces a number of traditional beers including Bridge Bitter, Stairway to Heaven, Damson Porter and Golden Delicious. Tower Brewery is a microbrewery located off Wharf Road, Old Cottage Brewery, based in Hawkins Lane whose beers include Oak Ale and Halcyon Daze, Black Hole Brewery is based at the Imex Centre, Gates Brewery, and is also a microbrewery and is located in Reservoir Road.
Burton is also the corporate headquarters of the pub operators Punch Taverns plc and Spirit Group, which were spun out of Bass in 1997. In addition, the White Shield micro-brewery remains open alongside the National Brewing Centre formerly Coors Visitor Centre and (previously the Bass Museum of Brewing).
A by-product of the brewing industry, figuratively and literally, is the presence of the Marmite factory in the town. This in turn generated the production of Bovril. Both are now owned by multinational company Unilever[22][23] In addition to the brewery industry, tyre manufacturer Pirelli is a major employer in the town, and they are a major sponsor of the Burton Albion Football Club. The Burton suburb of Branston is where Branston Pickle was invented.
Manufacturing[link]
Eatough's (sometimes Etough's) was a shoemaking firm from Leicestershire which opened a factory in Burton Road, Branston in 1920. It was the first British shoe factory to introduce music in the workplace (1936), and washable children’s sandals (‘Plastisha’ 1957), but it closed in 1989 as a result of competition from cheap imports.
Briggs of Burton PLC (formerly S. Briggs & Co.) is a Burton-based brewery and process engineering company established in 1732 by Samuel Briggs. Famous for its manufacturing innovation and craftsmanship across the world, Briggs moved from its works in New Street to Derby Street having taken over its rival Robert Morton DG in the mid-1980s. The former site is now occupied by the Octagon Shopping Centre.
Retail[link]
Burton town centre is run by Burton Town Centre Management, which was formed as a limited company in 2002.[24] The average monthly footfall in Burton town centre in the period October 2011 to January 2012 was approximately 1.6 million.[25] The average shop vacancy rate for the same period was 9.1625%, this seemed to be decreasing.[25]
A market has been held on Thursdays in Burton since a charter was granted to the Abbott by King John[7] on 12 Apr 1200. Burton today has an indoor and an outdoor market, which are owned by East Staffordshire Borough Council.[26] In 2011 the council contracted out responsibility for market stall rentals to private letting agency Quarterbridge.[27][28] The Market Hall was built in 1883 from designs by Dixon & Moxon of Barnsley and opens from Tuesday to Saturday.[29] A fish market was added to the hall in 1925.[30] The outdoor market is held every Thursday, Friday and Saturday from 8.30am until 4pm.[29] A farmer's market is held in the market square on the last Friday of every month.[31]
The Cooper's Square shopping centre is the principal shopping area originally opened in 1970 by HRH the Princess Alexandra but since considerably upgraded with a roof being added in the mid 1990s. The older Riverside Shopping Centre (known as Bargates) is now demolished.
A new shopping area has been added off Guild Street including a multiplex cinema, Matalan and Aldi etc. An additional shopping centre is Octagon Centre on New Street constructed in the mid 1980s. There is another, much smaller shopping centre, Burton Place Shopping Centre which was built in 1986. Burton Place was originally known as Worthington Walk.
Midco Toymaster (formerly Midco Toys Ltd) is a Burton Based Independent Toy Store. In 2005 a report by the New Economics Foundation rated Burton at 13.3 out of 60 for "individuality", putting it in the top ten clone towns in England, because of the large number of chain stores in the town centre.[32] Since then events such as a French market have been organised to bring more footfall into the town centre.
Culture and community[link]
Culture[link]
The main venue for live theatre and other performing and visual arts is The Brewhouse[33] which is run by East Staffordshire Council.[34] During the 1970s and 1980s a number of well known rock bands appeared at the 76 Club nightclub in Burton, including Dire Straits and the Sex Pistols. Burton upon Trent is the home of contemporary visual artist, Alistair Kennedy.[35] Burton Operatic Society is a Musical Theatre Company based in Burton and produces two productions each year. Burton upon Trent was also home to the Burton School of Speech and Drama on Guild Street where many professional and hard-working amateur actors and actresses learned their craft. Following the closure of the school in July 1984, its in-house amateur company the Little Theatre Players continued life as an independent amateur drama company called The Little Theatre Company often referred to locally and by its 70+ members as LTC. LTC currently stages at least four productions a year in the town: two plays, a musical and a youth production.
Burton upon Trent has one of the oldest amateur radio clubs in the UK. It was formed in 1919, although there were enthusiasts of wireless telegraphy in Burton well before the First World War. One of the founder members of the club was Mr F. V. A. Smith, call sign XSR, (X = experimental station). Mr Smith was licensed on 3 July 1914. One month later he received a message from the Marconi spark transmitter at Poldhu in Cornwall, being sent to London, on the eve of the outbreak of World War One. The message, which has survived and is in the present club archives, was announcing the mobilisation of Russian, French and Belgian troops.
The Statutes Fair takes place in the town every year on the first Monday and Tuesday after Michaelmas (29 September). This is usually the first Monday and Tuesday in October, but can occasionally fall on 30 September/1 October, as in 2002. The fair occupies the Market Place and parts of High Street, New Street and Lichfield Street for two days.
Bloodstock Open Air is an annual festival of heavy metal music which takes place in August and has been held at Catton Hall in Walton-on-Trent, 8 miles south-west of Burton since 2005.[36] One of the co-founders is artist Paul Gregory. The festival attracts 11,000 visitors and acts such as Motorhead, Dio and Alice Cooper.[37]
Community facilities[link]
The local Sea Cadet unit is TS (Training Ship) Modwena alongside the River Trent and road bridge. The town's Air Training Corps unit is No 351 (Burton on Trent) Squadron. The local Territorial Army unit is F (Fire Support) Company, 4 Mercian Brigade an infantry unit at Coltman House TA centre, Hawkins Lane. The unit was formerly a volunteer brigade of the North Staffordshire Regiment.
Landmarks[link]
The town's connection with the brewing industry is celebrated in the The Burton Cooper a bronze sculpture, by James Walter Butler. It was commissioned in 1977 and depicts a local craftsman making a barrel. It originally stood opposite the market and was moved to its present location inside the Cooper's Square Shopping Centre in 1994.
The National Brewery Centre (previously Coors Visitor Centre & the Museum of Brewing and before that the Bass Museum of Brewing) which celebrates the town's brewing heritage is its biggest tourist attraction. Claymills Pumping Station on the north side of Burton is a restored Victorian sewage pumping station, adjacent to the modern sewage works. Until 2006, one of Burton's most distinguishable landmarks was the Drakelow Power Station, just south of Burton on the opposite side of the River Trent. The cooling towers have since been demolished.
Transport[link]
Main article: Burton-on-Trent railway station
The town is served by Burton-on-Trent railway station, which is accessed from the bridge on Borough Road. The station has two platforms, Platform One for Derby, Nottingham, London and the North, Platform Two for Tamworth, Birmingham and the South. The station is situated on the Cross Country Route, between the principal cities of Derby and Birmingham.
The station's operator is East Midlands Trains, although no East Midlands Trains trains call there. All of services are provided by CrossCountry, with trains between Cardiff Central, Birmingham, and Nottingham, as well as longer-distance services to destinations such as Bristol Temple Meads, Leeds and Newcastle. Burton is positioned at the southern terminus of the aborted Ivanhoe Line.
East Midlands Trains used to run two direct return weekday services to London via Derby and Leicester along the Midland Main Line. These services ended at the December 2008 timetable change with the last service running on Saturday 13 December 2008.[38] The station utilises the PlusBus scheme where train and bus tickets can be bought together at a saving.
The town had its own municipal buses known as Burton Corporation and later East Staffordshire District Council after 1974. This was taken over by Stevenson's of Spath in the mid 1980s and in turn was absorbed by Arriva. Arriva Midlands and independents now operate locally and provide services to Uttoxeter, Derby, Horninglow, Edge Hill, Stapenhill, Queen's Hospital Burton, Winshill, Stretton, Abbots Bromley, Tatenhill, Wetmore, Lichfield and Ashby-de-la-Zouch.[39] The former Burton Corporation depot has been replaced by the Magistrates' Courts. Most buses can now be caught from New Street between the Octagon and Cooper Square shopping centres.[40]
Burton upon Trent Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Burton upon Trent between 1903 and 1929.[41] The system comprised four routes going out from Station Street to Horninglow, Branston Road, Stapenhill, and Winshill.[42] The depot was in Horninglow Road.
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An intercity CrossCountry train at Burton upon Trent railway station
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Metronet-liveried 66717
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An Arriva bus in Burton on Trent
Religious sites[link]
The mother church of Burton is St. Modwen's. Other Anglican parish churches built to serve the expanding population include St Paul’s, St John the Divine, St Chad's and All Saints and St Marys in Stretton on church Road. There are five mosques in Burton, three Bareilvi or Sufi, one Deobandi and one Salafi[43] There is a Sikh Gurdwara established in St Chad’s Community Centre.[44] Although there was a small Jewish community in Burton-on-Trent in the early half of the twentieth centuries, there is no record of a synagogue being established. There was, however, a close relationship with the near-by community in Derby, whose minister acted as visiting teacher and shochet.[45]
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A Victorian drawing of Holy Trinity Church, Burton upon Trent
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St. Chad's Church, Burton upon Trent
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St. Chad's Church
Education[link]
Burton College is a general further education college and is situated in the town centre. It attracts approximately 13,000 students from Burton and the surrounding towns and villages. It delivers a wide range of courses for all ages, including 14-19 year olds, adults into part-time study, employer training and higher education. Recently a 'university centre' has been developed within the college to enable students to study on franchised higher education courses but is not, in itself a university.
Sport[link]
The town is home to Burton Albion association footballteam, who play in the Npower Football League 2. Burton is also the location of the English National Football Centre, due to be opened in 2012.[46] The NFC has been renamed St George’s Park
The Burton & District Cricket League[47] has many notable clubs, including Burton Cricket Club, Dunstall Cricket Club, Abbott's Bromley, Yoxall and Lichfield Cricket Club.
Burton RUFC, one of the oldest rugby union clubs in the country, was established in 1870, when it played both association and rugby football rules. It did not adopt rugby union only rules until 1876.[48]
The town is also home to the Burton Canoe Club on the banks of the River Trent. It has recently expanded and built its own clubhouse. Also along the River Trent in Burton are Burton Leander Rowing Club, which was founded in 1847 (and is one of the oldest rowing clubs in the country), and Trent Rowing Club, founded in 1863. The International All Round Weightlifting Club, formed in 1985. The Powerhouse Gym set up in 1988 trains weightlifters and powerlifters.[49] The club hosted the 2008 International All Round Weightlifting Association World Championships.[50]
Notable residents[link]
Historical[link]
- William Bass, (1717–1787) founder of the brewery business of Bass & Co in Burton upon Trent in 1777
- Michael Arthur Bass, 1st Baron Burton (1837–1909), industrialist and philanthropist, member of the Bass brewing dynasty
- William Harold Coltman (1891–1974), VC recipient
- Sir Oswald Mosley, Bt. (1896–1980), leader of the British Union of Fascists
- Phil Seamen (1926–1972), jazz drummer
- Edward Wightman (1566–1612), a General Baptist, became the last religious martyr to be burnt at the stake for ‘Heresy’ in England
- John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, studied at Burton Grammar School. His father wanted the young Jervis to become a barrister but the future Admiral of the Fleet had other ideas and ran away to join the Royal Navy at the age of 13.[51]
- Stuart Davidson wrote a blog of his time as a constable policing the town under the pen name PC David Copperfield which was turned into the book Wasting Police Time
Contemporary[link]
- Andrew Birch, Andrew Birch cartoonist, Private Eye and Independent cartoonist, is a Burtonian.
- Philip Bond, actor, who played Albert Frazer in the 1970s series The Onedin Line, was born in Burton.
- David Maurice Curry MP (born in Burton 13 June 1944) is a British politician, being Conservative Member of Parliament for Skipton and Ripon and recently stepping down as chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Standards and Privileges after claims from the Daily Telegraph newspaper regarding his own expenses. His former committee has now ordered him to repay £28,000 and apologise to the House of Commons for his “serious” breach of the rules.
- Paddy Considine (born 1973), actor, director and musician, was born in Burton upon Trent and grew up on a large council estate in the suburb of Winshill.[52]
- Mick Dyche[53] (born 19-- ?) Extant English rock/session guitarist and former member of 1970s rock band Sniff 'n' the Tears (played guitars on their only hit "Driver's Seat") and later with 'Wild Turkey'and 'Maddy Prior and The Answers' amongst others.
- Robert W. Ford (born 1923) was a radio operator and British diplomat who worked in Tibet in the late 1940s.
- Steve Gardner (born 1956), former World All Round Weightlifting and Drug Free Powerlifting Champion.
- Tracey Hallam (born 1975), badminton player and winner of the Commonwealth Games gold medal; she was part of Team GB at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.She was knocked out in the third round.
- Nick Hemming (born 1973) and Christian Hardy (born 1979) of The Leisure Society both grew up in Burton upon Trent.
- Joe Jackson, musician and songwriter, was born in Burton and as a young child lived in nearby Swadlincote.
- Rob McElwee, longest-serving BBC weather forecaster
- Olivia Murphy (born 1977-78), former England netball captain, born in Burton, and went to De Ferrers High School, where her father taught P.E.
- Alastair Yates, presenter of BBC News and BBC World News, was born in Burton and went to Burton Grammar School. He joined BBC Radio Derby in the 1970s.
- Scott Elstone (born 1990), captain of Nottinghamshire Second XI and has made List A and Twenty20 appearences for Nottinghamshire Outlaws.
Twin towns[link]
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Contact us". East Staffordshire Borough Council website. East Staffordshire Borough Council. http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/pages/contactus.aspx. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ "table KS01 (Key Statistics 2001) Usual resident population". ONS. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks01-usual-resident-population.xls. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Stapenhill and Winshill are treated as separate and together have a population of 21,985 according to this source
- ^ Burton upon Trent Tourist Information on AboutBritain.com
- ^ a b c Tringham, Nigel J.. "Burton-upon-Trent General history". British HIstory Online. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=12328. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Greenslade,, M W; G C Baugh, Revd L W Cowie, Revd J C Dickinson, A P Duggan, A K B Evans, R H Evans, Una C Hannam, P Heath, D A Johnston, Professor Hilda Johnstone, Ann J Kettle, J L Kirby, Revd R Mansfield, Professor A Saltman. "Houses of Benedictine monks The abbey of Burton". British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=37840#s1. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ Tringham, Nigel J.. "Burton-upon-Trent Growth of settlement". British History Online. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=12332. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ a b White, William. "From History, Gazetteer and Directory of Staffordshire, William White, Sheffield, 1851". GENUKI:Burton Upon Trent. GENUKI. http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/STS/BurtonuponTrent/. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Gazeteer of Markets and Fairs to 1516; Staffordshire". The Institute of Historical Research. Centre for Metropolitan History. http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/staffs.html. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Letter from the abbot of Burton describing Burton Bridge in C.H. Underhill, A History of Burton on Trent (Burton, 1941), p. 168.
- ^ Gallagher, Kevin. "Sir William Paget – 1st Baron Paget of Beaudesert". Burton on Trent Local History. Kevin Gallagher. http://www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/category/burtonians/paget/paget1. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "Paget, William (1572-1628) 4th Baron Paget". National Archives. The National Archives. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P21970. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ History of Burton from 'British History Online'
- ^ Burton-upon-Trent: Economic history, A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 9: Burton-upon-Trent (2003), pp. 53-84 Date accessed: 30 May 2009
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/election2010/results/constituency/a81.stm
- ^ "Measuring the Distance Between London Great Britain & Burton On Trent Great Britain". Distance Calculator. distance-calculator.co.uk. http://www.distance-calculator.co.uk/distances-for-london-to-burton_on_trent.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Measuring the Distance Between Birmingham Great Britain & Burton-on-trent Great Britain". http://www.distance-calculator.co.uk/distances-for-birmingham-to-burton-on-trent.htmpublisher=distance-calculator.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Stafford Distance to Burton On Trent in Great Britain". Distance Calculator. distance-calculator.co.uk. http://www.distance-calculator.co.uk/distances-for-stafford-to-burton_on_trent.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Location of the National Forest". nationalforest.org. The National Forest Company. http://www.nationalforest.org/forest/whatis/where.php. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ Stott, Johnathan. "Elevation/Heights above sea level for Burton on Trent". Earthtools. Earth Tools, Johnathan Stott. http://www.earthtools.org/. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "table KS01 (Key Statistics 2001) Usual resident population". ONS. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks01-usual-resident-population.xls. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ Communities and Local Government
- ^ http://www.unilever.co.uk/brands/foodbrands/marmite.aspx
- ^ http://www.unilever.co.uk/brands/foodbrands/bovril.aspx
- ^ "Contact details". Burton Town Centre Management website. Burton Town Centre Management. http://www.burtontowncentre.co.uk/contact.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Burton Town Centre Statistics". Burton Town Centre Management. Burton Town Centre Management. http://www.burtontowncentre.co.uk/statistics.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Burton Market Stallholders Given Ownership Opportunity". In Burton Apr 30th, 2009. In Burton. http://inburton.co.uk/burtonontrent/burton/burton-market-stallholders-given-ownership-opportunity/. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Burton upon Trent Market". Quarterbridge website. quarterbridge. http://www.quarterbridgelettings.co.uk/burton.php. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Fletcher, Tim (2011-06-29). "Optimistic outlook after indoor market showdown". Burton Mail. http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/News/Optimistic-outlook-after-indoor-market-showdown-29062011.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Burton upon Trent Market". ESBC-East Staffordshire Markets. East Staffordshire Borough Council. http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/Services/Markets/Pages/default.aspx. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Gallagher, Kevin. "Market Hall– General History". The local history of Burton on Trent. Kevin Gallagher. http://www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/market-hall-general-history. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Farmers markets staffordshire". A taste of staffordshire. http://www.tasteofstaffordshire.com/farmersmarkets/. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Hill, Ed (2005-10-13). "Market Brings OOH-LA-LA". Burton Mail. http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/News/MARKET-BRINGS-OOH-LA-LA.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ The Brewhouse
- ^ East Staffordshire Borough Council
- ^ Alistair Kennedy
- ^ Soar, Daryl (19/08/2011). "Heavy weekend can get into your blood". Burton Mail. http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/Leisure/Entertainment/Heavy-weekend-can-get-into-your-blood-19082011.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Thomson, Jamie (Thursday 11 August 2011). "Bloodstock runs thicker than water". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/aug/11/bloodstock-metal-festival. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Online Journey Planner
- ^ "Burton-on-Trent Local area >Onward travel>Bus stops". National Rail enquiries website. Intrasol Ltd, and Transport for London © Crown Copyright. http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/but/localarea.html. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ "Burton Town Centre Bus Stop Guide". Arrivabus. Arriva. http://www.arrivabus.co.uk/burton-town-centre-bus-stops.aspx. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ The Golden Age of Tramways. Published by Taylor and Francis.
- ^ The Golden Age of Tramways, Taylor & Francis
- ^ "Mosques in Burton On Trent, Staffordshire (5)". UK Mosques directory. http://mosques.muslimsinbritain.org/maps.php?goto=/show-browse.php?town=Burton+On+Trent. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "Minority Ethnic Organisations and groups in Staffordshire". education.staffordshire.gov.uk. Staffordshire.gov.uk. http://education.staffordshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BC...944-9587CE72FCDB/141715/LocalMinEthOrgsandgroups.doc. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "Burton-on-Trent Jewish Community". Jewsih Communities and Records. JCR-UK. http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/burton/index.htm. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "The Vision". The FA. 6 May 2011. http://www.thefa.com/St-Georges-Park/TheFacts/TheVision. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ "Burton and District Cricket League". Burton and District Cricket League official website. bdcl. http://bdcl.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "Historical Rugby Milestones 1870s". Rugby Football History. www.rugbyfootballhistory.com. http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1870s.htm. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ http://powerhousegym.org.uk/index.html
- ^ "2007 IAWA championships". IAWA.org.uk. IAWA. http://www.iawa.org.uk/files/Download/IAWA_Worlds_2007.pdf. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ The Naval Chronicle. 04. Bunney & Gold. 1805. pp. 2–3.
- ^ Internet Move Database - Paddy Considine
- ^ [1]
Bibliography[link]
- Joseph Addison in The Spectator in 1712 recorded visiting Vauxhall Gardens where he drank a glass of Burton ale.
- In the poem "Terence, this is stupid stuff" from A.E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad, the speaker asks the question, "Say, for what were hop-yards meant, / Or why was Burton built on Trent?" referring to the town's history of beer brewing.
Further reading[link]
- Burton-on-Trent, Its History, Its Waters and Its Breweries by W Molyneux. Published by Trubner, 1869.
- History of Burton upon Trent by CH Underhill. Published by Tresises, Burton, 1941.
- County Borough, the History of Burton upon Trent 1901-1974. Part 1, Edwardian Burton by Denis Stuart. Published by The Charter Trustees of Burton upon Trent, 1975.
- County Borough, the History of Burton upon Trent 1901-1974. Part 2, 1914-1974 by Denis Stuart. Published by The Charter Trustees of Burton upon Trent, 1977.
- Deus Nobiscum, A History of Burton Grammar School by GE Radford. Published by GE Radford, 1973.
- A Brief History of St Modwen's, the Parish Church of Burton-upon-Trent by Ernest Aldington Hunt. Published by British Publishing Co, Gloucester, 1973.
- The Development of Industry in Burton-upon-Trent by CC Owen. Published by Phillimore, Chichester, 1978.
- Charters of Burton Abbey by PH Sawyer. Published by Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979.
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Burton-upon-Trent. |
- Burton upon Trent Local History
- East Staffordshire Borough Council
- 'Burton-upon-Trent: General history' from A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 9: Burton-upon-Trent (2003), pp. 5–20.
- Maps of Burton on Trent
- Burton Mail Latest News
- Burton RUFC
- 76 Club Burton
- Burton news from the Derby Telegraph
- Trent Rowing Club
|
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"St. George" and "St George" redirect here. For other uses, see Saint George (disambiguation).
| Saint George of Lydda | |
|---|---|
 Saint George, 1472, by Carlo Crivelli |
|
| Martyr | |
| Born | between c. AD 256 and 285 Lydda, Syria Palaestina, Roman Empire[1][2] |
| Died | April 23, 303 Nicomedia, Bithynia, Roman Empire[1][2] |
| Honored in | Roman Catholicism Anglicanism Lutheranism Oriental Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Major shrine | Church of Saint George, Lod |
| Feast | April 23 |
| Attributes | Clothed as a soldier in a suit of armour or chain mail, often bearing a lance tipped by a cross, riding a white horse, often slaying a dragon. In the West he is shown with St George's Cross emblazoned on his armour, or shield or banner. |
| Patronage | Many Patronages of Saint George exist around the world |
Saint George (c. 275/281 – 23 April 303) was, according to tradition, a Roman soldier from Syria Palaestina and a soldier in the Guard of Diocletian, who is venerated as a Christian martyr. In hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Catholic (Western and Eastern Rites), Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and the Oriental Orthodox churches. He is immortalized in the tale of Saint George and the Dragon and is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. His memorial is celebrated on 23 April, and he is regarded as one of the most prominent military saints.
Many Patronages of Saint George exist around the world, including: Georgia, England, Egypt, Bulgaria, Aragon, Catalonia, Romania, Ethiopia, Greece, India, Iraq, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, Serbia, Ukraine and Russia, as well as the cities of Genoa, Amersfoort, Beirut, Botoşani, Drobeta Turnu-Severin, Timişoara, Fakiha, Bteghrine, Cáceres, Ferrara, Freiburg, Kragujevac, Kumanovo, Ljubljana, Pérouges, Pomorie, Preston, Qormi, Rio de Janeiro, Lod, Lviv, Barcelona, Moscow, Tamworth and the Maltese island of Gozo, as well as of the Scout Movement[3] and a wide range of professions, organizations and disease sufferers.
Contents |
Life of saint George[link]
Historians have debated the exact details of the birth of Saint George for over a century, although the approximate date of his death is subject to little debate.[4][5] The Catholic Encyclopedia takes the position that there seems to be no ground for doubting the historical existence of Saint George, but that little faith can be placed in some of the fanciful stories about him.[6]
The work of the Bollandists Danile Paperbroch, Jean Bolland and Godfrey Henschen in the 17th century was one of the first pieces of scholarly research to establish the historicity of the saint's existence via their publications in Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca and paved the way for other scholars to dismiss the medieval legends.[7][8] Pope Gelasius stated that George was among those saints "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose actions are known only to God."[9]
The traditional legends have offered a historicised narration of George's encounter with a dragon: see "St. George and the Dragon" below. The modern legend that follows below is synthesised from early and late hagiographical sources, omitting the more fantastical episodes, to narrate a purely human military career in closer harmony with modern expectations of reality. Chief among the legendary sources about the saint is the Golden Legend, which remains the most familiar version in English owing to William Caxton's 15th-century translation.[10]
It is likely that Saint George was born to a Christian noble family in Lod, Syria Palaestina during the late third century between about 275 AD and 285 AD, and he died in Nicomedia.[1][2] His father, Gerontius, was a Roman army official from Cappadocia and his mother, Polychronia, was from Palestine. They were both Christians and from noble families of Anici, so the child was raised with Christian beliefs. They decided to call him Georgius (Latin) or Geōrgios (Greek), meaning "worker of the land". At the age of 14, George lost his father; a few years later, George's mother, Polychronia, died.[11][12][13][14] Eastern accounts give the names of his parents as Anastasius and Theobaste.[citation needed]
Then George decided to go to Nicomedia, the imperial city of that time, and present himself to Emperor Diocletian to apply for a career as a soldier. Diocletian welcomed him with open arms, as he had known his father, Gerontius — one of his finest soldiers. By his late 20s, George was promoted to the rank of Tribunus and stationed as an imperial guard of the Emperor at Nicomedia.[15]
In the year AD 302, Diocletian (influenced by Galerius) issued an edict that every Christian soldier in the army should be arrested and every other soldier should offer a sacrifice to the Roman gods of the time. However George objected and with the courage of his faith approached the Emperor and ruler. Diocletian was upset, not wanting to lose his best tribune and the son of his best official, Gerontius. George loudly renounced the Emperor's edict, and in front of his fellow soldiers and Tribunes he claimed himself to be a Christian and declared his worship of Jesus Christ. Diocletian attempted to convert George, even offering gifts of land, money and slaves if he made a sacrifice to the Roman gods. The Emperor made many offers, but George never accepted.[16]
Recognizing the futility of his efforts, Diocletian was left with no choice but to have him executed for his refusal. Before the execution George gave his wealth to the poor and prepared himself. After various torture sessions, including laceration on a wheel of swords in which he was resuscitated three times, George was executed by decapitation before Nicomedia's city wall, on April 23, 303. A witness of his suffering convinced Empress Alexandra and Athanasius, a pagan priest, to become Christians as well, and so they joined George in martyrdom. His body was returned to Lydda in Palestine for burial, where Christians soon came to honour him as a martyr.[17][18]:166
Although the above distillation of the legend of George connects him to the conversion of Athanasius, who according to Rufinus was brought up by Christian ecclesiastical authorities from a very early age,[19] Edward Gibbon[20][21] argued that George, or at least the legend from which the above is distilled, is based on George of Cappadocia,[22][23] a notorious Arian bishop who was Athanasius' most bitter rival, who in time became Saint George of England. According to Professor Bury, Gibbon's latest editor, "this theory of Gibbon's has nothing to be said for it". He adds that: "the connection of St. George with a dragon-slaying legend does not relegate him to the region of the myth".[24]
In 1856 Ralph Waldo Emerson published a book of essays entitled "English Traits". In it, he wrote a paragraph on the history of Saint George. Emerson compared the legend of Saint George to the legend of Amerigo Vespucci, calling the former "an impostor" and the latter "a thief".[25][26] The editorial notes appended to the 1904 edition of Emerson's complete works state that Emerson based his account on the work of Gibbon, and that current evidence seems to show that real St. George was not George the Arian of Cappadocia.[25] Merton M. Sealts also quotes Edward Emerson, Ralph Waldo Emerson's youngest son as stating that he believed his father's account was derived from Gibbon and that the real St. George "was apparently another who died two generations earlier".[27]
Saint George and the dragon[link]
Main article: Saint George and the Dragon
Eastern Orthodox depictions of Saint George slaying a dragon often include the image of the young maiden who looks on from a distance. The standard iconographic interpretation of the image icon is that the dragon represents both Satan (Rev. 12:3) and the Roman Empire. The young maiden is none other than the wife of Diocletian, Alexandra. Thus, the image as interpreted through the language of Byzantine Iconography, is an image of the martyrdom of the saint.
The episode of St George and the Dragon was a legend[28] brought back with the Crusaders and retold with the courtly appurtenances belonging to the genre of Romance. The earliest known depiction of the legend is from early eleventh-century Cappadocia, (in the iconography of the Eastern Orthodox Church, George had been depicted as a soldier since at least the seventh century); the earliest known surviving narrative text is an eleventh-century Georgian text.
In the fully developed Western version, which developed as part of the Golden Legend, a dragon or crocodile makes its nest at the spring that provides water for the city of "Silene" (perhaps modern Cyrene in Libya or the city of Lydda in the Holy Land, depending on the source). Consequently, the citizens have to dislodge the dragon from its nest for a time, to collect water. To do so, each day they offer the dragon at first a sheep, and if no sheep can be found, then a maiden must go instead of the sheep. The victim is chosen by drawing lots. One day, this happens to be the princess. The monarch begs for her life to be spared, but to no avail. She is offered to the dragon, but there appears Saint George on his travels. He faces the dragon, protects himself with the sign of the Cross,[29] slays the dragon, and rescues the princess. The grateful citizens abandon their ancestral paganism and convert to Christianity.
The dragon motif was first combined with the standardised Passio Georgii in Vincent of Beauvais' encyclopaedic Speculum Historiale and then in Jacobus de Voragine's "Golden Legend," which guaranteed its popularity in the later Middle Ages as a literary and pictorial subject.
The parallels with Perseus and Andromeda are inescapable. In the allegorical reading, the dragon embodies a suppressed pagan cult.[30] The story has other roots that predate Christianity. Examples such as Sabazios, the sky father, who was usually depicted riding on horseback, and Zeus's defeat of Typhon the Titan in Greek mythology, along with examples from Germanic and Vedic traditions, have led a number of historians, such as Loomis, to suggest that George is a Christianized version of older deities in Indo-European culture.
In the medieval romances, the lance with which St George slew the dragon was called Ascalon, named after the city of Ashkelon in the Levant.[31]
Veneration as a martyr[link]
A church built in Lydda during the reign of Constantine I (reigned 306–37), was consecrated to "a man of the highest distinction", according to the church history of Eusebius of Caesarea; the name of the patron[32] was not disclosed, but later he was asserted to have been George.
By the time of the Muslim conquest in the seventh century, a basilica dedicated to the saint in Lydda existed.[33] The church was destroyed in 1010 but was later rebuilt and dedicated to Saint George by the Crusaders. In 1191 and during the conflict known as the Third Crusade (1189–92), the church was again destroyed by the forces of Saladin, Sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty (reigned 1171–93). A new church was erected in 1872 and is still standing.
During the fourth century the veneration of George spread from Palestine through Lebanon to the rest of the Eastern Roman Empire – though the martyr is not mentioned in the Syriac Breviarium[18] – and Georgia. In Georgia the feast day on November 23 is credited to St Nino of Cappadocia, who in Georgian hagiography is a relative of St George, credited with bringing Christianity to the Georgians in the fourth century. By the fifth century, the cult of Saint George had reached the Western Roman Empire as well: in 494, George was canonized as a saint by Pope Gelasius I, among those "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to [God]."
In England the earliest dedication to George, who was mentioned among the martyrs by Bede, is a church at Fordington, Dorset, that is mentioned in the wars of Alfred the Great. "Saint George and his feast day began to gain more widespread fame among all Europeans, however, from the time of the Crusades."[34] The St. George's flag, a red cross on a white field, was adopted by England and the City of London in 1190 for their ships entering the Mediterranean to benefit from the protection of the Genoese fleet during the Crusades, and the English Monarch paid an annual tribute to the Doge of Genoa for this privilege.[citation needed] An apparition of George heartened the Franks at the siege of Antioch, 1098, and made a similar appearance the following year at Jerusalem. Chivalric military Order of St. George were established in Aragon (1201), Genoa, Hungary, and by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor,[35] and in England the Synod of Oxford, 1222 declared St George's Day a feast day in the kingdom of England. Edward III put his Order of the Garter under the banner of St. George, probably in 1348. The chronicler Froissart observed the English invoking St. George as a battle cry on several occasions during the Hundred Years' War. In his rise as a national saint George was aided by the very fact that the saint had no legendary connection with England, and no specifically localized shrine, as of Thomas Becket at Canterbury: "Consequently, numerous shrines were established during the late fifteenth century," Muriel C. McClendon has written,[36] "and his did not become closely identified with a particular occupation or with the cure of a specific malady."
The establishment of George as a popular saint and protective giant[37] in the West that had captured the medieval imagination was codified by the official elevation of his feast to a festum duplex[38] at a church council in 1415, on the date that had become associated with his martyrdom, 23 April. There was wide latitude from community to community in celebration of the day across late medieval and early modern England,[39] and no uniform "national" celebration elsewhere, a token of the popular and vernacular nature of George's cultus and its local horizons, supported by a local guild or confraternity under George's protection, or the dedication of a local church. When the Reformation in England severely curtailed the saints' days in the calendar, St. George's Day was among the holidays that continued to be observed.
Sources[link]
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the earliest text preserving fragments of George's narrative is in an Acta Sanctorum identified by Hippolyte Delehaye of the scholarly Bollandists to be a palimpsest of the fifth century. However, this Acta Sancti Georgii was soon banned as heresy by Pope Gelasius I (in 496).
The compiler of this Acta, according to Hippolyte Delehaye "confused the martyr with his namesake, the celebrated George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruder into the see of Alexandria and enemy of St. Athanasius". A critical edition of a Syriac Acta of Saint George, accompanied by an annotated English translation was published by E.W. Brooks (1863–1955) in 1925. The hagiography was originally written in Greek.
In Sweden, the princess rescued by Saint George is held to represent the kingdom of Sweden, while the dragon represents an invading army. Several sculptures of Saint George battling the dragon can be found in Stockholm, the earliest inside Storkyrkan ("The Great Church") in the Old Town.
The façade of architect Antoni Gaudi's famous Casa Batlló in Barcelona, Spain depicts this allegory.
In Islamic cultures[link]
Saint George is somewhat of an exception among saints and legends, in that he is known and respected by Muslims, as well as venerated by Christians throughout the Middle East, from Egypt to Asia Minor.[40] His stature in these regions derives from the fact that his figure has become somewhat of a composite character mixing elements from Biblical, Quranic and folkloric sources, at times being partially identified with Al-Khidr.[40] He is said to have killed a dragon near the sea in Beirut and at the beginning of the 20th century Muslim women used to visit his shrine in the area to pray to him.[40]
Feast days[link]
In the General Calendar of the Roman Rite the feast of Saint George is on April 23(or an easier way to remember it is 23/4). In the Tridentine Calendar it was given the rank of "Semidouble". In Pope Pius XII's 1955 calendar this rank is reduced to "Simple". In Pope John XXIII's 1960 calendar the celebration to just a "Commemoration". In Pope Paul VI's 1969 calendar it is raised to the level of an optional "Memorial". In some countries, such as England, the rank is higher.
St George is very much honoured by the Eastern Orthodox Church, wherein he is referred to as a "Great Martyr", and in Oriental Orthodoxy overall. His major feast day is on April 23 (Julian Calendar April 23 currently corresponds to Gregorian Calendar May 6). If, however, the feast occurs before Easter, it is celebrated on Easter Monday instead. The Russian Orthodox Church also celebrates two additional feasts in honour of St. George: one on November 3 commemorating the consecration of a cathedral dedicated to him in Lydda during the reign Constantine the Great (305–37). When the church was consecrated, the relics of the St. George were transferred there. The other feast on November 26 for a church dedicated to him in Kiev, ca. 1054.
In Egypt the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria refers to St George as the "Prince of Martyrs" and celebrates his martyrdom on the 23rd of Paremhat of the Coptic Calendar equivalent to May 1. The Copts also celebrate the consecration of the first church dedicated to him on June 10.
Patronages[link]
Main article: Patronages of Saint George
A highly celebrated saint in both the Western and Eastern Christian churches, a large number of Patronages of Saint George exist throughout the world.[41]
St. George is the patron saint of England; his cross forms the national flag of England, and features within the Union Flag of the United Kingdom. Traces of the cult of Saint George in England pre-date the Norman Conquest in the eleventh century;[citation needed] by the fourteenth century the saint had been declared both the patron saint and the protector of the royal family.[42]
The country of Georgia, where devotions to the saint date back to the fourth century, is not technically named after the saint, but is a well-attested backward derivation of the English name. However, a large number of towns and cities around the world are. Saint George is one of the patron Saints of Georgia; the name Georgia (Sakartvelo in Georgian) is an anglicisation of Gurj, derived from the Persian word for the frightening and heroic people in that territory.[43] However, chronicles describing the land as Georgie or Georgia in French and English, date from the early Middle Ages "because of their special reverence for Saint George",[44] but these accounts have been seen as folk etymology;[citation needed] compare Land of Prester John.
There are exactly 365 Orthodox churches in Georgia named after Saint George according to the number of days in a year. According to myth, St. George was cut into 365 pieces after he fell in battle and every single piece was spread throughout the entire country.[45][46][47] According to another myth, Saint George appeared in person during the Battle of Didgori to support the Georgian victory over the Seldjuk army and the Georgian uprising against Persian rule. Saint George is considered by many Georgians to have special meaning as a symbol of national liberation.[48]
Devotions to Saint George in Portugal date back to the twelfth century, and Saint Constable attributed the victory of the Portuguese in the battle of Aljubarrota in the fourteenth century to Saint George. During the reign of King John I (1357–1433) Saint George became the patron saint of Portugal and the King ordered that the saint's image on the horse be carried in the Corpus Christi procession. In fact, the Portuguese Army motto means Portugal and Saint George, in perils and in efforts of war.[49]
Saint George is also one of the patron saints of the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo. In a battle between the Maltese and the Moors, Saint George was alleged to have been seen with Saint Paul and Saint Agata, protecting the Maltese. Besides being the patron of Victoria where St. George's Basilica, Malta is dedicated to him, St George is the protector of the island Gozo.[50]
Interfaith Shrine[link]
There is a tradition in the Holy Land of Christians and Muslim going to an Eastern Orthodox shrine of St. George at Beith Jala, Jews also attending the site in the belief that the prophet Elijah was buried there. This is testified to by Elizabeth Finn in 1866, where she wrote, "St. George killed the dragon in this country Palestine; and the place is shown close to Beirut (Lebanon). Many churches and convents are named after him. The church at Lydda is dedicated to St. George: so is a convent near Bethlehem, and another small one just opposite the Jaffa gate; and others beside. The Arabs believe that St. George can restore mad people to their senses; and to say a person has been sent to St. George's, is equivalent to saying he has been sent to a madhouse. It is singular that the Moslem Arabs share this veneration for St. George, and send their mad people to be cured by him, as well as the Christians. But they commonly call him El Khudder —The Green—according to their favourite manner of using epithets instead of names. Why he should be called green, however, I cannot tell—unless it is from the colour of his horse. Gray horses are called green in Arabic."[51] A possible explanation for this colour reference is Al Khidr, the erstwhile tutor of Moses, gained his name from having sat in a barren desert, turning it into a lush green paradise.
William Dalrymple reviewing the literature in 1999 tells us that J. E. Hanauer in his 1907 book Folklore of the Holy Land: Muslim, Christian and Jewish "mentioned a shrine in the village of Beit Jala, beside Bethlehem, which at the time was frequented by all three of Palestine's religious communities. Christians regarded it as the birthplace of St. George, Jews as the burial place of the Prophet Elias. According to Hanauer, in his day the monastery was "a sort of madhouse. Deranged persons of all the three faiths are taken thither and chained in the court of the chapel, where they are kept for forty days on bread and water, the Eastern Orthodox priest at the head of the establishment now and then reading the Gospel over them, or administering a whipping as the case demands.'[52] In the 1920s, according to Taufiq Canaan's Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine, nothing seemed to have changed, and all three communities were still visiting the shrine and praying together."[53]
Dalrymple himself visited the place in 1995. "I asked around in the Christian Quarter in Jerusalem, and discovered that the place was very much alive. With all the greatest shrines in the Christian world to choose from, it seemed that when the local Arab Christians had a problem – an illness, or something more complicated: a husband detained in an Israeli prison camp, for example – they preferred to seek the intercession of St George in his grubby little shrine at Beit Jala rather than praying at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem or the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem."[53] He asked the priest at the shrine "Do you get many Muslims coming here?" The priest replied, "We get hundreds! Almost as many as the Christian pilgrims. Often, when I come in here, I find Muslims all over the floor, in the aisles, up and down."[53][54][55]
The Encyclopædia Britannica quotes G.A. Smith in his Historic Geography of the Holy Land p. 164 saying "The Mahommedans who usually identify St. George with the prophet Elijah, at Lydda confound his legend with one about Christ himself. Their name for Antichrist is Dajjal, and they have a tradition that Jesus will slay Antichrist by the gate of Lydda. The notion sprang from an ancient bas-relief of George and the Dragon on the Lydda church. But Dajjal may be derived, by a very common confusion between n and l, from Dagon, whose name two neighbouring villages bear to this day, while one of the gates of Lydda used to be called the Gate of Dagon."[56]
Colours and flag[link]
Main article: St George's Cross
The "Colours of Saint George", or St George's Cross are a white flag with a red cross, frequently borne by entities over which he is patron (e.g. the Republic of Genoa and then Liguria, England, Georgia, Catalonia, Aragon, etc.).
The cross was originally the personal flag of another saint and key Christian figure, St. Ambrose. Adopted by the city of Milan (of which he was Archbishop) at least as early as the Ninth century, its use spread over Northern Italy including Genoa. Genoa's patron saint was St. George and through the flag's use by the vast Genoese trading fleet, the association was carried throughout Europe.[citation needed]
The same colour scheme was used by Viktor Vasnetsov for the façade of the Tretyakov Gallery, in which some of the most famous St. George icons are exhibited and which displays St. George as the coat of arms of Moscow over its entrance.
In 1606, the flag of England (St. George's Cross), and the flag of Scotland (St. Andrew's Cross), were joined together to create the Union Flag.[57]
Iconography and models[link]
St. George is most commonly depicted in early icons, mosaics and frescos wearing armour contemporary with the depiction, executed in gilding and silver colour, intended to identify him as a Roman soldier. After the Fall of Constantinople and the association of St George with the crusades, he is more often portrayed mounted upon a white horse.
At the same time St George began to be associated with St. Demetrius, another early soldier saint. When the two saints are portrayed together mounted upon horses, they may be likened to earthly manifestations of the archangels Michael and Gabriel. St George is always depicted in Eastern traditions upon a white horse and St. Demetrius on a red horse[58] St George can also be identified in the act of spearing a dragon, unlike St Demetrius, who is sometimes shown spearing a human figure, understood to represent Maximian.
A 2003 Vatican stamp issued on the anniversary of the Saint's death depicts an armoured Saint George atop a white horse, killing the dragon.[59]
During the early second millennium, George came to be seen as the model of chivalry, and during this time was depicted in works of literature, such as the medieval romances.
Jacobus de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, compiled the Legenda Sanctorum, (Readings of the Saints) also known as Legenda Aurea (the Golden Legend) for its worth among readers. Its 177 chapters (182 in other editions) contain the story of Saint George.
Modern Russians interpret the icon not as a killing but as a struggle, against ourselves and the evil among us.[citation needed] The dragon never dies but the saint persists with his horse (will and support of the people) and his spear (technical means).[citation needed] In Eastern Orthodox Christianity it is possible to find Icons of St.George riding on Black horse, as well, there are various examples in Russian Iconography, like the Icon in British Museum Collection.
See also[link]
- Bristol, England, which has a district called Saint George and also a park bearing that name
- Diada de Sant Jordi
- Dragon Hill, Uffington
- Frithjof Schuon
- Georgslied, 9th-century Old High German poem about the life of Saint George
- Knights of St. George
- One Good Knight (a novel) Andres Dealencar.
- Paladin
- Uastyrdzhi
- St George's Church, churches dedicated to St. George
- St. George Dragons (sports)
- St. George's, Bermuda
- The Magic Sword, 1961 film loosely based on the legend of St. George and the Dragon
- Patrick Woodroffe, author of several poems about St George collated in a book called Hallelujah Anyway
Gallery[link]
- For a larger gallery, please see: Saint George gallery.
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Raphael, 1505-1506
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Bulgarian Orthodox icon of St. George fighting the dragon.
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A Saint George sign on a seminary gate, Germany
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Scenes from the life of St. George, Kremikovtsi Monastery, Bulgaria.
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St. Georg as a martyr: St. George's Collegiate Church in Tübingen
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12th century depiction of St. George in a church at the Russian village of Staraya Ladoga.
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A 15th-century battle-flag of Stephen the Great of Moldavia representing St. George.
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British
-
Russian
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c Foakes-Jackson, FJ (2005), A History of the Christian Church, Cosimo Press, p. 461, ISBN 1-59605-452-2 .
- ^ a b c Ball, Ann (2003), Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices, p. 568, ISBN 0-87973-910-X .
- ^ Baden-Powell, Robert (1908). Scouting for Boys. Horace Cox. ASIN B001IWO5VO. , Yarn No. 20 - Chivalry to others
- ^ Mills, Charles (2012), The History of Chivalry, Longman, Rees, p. 9 .
- ^ Spenser, Edmund (1998), Fierce Wars and Faithful Loves, Cannon Press, p. 196, ISBN 978-1-885767-39-4 .
- ^
"St. George". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. - ^ Walter, Christopher (2003), The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition, Ashgate Publishing, p. 110, ISBN 1-84014-694-X
- ^ Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca 271, 272.
- ^ "Saint George", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911, "In the canon of Pope Gelasius (494) George is mentioned in a list of those "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God""
- ^ De Voragine, Jacobus (1995), The Golden Legend, Princeton University Press, p. 238, ISBN 978-0-691-00153-1 .
- ^ Murray, J (1863), Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, Royal Society of Literature, p. 133
- ^ Heylin, A (1862), The Journal of Sacred Literature and Biblical Record, 1, p. 244 .
- ^ Darch, John H (2006), Saints on Earth, Church House Press, p. 56, ISBN 978-0-7151-4036-9 .
- ^ Walter, Christopher (2003), The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition, Ashgate Publishing, p. 112, ISBN 1-84014-694-X .
- ^ Smith, William (1867), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Little Brown & Co, p. 249 .
- ^ Gibbs, Margaret (1971), Saints beyond the White Cliffs, Ayer Press, p. 2, ISBN 0-8369-8058-1 .
- ^ Hackwood, Fred (2003), Christ Lore the Legends, Traditions, Myths, Kessinger Publishing, p. 255, ISBN 0-7661-3656-6 .
- ^ a b Butler, Alban (2008), Lives of the Saints, ISBN 1-4375-1281-X .
- ^ Tyrannius Rufinus, History of the Church, 1:14
- ^ Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 2:23:5
- ^ Richardson, Robert D; Moser, Barry, eds. (1996), Emerson, p. 520, "George of Cappadocia… [held] the contract to supply the army with bacon… embraced Arianism… [and was] promoted… to the episcopal throne of Alexandria… When Julian came, George was dragged to prison, the prison was burst open by a mob, and George was lynched… [he] became in good time Saint George of England" .
- ^ Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 2:23:5
- ^ "Saint George", Catholic Encyclopedia, "it is not improbable that the apocryphal Acts have borrowed some incidents from the story of the Arian bishop" .
- ^ "Catholic encyclopedia on Gibbons and Saint George". Newadvent.org. 1909-09-01. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06453a.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ a b The complete works of Ralph Waldo Emerson by Edward Waldo Emerson, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1904, page 355
- ^ Text of the essay at bartleby.com
- ^ Journals & Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Merton M. Sealts Jr. 1973 ISBN 0-674-48473-8 page 168
- ^ Robertson developed by Crusaders returned from the Holy Lands. The Medieval Saints' Lives (pp 51–52) suggested that the dragon motif was transferred to the George legend from that of his fellow soldier saint, Saint Theodore Tiro. The Roman Catholic writer Alban Butler (Lives of the Saints) credited the motif as a late addition: "It should be noted, however, that the story of the dragon, though given so much prominence, was a later accretion, of which we have no sure traces before the twelfth century. This puts out of court the attempts made by many folklorists to present St. George as no more than a christianized survival of pagan mythology."
- ^ "He drew out his sword and garnished him with the sign of the cross, and rose hardily against the dragon which came toward him, and smote him with his spear and hurt him sore, and threw him to the ground", according to Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend: or Lives of the Saints as Englished by William Caxton, F.S. Ellis, ed. (London, 1900), vol. III:123–45), quotation p. 128.
- ^ Loomis 1948:65 and notes 111–17, giving references to other saints' encounters with dragons. "To Loomis's list might be added the stories of Martha . . . and Silvester, which is vigorously summarized (from a fifth-century version of the Actus Silvestri) by the early English writer, Aldhelm, abbot of Malmesbury (639–709), in his De Virginitate (see Aldhelm: The Prose Works, pp. 82–83). On dragons and saints, see now Rauer, Beowulf and the Dragon." Saint Mercurialis, the first bishop of the city of Forlì, in Romagna, is often portrayed in the act of killing a dragon.
- ^ Incidentally, the name Ascalon was used by Winston Churchill for his personal aircraft during World War II, according to records at Bletchley Park.
- ^ For patrons of fourth-century churches, see titulus.
- ^ Pringle, Denys (1998), The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, p. 25, ISBN 0-521-39037-0 .
- ^ McClendon 1999:6.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, s.v. "Orders of St. George" omits Genoa and Hungary: see David Scott Fox, Saint George: The Saint with Three Faces (1983:59–63, 98–123), noted by McClellan 999:6 note 13. Additional Orders of St. George were founded in the eighteenth century (Catholic Encyclopedia).
- ^ McClendon 1999:10.
- ^ Erasmus, in The Praise of Folly (1509, printed 1511) remarked "The Christians have now their gigantic St. George, as well as the pagans had their Hercules."
- ^ Only the most essential work might be done on a festum duplex
- ^ Muriel C. McClendon, "A Moveable Feast: Saint George's Day Celebrations and Religious Change in Early Modern England" The Journal of British Studies 38.1 (January 1999:1–27).
- ^ a b c Religion and Culture in Medieval Islam by Richard G. Hovannisian, Georges Sabagh 2000 ISBN 0-521-62350-2, Cambridge University Press pages 109-110
- ^ Seal, Graham (2001), Encyclopedia of folk heroes, p. 85, ISBN 1-57607-216-9 .
- ^ Hinds, Kathryn (2001), Medieval England, Marshall Cavendish, p. 44, ISBN 0-7614-0308-6 .
- ^ Spilling, Michael (2008), Georgia, Winnie Wong, p. 63, ISBN 0-7614-3033-4 .
- ^ David Marshall Lang, The Georgians, (New York: Frederick A Praeger, 1966), 17–18. The terms Georgia and Georgians appeared in Western Europe in numerous early medieval annals. The French chronicler Jacques de Vitry and the English traveller Sir John Mandeville wrote that Georgians are called Georgian because they especially revere Saint George.
- ^ Gabidzashvili, Enriko (1991), Saint George: In Ancient Georgian Literature, Tbilisi, Georgia: Armazi – 89 .
- ^ Foakes-Jackson, FJ (2005), A History of the Christian Church, p. 556, ISBN 1-59605-452-2 .
- ^ Eastmond, Antony (1998), Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, Penn State Press, p. 119, ISBN 0-271-01628-0 .
- ^ The Saint George's Victory order, among other civilian and military decorations, is one of the highest decorations in Georgia.
- ^ de Oliveira Marques, AH; André, Vítor; Wyatt, SS (1971), Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 216, ISBN 0-299-05584-1 .
- ^ de Bles, Arthur (2004), How to Distinguish the Saints in Art, p. 86, ISBN 1-4179-0870-X .
- ^ Elizabeth Anne Finn (1866). Home in the Holyland. London: James Nisbet and Co. pp. 46–7.
- ^ Hanauer, JE (1907). "Folk-lore of the Holy Land, Moslem, Christian and Jewish". http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/flhl/flhl12.htm. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
- ^ a b c William Dalrymple (March 15, 1999)). From the Holy Mountain: a journey among the Christians of the Middle East. Owl Books.
- ^ "Who is Saint George?". St. George's Basilica. http://www.stgeorge.org.mt/page.asp?id=12. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ^ H. S. Haddad. ""Georgic" Cults and Saints of the Levant". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-5973(196904)16%3A1%3C21%3A%22CASOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M. Retrieved on January 18, 2007
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica – eleventh edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Co., New York, NY. 1910. p. 737.
- ^ British flags, from the Flag Institute site. Accessed 2 May 2007
- ^ The red pigment may appear black if it has bitumenized.
- ^ "Vatican stamps". Vaticanstate.va. http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Services/Philatelic_and_Numismatic_Office/_listing_emissioni--id--Shop%20Francobolli--cat--2003.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
References[link]
- Brooks, E.W., 1925. Acts of Saint George in series Analecta Gorgiana 8 (Gorgias Press).
- Burgoyne, Michael H. 1976. A Chronological Index to the Muslim Monuments of Jerusalem. In The Architecture of Islamic Jerusalem. Jerusalem: The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
- Alban Butler, Butler's Lives of the Saints, vol. 2, pp. 148–150. "George, Martyr, Protector of the Kingdom of England" (on-line text[dead link])
- Gabidzashvili, Enriko. 1991. Saint George: In Ancient Georgian Literature. Armazi – 89: Tbilisi, Georgia.
- Good, Jonathan, 2009. The Cult of Saint George in Medieval England (Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press).
- Loomis, C. Grant, 1948. White Magic, An Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend (Cambridge: Medieval Society of America)
- Natsheh, Yusuf. 2000. "Architectural survey", in Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City 1517–1917. Edited by Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust) pp 893–899.
- Whatley, E. Gordon, editor, with Anne B. Thompson and Robert K. Upchurch, 2004. St. George and the Dragon in the South English Legendary (East Midland Revision, c. 1400) Originally published in Saints' Lives in Middle English Collections
(Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications) (On-line Introduction)
- Prof. George Menachery, Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India. Vol.II Trichur – 73.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Saint George |
- St. George and the Dragon, free illustrated book based on 'The Seven Champions' by Richard Johnson (1596)
- Archnet
- Saint George and the Dragon links and pictures (more than 125), from Dragons in Art and on the Web
- Story of St. George from The Golden Legends
- Saint George and the Boy Scouts, including a woodcut of a Scout on horseback slaying a dragon
- A prayer for St George's Day
- St. George
- St. George and the Dragon: An Introduction
- Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George Orthodox icon and synaxarion for April 23
- Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia Icon and synaxarion for November 3
- Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev Icon and synaxarion for November 26
- St. George in the church in Plášťovce,(Palást) in Slovakia
- The St George Orthodox Military Association
- Famous Georgian Pilgrim Center in India St. George Orthodox Church Puthuppally, Kerala, India
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | George |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | Lydda, Iudaea, Roman Empire |
| Date of death | 303 |
| Place of death | Nicomedia, Bithynia, Roman Empire |
http://wn.com/Saint_George
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Svatý Jiří
http://es.wn.com/Jorge de Capadocia
http://ru.wn.com/Георгий Победоносец
http://nl.wn.com/Joris (heilige)
http://pl.wn.com/Święty Jerzy
http://fr.wn.com/Georges de Lydda
http://de.wn.com/Georg (Heiliger)
http://pt.wn.com/São Jorge
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For the railway engine, see GWR 4073 Class 5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumbe.
Earl of Mount Edgcumbe is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1789 for George Edgcumbe, 3rd Baron Edgcumbe. The Edgcumbe family descends from Sir Piers Edgcumbe of Cotehele in Cornwall, who acquired the Mount Edgcumbe estate near Plymouth through marriage in the early 16th century. His descendant Richard Edgcumbe was a prominent politician and served as Paymaster-General of Ireland and as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1742 he was created Baron Edgcumbe, of Mount Edgcumbe in the County of Devon, in the Peerage of Great Britain. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He represented Plympton Erle, Lostwithiel and Penrhyn in the House of Commons and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Cornwall. On his death the title passed to his younger brother, the third Baron. He was an Admiral of the Blue and also held political office as Treasurer of the Household and as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. In 1781 he was created Viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Valletort and in 1789 he was further honoured when he was made Earl of Mount Edgcumbe. Both titles are in the Peerage of Great Britain.
He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He sat as Member of Parliament for Lostwithiel and Fowey and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Cornwall. On his death the titles passed to his second but eldest surviving son, the third Earl. He also represented Lostwithiel and Fowey in the House of Commons. His son, the fourth Earl, was a Conservative politician and served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and as Lord Steward of the Household. On his death the titles passed to his son, the fifth Earl. He held the honorary post of Deputy Lord Warden of the Stannaries from 1913 to 1944. On his death the line of the third Earl failed. The late Earl was succeeded by his second cousin, the sixth Earl. He was the grandson of the Hon. George Edgcumbe, youngest son of the second Earl. He was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the seventh Earl. He was the grandson of Edward Mortimer Edgcumbe, second son of the Hon. George Edgcumbe, youngest son of the second Earl. As of 2010[update] the titles are held by his nephew, the eighth Earl, who succeeded in 1982. He is the eldest son of George Aubrey Valletort Edgcumbe, brother of the seventh Earl.
The heir apparent to the earldom uses the courtesy title of Viscount Valletort.
The ancestral seat of the Edgcumbe family is Mount Edgcumbe House near Plymouth. The present family seat is Empacombe House, also near Plymouth.
Contents |
Barons Edgcumbe (1742)[link]
- Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe (1680–1758)
- Richard Edgcumbe, 2nd Baron Edgcumbe (1716–1761)
- George Edgcumbe, 3rd Baron Edgcumbe (1720–1795) (created Viscount of Mount Edgcumbe in 1781, then Earl of Mount Edgcumbe in 1789)
Earls of Mount Edgcumbe (1789)[link]
File:Earl of Mount Edgcumbe coa (baronial coronet).png
The coat of arms of the Earls of Mount Edgcumbe.
- George Edgcumbe, 1st Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (1720–1795)
- Richard Edgcumbe, 2nd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (1764–1839)
- William Richard Edgcumbe, Viscount Valletort (1794-1818)
- Ernest Augustus Edgcumbe, 3rd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (1797–1861)
- William Henry Edgcumbe, 4th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (1832–1917)
- Piers Alexander Hamilton Edgcumbe, 5th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (1865–1944)
- Kenelm William Edward Edgcumbe, 6th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (1873–1965)
- Edward Piers Edgcumbe, 7th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (1903–1982)
- Robert Charles Edgcumbe, 8th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe (b. 1939)
The heir presumptive is the present holder's half-brother Piers Valletort Edgcumbe (b. 1946).
The heir presumptive's heir presumptive is his brother Christopher George Mortimer Edgcumbe (b. 1950).
The heir presumptive's heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Douglas George Valletort Edgcumbe (b. 1985).
References[link]
- Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David (ed.) (1990) Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press
- Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages [self-published source?][better source needed]
External links[link]
- Mount Edgcumbe photo gallery
- www.burkespeerage.com
- Cracroft's Peerage
- qv Lady Megan Edgcumbe @ Manor Lodge, Millbrook
- www.plymouth.gov.uk
http://wn.com/Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe
Related pages:
http://pl.wn.com/Hrabia Mount Edgcumbe
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mount_Edgcumbe
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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