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Wood was one of the first fuels used by humans and is still the primary energy source in much of the world.^{[citation needed]}

Fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. Most fuels used by humans undergo combustion, a redox reaction in which a combustible substance releases energy after it ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air. Other processes used to convert fuel into energy include various other exothermic chemical reactions and nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration, where organic molecules are oxidized to release usable energy. Hydrocarbons are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but many other substances, such as radioactive metals, are currently used as well .

Chemical[link]

Chemical fuels are substances that release energy by reacting with substances around them, most notably by the process of oxidation.

Biofuels[link]

Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power—known as biomass fuel. Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source that can be replenished rapidly e.g. plants. Many different plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacture.

Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by humans is wood. Evidence shows controlled fire was used up to 1.5 million years ago at Swartkrans, South Africa. It is unknown which hominid species first used fire, as both Australopithecus and an early species of Homo were present at the sites.^[1] As a fuel, wood has remained in use up until the present day, although it has been superseded for many purposes by other sources. Wood has an energy density of 10–20 MJ/kg.^[2]

Recently biofuels have been developed for use in automotive transport (for example Bioethanol and Biodiesel), but there is widespread public debate about how carbon efficient these fuels are.

Fossil fuels[link]

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum (liquid petroleum or natural gas), formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals^[3] by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.^[4] Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as tar sands. These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels.

Nuclear[link]

Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive nuclear energy. Technically speaking this definition includes all matter because any element will under the right conditions release nuclear energy, the only materials that are commonly referred to as nuclear fuels though are those that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress.

Fission[link]

Nuclear fuel pellets are used to create nuclear energy.

The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor; nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of fuel rods) composed of the fuel material, perhaps mixed with structural, neutron moderating, or neutron reflecting materials. The most common fissile nuclear fuels are ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu, and the actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of these elements together make up the nuclear fuel cycle, which is important for its relevance to nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons. In addition there are various types of fuels.

Fusion[link]

Fuels that produce energy by the process of nuclear fusion are currently not utilized by man but are the main source of fuel for stars, the most powerful energy sources in nature. Fusion fuels tend to be light elements such as hydrogen which will combine easily.

In stars that undergo nuclear fusion, fuel consists of atomic nuclei that can release energy by the absorption of a proton or neutron. In most stars the fuel is provided by hydrogen, which can combine together to form helium through the proton-proton chain reaction or by the CNO cycle. When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, nuclear fusion can continue with progressively heavier elements, although the net energy released is lower because of the smaller difference in nuclear binding energy. Once iron-56 or nickel-56 nuclei are produced, no further energy can be obtained by nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding energies.^[5]

World trade[link]

Fuel imports in 2005

World Bank reported that the USA was the top fuel importer in 2005 followed by the EU and Japan.^{[citation needed]}

Use over time[link]

The first use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus near 2 million years ago.^{[6][page needed]} Throughout the majority of human history fuels derived from plants or animal fat were the only ones available for human use. Charcoal, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for smelting metals. It was only supplanted by coke, derived from coal, as the forests started to become depleted around the 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for barbecue cooking.^[7]

Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the development of the steam engine in 1769, coal came into more common use as a power source. Coal was later used to drive ships and locomotives. By the 19 th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th century, the primary use of coal is for the generation of electricity, providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005.^[8]

Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the industrial revolution, because they were more flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power.

Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels, such as biofuels like alcohols.

See also[link]

Energy portal

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

• Ratcliff, Brian et al. (2000). Chemistry 1. Cambridge University press. ISBN 0-521-78778-5. 

Further reading[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fuels

• Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 13 December 1999, relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger carsPDF (140 KiB).
• Council Directive 80/1268/EEC Fuel consumption of motor vehicles.

v t e Firecraft Tinder Kindling Wood fuel/Firewood Ember/Spark Campfire Wood ash Topics Combustion Friction fire Autoignition temperature (kindling point) Smoulder Early starters Hand drill Bow drill (Pump drill) Fire saw Fire plough Burning glass (parabolic mirror) Flint & Fire striker Fire piston Modern starters Match (lucifer) (Black match) Lighter Electric match Flint spark lighter Ferro rod (Ferrocerium) Other equipment Tinderbox Char cloth Fire ring Fire pan Punk (fireworks) Related articles Control of fire by early humans Native American use of fire Pyrolysis Survival skills Portal:Fire

Dana White
Born	(1969-07-28) July 28, 1969 (age 42) Manchester, CT, U.S.
Residence	Las Vegas, Nevada
Nationality	American
Occupation	President
Known for	Managing The Ultimate Fighting Championship
Style	Boxercise [1]
Net worth	US$150 million (2010)[2]
Height	5 ft 11 in
Spouse	Anne
Children	3

Dana White (born July 28, 1969) is the current President of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a mixed martial arts organization based in the United States.

Biography[link]

Born in Manchester, Connecticut on July 28, 1969, White grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada, Ware, Massachusetts and Levant, Maine. White is a passionate Boston Red Sox fan. During his youth, he bounced back and forth between Boston and Maine. He attended the University of Massachusetts Boston but did not finish; however, while there he did launch a boxing program for inner-city youth.^[3]

White has a background as an aerobics instructor. In 1992, White established Dana White Enterprises in Las Vegas. He conducted aerobics classes at three gyms^[4] in the Las Vegas area and began managing MMA fighters Tito Ortiz and Chuck Liddell.

While working as a manager, White learned that Semaphore Entertainment Group, the parent company of the UFC, was looking for a buyer for the UFC. White contacted childhood friend Lorenzo Fertitta, an executive at Station Casinos, and a former commissioner of the Nevada State Athletic Commission. Within a month, Lorenzo and his older brother Frank bought the UFC, with White installed as its president.^[5] White currently owns about 9% of Zuffa, LLC, the entity the Fertitta brothers created to own and manage the UFC.^[3]

White failed to comment on a potential network broadcast deal at the UFC 136 press conference. The next day it was confirmed that the UFC and Fox broadcast networks had made a multiple year deal.^[6]

Controversy[link]

Loretta Hunt[link]

On April 1, 2009, White was videotaped in a verbal tirade against Loretta Hunt, a sportswriter for Sherdog, in response to an article she wrote. In the video posted on his YouTube account, White used derogatory language in an obscenity-laced rant. The video was pulled from his official UFC YouTube page but has been widely republished across the internet and come under fire, including by GLAAD for his use of anti-gay slurs.^[7][8][9] White would later apologize for his slurs. He specifically did not include Hunt in the apology.^[10] Hunt responded by saying "I stand by the story. It's accurate."^{[citation needed]}

Miguel Torres[link]

In December of 2011, White cut fighter Miguel Torres from the UFC after Torres tweeted "If a rape van was called a surprise van, more women wouldn’t mind going for rides in them. Everyone likes surprises." In an interview with Sports Illustrated confirming Torres' firing over the controversial remarks, White claimed "Now there's no explanation for that. There's absolutely nothing I could say to make any sense of that. And the fact that he even thinks that's funny or that's a joke, it disturbs me. It bothers me." The firing of Torres immediately sparked controversy after it was revealed that White did not similarly punish two fighters of greater marquee value – Forrest Griffin and Rashad Evans, both of whom have fought in the main event of multiple Pay-Per-View cards and the latter slated to fight in the main event of a fight card scheduled to air on the FOX network on January 28, 2012 – for making similarly offensive remarks:^[11] Griffin commenting that "Rape is the new missionary"^[12] and Evans evoking the recent child abuse scandal involving Penn State University while promoting a fight.^[13] Torres has since re-signed with the UFC after having a talk with Dana.

Charity[link]

In December 2010 White donated $50,000 to the Fransisco Espinoza foundation. White donated approximately $8,000 to help pay for the brain tumor treatment of two-year-old British girl, Ruby Owen. The young girl's family had described themselves as being "shocked and over the moon". Ruby Owen's uncle, being a UFC fan had contacted White via email and asked if he could help by donating to the Ruby Owen fund raising website. White and Owen have never officially met.^[14] In an act of compassion towards a fan, he gave $300 to one man without hesitation who said that he "just received a speeding ticket while racing across town to meet him".^[15] Shortly after being named 2009 Nevada Sportsman of The Year, White added $100,000 from his pocket to the $250,000 total raised for the fund raising marathon sponsored by ESPN Radio 1100 for Las Vegas.^[16]

Feud with M-1 Global[link]

After signing negotiations with M-1 Global Russian Heavyweight MMA fighter Fedor Emelianenko fell through in 2009,^[17] White and the UFC became the subject of debate and criticism from fans and experts alike. On several occasions, White referred to Emelianenko as "a fake, a phony and a farce.^[18][19]

On June 26th, 2010 following Emelianenko's first legitimate defeat of his career to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ace Fabricio Werdum, White shared a simple ":)" via Twitter.^[20] The same symbol was expressed by White following Emelianenko's 2nd round doctor stoppage loss to Antonio "Bigfoot" Silva in the opening round of the 2011 Strikeforce GP.^[21] White followed this with an insult to Fedor's manager and M-1 Global President Vadim Finkelstein.^[22] This began a war of words on the social networking site. M-1 Global’s director of operations, Evgeni Kogan, stood up for Finkelstein and invited White to repeat his words to Finkelstein in person. When fans attempted to reason with White, they were met with similar contempt and insults.^[23]

There is controversy over whether Fedor Emelianenko and White have actually met.^[24] White has claimed to have met Emelianenko on a "crazy island in the middle of nowhere".^[25] In 2011, Emelianenko denied that this encounter ever took place.^[26]

Personal life[link]

White and his wife have two sons and a daughter.^[27] He is an atheist, and has stated that he is "fascinated" by religion.^[28]

Accomplishments[link]

• Nevada Sportsman of the Year (2009)^[29]
• Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards
  • Promoter of the Year (2005–2011/present)^[30][31]
• World MMA Awards
  • Leading Man of the Year 2011
  • Leading Man of the Year 2010
• Armed Forces Foundation
  • Patriot Award^[32]

References[link]

External links[link]

• UFC homepage
• June/July Men's Fitness cover story
• Dana White at the Internet Movie Database
• Dana White on Twitter
• Dana White Signs Fox

Gray Maynard
Born	Bradley Gray Maynard (1979-05-09) May 9, 1979 (age 33) Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
Other names	The Bully
Nationality	American
Height	5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)[1]
Weight	155 lb (70 kg; 11 st 1 lb)
Division	Lightweight (155 lb)
Reach	70 in (178 cm)
Fighting out of	Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
Team	American Kickboxing Academy
Rank	blue belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu[2]
Wrestling	NCAA Division I Wrestling
Years active	2006 – present (MMA)
Mixed martial arts record
Total	13
Wins	10
By knockout	2
By decision	8
Losses	1
By knockout	1
Draws	1
No contests	1
Amateur career
Total	1
Wins	1
Other information
University	Michigan State University
Notable school(s)	St. Edward High School Durango High School Bonanza High School
Website	Official UFC Profile http://www.graymaynard.com/
last updated on: March 7, 2012

Bradley Gray Maynard (born May 9, 1979) is an American amateur wrestler and professional mixed martial artist, who competes as a lightweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He has recorded one of the fastest knockouts in UFC history, at 9 seconds against Joe Veres. He is one of only two fighters to hold a win over former champion Frankie Edgar, with whom he has a noted rivalry. As of March 2012, Maynard is ranked as the #4 lightweight fighter in the world by Sherdog.^[3]

Early life[link]

Maynard's father, Jan, was a two-time Ohio high school state wrestling champion. He also has a sister named Misty.^[4] Maynard attended Bonanza High School in Las Vegas and transferred to St. Edward High School in Lakewood, Ohio, for two years,^[5] and excelled in its wrestling program. In 1997, he placed second in the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) state tournament in the 140 lb weight class for Division I. In 1998, he was the state champion at the 152 lb weight class.^[6] His high school record was an impressive 135–16, including being undefeated in his sophomore and senior years.^[7] His nickname of "Bully" came from his dog, Hank, a bull terrier he rescued.^[4]

Maynard wrestled alongside former UFC light heavyweight champion Rashad Evans at Michigan State University, They were also roommates. He was redshirted in his freshman year. In 2001, he placed eighth at the NCAA Division I Collegiate Wrestling Championship at 157 lb weight class. In 2002 and 2003, he placed seventh.^[8] The performance earned the MSU co-captain All-American honors for the third time in his collegiate career.^[9] Upon his graduation, Maynard ranked 11th all-time in MSU history with 106 career wins and seventh with 26 falls.^[10]

After not being selected for the 2004 US Olympic wrestling team, Maynard considered retirement from the sport. He was then recruited to be a sparring partner for mixed martial arts fighter and former Lightweight UFC champion B.J. Penn. With his exposure to the new sport, Maynard sought to compete in it. With his wrestling connections, he eventually became a student and training partner of UFC Hall of Famer Randy Couture.^[11]

In an interview with Fightlockdown.com, Maynard stated that he believed that he was the most accomplished wrestler in the UFC lightweight division.^[12]

Maynard appeared on the "Schumacher Family" episode of Supernanny teaching the family's 7-year-old son about MMA at Randy Couture's gym . Maynard also was an Assistant Coach alongside Forrest Griffin and Tyson Griffin with head coach Rich Franklin on the last episode of the 11th season of The Ultimate Fighter.

Mixed martial arts[link]

[edit] The Ultimate Fighter

Maynard was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 5, which featured lightweights exclusively. He was selected by B.J. Penn to be on his team and was Penn's pick to make it to the finals.

Maynard beat Wayne Weems in the preliminary round. In the quarterfinals, Maynard faced Brandon Melendez in a tough matchup and won the fight with a guillotine choke in the second round. He lost his semifinal matchup in the second round against Nate Diaz due to guillotine choke.

As part of the The Ultimate Fighter 5 Finale preliminary Card on June 23, 2007, Maynard fought Rob Emerson in a controversial Lightweight fight. Maynard seemed to be in control of the fight in round one. During the second round he picked up Emerson and slammed him to the mat. Emerson immediately tapped out because of an injury to his ribs. The referee believed that Maynard also could not continue because he seemed to have hit his head on the mat and knocked himself out due to the force of his own slam. Since both fighters could not continue he ruled it a "No Contest". UFC President Dana White commented, "I know one thing, that Maynard was out cold". Maynard did not agree, and cited the cage-side doctors, who, after testing Maynard, found he had suffered no concussion during the bout.^[13]

Ultimate Fighting Championship[link]

In his next fight he took on Joe Veres at UFC Fight Night 11 and knocked him out with the first punch he threw, after nine seconds. It was the second fastest knockout in UFC history (at that time, see UFC 102). Next Maynard won a unanimous decision victory over Dennis Siver at UFC Fight Night 12 earning scores of 29–28, 29–28 and 30–27. At UFC Fight Night 13, he faced lightweight standout Frankie Edgar in the first bout of their rivalry. Maynard won a 30–27 unanimous decision on all cards to hand Edgar his first loss. He used his superior wrestling to control the fight, winning a decision.

Maynard also worked as an assistant wrestling coach for Forrest Griffin as part of The Ultimate Fighter: Team Rampage vs. Team Forrest.

Maynard earned a unanimous decision over Rich Clementi at UFC 90. In his fight, Maynard once again showed his superior wrestling as he controlled Clementi on the ground for 3 rounds. He did however appear notably disappointed during his post fight interview that he was unable to finish the fight.

Maynard then fought at UFC 96, against lightweight Jim Miller, winning by unanimous decision once again, with all three judges scoring the bout 30–27. Maynard kept the fight on the feet inversing his wrestling skills with excellent takedown defense and displayed solid standup skills, particularly looping bodyshot combos.

Maynard won against Roger Huerta via split decision at UFC Fight Night 19. During the fight, he had Huerta in a visibly deep kimura, though his opponent refused to submit.

Maynard defeated TUF 5 lightweight champion Nate Diaz via split decision at UFC Fight Night 20.^[14]

Maynard defeated Kenny Florian on August 28, 2010 at UFC 118 via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 29-28), Maynard took him down at will and controlled Florian on the mat, thus becoming the number one contender for the UFC Lightweight Championship.

In a Fight Of The Night winning contest, Maynard and incumbent champion Frankie Edgar fought to a split draw on January 1, 2011 at UFC 125, resulting in Edgar retaining his belt. Early reports were that that former WEC champion Anthony Pettis would receive the next title shot, but Dana White later announced that instead Edgar vs Maynard 3 would be the next lightweight title fight at UFC 130.^[15][16] On May 9, it was announced that injuries to both forced the fight to be removed from the card.

The third bout between Edgar and Maynard took place on October 8, 2011 as the main event of UFC 136.^[17] Maynard was defeated by Edgar via KO at 3:54 of round 4, resulting in the first official loss of his career. After a first round similar to the first round in their bout at UFC 125, Edgar was able to close in on Maynard landing more shots and becoming the aggressor. He finished Maynard with a flurry of punches, starting with an uppercut that rocked Maynard.^[18]

On November 21, 2011 Maynard's Head boxing coach Gil Martinez told The MMA Show, that Maynard would be leaving Xtreme Couture gym for American Kickboxing Academy. He has since become a member of the Nova União camp.

Maynard is expected to face Clay Guida on June 22, 2012 at UFC on FX 4.^[19]

Personal life[link]

Maynard and his longtime girlfriend are currently engaged.^[20]

Currently Gray Maynard is co-starring in the movie, Submission with Ving Rhames and Ernie Reyes, Jr..^[21]

Championships and accomplishments[link]

[edit] Mixed Martial Arts

• Ultimate Fighting Championship
  • Fight Of The Night (One time)
  • The Ultimate Fighter 5 Lightweight Tournament Semi-Finalist

[edit] Amateur wrestling

• National Collegiate Athletic Association
  • NCAA Division I 157 lb - 8th place out of Michigan State University (2001)^[8]
  • NCAA Division I 157 lb - 7th place out of Michigan State University (2002)^[8]
  • NCAA Division I 157 lb - 7th place out of Michigan State University (2003)^[8]
  • NCAA Division I All-American (2001, 2002, 2003)

Mixed martial arts record[link]

Result	Record	Opponent	Method	Event	Date	Round	Time	Location	Notes
	10-1-1	Clay Guida		UFC on FX 4	02012-06-22June 22, 2012			Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
Loss	10–1–1	Frankie Edgar	KO (punches)	UFC 136	02011-10-08October 8, 2011	4	3:54	Houston, Texas, United States	For the UFC Lightweight Championship.
vDraw	10–0–1	Frankie Edgar	Draw (split)	UFC 125	02011-01-01January 1, 2011	5	5:00	Las Vegas, Nevada, United States	For the UFC Lightweight Championship; Fight of the Night. Fight of the Year.
Win	10–0 (1)	Kenny Florian	Decision (unanimous)	UFC 118	02010-08-28August 28, 2010	3	5:00	Boston, Massachusetts, United States	UFC Lightweight title eliminator.
Win	9–0 (1)	Nate Diaz	Decision (split)	UFC Fight Night: Maynard vs. Diaz	02010-01-11January 11, 2010	3	5:00	Fairfax, Virginia, United States
Win	8–0 (1)	Roger Huerta	Decision (split)	UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Guillard	02009-09-16September 16, 2009	3	5:00	Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
Win	7–0 (1)	Jim Miller	Decision (unanimous)	UFC 96	02009-03-07March 7, 2009	3	5:00	Columbus, Ohio, United States
Win	6–0 (1)	Rich Clementi	Decision (unanimous)	UFC 90	02008-10-25October 25, 2008	3	5:00	Rosemont, Illinois, United States
Win	5–0 (1)	Frankie Edgar	Decision (unanimous)	UFC Fight Night: Florian vs. Lauzon	02008-04-02April 2, 2008	3	5:00	Broomfield, Colorado, United States
Win	4–0 (1)	Dennis Siver	Decision (unanimous)	UFC Fight Night: Swick vs Burkman	02008-01-23January 23, 2008	3	5:00	Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win	3–0 (1)	Joe Veres	KO (punch)	UFC Fight Night: Thomas vs Florian	02007-09-19September 19, 2007	1	0:09	Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
NC	2–0 (1)	Rob Emerson	No Contest (both fighters ko'd)	The Ultimate Fighter 5 Finale	02007-06-23June 23, 2007	2	0:39	Las Vegas, Nevada, United States	Both fighters were judged unable to continue
Win	2–0	Brent Weedman	Decision (unanimous)	WEF: Orleans Arena	02006-06-10June 10, 2006	3	5:00	Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Win	1–0	Joshua Powell	TKO (punches)	Title Fighting Championships 1	02006-04-21April 21, 2006	1	2:56	Des Moines, Iowa, United States

Mixed martial arts exhibition record[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official UFC Profile
• Official Site of Gray Maynard
• The Ultimate Fighter 5 Bio
• Professional MMA record for Gray Maynard from Sherdog
• Gray Maynard profile at the National Wrestling Hall of Fame
• http://www.cagepotato.com/gil-martinez-says-gray-maynard-is-likely-leaving-xtreme-couture-to-train-at-aka/#comments