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Tribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was prohibited. They had the power to veto actions taken by magistrates, and specifically to intervene legally on behalf of plebeians. The tribune could also summon the Senate and lay proposals before it. The tribune's power, however, was only in effect while he was within Rome. His ability to veto did not affect regional governors.

Because it was legally impossible for a patrician to be a tribune of the plebeians, the first Roman emperor, Augustus, was offered instead all of the powers of the tribunate without actually holding the office (tribunicia potestas). This formed one of the two main constitutional bases of Augustus' authority (the other was imperium proconsulare maius). It gave him the authority to convene the Senate. Also, he was sacrosanct, had the authority to veto (ius intercessionis), and could exercise capital punishment in the course of the performance of his duties.

Most emperors' reigns were dated by their assumption of tribunicia potestas, though some emperors, such as Tiberius, Titus, Trajan and Marcus Aurelius had already received it during their predecessor's reign. Marcus Agrippa and Drusus II, though never emperors, also received tribunicia potestas.

By extension from the Roman historical experience, some modern politicians have been called "Tribunes of the People." The analogy is mostly with the original function of the Tribunes as champions of the downtrodden and disadvantaged in Roman society, rather than with the later technical Roman governmental usage giving legitimacy to Imperial power.

[edit] Plebeian tribune

In 494 BC, the city was at war,^[1] but the plebeian soldiers refused to march against the enemy, and instead seceded to the Aventine hill.^[2] The Patricians quickly became desperate to end what was, in effect, a labor strike,^[2] and thus they quickly agreed to the demands of the plebeians, that they be given the right to elect their own officials.^[1] The plebeians named these new officials plebeian tribunes (tribuni plebis), and gave them two assistants, the plebeian aediles (aediles plebi).^[3][4]

Since the plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeians (non-aristocrats that owned land) in the Plebeian Council, rather than by all of the People of Rome (plebeians, the patrician nobility, and the capite censi, landless commoners), they were technically not "magistrates". While the term "plebeian magistrate" (magistratus plebeii) has been used as an approximation, it is technically a contradiction.^[5] The plebeian aedile functioned as the tribune's assistant, and often performed similar duties to those of the curule aediles. In time, however, the differences between the plebeian aediles and the curule aediles disappeared.

Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct.^[6] Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. One obvious consequence of this sacrosanctity was the fact that it was considered a capital offense to harm a tribune, to disregard his veto, or to interfere with a tribune.^[6] The sacrosanctity of a tribune (and thus all of his legal powers) were only in effect so long as that tribune was within the city of Rome. If the tribune was abroad, the plebeians in Rome could not enforce their oath to kill any individual who harmed or interfered with the tribune. Since tribunes were technically not magistrates, they had no magisterial powers ("major powers" or maior potestas), and thus could not rely on such powers to veto. Instead, they relied on the sacrosanctity of their person to obstruct. If a magistrate, an assembly or the senate did not comply with the orders of a tribune, the tribune could 'interpose the sacrosanctity of his person' (intercessio) to physically stop that particular action. Any resistance against the tribune was tantamount to a violation of his sacrosanctity, and thus was considered a capital offense. Their lack of magisterial powers made them independent of all other magistrates, which also meant that no magistrate could veto a tribune.^[7]

Tribunes could use their sacrosanctity to order the use of capital punishment against any person who interfered with their duties.^[6] Tribunes could also use their sacrosanctity as protection when physically manhandling an individual, such as when arresting someone.^[8] On a couple of rare occasions (such as during the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus), a tribune might use a form of blanket obstruction, which could involve a broad veto over all governmental functions.^[9] While a tribune could veto any act of the senate, the assemblies, or the magistrates, he could only veto the act, and not the actual measure. Therefore, he had to physically be present when the act was occurring. As soon as that tribune was no longer present, the act could be completed as if there had never been a veto.^[10]

Tribunes, the only true representatives of the people, had the authority to enforce the right of provoco ad populum, which was a theoretical guarantee of due process, and a precursor to the common law concept of habeas corpus. If a magistrate was threatening to take action against a citizen, that citizen could yell "ego te provoco!", which would appeal the magistrate's decision to a tribune.^[11] A tribune had to assess the situation, and give the magistrate his approval before the magistrate could carry out the action. Sometimes the tribune brought the case before the College of Tribunes or the Plebeian Council for a trial. Any action taken in spite of a valid provocatio was on its face illegal.^[12] In this capacity, the tribune was the principal, and often the only, guarantor of the civil liberties of Roman citizens against arbitrary state power. The degree of liberty afforded to Roman citizens by the tribune through the power of Provocatio was unmatched in the ancient world.

Tribunes were required to be plebeians, and until 421 BC this was the only office open to them. In the late Republic the patrician politician Clodius arranged for his adoption by a plebeian branch of his family, and successfully ran for the tribunate. When Lucius Cornelius Sulla was dictator he severely curtailed the tribunes of the plebeians by invalidating their power of veto and making it illegal for them to bring laws before the Concilium Plebis without the Senate's consent. Afterwards, the tribune was restored to its former power during the consulship of Crassus and Pompey.

Throughout the Republic and its fall, powerful individuals used the tribunes for their personal glory and gain. Clodius and Milo were both tribunes who used violence in the courts and government in order to achieve the needs and requests of Pompey and Caesar. When the Senate refused to grant Caesar's veterans lands and a further governorship of Gaul, he turned to the tribunes with his demands and got them.^{[citation needed]}

Roman military officers[link]

Tribune of the soldiers[link]

Each year the Tribal Assembly elected 24 young men in their late twenties with senatorial ambitions to serve as Tribunes of the Soldiers (tribunes militium). These 24 were distributed six to each of the consuls' four legions as the legions' commanding officers.

All middle-ranking officers of the legions were also titled tribunes, though they were unelected and junior to the tribunum militi. Messala, the villain in the 1880 novel Ben-Hur by Lew Wallace and its 1959 film, was a military tribune.

Tribune of the Celeres[link]

The Tribune of the Celeres (tribunus celerum) was the commander of the personal bodyguard of the Roman King, the "Celeres", during the days of the Roman Kingdom. While the three original curia (Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres) were each headed by a tribune, the Tribune of the Celeres did not lead any such curia. Rather, he was second in rank to the Roman King, could pass laws (lex tribunicia), and could theoretically preside over the Curiate Assembly in an attempt to deprive the king of his constitutional powers (his imperium), and thus his office. Occasionally, during a war, the Roman King might take command of the infantry, but delegate command of the cavalry to the Tribune of the Celeres. In this respect, the arrangement was revived after the fall of the monarchy, and during the years of the Roman Republic, between the Roman Dictator ("Master of the Infantry") and his Master of the Horse ("Master of the Cavalry").^[13]

Cohort commander[link]

• Tribunus Cohortis: commander of military unit.
• Tribunus Cohortis Urbanae: urban cohort commander.

Tribune of the treasury[link]

The duties of the tribunes of the treasury (tribuni aerarii) are somewhat shrouded in mystery. Originally they seem to have been tax collectors, but this power was slowly lost to other officials. By the end of the Republic it was a class of people slightly below the equites in wealth. In 70 BC the makeup of Roman juries was reformed, and 1/3 of all members were to be tribunes of the treasury.

Various offices[link]

Tribunal: a raised platform in front of the HQ used for addressing the troops or administering justice.

Tribunus: senior officer. In the late Roman army, alternatively called a comes, he was a commander of a cavalry vexillatio. The title survived in the East Roman army until the early 7th century, hellenized as tribounos.

Tribunus angusticlavius: "narrow-striped officer"; equestrian legionary officer, five to each legion.

Tribunus comitiatus: officer elected as tribunus militum by the comitia.

Tribunus laticlavius: "broad-striped officer"; senatorial legionary officer, second in command of a legion.

Tribunus militum: senior legionary officer.

Tribunus militum a populo: senior legionary officer appointed by popular assembly.

Tribunus rufulus: officer picked by the commander.

Tribunus sexmestris: tribune serving a tour of duty of only six months; note that there is absolutely no evidence at all to identify this officer as commander of the legionary cavalry as sometimes stated in modern literature.

Tribunus vacans: Late Roman unassigned tribune; staff officer.

Republic of Venice[link]

In the early history of the Republic of Venice, during the tenure of the sixth Doge Domenico Monegario, Venice instituted a dual Tribunal modeled on the above Roman institution - two new Tribunes being elected each year, with the intention to oversee the Doge and prevent abuse of power (though this aim was not always successfully achieved).

[edit] French revolutionary tribunat

The "Tribunat", the French word for tribunate, derived from the Latin term tribunatus, meaning the office or term of a Roman tribunus (see above), was a collective organ of the young revolutionary French Republic composed of members styled tribun (the French for tribune), which, despite the apparent reference to one of ancient Rome's prestigious magistratures, never held any real political power as an assembly, its individual members no role at all.

It was instituted by Napoleon I Bonaparte's Constitution of the Year VIII "in order to moderate the other powers" by discussing every legislative project, sending its orateurs ("orators", i.e. spokesmen) to defend or attack them in the Corps législatif, and asking the Senate to overturn "the lists of eligibles, the acts of the Legislative Body and those of the government" on account of unconstitutionality. Its 100 members were designated by the Senate from the list of citizens from 25 years up, and annually one fifth was renewed for a five-year term.

When it opposed the first parts of Bonaparte's proposed penal code, he made the Senate nominate 20 new members at once to replace the 20 first opponents to his politic; they accepted the historically important reform of penal law. As the Tribunate opposed new despotic projects, he got the Senate in year X to allow itself to dissolve the Tribunate. In XIII it was further downsized to 50 members. On August 16, 1807 it was abolished and never revived.

See also[link]

• Constitution of the Roman Republic

References[link]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

• Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Ginn & Co. ISBN 0-543-92749-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=cDKGAAAAMAAJ. 
• Lintott, Andrew (1999). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926108-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=yaFPohP2lB8C&dq=The+Constitution+of+the+Roman+Republic. 

Bibliography[link]

• Nouveau Larousse illustré (Encyclopaedia in French; undated, early 20th century)
• Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History, Christopher S. Mackay, p. 135 for information on Tribunes of the Treasury

External links[link]

• The Use of the Tribunate for Reforms
• Livius.org: Tribune

m

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The Stands were an English band from Liverpool.

Biography[link]

The Stands were formed by Howie Payne in 2002.^[1] There was no fixed line up in the band originally and local musicians Martyn Campbell (Richard Ashcroft, Rain) Sean Payne (Zutons) Russel Pritchard (Zutons) and Robby Stevenson (Hokum Clones) all contributed to early shows. Payne recruited local acoustic performer Steve Pilgrim to play drums and Luke Thomson on Guitar.^[2] The trio along with Martin Cambell on Bass recorded a selection of demos at Parr St Studios in Liverpool. Payne reportedly financed the demos by roadying for The Zutons on the first UK tour.

In September 2002 the ITV program This Is Music was in Liverpool to film bands who played The Bandwagon night at The Zanzibar Club in the city. Originally The Stands were not on the bill until the rest of the bands appearing petitioned the producers of the show to add The Stands to the Program. The Stands were added to the program and performed All Years Leaving. Russ Pritchard (Zutons) played Bass. It was at this show that Dean Ravera approached the band and asked to play bass in the band. Ravera joined the band a week later and the band were invited to support The Coral on the autumn UK tour.

During this tour Payne received a phone call from Noel Gallagher. Gallagher had been given a copy of the Parr St demos by Martyn Campbell at the Oasis Old Trafford Cricket Ground show and invited The Stands to support Oasis at their Liverpool Royal Court gig in December 2002. After the show Oasis invited the band to play two nights at Birmingham's N.I.A arena. In the early months of 2003 The Stands toured with The Burn, Alfie, Stephen Fretwell, The Zutons and The Coral. The Stands were also invited to play Glastonbury, V Festival, T in the park and two shows with Oasis at Dublin's Point Theater. The band was still without management or a record deal at this point.

The Stands signed to Echo Records in the spring of 2003 and began recording their debut album All Years Leaving at Noel Gallagher's Wheeler End recording studio along with a collection of friends (Noel Gallagher (Oasis) and Bill Ryder (The Coral) both play on the record). Their debut single "When This River Rolls Over You" was released in August 2003.^[1]

During the recording of All Years Leaving The Stands joined Jet on their Get Born Tour in the UK and Europe. The two bands formed a friendship that resulted in Jet inviting The Stands to join them on their homecoming tour of Australia.^[3] All Years Leaving was released in February 2004^[4] and entered the UK Albums Chart at number 28.^[5] The album produced three Top 40 singles in the UK Singles Chart.^[5]

2004 saw The Stands tour with Gomez, Paul Weller, and along with their first headline tours of the UK and Europe the band played their first US shows in L.A's Troubador and El Ray clubs. The Stands again played the Glastonbury, V and T festivals along with The Isle of White Festival and the Asagari Jam Festival in Japan. In October 2004 The Stands relocated to Los Angeles, California to record their second album, Horse Fabulous with record producer Tom Rothrock at Sunset Sound Studios. Shortly after the recording of this album, Steve Pilgrim left the band to pursue a solo career.

The band continued with drummer Graeme Robinson replacing Pilgrim for their 2005 US tour supporting Brendon Benson. The Stands returned to the UK and joined Oasis for their European tour. During a return break to the UK from this tour Luke Thomson left the band and was replaced by Paul Molloy (Skylarks,Zutons) on guitar for the remaining shows. "Do It Like You Like", the band's fifth single, entered the UK Top 30 in May 2005, and the band embarked on a second tour of the U.S. and toured the UK festival circuit through the summer Horse Fabulous was released on 25 July 2005 and spent one week in the UK Albums Chart.^[5]

In the summer of 2005 Chrysalis Group announced a restructure of the Echo label resulting in a change of direction at the label. The Stands LP Horse Fabulous had been released only two weeks prior to this announcement it is likely the changes affected the albums promotion at company level. After parting company with the Echo Label, The Stands embarked on a fourth UK tour in September 2005, climaxing in their final concert at the Carling Academy Islington in London. The band broke up in November 2005.^[6]

Post split[link]

Howie Payne released his debut solo album Bright Light Ballads, produced by Ethan Johns in April 2009 under his full name Howard Eliott Payne.

Steve Pilgrim is now drumming for Paul Weller, has toured and recorded with former Cast frontman John Power. He has released two solo albums and collaborated with Japanese folktronica artist Akeboshi.

Dean Ravera played electric and double bass on Payne's solo album. He now plays double bass, keys and drums for folk group The Unthanks and played double bass on their fourth album, Last. He appears as double bassist on the debut album Kite by Jonny Kearney & Lucy Farrell, which was released on 10 October 2011, and also on Bill Ryder-Jones debut EP A Leave Taking Soundtrack and album If....

Members[link]

• Howie Payne – guitar, vocals (2002–2005)
• Steve Pilgrim – drums, backing vocals (2002–2004)
• Luke Thompson – guitar, backing vocals (2002–2005)
• Dean Ravera – bass guitar (2002–2005)
• Graeme Robinson – drums (2005)
• Paul Molloy – guitar (2005)

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• All Years Leaving #28 (UK)
• Horse Fabulous #62 (UK)

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Stands on Myspace

Tyreke Evans

No. 13 – Sacramento Kings
Guard / Small forward
Personal information
Born	(1989-09-19) September 19, 1989 (age 22) Chester, Pennsylvania
Nationality	American
High school	American Christian Academy
Listed height	6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
Listed weight	220 lb (100 kg)
Career information
College	Memphis (2008-2009)
NBA Draft	2009 / Round: 1 / Pick: 4th overall
Selected by the Sacramento Kings
Pro career	2009–present
League	NBA
Career history
2009–present	Sacramento Kings
Career highlights and awards
NBA Rookie of the Year (2010) NBA All-Rookie First Team (2010) T-Mobile Rookie Challenge MVP (2010) Conference USA Freshman of the Year (2009) First-team All-Conference USA (2009) Conference USA Men's Basketball Tournament MVP (2009) McDonald's All-American Game MVP (2008) Parade first-team All-American (2008)

Tyreke Jamir Evans (born September 19, 1989) is an American professional basketball player with Sacramento Kings of the NBA. He played college basketball for the University of Memphis, and was selected by the Sacramento Kings as the 4th overall pick in the 2009 NBA Draft.^[1]

High school[link]

Evans grew up in Chester, Pennsylvania, and was mainly raised by his three older brothers.^[1] He attended American Christian Academy in Aston, Pennsylvania, and by his sophomore year began drawing comparisons to NBA All-Star Tracy McGrady.^[2] As a senior, he averaged 32.1 points, 8.8 rebounds, 5.7 assists and 4.3 steals.^[3] He was named the MVP of the McDonald's High School All-American Game and co-MVP (with Brandon Jennings) of the Jordan Brand Classic.^[3] At the age of 16, he was featured in the documentary Gunning for That #1 Spot directed by Adam "MCA" Yauch of the Beastie Boys.^[4] Evans was chosen to be the keeper of the SLAM Magazine High School Diary for the 2008 season.^[5]

College[link]

In April 2008, Evans announced that he would attend the University of Memphis, after also considering Villanova University and the University of Texas.^[6]

Evans transitioned from playing small forward in high school to guard in college. He struggled at times at the beginning of his freshman season at the shooting guard position. This continued until coach John Calipari inserted him as the starting point guard in the 11th game of the season, a 60–45 win over the University of Cincinnati. In 33 minutes, Evans nearly put up a triple-double, with 14 points, 10 rebounds, and eight assists.^[7] The Tigers would not lose another game until falling to the Missouri Tigers in the NCAA Tournament.

Evans was named the Conference USA Rookie of the Week eight times.^[8]

Evans was the only freshman finalist for the 2009 U.S. Basketball Writers of America National Player of the year award, named in honor of Oscar Robertson.

NBA[link]

2009–2010 (rookie season)[link]

On March 31, 2009, Evans declared himself eligible for the 2009 NBA Draft. Evans decided to forgo his remaining three seasons of collegiate eligibility. On June 25, 2009, Evans was selected by the Sacramento Kings with the fourth overall pick in the 2009 NBA Draft.

On December 1, 2009, Evans was named NBA Western Conference Rookie of the Month for games played from the beginning of the season through November.^[9] During that time he averaged 18.8 points, 5.0 rebounds, 4.7 assists, and 1.33 steals in 36.1 minutes per game.

On December 21, 2009, he was instrumental in leading the Sacramento Kings back from a 35-point deficit to beat the Chicago Bulls, 102–98.^[10] Evans scored 9 of the Kings last 11 points, single-handedly outscoring the Bulls in the 4th quarter (11 points for Evans vs. 10 for the Bulls).

On January 4, 2010, Tyreke Evans was named Western Conference T-Mobile Rookie of the Month for the second straight month.^[11]

On February 12, 2010 Tyreke Evans won the 2010 Rookie/Sophomore Game MVP award after recording 26 points, 6 rebounds, 5 assists, and 5 steals on 11/15 shooting. In an act of sportsmanship, he chose to share the award with DeJuan Blair, who had scored 22 points and pulled down 23 rebounds.

On March 11, 2010, Evans recorded his first career triple-double in a win against the Toronto Raptors on Rally for RekeROY night. Evans scored 19 points, 10 assists, and 10 rebounds.^[12]

He also became the fourth NBA player in history to ever average at least 20 points, 5 rebounds and 5 assists in his rookie year, joining Oscar Robertson (1960), Michael Jordan (1984) and LeBron James (2003).^[13]

On April 27, 2010, Evans was recognized for his accomplishments by being awarded the 2009–2010 NBA Rookie of the Year Award.^[14]

2010–2011 season[link]

On December 29, 2010, in a game against the Memphis Grizzlies, winning by one point with only seconds remaining, O. J. Mayo hit an off balance shot to put Memphis up by one. With no time outs remaining, Sacramento inbounded to the ball to Evans, who then dribbled the ball to half court and nailed a 3 pointer with time expiring, giving Sacramento a 2 point win.

On January 6, 2011, Tyreke Evans scored 27 points and grabbed 12 boards leading his team to a 122–102 win over the Denver Nuggets.

On January 21, 2011, Evans scored career high 35 points, along with 5 boards, 3 assists and 3 steals.

Evans missed 19 games due to plantar fasciitis injury in his left foot, missing the 2011 NBA T-Mobile Rookie Challenge.

Midway through the 2011-12 season, Kings coach Keith Smart stated his intention to move Evans to small forward.

NBA statistics[link]