Susanne Katherina Langer (née Knauth) (20 December 1895 – 17 July 1985) was an American philosopher of mind and of art who was influenced by Ernst Cassirer and Alfred North Whitehead. She was one of the first women to achieve an academic career in philosophy and the first to be popularly and professionally recognized as an American philosopher. Langer is best known for her 1942 book Philosophy in a New Key.

Life[link]

Langer was born in Manhattan, the daughter of German immigrants Antonio Knauth, a lawyer, and Else M. (Uhlich) Knauth. German was spoken exclusively at home and she never completely lost her accent. As a girl, Langer learned to play both the cello and piano and for her early education attended Veltin private school. She studied at Radcliffe College, receiving her bachelors degree in 1920, and her doctorate in 1926. Alfred North Whitehead was her dissertation adviser. She taught at Radcliffe, Wellesley College, Smith College, and Columbia University and was visiting lecturer at a number of other institutions.^[1] In 1941 she met Ernst Cassirer whose work The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms she had read in the 1920s and had greatly influenced her thinking. Recognizing their common ground, Cassirer remained in close contact with Langer until his death in 1945.

In 1921 she married William L. Langer who later became a history professor at Harvard. They had two sons, Leonard born in 1922 and Bertrand born in 1925. In the late 1930s they drifted apart and were divorced in 1942.

From 1952 to 1962, Langer was professor of philosophy at Connecticut College. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. In 1956 she was awarded a grant from the Edgar J. Kaufmann Foundation which allowed her to devote the remaining 25 years of her life to research and writing.

Langer died in Old Lyme, Connecticut on July 17, 1985 after finishing the third volume of her magnum opus, Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling.

Philosophy[link]

Langer's philosophy explored the human mind's continuous process of meaning-making through the power of “seeing” one thing in terms of another. Langer's first major work, Philosophy in a New Key put forth an idea that has become commonplace today: that there is a basic and pervasive human need to symbolize, to invent meanings, and to invest meanings in one’s world.^[2] Beginning with a critique of positivism, the work is a study of human thought progressing from semantic theory through philosophy of music sketching a theory for all the arts. For Langer, the human mind “is constantly carrying on a process of symbolic transformation of the experiential data that come to it,” causing it to be “a veritable fountain of more or less spontaneous ideas”.^[1]

Langer's distinction between discursive versus presentational symbols is one of her better known concepts.^[3] Discursive symbolization arranges elements (not always words) with stable and context invariant meanings into a new meaning. Presentation symbolization operates independently of elements with fixed and stable meanings. The presentation cannot be comprehended by progressively building up an understanding of its parts in isolation. It must be understood as a whole. For example, an element used in one painting may be used to articulate an entirely different meaning in another. The same principle applies to a note in a musical arrangement- such elements independently have no fixed meaning except in the context of their entire presentation.^[4]

Langer believed symbolism is the central concern of philosophy because it underlies all human knowing and understanding.^[5] As with Ernst Cassirer, Langer believed that what distinguishes man from animal is the capacity for using symbols. While all animal life is dominated by feeling, human feeling is mediated by conceptions, symbols and language. Animals respond to signs, but humans' stimulus from a sign is significantly more complex. The perspective is also associated with symbolic communication where animal societies are studied to help understand how symbolic communication affects the conduct of members of cooperating group.

The power of understanding symbols, i.e. of regarding everything about a sense-datum as irrelevant except a certain form that it embodies, is the most characteristic mental trait of mankind. It issues in an unconscious, spontaneous process of abstraction, which goes on all the time in the human mind: a process of recognizing the concept in any configuration given to experience, and forming a conception accordingly. That is the real sense of Aristotle’s definition of man as “the rational animal.”^[6]

—Susanne Langer, Philosophy in a New Key, page 58

In her later years, Langer came to believe that the decisive task of her work was to construct a science and psychology based theory of the "life of the mind" using process philosophy conventions.^[4] Langer's final work, Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling represents the culmination of her attempt to establish a philosophical and scientific underpinning of aesthetic experience, relying on a three volume survey of a comprehensive set of relevant humanistic and scientific texts.^[2]

Partial bibliography[link]

Books[link]

• The Cruise of the Little Dipper, and Other Fairy Tales (1924 illustrated by Helen Sewall)
• The Practice of Philosophy (1930, foreword by Alfred North Whitehead)
• An Introduction to Symbolic Logic (1937) ISBN 978-0-486-60164-9
• Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art (1942) (online copy) ISBN 978-0-674-66503-3
• Language and Myth (1946), translator, from Sprache und Mythos (1925) by Ernst Cassirer ISBN 978-0-486-20051-4
• Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art (1953)
• Problems of Art: Ten Philosophical Lectures, 1957
• Reflections on Art (1961) editor.
• Philosophical Sketches, 1962 ISBN 978-1-4351-0763-2
• Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling (1967/82) three volumes, vol. 3: ISBN 978-0-8018-2511-8

Partial list of publications[link]

• "Confusion of Symbols and Confusion of Logical Types", Mind, 35, 1926, pp. 222–229 
• "Form and Content: A Study in Paradox", Journal of Philosophy, 23, 1926, pp. 435–438 
• "A Logical Study of Verbs", Journal of Philosophy, 24, 1927, pp. 120–129 
• "The Treadmill of Systematic Doubt", Journal of Philosophy, 26, 1929, pp. 379–384 
• "Facts: The Logical Perspectives of the World", Journal of Philosophy, 30, 1933, pp. 178–187 
• "On a Fallacy in ‘Scientific Fatalism’", International Journal of Ethics, 46, 1936, pp. 473–483 
• "The Lord of Creation", Fortune, 29, January 1944, pp. 127–154 
• "Why Philosophy?", Saturday Evening Post, 234, 13 May 1961, pp. 34–35, 54, 56 
• "Henry M. Sheffer", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 25, 1964, pp. 305–307 

Notes[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} Dryden, Donald (2004) (pdf), Susanne K. Langer, Duke University, http://www.huthsteiner.org/Knauth/Susanne.Knath.Langer_Bio_DLB.pdf 
2. ^ ^{a b} Howard Gardner, "Philosophy in a New Key Revisited: An Appreciation of Susanne Langer", Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity, New York: Basic Books, pp. 48–54, http://www.anthonyflood.com/gardnerlanger.htm 
3. ^ Hoffmann, Michael HG, Geist und Welt - durch die Symbolisierungen der Kunst betrachtet, a review of Susanne K. Langer, Die lebendige Form menschlichen Fühlens und Verstehens (The living form of human feeling and understanding). Munich: Fink, 2000. ISBN 3-7705-3462-X., IASL Online, http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaslonline.de%2Findex.php%3Fvorgang_id%3D2155&sl=de&tl=en, retrieved 2010-03-19 
4. ^ ^{a b} Lachmann, Rolf (January 1998), From Metaphysics to Art and Back: The Relevance of Susan K. Langer’s Philosophy for Process Metaphysics, 26, Process Studies, pp. 107–125, http://www.anthonyflood.com/lachmannlangerprocessmetaphysics.htm 
5. ^ Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (2008), Theories of Human Communication (9th ed.), Belmont, California: The Thomson Wadsworth Corporation, p. 105 
6. ^ Langer, Susanne K. (1954), Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art. (6th ed.), Cambridge: New American Library, p. 58 

See also[link]

• Alfred North Whitehead
• Ernst Cassirer
• Symbolic behavior

References[link]

• Schultz, William (2000), Cassirer and Langer on Myth: An Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-8153-2465-2 
• Innis, Robert E. (2009), Susanne Langer in focus: the symbolic mind, Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-22053-0 
• Dryden, Donald (2001), "Susanne Langer and William James: Art and the Dynamics of the Stream of Consciousness", The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 15, pp. 272–285, DOI:10.1353/jsp.2001.0036 
• Watling, Christine P. (1998), "The Arts, Emotion, and Current Research in Neuroscience", Mosaic, 31, pp. 107–124 
• Royce, Joseph R. (1983), "The Implications of Langer’s Philosophy of Mind for a Science of Psychology,", Journal of Mind and Behavior, 4, pp. 491–506 
• Shelley,, Cameron (1998), "Consciousness, Symbols and Aesthetics: A Just-So Story and Its Implications in Susanne Langer’s Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling", Philosophical Psychology, 11, pp. 45–66 
• Durig, Alexander (1994), "What Did Susanne Langer Really Mean", Sociological Theory, 12, pp. 254–265 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Susanne Langer

• Langer, Susanne K. (Summer 1950), The Primary Illusions and the Great Orders of Art, , The Hudson Review III (2): 219–233, http://www.anthonyflood.com/langerprimaryillusions.htm 
• Petri Liukkonen. "Susanne K. Langer (1895-1985)". Books & Writer's Calendar. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/slanger.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-19. 
• Anthony Flood. "Susanne K. Langer". http://www.anthonyflood.com/langer.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-19.  Essays by and about Langer.
• Harvard University Press Philosophy in a new key overview
• A Summary of Susanne K