Judaizers is predominantly a Christian term, derived from the Greek verb ''ioudaïzō'' (ōἰουδαΐζω "live according to Jewish customs"). This term is most widely known from the single use in the New Testament (Galatians 2:14) where Paul publicly challenges Peter for compelling Gentile believers to "judaize", also known as the Incident at Antioch.

According to the ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions'' (1977) this term includes groups such as Jewish Christians, Quartodecimans, Ethiopian Christians, descendants of English Puritanism such as the Seventh-day Adventist Church and others, who claim the necessity of obedience to the ''Mosaic Laws'' which are found in the first five books of the Christian Old Testament.

According to "Seventh Day Adventists Believe.....27" however, Seventh-day Adventists have since been vindicated of this supposition with the release of this book, which states, "At the death of Christ the jurisdiction of ceremonial law came to an end. His atoning sacrifice provided forgiveness for all sins. This act 'wiped out the handwriting of requirements that was against us, which was contrary to us. And He has taken it out of the way, having nailed it to the cross' (Col. 2:14; cf. Deut. 31:26). Then it was no longer necessary to perform the elaborate ceremonies that were not, in any case, able to take away sins or purify the conscience (Heb. 10:4; 9:9, 14)".

The issue of the Old Covenant in Christianity is complex and controversial, however, most traditional Christians believe much of it has been superseded while some modern Protestants believe it has been completely abrogated and replaced with the Law of Christ. Thus, "one who has Judaized", refers to a Christian who has accepted the necessity of adhering to the ''Mosaic Laws'' or to specific laws that are believed to be superseded, such as circumcision, Sabbath observance, or observation of the Passover. The ongoing Christian debate over "Judaizing in Christianity" began in the lifetime of the apostles, notably at the Council of Jerusalem and Incident at Antioch, and parallels the ongoing debate about Paul of Tarsus and Judaism and Protestant views of the Ten Commandments.

There is also a parallel to the debate within 1st and 2nd century Judaism as to the place of Gentiles with regard to the ''Torah''. The outcome of that debate was that Rabbinic Judaism determined that gentiles need only follow a small subset of the ''Torah'', called the Seven Laws of Noah, to be assured of a place in the world to come.

Distinct uses of the term "Judaizers"

# Adherence by Gentile Christians to the Torah Laws originally given to the Israelites (i.e. the 613 Laws given to Israel at Sinai). That Gentile Christians should convert to Judaism and obey the Laws of Moses was the assumption of some in the Early Church, represented by Pharisees who had become believers in Acts 15 (Acts 15:5). This was the Jewish Christian version of the opinion within Judaism that Gentiles should convert to Judaism in order to be right with God (see convert to Judaism). This opinion is traced by some scholars to a faction within early Christianity after the crucifixion of Jesus led by Jesus' brother James the Just (though compare ). Saint Paul opposed this position, with a ''Jewish Christian'' version of the opposite opinion in Judaism that Gentiles did not need to convert and obey the entire Law of Moses. See also Hellenistic Judaism. This conflict between Saint Paul and his opponents was the reason for the Council of Jerusalem (see ). Here James, Paul, and the other leaders of the early Christian movement agreed that Gentile converts needed only to follow the "three exceptions" (Acts 15:20,29; counted by some as four), laws that roughly coincide with Judaism's Seven Laws of Noah said to be established by God for all humankind (see also ). This Apostolic Decree, still observed by the Orthodox Church, is similar to that adopted by Rabbinic Judaism, which teaches that Gentiles need only follow the Noachide Laws to be assured of a place in the World to Come. See also Dual-covenant theology. # Adherence by Gentile Christians to Torah Laws intended for Gentiles. The "three exceptions" resolved by the Council of Acts 15 indicate that the apostles accepted that those portions of the Law of Moses (the Torah) intended for Gentiles (later known as the Laws of Noah) would apply to Gentile Christians. Extra-Biblical evidence shows that, at least in some areas (especially in the East), this included observances beyond the three exceptions, such as a Christianized form of Passover, Day of Atonement, and Sabbath. But other Gentile Christian communities (especially in the West), evolved in an increasingly anti-Jewish direction that interpreted Paul's teaching to mean that all Torah Laws are redundant "now that Salvation by Faith is available through Jesus' atoning death". From this latter point of view, any practice associated with Judaism came to be seen as a rejection of God's salvific gift, even the prohibition of blood which is listed among the "three exceptions" in Acts 15 (though the prohibition of blood was only rejected in the Western Church and not until the Middle Ages). It should be noted that while Acts 15 gives an example of what new Believers were subject to when entering the house of God, verse 21 states that the Gentiles would learn the ways of Moses the way it's been done. The prohibitions against fornication and idolatry are still observed by most Christian denominations even though they originated as Jewish law. See also Antinomianism and Marcionism and The Law of Christ. # Continuance of observance of Torah by Jews who have (willingly or forcibly) converted to Gentile Christianity. This behavior was particularly persecuted between 1300 and 1800 under the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions, using as a basis the many references in the Pauline epistles regarding the "Law as a curse" and the futility of relying on the Law for attaining salvation, known as legalism. Thus, in spite of Paul's agreement at the Council of Jerusalem, Gentile Christianity came to understand that any Torah Laws (with the exception of the Ten Commandments and Natural Law) were anathema, not only to Gentile Christians but even to Christians of Jewish extraction. Under the Inquisition, the penalty to a converted Jew for "Judaizing" was usually death by burning.

References over time

The word ''Judaizing'' was also used particularly after the 3rd century of the Christian Era, to describe Jewish Christian groups like the Ebionites and Nazarenes.

The Latin verb ''iudaizare'' is used once in the Vulgate where the Greek verb ''ioudaizein'' occurs at Galatians 2:14, and this was used by Augustine in his ''Commentary on Galatians'', describing Paul's opposition in Galatia as those ''qui gentes cogebant iudaizare'' - "who though to make the Gentiles live in accordance with Jewish customs."

The Spanish verbal participle ''Judaizante'' was applied both to Jewish ''conversos'' to Catholicism who practiced Judaism secretly and sometimes to Jews who had not converted, in Spain and the New World at the time of the Spanish Inquisition.

In current day, the term can be used also to describe a subset of Messianic Jews who believe that Gentiles and Jews must follow the entire Sinai Law in addition to accepting Jesus as messiah. This approach is reminiscent of the original position of James, recorded in Acts (although James subsequently rectified this approach, per his decision of Acts 15:1–35). There are two possible rationales for this approach: (a) either it is understood that Gentiles and Jews are commanded by the Torah and New Testament to follow the entire Sinai Law, or (b) it is understood that in coming to Jesus all Gentiles become part of Israel and therefore must follow the entire Sinai Law.

Origin of the word

The word ''Judaizer'' or ''Judaize'' is seldom used in English Bible translations, however, an exception is the Young's Literal Translation for Galatians 2:14:

The meaning of the verb ''Judaize'', from which the noun ''Judaizer'' is derived, can only be derived from its various historical uses. Its Biblical meaning must also be inferred and is not clearly defined beyond its obvious relationship to the word "Jew." The Anchor Bible Dictionary, for example, says: “The clear implication is that gentiles are being compelled to live according to Jewish customs."

The Koine Greek word Ιουδαϊζω being translated here occurs once in the Septuagint, in Esther 8:16–17 written around 200 BC in Susa, Persia:

It occurs once in the New Testament, in Paul's Epistle to Galatians 2:14 (part of the Incident at Antioch) written around the year 50:

It occurs once in Josephus' Jewish War 2.18.2, referring to the Great Jewish Revolt (66-73), written around the year 75:

It occurs once in Plutarch on Cicero 7.6 written in about 75:

The Romans may have considered all Christians to be Judaizers. According to Suetonius, during the reign of Domitian (81-96):

It occurs once in the Apostolic Fathers collection, in Ignatius's letter to the Magnesians 10:3 written around the year 100: It should be noted that there are several direct interpolations by a later forger regarding anti-Judaizing in Ignatius's epistles that are considered authentic, it can be assumed the redactor was either trying to build upon Ignatius' positions or responsible for what is perceived as Ignatius' anti-Judaizing altogether.

It occurs once in the Acts of Pilate, chapter 2, roughly dated from 150 to 400:

The Synod of Elvira of around 306 prohibited Christians from marrying, worshipping with, or publicly eating with Jews, Pagans and Heretics.

The Council of Laodicea of around 365 decreed 59 laws, #29:

In the Early Church

It is widely held that Paul accused Judaizers of teaching that observance of the Abrahamic ritual was necessary to be justified and hence saved, i.e. Legalism, (see also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity and for a counterview, see New Perspective on Paul). The relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still disputed today. These groups taught that Gentile followers of Jesus needed to become Jewish proselytes and by so doing also observe the various requirements of the written Torah.

According to Eusebius' ''History of the Church'' 4.5.3-4: the first 15 Bishops of Jerusalem were "of the circumcision", although this in all likelihood is simply stating that they were Jewish Christians (as opposed to Gentile Christians), and that they observed Biblical circumcision and thus likely the rest of Torah as well.

The issue was an early source of controversy in the church of and came to a head during the Council of Jerusalem. According to the account given in Acts , it was determined that Gentile converts to Christianity did not have to go through the ''proselyte ritual'' (circumcision) to secure a place in the World to Come; but in addressing the second question as to whether or not they should obey the Torah they encouraged the Gentiles to "abstain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication,"

Paul also addressed this question in his Epistle to Galatians in which he condemned those who insisted that the ''proselyte ritual'' had to be followed for justification as "false believers" (Galatians 2:4):

Also Paul warned the early Galatian church that Gentile Christians who submit to circumcision will be alienated from Christ: "2 Indeed I, Paul, say to you that if you become circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing. 3 And I testify again to every man who becomes circumcised that he is a debtor to keep the whole law. 4 You have become estranged from Christ, you who attempt to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace." (). The Epistle to Titus 1:11, often attributed to Paul, is, according to some Biblical scholars, also a condemnation of these practices. It should be noted that Paul only is against the practice of Circumcising oneself, and this is not actually a Law in the Torah, as the Law is to circumcize one's son, hence is why he brings up the issue of Abraham. It is commonly mistaken that Paul is grouping all of Jewish Law with the unrequired self-circumcision that the "Circumcision Faction" was attempting to press on fresh converts. But Paul clearly says that the Law is to be upheld. (Romans 2:13, 3:31, Galatians 3:12).

The influence of the Judaizers in the church diminished significantly after the destruction of Jerusalem, when the Jewish-Christian community at Jerusalem was dispersed by the Romans during the Great Jewish Revolt. The Romans also dispersed the Jewish leadership in Jerusalem in 135 during the Bar Kokhba Revolt. Traditionally it is believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the Jewish–Roman wars in Pella in the Decapolis. These setbacks however didn't necessarily mean an end to Jewish Christianity, any more than Valerian's Massacre of 258, (when he killed all Christian bishops, presbyters, and deacons, including Pope Sixtus II and Antipope Novatian and Cyprian of Carthage), meant an end to Roman Christianity.

Christian groups following Jewish practices never completely vanish, although they had been designated by the State church of the Roman Empire as heretical by the 5th century. Old Testament practices are still practiced among Gentiles to this day, including circumcision (see also Biblical law in Christianity). The Coptic churches continue to practice circumcision, but critics charge this may reflect ancient Egyptian influence or be a response to the culture of the Islamic majority (see also Abrahamic religions and Circumcision controversy in early Christianity). In Torah-submissive Christian groups which include the Ethiopian Orthodox church, dietary laws and Saturday Sabbath are observed as well.

Jewish Encyclopedia: Gentiles: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah makes the following observation:

Marcion

In the 2nd century, Marcion opposed all ''Judaizers''. According to the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica article on Marcion: "It was no mere school for the learned, disclosed no mysteries for the privileged, but sought to lay the foundation of the Christian community on the pure gospel, the authentic institutes of Christ. The pure gospel, however, Marcion found to be everywhere more or less corrupted and mutilated in the Christian circles of his time. His undertaking thus resolved itself into a reformation of Christendom. This reformation was to deliver Christendom from false Jewish doctrines by restoring the Pauline conception of the gospel, Paul being, according to Marcion, the only apostle who had rightly understood the new message of salvation as delivered by Christ. In Marcion's own view, therefore, the founding of his church—to which he was first driven by opposition—amounts to a reformation of Christendom through a return to the gospel of Christ and to Paul; nothing was to be accepted beyond that. This of itself shows that it is a mistake to reckon Marcion among the Gnostics. A dualist he certainly was, but he was not a Gnostic." But like the Gnostics, Marcion believed that the Jewish God Yahweh had created the world, was lesser in status to the unreachable higher God, and was evil, see also Dualism. Against this view, Irenaeus of Lyons's ''Against Heresies'' 3.12 section 12 ridiculed those who think they are wiser than the Apostles because they were still under Jewish influence.

==Judaizing teachers==

The Judaizing teachers were a group of Jewish Christians who taught that converts to Christianity must first be circumcised (i.e. become Jewish through the ritual of a proselyte) in order to observe the Law of Moses (as well as the oral traditions of the authorities making the proselyte ritual mandatory for Gentiles to secure a place in the World to Come) in order to be justified. This group was very active in the church of the 1st century AD prior to the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in the Great Jewish Revolt. Although such requirements may have made Christianity a much less appealing religious choice for some Gentiles, the evidence afforded in Paul's letter to the Galatians exhibits that a significant number of the Galactic Gentile converts appear readily disposed to adopt these nomistic requirements; indeed, Paul strenuously labors throughout the letter (cf. Gal 5:4; 4:21; 5:2,3)to dissuade them from doing so.

Paul saw these teachers as being both dangerous to the spread of Christianity and propagators of grievous doctrinal error. Many of his letters included in the New Testament (the Pauline epistles) contain considerable material disputing the view of this group and condemning its practitioners. In 2 Corinthians 11:5 and 12:11 he called his opponents ''super-apostles''. Also, in 2 Corinthians 11:13 -15 Paul refers the Judaizers as ''False Apostles''. Paul publicly condemned Peter for his seemingly ambivalent reaction to the Judaizers, embracing them publicly in places where their concepts were popular while holding the private opinion that the teachings were erroneous, for example .

The Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers notes: "Paul, on the other hand, not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law, as long as it did not interfere with the liberty of the Gentiles, but he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required (). Thus he shortly after circumcised Timothy (), and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem ( sqq.)."

Judaizing teachers are even more strongly condemned in the Epistle of Barnabas. (Although it did not become part of the Christian Biblical canon, it was widely circulated among Christians in the first two centuries and is part of the Apostolic Fathers.) Whereas Paul acknowledged that the Law of Moses and its observance were good when used correctly ("the law is good, if one uses it lawfully", ), the Epistle of Barnabas condemns most Jewish practices, claiming that Jews had grossly misunderstood and misapplied the Law of Moses.

Later effects of Judaizer controversy

The eight homilies ''Adversus Judaeos'' (against the Judaizers) of John Chrysostom (347 – 407) deal with the relationship between Christians, Jews and Judaizers.

At various times since the second half of the 15th-century, the Russian Orthodox Church has described several related heretical groups as having a Judaizing character; the accuracy of this label – which was influenced by the early Christian polemics against Judaizers – has been disputed. (See Sect of Skhariya the Jew.)

The letter to the Galatians strongly influenced Martin Luther at the time of the Protestant Reformation because of its exposition of Justification by Grace. See also Law and Gospel.

See also

Armstrongism

Herbert W. Armstrong

Christianity and Judaism

Christianity and antisemitism

John Chrysostom#Homilies

Circumcision in the Bible

Council of Jamnia

Council of Jerusalem

Early Bishops of Jerusalem

Ebionites

Expounding of the Law

Hellenization

Heresy

Jehovah's Witnesses

Judeo-Christian

Law and Gospel

Legalism (theology)

Messianic Judaism

Millerites

Mormonism and Christianity

Noahidism

Restorationism (Christian primitivism)

Restorationist (Church of Christ-Elijah)

Sabbatarianism

Sabbath in Christianity

Sabbath in seventh-day churches

Sect of Skhariya the Jew

Seventh-day Adventist Church

Seventh-day Adventist eschatology

Seventh-day Adventist worship

Shabbat

Subbotniks

Xueta

References

External links

Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers

Jewish Encyclopedia: Judaizers

Gentiles and Circumcision

Category:Anti-Judaism Category:New Testament words and phrases Category:Christianity-related controversies Category:Judaism-related controversies Category:Judeo-Christian topics Category:Schisms in Christianity Category:New Testament history Category:Old Testament theology Category:Christian and Jewish interfaith topics Category:Early Christianity and Judaism Category:Christian terms Category:New Testament people

de:Judaisierer fr:Judaïsant it:Giudaizzante pl:Judaizanci pt:Judaizantes

Name	The Dogs
Background	group_or_band
Origin	Miami, Florida
Genre	Hip-Hop, Miami Bass
Years active	1990–1996
Label	Joey Boy Records
Associated acts	The Puppies, Bass Patrol
Current members	Disco RickKeith BellLabrant DennisCracked Up }}

The Dogs were a 1990s hip hop group consisting of Disco Rick, Keith Bell, Labrant Dennis and Fergus "Cracked Up" Smith, best known for "Crack Rock," their hit single with the chant "Yo' Mama's on Crack Rock!" The group released three studio albums ''The Dogs'' in 1990, ''Beware of The Dogs'' in 1991 and ''K-9 Bass'' in 1992.

Labrant Dennis was arrested in May 1996 for the double murder of Marlin Barnes, a University of Miami football player, and Timwaneka Lumpkin, his exgirlfriend.

Discography

Year	Album	Chart Position
		Top R&B;/Hip-Hop Albums>US Hip-Hop
1990	align="left"	37
1991		55
1992		95

External links

Birchmeier, Jason "[ The Dogs Biography]", ''Allmusic'', Macrovision Corporation

Category:American hip hop groups Category:Southern hip hop groups Category:People from Miami, Florida

Name	Gary Bell
Position	Pitcher
Bats	Right
Throws	Right
Birth date	November 17, 1936
Birth place	San Antonio, Texas
Debutdate	June 1
Debutyear	1958
Debutteam	Cleveland Indians
Finaldate	September 1
Finalyear	1969
Finalteam	Chicago White Sox
Stat1label	Win–loss record
Stat1value	121–117
Stat2label	Earned run average
Stat2value	3.68
Stat3label	Strikeouts
Stat3value	1,378
Teams	Cleveland Indians (–) Boston Red Sox (–) Seattle Pilots () Chicago White Sox ()
Highlights	4× All-Star selection (1960, 1960², 1966, 1968) }}

Wilbur Gary Bell (born November 17, 1936 in San Antonio, Texas), nicknamed "Ding Dong", is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched from 1958-1969 for four different teams in his career, but is noted primarily for his time with the Cleveland Indians. During a 12-year baseball career, Bell compiled 121 wins, 1,378 strikeouts, and an 3.68 earned run average.

In his first two years, Bell compiled a 28-21 as part of the Cleveland pitching rotation. In 1960, his record was 5-1 after the first month of play, but shoulder problems developed, causing him to win just four of his last 13 decisions. In late August, he was sent home for the remainder of the season to deal with the malady. The following year, Bell got off to a slow start with an 0-4 record and finished with a 12-16 mark. Physical problems as well as issues with pitch control were tabbed as the main reasons for his continued struggles.

In 1962, he was converted into a reliever, helping the Indians by picking up over 10 saves in and . Bell picked up a 2.95 ERA in the season in 58 appearances (51 out of the bullpen). He went 8-5 that year, a solid year with an Indians team that finished under .500 (79-83). Bell was a fastball pitcher early in his career and then developed a good slider and curveball.

Bell always claimed to hate relieving, calling it a thankless job, mainly because it took in less money and less notable reward. However, he was a good reliever. He led the American League with nine relief wins in '62.

After being a lifetime Indian for so many years, he was traded to the Red Sox on June 4, 1967 for Tony Horton and Don Demeter. In his final year with the Indians, he had gone back to being a starter and went 14-15 with a 3.22 ERA in 37 starts. He became a part of the Red Sox 1967 World Series hopes, but they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals. Bell pitched in three games, starting one. After two fairly solid seasons with Boston, he became a draftee of the expansion Pilots in . After going 2-6 with them, he went to the White Sox, and was released at the end of the season.

As author Jim Bouton's roommate, he was prominently mentioned in Ball Four. Bouton told of a now-famous pitchers' meeting in which Bell suggested that for every batter in the opposing team's lineup that the pitcher "smoke 'em inside" i.e. throw them inside fastballs. Bouton also mentioned Bell's aforementioned nickname.

Bell is a current resident of San Antonio, Texas.

Quote

"Gary (Bell) has come up with a good nickname for Freddie Velázquez. Freddie just sits there in the bullpen, warming up pitchers, and he never gets into a game and just looks sad. So Gary calls him Poor Devil." -- Jim Bouton in Ball Four (May 1, 1969)

See also

List of Major League Baseball leaders in career wins

List of Major League Baseball all-time saves leaders

References

External links

Retrosheet

Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:Baseball players from Texas Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Cleveland Indians players Category:Boston Red Sox players Category:Seattle Pilots players Category:Chicago White Sox players Category:American League All-Stars Category:Sherbrooke Indians players Category:Reading Indians players Category:Mobile Bears players Category:San Diego Padres (minor league) players Category:Hawaii Islanders players