The Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians, often shortened to Ephesians, is the tenth book of the New Testament. Its authorship has traditionally been credited to Paul, but it is considered by some scholars to be "deutero-Pauline," that is, written in Paul's name by a later author strongly influenced by Paul's thought. Bible scholar Raymond E. Brown asserts that about 80% of critical scholarship judges that Paul did not write Ephesians, while Perrin and Duling say that of six authoritative scholarly references, "four of the six decide for pseudonymity, and the other two (PCB and JBC) recognize the difficulties in maintaining Pauline authorship. Indeed, the difficulties are insurmountable."

Themes

The main theme of Ephesians is “the Church, the Body of Christ.” }}

The Church is to maintain the unity in practice which Christ has brought about positionally. According to New Testament scholar Daniel Wallace, the theme may be stated pragmatically as “Christians, get along with each other! Maintain the unity practically which Christ has effected positionally by his death.”

Another major theme in Ephesians is the keeping of Christ's body (that is, the Church) pure and holy. }}

From Ephesians 4:17-6:20 the author of the Epistle to the Ephesians gives practical advice in how to live a holy, pure, and Christ inspired lifestyle. Many devotional thoughts and sermons that are addressed to the practically minded individual have been drawn from this section of the New Testament, due to its nature as being good for application studies.

Composition

According to tradition, Paul of Tarsus wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome (around AD 62). This would be about the same time as the Epistle to the Colossians (which in many points it resembles) and the Epistle to Philemon. However, as noted above, most critical scholars have questioned the authorship of the letter, and suggest it may have been written between AD 80 and 100.

The traditionalist view that the epistle is written by Paul is supported by scholars that include Ezra Abbot, Asting, Gaugler, Grant, Harnack, Haupt, Fenton John Anthony Hort, Klijn, Johann David Michaelis, A. Robert, and André Feuillet, Sanders, Schille, Brooke Foss Westcott, and Theodor Zahn . For a thorough defense of the Pauline authorship of Ephesians, see ''Ephesians: An Exegetical Commentary'' by Harold Hoehner, pp 2–61.

A second position suggests that Ephesians was dictated by Paul with interpolations from another author. Some of the scholars that espouse this view include Albertz, Benoit, Cerfaux, Goguel, Harrison, H. J. Holtzmann, Murphy O'Conner, and Wagenfuhrer.

As noted above, most critical scholars think it improbable that Paul authored Ephesians at all. Among this group are Allan, Beare, Brandon, Bultmann, Conzelmann, Dibelius, Goodspeed, Kilsemann, J. Knox, W.L. Knox, Kümmel, K and S Lake, Marxsen, Masson, Mitton, Moffatt, Nineham, Pokorny, Schweizer, and J. Weiss.

Still other scholars suggest there is a lack of conclusive evidence. Some of this group are Cadbury, Julicher, McNeile, and Williams.

The lack of any internal references to Ephesus in the early manuscripts led Marcion, a second-century heretical Gnostic who created the first New Testament canon, to believe that the letter was actually addressed to the church at Laodicea. The view is not uncommon in later traditions either, considering that the content of the letter seems to suggest a similar socio-critical context to the Laodicean church mentioned in the Revelation of John.

Place, date, and purpose of the writing of the letter

If Paul was the author of the letter, then it was probably written from Rome during Paul's first imprisonment (; ; ), and probably soon after his arrival there in the year 62, four years after he had parted with the Ephesian elders at Miletus. However, scholars who dispute Paul's authorship date the letter to between 70-170. In the latter case, the possible location of the authorship could have been within the church of Ephesus itself. Ignatius of Antioch himself seemed to be very well versed in the epistle to the Ephesians, and mirrors many of his own thoughts in his own epistle to the Ephesians.

The major theme of the letter is the unity and reconciliation of the whole of creation through the agency of the Church and, in particular, its foundation in Christ as part of the will of the Father.

In the Epistle to the Romans, Paul writes from the point of view of the demonstration of the righteousness of God—his covenant faithfulness and saving justice—in the gospel; the author of Ephesians writes from the perspective of union with Christ, who is the head of the true church.

Outline

Ephesians contains: . The greeting . A general account of the blessings that the gospel reveals. This includes the source of these blessings, the means by which they are attained, the reason they are given, and their final result. The whole of the section consists in the original Greek of just two lengthy and complex sentences (). It ends with a fervent prayer for the further spiritual enrichment of the Ephesians. . A description of the change in the spiritual position of Gentiles as a result of the work of Christ. It ends with an account of how Paul was selected and qualified to be an apostle to the Gentiles, in the hope that this will keep them from being dispirited and lead him to pray for them. . A chapter on unity in the midst of the diversity of gifts among believers. . Instructions about ordinary life and different relationships. . The imagery of spiritual warfare (including the metaphor of the Armor of God), the mission of Tychicus, and valedictory blessings.

Founding of the church at Ephesus

Paul's first and hurried visit for the space of three months to Ephesus is recorded in . The work he began on this occasion was carried forward by Apollos and Aquila and Priscilla. On his second visit early in the following year, he remained at Ephesus "three years," for he found it was the key to the western provinces of Asia Minor. Here "a great door and effectual" was opened to him, and the church was established and strengthened by his diligent labours there. From Ephesus the gospel spread abroad "almost throughout all Asia." The word "mightily grew and prevailed" despite all the opposition and persecution he encountered.

On his last journey to Jerusalem, the apostle landed at Miletus and, summoning together the elders of the church from Ephesus, delivered to them a farewell charge, expecting to see them no more.

The following parallels between this epistle and the Milesian charge may be traced:

# = . The phrase "lowliness of mind". # = . The word "counsel", denoting the divine plan. # = . The divine ability. # = . The building upon the foundation. # = "The inheritance of the saints."

Purpose

The purpose of the Epistle, and to whom it was written, are matters of much speculation. and by C.H. Dodd as the "crown of Paulinism." In general, it is born out of its particular socio-historical context and the situational context of both the author and the audience. Originating in the circumstance of a multicultural church (primarily Jewish and Hellenistic), the author addressed issues appropriate to the diverse religious and cultural backgrounds present in the community. For reasons that are unclear in the context and content of the letter itself, Paul exhorts the church repeatedly to embrace a specific view of salvation, which he then explicates. It seems most likely that Paul's Christology of sacrifice is the manner in which he intends to affect an environment of peace within the church. In short: "If Christ was sacrificed for your sake, be like him and be in submission to one another." Paul addresses hostility, division, and self-interest more than any other topic in the letter, leading many scholars to believe that his primary concern was not doctrinal, but behavioral.

Some theologians, such as Frank Charles Thompson, agree the main theme of Ephesians is in response to the newly converted Jews who often separated themselves from their Gentile brethren. The unity of the church, especially between Jew and Gentile believers, is the keynote of the book. This is shown by the recurrence of such words and phrases as:

Together: made alive together; raised up together, sitting together; built together.

One, indicating unity: one new man, one body, one Spirit, one hope, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all.

The Pauline theme of unity based on a sacrificial Christology may also be noted in the epistle to the Philippians.

Interpretations

Ephesians is notable for its domestic code treatment in , covering husband-wife, parent-child, and master-slave relationships. In , wives are urged to submit to their husbands, and husbands to love their wives "as Christ loved the Church." Christian Egalitarian theologians, such as Katharine Bushnell and Jesse Pen-Lewis, interpret these commands in the context of the preceding verse, for all Christians to "submit to one another." Thus, it is two-way, mutual submission of both husbands to wives and wives to husbands. This would be the only instance of this meaning of submission in the whole New Testament, indeed in any extant comparable Greek texts. The word simply does not connote mutuality. Dallas Theological Seminary professor Daniel Wallace understands it to be an extension of on being filled by the Holy Spirit.

In the context leading up to the American Civil War (1861–65), on master-slave relationships was one of the Bible verses used by Confederate slaveholders in support of a slaveholding position.

See also

Earlier Epistle to the Ephesians

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Ephesians

Notes

External links

Ephesians Online Reading Room - extensive collection of online resources for Ephesians; Tyndale Seminary

Ephesians Online - a collection of resources on the Epistle to the Ephesians

Biblical Expository on Ephesians

Ephesians Category:Pauline-related books Category:Prison writings Ephesians

ar:رسالة بولس الرسول إلى أهل أفسس arc:ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܠܘܬ ܐܦܣܝܐ bar:Briaf an de Ephesa bg:Послание на св. ап. Павел до Ефесяни ca:Epístola als Efesis cs:List Efezským cy:Llythyr Paul at yr Effesiaid da:Paulus' Brev til Efeserne de:Brief des Paulus an die Epheser el:Επιστολή προς Εφεσίους es:Epístola a los Efesios eo:Epistolo al la efesanoj fa:نامه به افسسیان fo:Efesusbrævið fr:Épître aux Éphésiens fur:Letare ai Efesins hak:Yî-fut-só-sû ko:에페소 신자들에게 보낸 서간 hr:Poslanica Efežanima id:Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Efesus it:Lettera agli Efesini he:האיגרת אל האפסים jv:Layang Paulus Efesus rw:Urwandiko rw’Abefeso sw:Waraka kwa Waefeso la:Epistula ad Ephesios lt:Laiškas efeziečiams lmo:Letera ai Efesit hu:Pál levele az epheszosziakhoz mk:Послание до Ефесјаните ml:എഫേസോസുകാർക്ക് എഴുതിയ ലേഖനം cdo:Ī-hók-sū Cṳ̆ nl:Brief van Paulus aan de Efeziërs ja:エフェソの信徒への手紙 no:Paulus' brev til efeserne pl:List do Efezjan pt:Epístola aos Efésios qu:Ephesuyuqkunapaq qillqa ru:Послание к Ефесянам sm:O le tusi a Paulo ia Efeso simple:Epistle to the Ephesians sk:List Efezanom sr:Посланица Ефесцима sh:Poslanica Efežanima fi:Kirje efesolaisille sv:Efesierbrevet tl:Sulat sa mga taga-Efeso ta:எபேசியருக்கு எழுதிய திருமுகம் uk:Послання до ефесян ug:ئەفەسلىكلەرگە يېزىلغان خەت yo:Episteli si awon ara Efesu zh:以弗所書

J. David Pawson (born 1930) is a prominent Bible teacher based in Great Britain. He is the author of more than thirty books.

Biography

According to his autobiography, Pawson's immediate ancestors were all farmers, Methodist preachers or both - dating back to John Pawson, a friend and follower of John Wesley. His father, H. Cecil Pawson, was head of Agriculture at Durham University and also Vice President of the Methodist conference. From his childhood in the north of England David Pawson had wanted to be a farmer, but by the time he had completed his studies for a B.Sc. in Agriculture at Durham University, he felt God was calling him into full-time Christian ministry. He then studied for an M.A. in theology at Wesley House, Cambridge University, and subsequently joined the Royal Air Force as a chaplain, serving in Aden.

After leaving the RAF he served as a Methodist minister, but became increasingly uncomfortable with the idea of infant baptism. After appearing before a doctrinal committee of the Methodist church, he volunteered to leave the denomination, and did so. Shortly thereafter he accepted an invitation to become the pastor of Gold Hill Baptist Church in Buckinghamshire.

Later, as pastor of Guildford Baptist Church ('Millmead', which he helped to design), he established a reputation among both evangelicals and charismatics as a Bible teacher. From here his teaching tapes - originally made for the church's sick and elderly members - became popular worldwide. Under his ministry, Millmead became one of the largest Baptist churches in the United Kingdom.

Pawson left Millmead in 1979 and engaged in an itinerant worldwide Bible teaching ministry. As of 2010, Pawson, aged 80, is still preaching at events across the globe.

Teachings

In ''The Normal Christian Birth'', Pawson argued that a biblical initiation into Christianity should involve more than a simple 'sinners prayer'. Whilst accepting the fundamental basis of salvation by faith, he argued that the Biblical model of a person's "birth" into God's kingdom included aspects which are frequently ignored or forgotten today. He proposed four principal steps: repentance towards God; believing in Jesus, baptism in water and receiving the Holy Spirit. This, according to Pawson, is the biblical pattern for a "normal Christian birth". According to the book itself, "David Pawson advocates a synthesis of the 'liberal' emphasis on repentance, the 'evangelical' on faith, the 'sacramental' on baptism and the 'pentecostal' on the Spirit." This work of Pawson has been influential and is taught at a number of theological seminaries and mission stations.

In ''Leadership is Male'', he teaches that leadership is a role given by God to men. In so doing, he criticizes men for not taking proper responsibility in important aspects of family and church life. He argues that modern men too often neglect their social obligations and should return to the Biblical model of manhood. This book's foreword was written by a woman, Elisabeth Elliot.

In ''The Road to Hell'', Pawson is critical of Annihilationism, the teaching that the punishment of hell is not eternal. He teaches that people who go to hell experience eternal suffering. According to the book itself, by "challenging the modern alternatives of liberal 'universalism' and evangelical 'annihilationism', David Pawson presents the traditional concept of endless torment as soundly biblical."

In ''Unlocking the Bible'', Pawson presents a book by book study of the whole Bible. The book is based on Pawson's belief that the Bible should be studied, as it was written, "a book at a time" (certainly not a verse, or even a chapter at a time); and that each book is best understood by discovering why and for whom it was written. It is based on an arranged series of talks in which he set out the background, purpose, meaning and relevance of each book of the Bible, and was transcribed into written form by Andy Peck. The groundwork for this study was laid in the 1960s and '70s, when Pawson took his congregation through nearly half of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament line by line (recordings of those studies are still distributed).

In ''When Jesus Returns'', he critically considers in the light of scripture the major views on eschatology popular in the church today, specifically the preterist, historicist, futurist and idealist schools of interpretating the Book of Revelation. He rejects postmillennialism in favour of a premillennial understanding of the Second Coming, so that Jesus will return bodily in power immediately before his reign over the world for a millennium from Jerusalem. He asserts that the supernatural taking up of believers alive at this time (following the 'tribulation' period of persecution), so as to join the returning Christ, fulfils the Rapture prophecies; he argues against a pre-tribulation timing of the rapture. He further argues that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land is a fulfilment of scriptural prophecy, and that prophecies spoken about Israel relate specifically to Israel (not to the church), so that the outstanding prophecies about Israel will be fulfilled before the end of the age.

In ''Jesus Baptises in One Holy Spirit'', Pawson discusses the evidence for the Baptism in the Holy Spirit as a separate event from believing, repentance and water baptism. He argues that a believer does not receive the indwelling Holy Spirit until s/he is baptized in the Spirit, a distinct experience evidenced by charismatic gifts such as prophecy or tongues. This differs from the evangelical view that the Spirit is automatically received when a person believes, and the Pentecostal view that receiving the indwelling Spirit (at conversion) and receiving the Baptism in the Spirit are two experiences with different purposes.

In ''The Challenge of Islam to Christians'', Pawson documents the present rapid rise of Islam in the West. He explains what Islam is, arguing that its rejection of Jesus Christ's divinity mean the two faiths cannot be reconciled, and he proposes a Christian response, based on the church purifying itself. The book details Pawson's testing of his premonition that Britain would become Islamic. In comparing the situation to that portrayed by the Hebrew prophet Habakkuk, Pawson implies that the rise of Islam could be impending judgement for the immorality into which Western churches and secular humanist society has sunk.

In ''Once Saved, Always Saved?'', Pawson uses scripture to question the frequent evangelical claim that someone who has once believed in Jesus Christ will end up with Christ in heaven whatever that person subsequently believes or does. (Twelve years earlier, another evangelical, RT Kendall, summed up this claim in a book having the same title without a question mark.) Pawson points to the need to persevere in faith, and to the repeated exhortations in scripture to do so.

In ''Word and Spirit Together: Uniting Charismatics and Evangelicals'' (a revision of ''Fourth Wave''), Pawson calls for an end to the division between charismatic and Evangelical Christians over the issue of Spiritual Baptism and charismatic gifts. He argues that the charismatic gifts are for the church today but that their practice should be built on a solid scriptural basis. He therefore argues that the two groups should learn from each other, to the benefit of both.

In ''Defending Christian Zionism'', Pawson puts the case that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land is a fulfilment of scriptural prophecy, and that Christians should support the existence of the Jewish State (although not unconditionally its actions) on theological grounds. He also argues that prophecies spoken about Israel relate specifically to Israel (not to the church, as in "replacement theology"). However he criticises Dispensationalism, a largely American movement holding similar views about Israel. Pawson was spurred to write this book by the work of Stephen Sizer, an evangelical Anglican who rejects Christian Zionism. A debate can be heard between the two at Pawson/Sizer debate. Pawson's book ''Israel in the New Testament'' continues the Christian Zionist theme.

In the ''Come with me through'' series, Pawson goes through an entire book of the Bible. This series is also based on the preaching of David Pawson to his congregation back in the 60's and 70's. There are currently just a few titles released in this series with more to come.

Books

Christianity Explained, 2006, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 190194946X

Explaining Water Baptism, 2000, David Pawson, Sovereign World Ltd, ISBN 1852400838

Explaining the Baptism with the Holy Spirit, 2004, David Pawson, Joyce Huggett, Sovereign World, ISBN 1852403837

Explaining the Resurrection, 2000, David Pawson, Sovereign World, Ltd, ISBN 1852400897

Explaining the Second Coming, 2000, David Pawson, Renew, ISBN 1852401184

Hope for the Millennium, 1999, David Pawson, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 0340735597

Head in the Clouds, 1999, David Pawson, Hodder & Stoughton Religious, ISBN 0340608129

Is John 3:16 the Gospel?, 2007, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications International Ltd, ISBN 1901949559

Infant Baptism Under Cross-examination, 1976, David Pawson, Colin Buchanan, Grove Books Ltd, ISBN 090171089X

Is the Blessing Biblical?, 1996, David Pawson, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 034066147X

Jesus Baptises in One Holy Spirit: When?, How?, Why?, Who?, 1997, David Pawson, Hodder&Stoughton; Religious, ISBN 0340693983

Jesus Baptises In One Holy Spirit, 2006, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 1901949443

Leadership Is Male, 1990, David Pawson, Thomas Nelson Inc, ISBN 0840790236

Loose Leaves From My Bible, 1994, David Pawson, North Bank Graphics, ISBN 0952298503

Not as Bad as the Truth: Memoirs of an Unorthodox Evangelical, 2006, David Pawson, Hodder Headline, ISBN 0340864273

Once Saved, Always Saved?: A Study in Perseverance and Inheritance, David Pawson, Roger Forster, Hodder Headline, 1996, ISBN 0340610662

Tell me the truth!, 1977, David Pawson, Harold Shaw, ISBN 087788837X

The Road to Hell: Everlasting Torment or Annihilation? 1996, David Pawson, Hodder Headline 1996 and Terra Nova Publications International Ltd 2007, ISBN 034053964X

The Normal Christian Birth: How to Give New Believers a Proper Start in Life, David Pawson, Hodder & Stoughton 1989 and Hodder Headline 1991, ISBN 0340489723

The Challenge of Islam to Christians, 2003, David Pawson, Hodder Headline, ISBN 0340861894

Unlocking the Bible Omnibus: A Unique Overview of the Whole Bible, 2003, David Pawson, HarperCollins UK, ISBN 0007166664

When Jesus Returns, 1995, David Pawson, Hodder & Stoughton Religious, ISBN 0340612118

Word And Spirit Together, 2007, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 1901949532

Where is Jesus now?, 2001, David Pawson, Kingsway Publications, ISBN 0854769307

Why Does God Allow Natural Disasters?, 2007, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, 2007, ISBN 1901949567

Defending Christian Zionism, 2008, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, 2008, ISBN 9781901949629

Practising the Principles of Prayer, 2008, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 9781901949582

Living in Hope, 2008, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 9781901949605

The God and the Gospel of Righteousness, 2008, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 9781901949599

Come with me through Revelation, 2008, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 9781901949612

Israel in the New Testament, 2009, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 978-1901949643

Come with me through Mark, 2009, David Pawson, Terra Nova Publications, ISBN 9781901949667

References

External links

David Pawson website

A brief history of Guildford Baptist Church

Category:1930 births Category:Living people Category:English Baptist ministers Category:Alumni of Durham University Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge Category:Royal Air Force chaplains

nl:David Pawson fi:David Pawson

Name	John Reed
Birth date	February 07, 1969
Birth place	TriBeCa, New York City
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Columbia University
Occupation	novelist
Website	''http://www.johnreed.tv''

John Reed (born February 7, 1969) is an American novelist. He is the author of four novels: ''A Still Small Voice'' (2000), ''Snowball's Chance'' (2002) with a preface by Alexander Cockburn, ''The Whole'' (2005), and ''All the World's a Grave: A New Play by William Shakespeare'' (2008). His fifth book, ''Tales of Woe'' (2010), is a collection of twenty-five stories, chronicling true stories of abject misery.

Biography

Born in 1969 in New York City, Reed is the son of artist David Reed and Judy Rifka. He attended Hampshire College, and received a Masters in Fine Art in Creative Writing from Columbia University. He teaches at The New School.

Reed was an early contributor to, and subsequently an editor with, ''Open City'', a New York literary journal published by Robert Bingham, who later founded the book series.

Works

thumb|left|Reed in Brooklyn reading from his non-fiction ''Tales of Woe'', at the [[MTV|MTV Press/Brooklyn Rail launch party.]]He is affiliated with the ''New York Press'' and ''The Brooklyn Rail''. "Americans are extremely sophisticated in terms of narrative forms," said Reed in an interview. "We see it in commercials, we see it on TV, we see it in movies. But the narrative forms we're talking about are three acts, five acts, depending on how you want to look at it. They're all based on a Christian model of sin, suffering, redemption; which is not a large model."

A Still Small Voice

''A Still Small Voice'' (Delacorte 2000, Delta 2001), Reed’s first novel, is a historical novel based on the life of a girl growing up in Kentucky from 1850-1870.

Snowball's Chance

''Snowball's Chance'' (Roof Books 2002/2003), Reed’s second novel was a controversial send-up of George Orwell’s ''Animal Farm'', and ended in a cataclysmic attack on the “Twin Mills” (reminiscent of the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center). It became a bestseller in the field of books by independent literary publishers.

The Whole, or, Duh Whole

''The Whole'', Reed’s third novel, parodied MTV and was released in 2005 by MTV Books (Simon & Schuster). The novel described a gigantic hole that appears in the middle of the country, which engulfs four states.

All the World's a Grave

Reed, in a new work, returns to the overhaul of canonical English writers in ''All the World's a Grave'', fall 2008, Penguin Books. The work, subtitled "''A New Play by William Shakespeare''", is a tragedy in five acts, a "mash-up" constructed of lines drawn from five Shakespeare tragedies and one Shakespeare history; Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo & Juliet and Henry V. In the "literary trick" (as described by Page Six of The New York Post) Shakespeare's lines are rearranged into a wholly new story, in which Prince Hamlet of Denmark goes to war to claim his bride and the daughter of King Lear, Juliet. Upon a triumphant return home, Hamlet discovers that his mother has murdered his father, and married Macbeth. Visited by his father's ghost, and goaded by the opportunistic Lieutenant Iago, Hamlet is driven mad by the erroneous belief that Juliet is having an affair with General Romeo.

References

External links

John Reed's website

All the World's a Grave'', book website.

Kill the beavers!, ''The Daily Telegraph'', November 22, 2002.

John Reed: Saint George and the Damn Truth, ''Moby Lives'', Nove,ber 10, 2003.

John Reed: The Whole, an excerpt, ''Brooklyn Rail'', January 2005.

Dinitia Smith: A Pig Returns to the Farm, Thumbing His Snout at Orwell, ''The New York Times'', November 25, 2002.

Cathy Young: Blaming the Victim, ''Reason.com'', December 3, 2002.

Andrea Scrima: Review of Tales of Woe, Rumpus, November 16, 2010.

Interview with Arthur Phillips on rewriting Shakespeare

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:American novelists Category:American humorists Category:Writers from New York Category:Hampshire College alumni Category:Columbia University alumni Category:George Orwell Category:The New School faculty

Name	Saint Ignatius of Antioch
Birth date	c. 35
Death date	c. 108
Feast day	Western and Syrian Christianity: October 17General Roman Calendar, 12th century to 1969: February 1Eastern Orthodox Church and Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria: December 20 (January 2nd in the Julian calendar)
Venerated in	Eastern Christianity, Roman Catholic Church, Anglican Communion, Lutheranism
Death place	Rome
Titles	Bishop, Martyr and Church Father
Canonized date	pre-congregation
Attributes	a bishop surrounded by lions or in chains
Patronage	Church in eastern Mediterranean; Church in North Africa
Major shrine	Relics are in Basilica di San Clemente, Rome
Issues	}}

Ignatius of Antioch (, also known as Theophorus from Greek Θεοφόρος "God-bearer") (ca. 35 or 50-between 98 and 117) was among the Apostolic Fathers, was the third Bishop of Antioch, and was a student of John the Apostle. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of very early Christian theology. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.

Ignatius' feast day is observed on 20 December in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, he is commemorated, according to its Synaxarium, on the 24th of the Coptic Month of Kiahk (which currently falls on January 2, but is equivalent to December 20 in the Gregorian Calendar due to the current 13-day Julian-Gregorian Calendar offset). In Western and Syriac Christianity his feast is celebrated on 17 October. He is celebrated on 1 February by those Roman Catholics following the General Roman Calendar of 1962.

Early life

St. Ignatius was Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and St. Evodius (who died around AD 67). Eusebius records that St. Ignatius succeeded St. Evodius. Making his apostolic succession even more immediate, Theodoret (''Dial. Immutab.'', I, iv, 33a) reported that Peter himself appointed Ignatius to the see of Antioch.

Besides his Greek name, Ignatius, he also called himself Theophorus (''"God Bearer"''), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed. St. Ignatius is one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers). He based his authority on being a bishop of the Church, living his life in the imitation of Christ. It is believed that St. Ignatius, along with his friend Polycarp, with great probability were disciples of the Apostle St. John.

Martyrdom

Epistles attributed to St. Ignatius report his arrest by the authorities and travel to Rome:

Along the route he wrote six letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.

He was sentenced to die in the Colosseum, to be eaten by lions.

In his ''Chronicle'', Eusebius gives the date of his death as AA 2124 (2124 years after Adam), which would amount to the 11th year of Trajan, i.e. 108 AD.

Letters

The seven letters considered to be authentic are:

To the Ephesians

To the Magnesians

Letter to the Trallians

To the Romans

To the Philadelphians

To the Smyrnaeans

To Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna

By the 5th century, this authentic collection had been enlarged by spurious letters, and some of the original letters had been changed with interpolations, created to posthumously enlist Ignatius as an unwitting witness in theological disputes of that age, while the purported eye-witness account of his martyrdom is also thought to be a forgery from around the same time.

A detailed but spurious account of Ignatius' arrest and his travails and martyrdom is the material of the ''Martyrium Ignatii'' which is presented as being an eyewitness account for the church of Antioch, and as if written by Ignatius' companions, Philo of Cilicia, deacon at Tarsus, and Rheus Agathopus, a Syrian. Though James Ussher regarded it as genuine, if there is any genuine nucleus of the ''Martyrium'', it has been so greatly expanded with interpolations that no part of it is without questions. Its most reliable manuscript is the 10th century ''Codex Colbertinus'' (Paris), in which the ''Martyrium'' closes the collection. The ''Martyrium'' presents the confrontation of the bishop Ignatius with Trajan at Antioch, a familiar trope of ''Acta'' of the martyrs, and many details of the long, partly overland voyage to Rome. The Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria says that he was thrown to the wild beasts that devoured him and rendered him into pieces.

After Ignatius' martyrdom in the Flavian Amphitheatre, his remains were honorably carried back to Antioch by his companions, and were first interred outside the city gates, then removed by the Emperor Theodosius II to the Tychaeum, or Temple of Tyche which was converted into a church dedicated to Ignatius. In 637 the relics were translated to the Church of St Clement in Rome.

The letters of Ignatius have proved to be important testimony to the development of Christian theology, since the number of extant writings from this period of Church history is very small. They bear signs of being written in great haste and without a proper plan, such as run-on sentences and an unsystematic succession of thought. Ignatius is the earliest known Christian writer to emphasize loyalty to a single bishop in each city (or diocese) who is assisted by both presbyters possibly elders and deacons. Earlier writings only mention ''either'' bishops ''or'' presbyters, and give the impression that there was usually more than one bishop per congregation. For instance, while the offices of bishop, presbyter and deacon appear apostolic in origin, the titles of "bishop" and "presbyter" could be used interchangeably.

Ignatius is known to have taught the deity of Christ:

Ignatius stressed the value of the Eucharist, calling it a "medicine of immortality" (''Ignatius to the Ephesians'' 20:2). The very strong desire for bloody martyrdom in the arena, which Ignatius expresses rather graphically in places, may seem quite odd to the modern reader. An examination of his theology of soteriology shows that he regarded salvation as one being free from the powerful fear of death and thus to bravely face martyrdom .

Ignatius is claimed to be the first known Christian writer to argue in favor of Christianity's replacement of the Sabbath with the Lord's Day:

He is also responsible for the first known use of the Greek word ''katholikos'' (καθολικός), meaning "universal," "complete" and "whole" to describe the church, writing:

It is from the word ''katholikos'' ("according to the whole") that the word ''catholic'' comes. When Ignatius wrote the Letter to the Smyrnaeans in about the year 107 and used the word ''catholic'', he used it as if it were a word already in use to describe the Church. This has led many scholars to conclude that the appellation ''Catholic Church'' with its ecclesial connotation may have been in use as early as the last quarter of the 1st century.

On the Eucharist, Ignatius wrote in his letter to the Smyrnaeans:

Saint Ignatius's most famous quotation, however, comes from his letter to the Romans:

Letters of Pseudo-Ignatius

Epistles attributed to Saint Ignatius but of spurious origin include:

Epistle to the Tarsians

Epistle to the Antiochians

Epistle to Hero, a Deacon of Antioch

Epistle to the Philippians

The Epistle of Maria the Proselyte to Ignatius

Epistle to Mary at Neapolis, Zarbus

First Epistle to St. John

Second Epistle to St. John

The Epistle of Ignatius to the Virgin Mary

References

Holy Letters and Syllables, the function and character of Scripture Authority in the writings of St Ignatius ''(Contains biography Ignatius as well. Doctoral thesis University of the Orange Free State 1997, Dutch, pdf)''

External links

Early Christian writings: ''On-line texts of St. Ignatius' letters'' (archived) (non-archived link)

Catholic Encyclopedia: ''St. Ignatius of Antioch''

The Short Syriac Version

The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch by Fr. John S. Romanides

Saint Ignatius

Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes

Catholic Encyclopedia: Spurious Epistles of St. Ignatius of Antioch

Ignatius of Antioch: To Meet The Lord

Category:1st-century births Category:2nd-century deaths Category:Apostolic Fathers Category:Christian theologians Category:Church Fathers Category:Patriarchs of Antioch Category:Syrian saints Category:Syrian Roman Catholic saints Category:Eastern Catholic saints Category:1st-century bishops Category:Syriac people Category:Saints of the Golden Legend Category:2nd-century archbishops Category:Eastern Orthodox saints Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Category:2nd-century Christian martyr saints Category:People executed by the Roman Empire Category:2nd-century executions Category:Anglican saints

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name	James Earl Jones
birth date	January 17, 1931
birth place	Arkabutla, Mississippi, United States
occupation	Actor
spouse	Julienne Marie (divorced)Cecilia Hart (1982–present)
yearsactive	1953–present
website	}}

James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor. He is well-known for his distinctive bass voice and for his portrayal of characters of substance, gravitas and leadership. Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has spent more than five decades as "one of America's most distinguished and versatile actors." In July 2011, it was announced that Jones is to receive an Honorary Academy Award.

Early life

Childhood

James Earl Jones was born in Arkabutla, Mississippi, the son of Ruth (née Connolly), a teacher and maid, and Robert Earl Jones (1910–2006), an actor, boxer, butler, and chauffeur who left the family shortly after James Earl's birth. Jones and his father reconciled many years later in the 1980s and 1990s. Jones was raised by his maternal grandparents, farmers Maggie and John Henry Connolly, and is of African, Irish, Choctaw and Cherokee descent.

He moved to his maternal grandparents' farm in Jackson, Michigan at the age of five, but the adoption was traumatic and he developed a stutter so severe he refused to speak aloud. When he moved to Brethren, Michigan in later years a teacher at the Brethren schools started to help him with his stutter. He remained functionally mute for eight years until he reached high school. He credits his high school teacher, Donald Crouch, who discovered he had a gift for writing poetry, with helping him out of his silence. The teacher believed forced public speaking would help him gain confidence and insisted he recite a poem in class each day. "I was a stutterer. I couldn't talk. So my first year of school was my first mute year, and then those mute years continued until I got to high school."''

Education

After being educated at the Browning School for boys in his high school years and graduating from Brethren High School in Brethren, Michigan, Jones attended the University of Michigan where he was a pre-med major. He joined the Reserve Officer Training Corps, and excelled. He felt comfortable within the structure of the military environment, and enjoyed the camaraderie of his fellow cadets in the Pershing Rifles Drill Team and Scabbard and Blade Honor Society. During the course of his studies, Jones discovered he was not cut out to be a doctor. Instead he focused himself on drama, with the thought of doing something he enjoyed, before, he assumed, he would have to go off to fight in the Korean War. After four years of college, Jones left without his degree.

Military

With the war intensifying in Korea, Jones supposed he would be shipped off to the war as soon as he received his officer's commission. Instead, he went home. As he waited for his orders to active duty, he found a part-time stage crew job at the Ramsdell Theatre in Manistee, Michigan, where he had performed before. By the end of summer 1953, Jones was commissioned as a second lieutenant, and was soon off to Fort Benning to attend Basic Infantry Officers School. While there, Jones went through Ranger School, graduated, and received his Ranger Tab (although he stated during an interview on the BBC's ''The One Show'' screened on November 11, 2009 that he "washed out" of Ranger training). His first duty station was supposed to be at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, but his orders changed, and his unit was instead sent to Colorado where the Army planned to establish a cold weather training command at the old Camp Hale near Leadville, Colorado. His regiment was established as a training unit, to train in the bitter cold weather and the rugged terrain of the Rocky Mountains. Jones eventually earned the rank of First Lieutenant. After his discharge, Jones moved to New York, where he attended the American Theatre Wing to further his training and worked as a janitor to earn a living.

Film and stage career

Early career

Jones had his acting career beginnings at the Ramsdell Theatre in Manistee, Michigan. In 1953 he was a stage carpenter. During the 1955–1957 seasons he was an actor and stage manager. He performed his first portrayal of Shakespeare’s ''Othello'' in this theater in 1955.

Stage roles

Jones is an accomplished stage actor; he has won Tony awards in 1969 for ''The Great White Hope'' and in 1987 for ''Fences''. He has acted in many Shakespearean roles: ''Othello'', ''King Lear'', Oberon in ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', Abhorson in ''Measure for Measure'', and Claudius in ''Hamlet''. He received Kennedy Center Honors in 2002.

On April 7, 2005, James Earl Jones and Leslie Uggams headed the cast in an African American Broadway revival version of ''On Golden Pond'', directed by Leonard Foglia and produced by Jeffrey Finn.

In February 2008, he starred on Broadway as Big Daddy in a limited-run, all African American production of Tennessee Williams's Pulitzer Prize-winning drama ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'', directed by Debbie Allen and mounted at the Broadhurst Theatre.

In November 2009, James reprised the role of Big Daddy in ''Cat On A Hot Tin Roof'' at the Novello Theatre in London's West End. This production also stars Sanaa Lathan as Maggie, Phylicia Rashad as Big Mamma, and Adrian Lester as Brick.

In October 2010, Jones returned to the Broadway stage in Alfred Uhry's ''Driving Miss Daisy'' along with Vanessa Redgrave at the Golden Theatre.

Film roles

His first film role was as a young and trim Lt. Lothar Zogg, the B-52 bombardier in ''Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb'' in 1964. His first big role came with his portrayal of boxer Jack Jefferson in the film version of the Broadway play ''The Great White Hope'', which was based on the life of boxer Jack Johnson. For his role, Jones was nominated Best Actor by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, making him the second African-American male performer (following Sidney Poitier) to receive a nomination.

In the early 1970s, James appeared with Diahann Carroll in a film called ''Claudine'', the story of a woman who raises her six children alone after two failed marriages and one "almost" marriage. Ruppert, played by Jones, is a garbage man who has deep problems of his own. The couple somehow overcomes each other's pride and stubbornness and get married.

Jones also played the villain Thulsa Doom in ''Conan the Barbarian'', "Few Clothes" Johnson in John Sayles ''Matewan'', the author Terence Mann in ''Field of Dreams'', the feared neighbor Mr. Mertle in ''The Sandlot'', King Jaffe Joffer in ''Coming to America'', Reverend Stephen Kumalo in ''Cry, the Beloved Country'', Raymond Lee Murdock in ''A Family Thing'', and Vice Admiral James Greer in ''The Hunt for Red October'', ''Patriot Games'', and ''Clear and Present Danger'', among many others.

Jones is also well-known as the voice of Darth Vader in the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy. Darth Vader was portrayed in costume by David Prowse in the original trilogy, with Jones dubbing Vader's dialogue in postproduction due to Prowse's strong West Country accent being unsuitable for the role. At his own request, he was originally uncredited for the release of the first two films (he would later be credited for the two in the 1997 re-release):

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Although uncredited, Jones' voice is briefly heard as Darth Vader at the conclusion of ''Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith''. When specifically asked whether he had supplied the voice, possibly from a previous recording, Jones told ''New York Newsday'': "You'd have to ask Lucas about that. I don't know." However, on the issue of the voice, the commentary on the DVD release states that, while it will always be uncredited, any true ''Star Wars'' fan "should know the answer".

Jones reprised his role as the voice of Vader several times: he is credited in the movie ''Robots'' with the voice of Darth Vader from a voice module. Playing the king of Zamunda in the comedy ''Coming to America'', he echoed four Darth Vader phrases. He also vocally appeared as Vader in the comedy film ''The Benchwarmers'' and the video games ''Star Wars: Monopoly'' and ''Star Wars: The Interactive Video Board Game''. Jones' voice is also used for the Jedi Training Academy attraction at Disneyland and at Disney's Hollywood Studios. Jones returned as Vader for the video game: ''Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars''. Jones also reprised his role as Vader in the new Disney attraction; ''Star Tours: The Adventures Continue''.

Other voiceover work

His other voice roles include Mufasa in the 1994 animated Disney film ''The Lion King'' and its direct-to-video sequel, ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride''. He also voiced the Emperor of the Night in ''Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night''.

In 1990, Jones performed voice work for the Simpsons Halloween episode "Treehouse of Horror", in which he was the narrator for the Simpsons' version of Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven". In 1992, Jones was often seen as the host on the video tele-monitor for the Sea World resort in Orlando, Florida.

He also has done the CNN tagline, "This is CNN", as well as "This is CNN International", and the Bell Atlantic tagline, "Bell Atlantic: The heart of communication". When Bell Atlantic became Verizon, Jones used the tagline greeting of "Welcome to Verizon" or "Verizon 411" right before a phone call would go through. The opening for NBC's coverage of the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics; "the Big PI in the Sky" (God) in the computer game ''Under a Killing Moon''; a Claymation film about The Creation; and several other guest spots on ''The Simpsons''.

Television roles

Jones has the unusual distinction of being the only actor to win two Emmys in the same year, in 1991 as Best Actor for his role in ''Gabriel's Fire'' and as Best Supporting Actor for his work in ''Heat Wave''.

Jones portrayed the older version of author Alex Haley, in the television mini-series ''Roots: The Next Generations''; the GDI's commanding general James Solomon in ''Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun''; and widowed police officer Neb Langston in the television program ''Under One Roof'', for which he received an Emmy nomination. He also appeared in television and radio advertising for Verizon Business DSL and Verizon Online DSL from Verizon Communications.

Jones appeared in the 1963–1964 television season in an episode of ABC's drama series about college life, ''Channing'', starring Jason Evers and Henry Jones. He appeared on the soap opera ''Guiding Light''. He portrayed Thad Green on ''Mathnet'', a parody of ''Dragnet''.

In 1969, Jones participated in making test films for a proposed children's television series called ''Sesame Street''; these shorts, combined with animated segments, were shown to groups of children to gauge the effectiveness of the then-groundbreaking ''Sesame Street'' format. As cited by production notes included in the DVD release ''Sesame Street: Old School 1969–1974'', the short that had the greatest impact with test audiences was one showing bald-headed Jones counting slowly to ten. This and other segments featuring Jones were eventually aired as part of the ''Sesame Street'' series itself when it debuted later in 1969 and Jones is often cited as the first celebrity guest on that series, although a segment with Carol Burnett was the first to actually be broadcast.

He has played lead characters on television in three series. First, he appeared on the short-lived CBS police drama ''Paris,'' which aired during autumn 1979. That show was notable as the first program on which Steven Bochco served as executive producer. The second show aired on ABC between 1990 and 1992, the first season being titled ''Gabriel's Fire'' and the second (after a format revision), ''Pros and Cons''.

In both formats of that show, Jones played a former policeman wrongly convicted of murder who, upon his release from prison, became a private eye. In 1995, Jones starred in ''Under One Roof'' as Neb Langston, a widowed African-American police officer sharing his home in Seattle with his daughter, his married son with his children, and Neb's newly adopted son. The show was a mid-season replacement and lasted only six weeks.

From 1989 to 1993, Jones served as the host of the children's TV series ''Long Ago and Far Away''.

In 1996, James guest starred in the CBS drama ''Touched by an Angel'' as the Angels of Angels in the episode "Clipped Wings". In 1998, Jones starred in the widely acclaimed syndicated program ''An American Moment'' (created by James R. Kirk and Ninth Wave Productions). Jones took over the role left by Charles Kuralt, upon Kuralt's death. He also made a cameo appearance in a penultimate episodes of ''Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman'' and has guest-starred on such sitcoms as NBC's ''Frasier'' and ''Will & Grace'', CBS's ''Two and a Half Men'', and the WB drama ''Everwood''. Jones also lent his voice for a narrative part in the Adam Sandler comedy, ''Click'', released in June 2006. His voice is also used to create an audio version of the King James New Testament.

Personal life

Jones has been married to actress Cecilia Hart since 1982. They have one child, Flynn Earl Jones. He was previously married to American actress/singer Julienne Marie (born March 21, 1933, Toledo, Ohio); they had no children.

Awards

Academy Awards

1971 Best Actor in a Leading Role – ''The Great White Hope'' (Nominated)

Emmy Awards

1964 Outstanding Lead Actor – Miniseries or a Movie/''East Side/West Side'' (Nominated)

1990 Outstanding Supporting Actor – Miniseries or a Movie/''By Dawn's Early Light'' (Nominated)

1991 Outstanding Lead Actor – Drama Series/''Gabriel's Fire''

1991 Outstanding Supporting Actor – Miniseries or a Movie/''Heat Wave''

1994 Outstanding Guest Actor – Drama Series/''Picket Fences'' (Nominated)

1995 Outstanding Supporting Actor – Drama Series/''Under One Roof'' (Nominated)

1997 Outstanding Guest Actor – Comedy Series/''Frasier'' (Nominated)

1999 Outstanding Performer – Children's Special

2004 Outstanding Guest Actor – Drama Series/''Everwood'' (Nominated)

Golden Globe Awards

1971 New Star of the Year – Actor/''The Great White Hope''

1971 Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama/''The Great White Hope'' (Nominated)

1975 Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy/''Claudine'' (Nominated)

1991 Best Actor in a Drama Series/''Gabriel's Fire'' (Nominated)

1992 Best Actor in a Drama Series/''Pros and Cons'' (Nominated)

Independent Spirit Awards

1987 Best Supporting Male/''Matewan'' (Nominated)

Screen Actors Guild Awards

1996 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role/''Cry, the Beloved Country'' (Nominated)

2009 Life Achievement Award

Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play

1969 Best Leading Actor in a Play/''The Great White Hope''

1987 Best Leading Actor in a Play/''Fences''

2005 Best Leading Actor in a Play/''On Golden Pond'' (Nominated)

Other awards

1991 Common Wealth Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Dramatic Arts

1992 National Medal of Arts

2011 Eugene O'Neill Theater Center Monte Cristo Award Recipient

Filmography

''Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb'' (1964)

''The Comedians in Africa'' (1967)

''The Comedians'' (1967)

''End of the Road'' (1970)

''King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis'' (1970)

''The Great White Hope'' (1970)

''Malcolm X'' (1972)

''The Man'' (1972)

''Claudine'' (1974)

''The Cay'' (1974 one-hour TV drama)

''The UFO Incident'' (1975 TV-movie)

''The River Niger'' (1976)

''The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings'' (1976)

''Swashbuckler'' (1976)

''Deadly Hero'' (1976)

''The Greatest'' (1977)

''Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope'' (1977) (voice)

''Exorcist II: The Heretic'' (1977)

''The Greatest Thing That Almost Happened'' (1977)

''The Last Remake of Beau Geste'' (1977)

''A Piece of the Action'' (1977)

''Jesus of Nazareth'' (1977)

''Black Theater: The Making of a Movement'' (1978)

''Star Wars Holiday Special'' (1978 TV special) (voice)

''Roots: The Next Generations'' (1979 TV miniseries)

''Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back'' (1980) (voice)

''Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones'' (1980 TV miniseries)

''The Creation'' (1981)

''The Bushido Blade'' (1981)

''The Flight of Dragons'' (1982) (voice)

''Conan the Barbarian'' (1982)

''Blood Tide'' (1982)

''Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi'' (1983) (voice)

''Allen Boesak: Choosing for Justice'' (1984)

''City Limits'' (1985)

''Soul Man'' (1986)

''Gardens of Stone'' (1987)

''Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold'' (1987)

''My Little Girl'' (1987)

''Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night'' (1987) (voice)

''Matewan'' (1987)

''Terrorgram'' (1988) (voice)

''Coming to America'' (1988)

''Three Fugitives'' (1989)

''Field of Dreams'' (1989)

''Best of the Best'' (1989)

''By Dawn's Early Light'' (1990)

''Convicts'' (1990)

''The Hunt for Red October'' (1990)

''A World Alive'' (1990)

''The Ambulance'' (1990)

''Grim Prairie Tales'' (1990)

''Heatwave'' (1990)

''True Identity'' (1991)

''Scorchers'' (1991)

''The Second Coming'' (1992)

''Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama'' (1992)

''Patriot Games'' (1992)

''Freddie the Frog'' (1992)

''Sneakers'' (1992)

''Dreamrider'' (1993)

''Sommersby'' (1993)

''The Sandlot'' (1993)

''Excessive Force'' (1993)

''The Meteor Man'' (1993)

''Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult'' (1994)

''Africa: The Serengeti'' (1994)

''Clean Slate'' (1994)

''The Vernon Johns Story'' (1994)

''The Lion King'' (1994) (voice)

''Clear and Present Danger'' (1994)

''Countdown to Freedom: 10 Days That Changed South Africa'' (1994)

''Jefferson in Paris'' (1995)

''Judge Dredd'' (1995)

''Cry, The Beloved Country'' (1995)

''A Family Thing'' (1996)

''Looking for Richard'' (1996)

''Good Luck'' (1996)

''Gang Related'' (1997)

''What the Deaf Man Heard'' (1997)

''Stargate SG-1'' (1997)

''New York... Come Visit the World'' (1998)

''Primary Colors'' (1998) (voice)

''Merlin'' (1998) (voice)

''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' (1998 direct-to-DVD) (voice)

''Summer's End'' (1999)

''Our Friend, Martin'' (1999) (voice)

''On the Q.T.'' (1999)

''Undercover Angel'' (1999)

''The Annihilation of Fish'' (1999)

''Fantasia 2000'' (1999)

''Ennis' Gift'' (2000)

''Antietam: A Documentary Drama'' (2000)

''The Papp Project'' (2001)

''Black Indians: An American Story'' (2001)

''Finder's Fee'' (2001)

''Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street'' (2001)

''Muhammad Ali: Through the Eyes of the World'' (2001)

''Disney's American Legends'' (2002)

''The Great Year'' (2004)

''Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson'' (2004)

''Robots'' (2005) (voice)

''Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith'' (2005) (voice)

''The Reading Room'' (2005)

''The Sandlot 2'' (2005)

''Malcolm X: Prince of Islam'' documentary (2006) (narration only)

''The Benchwarmers'' (2006) (voice)

''Scary Movie 4'' (2006)

''Click'' (2006) (voice) (As Himself)

''The Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy'' (2006)

''Earth'' (2007) (voice)

''Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins'' (2008)

''Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey'' (2009) (voice)

''Jack and the Beanstalk'' (2010) (voice)

''Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie'' (2012)

''Gimme Shelter'' (2012)

Television

''Will and Grace'' (2003) (As Himself Season 6 episode 4)

''Two and a Half Men'' (2008) (As Himself)

''House'' (2009) Dibala

Other voice acting

''Kingdom Hearts II'' (2006) (archived audio, voice)

''Disneyland Hollywood Studios'' (2008) (voice)

Footnotes

References

Jones, James Earl, and Penelope Niven. ''James Earl Jones: Voices and Silences'' (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1993) ISBN 0-684-19513-5

Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts

External links

James Earl Jones at Internet Off-Broadway Database

TonyAwards.com Interview with James Earl Jones

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof All African-American production website

Category:1931 births Category:African American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Actors from Michigan Category:Actors from Mississippi Category:African American television actors Category:American people of Cherokee descent Category:American people of Choctaw descent Category:American soap opera actors Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners Category:Drama Desk Award winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Living people Category:People from Manistee County, Michigan Category:People from Tate County, Mississippi Category:Obie Award recipients Category:Recipients of the Ranger tab Category:Shakespearean actors Category:Tony Award winners Category:United States Army officers Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients Category:University of Michigan alumni Category:American people of Irish descent Category:Audio book narrators

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