A common compass rose as is found on a nautical chart showing both true and magnetic north with magnetic declination

A compass rose, sometimes called a windrose, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions — North, East, South and West - and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, the idea of a compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons (NDB), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) systems, global-positioning systems (GPS), and similar equipment and devices.

Compass Points[link]

An 8-point compass rose

Replica of a 32-point compass rose from a nautical chart by Jorge de Aguiar (1492)

The compass rose is an old design element found on compasses, maps and even monuments (e.g. the Tower of the Winds in Athens, the pavement in Dougga, Tunis, during Roman times)^[1] to show cardinal directions and frequently intermediate direction. The "rose" term arises from the fairly ornate figures used with early compasses. Older sources sometimes use the term "compass star", or stella maris ("star of the sea"), to refer to the compass rose.

Early forms of the compass rose were known as wind roses, since no differentiation was made between a directional point and the wind which emanated from that direction.^[2] (Today, the term "wind rose" is often reserved for the object used by meteorologists to depict wind frequencies from different directions at a location.^[3][4])

The modern compass rose has eight principal winds. Listed clockwise, these are:

Although modern compasses uses the names of the eight principal directions (N, NE, E, SE, etc.), older compasses use the traditional Italianate wind names of Medieval origin (Tramontana, Greco, Levante, etc.)

16-point roses are constructed by bisecting the angles to come up with intermediate compass points, known as half-winds, at 22¹⁄₂° each. The names of the half-winds are simply combinations of the principal winds to either side, e.g. North-northeast (NNE), East-northeast (ENE), etc.

32-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting these angles, and coming up with quarter-winds at 11¹⁄₄° angles. Quarter-wind names are constructed with the names "X by Y", which can be read as "one quarter wind from X toward Y", e.g. North-by-east (NbE) is one quarter wind from North towards East, Northeast-by-north (NEbN) is one quarter wind from Northeast toward North.

Naming all 32 points on the rose is called boxing the compass.

The 32-point rose has the uncomfortable number of 11¹⁄₄° between points, but is easily found by halving divisions and may have been easier for those not using a 360° circle. Using gradians, of which there are 400 in a circle,^[5] the sixteen-point rose will have twenty-five gradians per point.

History[link]

Linguistic athropological studies have shown that most peoples have four points of cardinal direction. The directional names are derived either from (1) locally-specific geographic features ("towards the hills", "towards the sea"); (2) celestial bodies (especially the sun); (3) atmospheric features (winds, temperature); (4) application of generic directions to cardinal directions (e.g. uptown/downtown for north/south).^[6] Mobile populations tend to adopt sunrise and sunset for East and West, and the direction from where different winds blow to denote North and South.

Classical compass rose[link]

The ancient Greeks originally maintained distinct and separate systems of points and winds. The four Greek cardinal points (arctos, anatole, mesembria and dusis) were based on celestial bodies and used for orientation. The four Greek winds (Boreas, Notos, Eurus, Zephyrus) were confined to meteorology. Nonetheless, both systems were gradually conflated, and wind names came to eventually denote cardinal directions as well.^[7]

In his meteorological studies, Aristotle identified ten distinct winds: two north-south winds (Aparctias, Notos) and three sets of east-west winds blowing from different latitudes - the Arctic circle (Meses, Thrascias), the summer solstice horizon (Caecias, Argestes), the equinox (Apeliotes, Zephyrus) and the winter solstice (Eurus, Lips). However, Aristotle's system was asymmetric. To restore balance, Timosthenes of Rhodes added two more winds to produce the classical 12-wind rose, and began using the winds to denote geographical direction in navigation. Eratosthenes deducted two winds from Aristotle's system, to produce the classical 8-wind rose.

The Romans (e.g. Seneca, Pliny) adopted the Greek 12-wind system, and replaced its names with Latin equivalents, e.g. Septentrio, Subsolanus, Auster, Favonius, etc. Uniquely, Vitruvius came up with a 24-wind rose.

According to the chronicler Einhard (c.830), the Frankish king Charlemagne himself came up with his own names for the classical 12 winds.^[8] He named the four cardinal winds on the roots Nord (etymology uncertain, could be "wet", meaning from the rainy lands), Ost (shining place, sunrise), Sund (sunny lands) and Vuest (dwelling place, meaning evening). Intermediate winds were constructed as simple compound names of these four (e.g. "Nordostdroni", the "northeasterly" wind). These Carolingian names are the source of the modern compass point names found in nearly all modern west European languages. (e.g. North, East, South and West in English; Nord, Est, Sud, Ouest in French, etc.)

The following table gives a rough equivalence of the classical 12-wind rose with the modern compass directions (Note: the directions are imprecise since it is not clear at what angles the classical winds are supposed to be with each other; some have argued that they should be equally spaced at 30 degrees each; for more details, see the article on Classical compass winds).

Classical 12-wind rose, with Greek (blue) and Latin (red) names (from Seneca)

Sidereal compass rose[link]

The "sidereal" compass rose demarcates the compass points by the position of stars in the night sky, rather than winds. Arab navigators in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, who depended on celestial navigation, were using a 32-point sidereal compass rose before the end of the 10th C.^{[9][10][11][12][13]} In the northern hemisphere, the steady Pole Star (Polaris) was used for the N-S axis; the less-steady Southern Cross had to do for the southern hemipshere, as the southern pole star, Sigma Octantis, is too dim to be easily seen from Earth with the naked eye. The other thirty points on the sidereal rose were determined by the rising and setting positions of fifteen bright stars of the northern hemisphere. Reading from North to South, in their rising positions, these are:^[14]

The western half of the rose would be the same stars in their setting position. The true position of these stars is only approximate to their theoretical equidistant rhumbs on the sidereal compass. As a practical matter, as sometimes these stars were not visible, or too high to be convenient, there were "alternate" stars nearby that could be used instead.^[15]

The Mariner's compass rose[link]

In Europe, the Classical 12-wind system continued to be taught in academic settings during the Medieval era, but seafarers in the Mediterranean Sea came up with their own distinct 8-wind system. The mariners used names derived from the Mediterranean lingua franca - the Italian-tinged patois among Medieval sailors, composed principally of Ligurian, mixed with Venetian, Sicilian, Provençal, Catalan, Greek and Arabic terms from around the Mediterranean basin.

32-wind compass with traditional names (and traditional color code).

• (N) Tramontana
• (NE) Greco (or Bora)
• (E) Levante
• (SE) Scirocco (or Exaloc)
• (S) Ostro (or Mezzogiorno)
• (SW) Libeccio (or Garbino)
• (W) Ponente
• (NW) Maestro (or Mistral)

The exact origin of the mariner's eight-wind rose is obscure. Only two of its point names (Ostro, Libeccio) have Classical etymologies, the rest of the names seem to be autonomously derived. Two Arabic words stand out: Scirocco (SE) from al-Sharq (east) and the variant Garbino (SW), from al-Gharb (west). This suggests the mariner's rose was probably acquired by southern Italian seafarers not from their classical Roman ancestors, but rather from Arab-Norman Sicily in the 11th-12th C.^[16] The coasts of the Maghreb and Mashriq are SW and SE of Sicily respectively; the Greco (a NE wind), reflects the position of Byzantine-held Calabria-Apulia to the northeast of Arab Sicily, while the Maestro (a NW wind) is a reference to the Mistral wind that blows from the southern French coast towards northwest Sicily.

The 32-point compass used for navigation in the Mediterranean Sea by the 14th C., had increments of 11¹⁄₄° between points. Only the eight main winds (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) were given special names. The eight half-winds just combined the names of the two main winds, e.g. Greco-Tramontana for NNE, Greco-Levante for ENE, and so on. Quarter-winds were more cumbersomely phrased, with the closest main wind named first and the other main wind second, e.g. "Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco" (literally, "one quarter wind from North towards Northeast", i.e. North by East), and "Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana" ("one quarter wind from NE towards North", i.e. Northeast by North). Boxing the compass (naming all 32 winds) was expected of all Medieval mariners.

Depiction on Nautical Charts[link]

First ornate compass rose depicted on a map, from the Catalan Atlas (1375), with the Pole Star as north mark.

In the earliest Medieval portolan charts of the 14th Century, compass roses were depicted as mere collections of color-coded compass rhumb lines: black for the eight main winds, green for the eight half-winds and red for the sixteen quarter-winds.^[17] The average portolan chart had sixteen such roses (or confluence of lines), spaced out equally around the circumference of a large implicit circle.

The cartographer Cresques Abraham of Majorca, in his Catalan Atlas of 1375, was the first to draw an ornate compass rose on a map. By the end of the 15th C, Portuguese cartographers began drawing multiple ornate compass roses throughout the chart, one upon each of the sixteen circumference roses (unless the illustration conflicted with coastal details).^[18]

Medieval Italian cartographers typically had a simple arrowhead or circumflex-hatted T (an allusion to the compass needle) to designate the north, while the Majorcan cartographic school typically used a stylized Pole Star for its northmark.^[19] The use of the fleur-de-lis as northmark was introduced by Pedro Reinel, and has become customary in later compass roses. Old compass roses also often used a Christian cross at Levante (E), indicating the direction of Jerusalem from the point of view of the Mediterranean sea.^[2]

The twelve Classical winds (or a subset of them) were also sometimes depicted on portolan charts, albeit not on a compass rose, but rather separately on small disks or coins on the edges of the map.

The Arab sailors navigated by a 32-point compass rose during the Middle Ages.^{[20][not in citation given]}

The compass rose was also depicted on traverse boards used to record compass headings.

Modern depictions[link]

A 16-point compass rose

The contemporary compass rose appears as two rings, one smaller and set inside the other. The outside ring denotes true cardinal directions while the smaller inside ring denotes magnetic cardinal directions. True north refers to the geographical location of the north pole while magnetic north refers to the direction towards which the north pole of a magnetic object (as found in a compass) will point. The angular difference between true and magnetic north is called variation, which varies depending on location.^[21] The angular difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called deviation which varies by vessel and its heading.

The Compass Rose is used as the symbol of the worldwide Anglican Communion of churches.^[22]

In popular culture[link]

• HMS Compass Rose is a fictional Royal Navy Flower class corvette in the novel The Cruel Sea.
• In the adventure game, Beyond Zork, a compass rose is a flower that can control the direction of the wind.
• The Compass Rose is the name of a significant tavern in Mercedes Lackey's Valdemar fantasy novels.
• An 8-point compass rose is a prominent feature in the logo of the Seattle Mariners Major League Baseball club.
• A compass rose was the logo of Varig, the largest airline in Brazil for many decades until its bankruptcy in 2006.

Usage[link]

• Hong Kong Correctional Services's crest uses four point star
• NATO symbol uses four point star

• 

  A 4-point compass rose

• 

  An 8-point compass rose

• 

  A 16-point compass rose

See also[link]

Atlas portal

• Wind Rose

References[link]

External links[link]

• Origins of the Compass Rose
• The Rose of the Winds - An example of a rose with 26 directions.
• Compass Rose of Piedro Reinel, 1504 - an example of a 32-point rose with cross for east (the Christian Holy Land) and fleur-di-lis for north.^{[dead link]}
• The Compass Rose in St. Peter's Square
• Brief compass rose history info
• Floor Compass Roses
• Quilting Patterns Inspired by Compass Rose
• Compass Rose in Stained Glass

Matt Maguire (born 30 May 1984) is a professional Australian rules footballer currently playing with the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL).

AFL career[link]

St Kilda Football Club[link]

Maguire played in St Kilda’s 2004 Wizard Home Loans Cup winning side, the club's second pre-season cup win.^[1]

In 2006 a serious leg injury halted his season. During the final moments of the St Kilda vs West Coast Eagles game in Round 18, Maguire collided with Tyson Stenglein causing a break to both his tibia and fibula. His injury was likened to that of Richmond's Nathan Brown, but it was soon revealed to be less severe. In the days following the incident, Maguire had a rod inserted into his leg and the club was optimistic he could make his comeback (without any complications) as soon as Round 1, 2007. But soon after Maguire was diagnosed with Compartment syndrome and required a further eight operations to relieve him of the pain and swelling. He suffered complications with compartment syndrome in his calf and spent 21 days in hospital. Doctors had to cut into his calf numerous times to clear the build-up of blood, with ever-increasing difficulty in repairing the wound.

Maguire made his return to the AFL in Round 1 of the 2007 season only to be further sidelined with stress fractures in his foot. He returned once again in the Saints' Round 14 loss against Collingwood and although he played out the remainder of the year it was clear that he was a shadow of his former self. At the end of the 2007 season it was revealed that after experiencing soreness during training he had once again suffered stress fractures in his foot, preventing him from participating in the majority of the Saint's pre-season.

After finally returning in Round 4 in 2008, Maguire suffered another injury in Round 7 in a St Kilda vs Richmond game. Once again he injured his left foot and this effectively sidelined him until the end of the 2008 AFL season. He had surgery to repair a fracture to the fourth metatarsal, one of the long bones that connects the middle of the foot to the base of the toes.

The St Kilda football manager, Matthew Drain, said that although Maguire most likely would not return in 2009 this may be the best chance of him getting everything right without the pressure of playing and may turn out to be the best thing for him in the long run.

Maguire spent most of the 2009 season playing for St Kilda's VFL affiliate the Sandringham Zebras.

As of the end of the 2009 season Maguire had played in four AFL finals and one pre-season cup final.

Maguire was delisted from the St Kilda playing list on 29 October 2009.

Brisbane Lions[link]

On 26 November 2009 the Brisbane Lions selected Maguire in the draft at pick number 91. He has been given jumper number 36 which was previously worn by Daniel Bradshaw. Maguire played his 100th AFL game in Round 1 of the 2010 season for the Brisbane Lions against the West Coast Eagles.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Matt Maguire's statistics from AFL Tables

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Chris Pureka is an American acoustic singer-songwriter from Northampton, Massachusetts.^[1] Raised in Connecticut,^[1] she began writing songs at the age of eight and began playing the guitar at 16.^[1] She soon became a frequent performer at local coffee houses and open mics. As a young performer, she opened shows for such artists as Erin McKeown and Pamela Means while completing a degree in biology at Wesleyan University.^[1] After graduating, she worked in a microbiology research lab at Smith College in Northampton, eventually leaving to focus on her music full-time. In June 2001, she recorded a self-titled seven-song EP in preparation for a three-month nationwide tour with lesbian folk poet Alix Olson.^[1] The EP, which was home-recorded in two weeks and featured her playing back-up accompaniment on the mandolin and bass, was later mastered and reprinted for her 2005 summer tour.

In 2004, Pureka released Driving North, her first full-length album, earning rave reviews from fans and fellow artists alike. In 2006, she released Dryland, and toured the US a second time as a headlining act. The album received rave reviews and was featured on the Paste Magazine Sampler in February 2007.

In May 2007, Pureka was a member of the month-long New American Songwriter Tour in New York City, Philadelphia, and Massachusetts. The tour also featured Krystle Warren, Jesse Harris and Ryan Scott.^[2] In August, Pureka played at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival.

In July 2007, Pureka's song, "Swann Song" won 1st Place in the Acoustic competition on the independent music site OurStage.com.^[3] Because of her excellent performance there, she won a spot to perform at the Virgin Music Festival in Baltimore, Maryland, where she performed on August 5.^{[citation needed]} Pureka had previously also won the Acoustic competition in April for her song "31 and Falling".^[4]

In October 2007, Pureka was nominated for 2007's Outstanding Folk Act by the Boston Music Awards. She was also awarded an ASCAPLUS award in the summer of 2007.

Pureka has sold over 7000 copies of her latest album, How I Learned to See in the Dark, independently, on her own label, Sad Rabbit Music. She has gained popularity by performing with artists such as Dar Williams, The Cowboy Junkies, Peter Mulvey, Ani Difranco, Martin Sexton, Jeffrey Foucault, Kris Delmhorst, Melissa Ferrick, Catie Curtis, and Girlyman.

Pureka is the founder of her label, Sad Rabbit Music. She has been compared to artists like early Bruce Springsteen, Ryan Adams, Patty Griffin, Gillian Welch and Mary Gauthier. Pureka covered Welch's song "Everything Is Free" on Dryland and has expressed admiration for her music as well as that of Griffin. She cites influences from Peter Mulvey and Pamela Means, as well as Ani DiFranco, though she says that her music differs greatly from DiFranco's often-outspoken political messages. Pureka has lent her vocals and guitar playing to several tracks by artists like Olson and Arjuna Greist; a notable track is "Checking My Pulse" with Olson, which went on to become a relative hit for Olson.

Pureka identifies as genderqueer^[5] and cultivates an androgynous appearance. She has received positive reviews in the long-running radical feminist publication off our backs^[6] and other magazines. Pureka's music does not deal explicitly with LGBT issues, focusing instead on emotional interactions between individuals.

On January 20, 2009, Pureka released a fourth album, an EP entitled Chimera. The EP has seven tracks; one new, original song (with a prelude as the first track), a reworked studio version of a song off of her 2001 EP, three live tracks, and a cover of Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor's Wagon Wheel. The hard copy of Chimera is complete with written commentary from Pureka on each track.

In April 2010, Pureka released her fifth album, How I Learned To See In The Dark, which she co-produced with Merrill Garbus.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Discography[link]

• 2001 - Chris Pureka EP
• 2004 - Driving North
• 2006 - Dryland
• 2009 - Chimera (EP)
• 2010 - How I Learned To See In The Dark

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Swartz, Shauna (June 11, 2007). "7 Out Musicians to Watch — Chris Pureka". AfterEllen.com. http://www.afterellen.com/music/2007/6/outmusicians?page=0%2C3. Retrieved January 27, 2010. 
2. ^ Kristen Beam (11 May 2007). "New American Songwriter Tour breezing through town". Sound Check. masslive.com. http://blog.masslive.com/soundcheck/2007/05/new_american_songwriter_tour_b.html. Retrieved 20 April 2010. 
3. ^ "The Winners for July 2007". OurStage.com. http://www.ourstage.com/winners/2007/7. Retrieved 16 April 2010. 
4. ^ "The Winners for April 2007". OurStage.com. http://www.ourstage.com/winners/2007/4. Retrieved 16 April 2010. 
5. ^ Azzopardi, Chris (August 30, 2007). "Goodbye, guitar". PrideSource. http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=26714. Retrieved January 27, 2010. 
6. ^ Young, Angie (July 1, 2005). "An interview with Chris Pureka: Feminist. Lesbian. Singer. Guitarist extraordinaire". off our backs. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9705323_ITM. Retrieved January 27, 2010 
7. ^ Cory Albertson (15 April 2010). "Best of What's Next: Chris Pureka". Paste. http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/04/best-of-whats-next-chris-pureka.html. Retrieved 20 April 2010. 
8. ^ http://host.madison.com/entertainment/music/article_74967464-51fd-11df-86ba-001cc4c002e0.html
9. ^ Pareles, Jon (2010-05-18). "Vintage Rock and Midlife Heartaches". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/arts/music/23play.html. 
10. ^ http://newsletter.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2010/06/07/pureka-01-confronts-her-sorrows-in-third-album/#more-11785

External links[link]

• Official website