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Aberffraw
Aberffraw is now a small village and community on the south west coast of the Isle of Anglesey (), in Wales, by the west bank of the River Ffraw, at . The UK postcode begins LL63. Access by road is by way of the A4080 and the nearest rail station is Bodorgan. In the early Middle Ages Aberffraw was the capital of Gwynedd from c.860 AD until c.1170. Under the eponymous Aberffraw Dynasty it came to be the most important political centre in medieval Wales. The Llys remained the symbolic throne of the Kings of Gwynedd from the 9th century to the 13th century. The Royal Annals of Edward I of England show the Llys was dismantled in 1315 to provide building materials for nearby Beaumaris Castle.
http://wn.com/Aberffraw -
Cantre'r Gwaelod
'''Cantre'r Gwaelod''' (also known as Cantref Gwaelod or Cantref y Gwaelod; ) is the legendary ancient sunken kingdom said to have occupied a tract of fertile land lying between Ramsey Island and Bardsey Island in what is now Cardigan Bay to the west of Wales.
http://wn.com/Cantre'r_Gwaelod -
Cantref Arfon
http://wn.com/Cantref_Arfon -
Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
http://wn.com/Cornwall -
Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark -
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Gwynedd
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Hofkirche, Innsbruck
The Hofkirche (Court Church) Innsbruck, Austria, is a Gothic church built 1553–1563 by Ferdinand I as a memorial to his grandfather Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459–1519), whose cenotaph within boasts a remarkable collection of German Renaissance sculpture. It also contains the tomb of Andreas Hofer, Tirol's national hero.
http://wn.com/Hofkirche_Innsbruck -
Iceland
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http://wn.com/Iceland -
Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
http://wn.com/Ireland -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Ludgate
Ludgate was the westernmost gate in London Wall. The name survives in Ludgate Hill, an eastward continuation of Fleet Street, and Ludgate Circus.
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Minack Theatre
The Minack Theatre is an open-air theatre, constructed above a gully with a rocky granite outcrop jutting into the sea (minack from Cornish meynek means a stony or rocky place). The theatre is located near Porthcurno, from Land's End in Cornwall, United Kingdom.
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Norway
http://wn.com/Norway -
Orkney Islands
http://wn.com/Orkney_Islands -
Tate St Ives
Tate St Ives is an art gallery in St Ives, Cornwall, England, exhibiting work by modern British artists, including work of the St Ives School. The three story building, designed by architects Evans and Shalev, lies on the site of an old gas works, overlooking Porthmeor Beach. It was opened in 1993, the second regional gallery in the Tate Gallery network. However, the Tate also manages an earlier property in St Ives, the Barbara Hepworth Museum and Sculpture Garden which it opened in 1980.
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Tintagel
Tintagel ( with the stress on the second syllable; ) (originally Trevena ()) is a civil parish and village situated on the Atlantic coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. The population of the parish is 1,820 people, and the area of the parish is 4,281 acres.
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Tristan
Tristan (Latin/Brythonic: Drustanus; ; also known as Tristran, Tristram, etc.) is one of the main characters of the Tristan and Iseult story, a Cornish hero and one of the Knights of the Round Table featuring in the Matter of Britain. He is the son of Blancheflor and Rivalen (in later versions Isabelle and Meliodas), and the nephew of King Mark of Cornwall, sent to fetch Iseult back from Ireland to wed the king. However, he and Iseult accidentally consume a love potion while en route and fall helplessly in love. The pair undergo numerous trials that test their secret affair.
http://wn.com/Tristan -
Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
http://wn.com/Wales
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Alan Jay Lerner
Alan Jay Lerner (August 31, 1918 – June 14, 1986) was an American lyricist and librettist. In collaboration with Frederick Loewe, he created some of the world's most popular and enduring works of musical theatre for both the stage and on film. He won three Tony Awards and three Academy Awards, among other honors.
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Albrecht Dürer
http://wn.com/Albrecht_Dürer -
Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scots poet, novelist, and literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named for him.
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Aneirin
Aneirin or Neirin was a Dark Age Brythonic poet. He is believed to have been a bard or 'court poet' in one of the Cumbric kingdoms of the Old North or Hen Ogledd, probably that of Gododdin at Edinburgh, in modern Scotland. From the 17th century, his name was often incorrectly spelled Aneurin.
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Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxons is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD, and their creation of the English nation, to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Benedictine monk, Bede, writing three centuries later, identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
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Athrwys ap Meurig
Athrwys (sometimes misspelled as Arthwys) was a Prince, possibly a King, from Gwent in Wales, who is generally accepted as having lived in the early 7th century.
http://wn.com/Athrwys_ap_Meurig -
Barbara Hepworth
Dame Barbara Hepworth DBE (10 January 1903 – 20 May 1975) was an English sculptor. Her work exemplifies Modernism and along with her contemporaries in England such as Ivon Hitchens, Henry Moore, Ben Nicholson, Naum Gabo and others she helped to develop modern art (sculpture in particular) immeasurably.
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Bede
http://wn.com/Bede -
Bernard Cornwell
Bernard Cornwell OBE (born 23 February 1944) is an English author of historical novels. He is best known for his novels about Napoleonic Wars rifleman Richard Sharpe which were adapted into a series of Sharpe television films.
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Brenda Wootton
http://wn.com/Brenda_Wootton -
Breton people
The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brythonic speakers who settled the area from south western Great Britain in two waves from the 4th to 6th centuries. The traditional language of Brittany is Breton (Brezhoneg) and is spoken by approximately 365,000 people, of whom about 240,000 speak it fluently . Breton is closely related to the Brythonic languages Cornish (closely) and Welsh (more distantly). The region of Brittany is named after them. Brittany and its people are included as one of the six Celtic nations. Another linguistic minority are present in Brittany, namely speakers of the Gallo language. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the French government do not take account of such statistics. The present day population of Brittany based on a January 2007 estimate is 4,365,500.
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Cadwaladr
Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon () was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 655 – 682). Two devastating plagues happened during his reign, one in 664 and the other in 682, with himself a victim of the second one. Little else is known of his reign. Cadwaladr is most widely recognised as a prominent character in the romantic stories of Geoffrey of Monmouth, where he is portrayed as the last in a line of legendary kings of Britain.
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Carantoc
Saint Carantoc (also known in Welsh as Carannog, Irish as Cairnech, Breton as Karanteg, Latin as Carantocus, corrupted English as Carantock, and other variations) was a confessor and abbot of the early 6th century in Wales and what is now the English West Country.
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Clemence Dane
http://wn.com/Clemence_Dane -
Daphne du Maurier
http://wn.com/Daphne_du_Maurier -
Dylan ail Don
Dylan ail Don (also seen in other translated languages as Dylan Eil Ton (in Middle Welsh), '''Dylan O'Taine, Dylan ElTon, Dylan Aldon, and Dylan Ui Dan') is a character in the Welsh mythic Mabinogion tales, particularly in the fourth tale, "Math fab Mathonwy". The story of Dylan reflects ancient Celtic myths that were handed down orally for some generations before being written down during the early Christian period by clerics. The story as it has been preserved will therefore exhibit elements and archetypes characteristic of both Celtic pagan and Christian mythologies. His name translates as "Dylan the Second Wave", referring to him as being the second born (ail don'' meaning "second wave") of Arianrhod.
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Eric Rohmer
http://wn.com/Eric_Rohmer -
First World War
http://wn.com/First_World_War -
Fisherman's Friends
''This article is about the band. For the throat lozenges, see Fisherman's Friend.''
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Frederick Loewe
Frederick Loewe (June 10, 1901 February 14, 1988), was an Austrian-American composer. He collaborated with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner on the long running Broadway musicals My Fair Lady and Camelot, with book and lyrics by Lerner, both of which were made into films.
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Geoffrey Ashe
Geoffrey Ashe (born 29 March 1923) is a British cultural historian, a writer of non-fiction books and novels.
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Geoffrey of Monmouth
http://wn.com/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth -
Gildas
http://wn.com/Gildas -
Goeznovius
http://wn.com/Goeznovius -
Gustave Doré
http://wn.com/Gustave_Doré -
Gwenno Saunders
Gwenno Saunders (born Gwenno Mererid Saunders on 23 May 1981) is a British dancer and solo artist. She is best known as a singer and keyboardist with The Pipettes, and is also known by the name Gwenno Pipette.
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Henry Fielding
http://wn.com/Henry_Fielding -
Henry Purcell
http://wn.com/Henry_Purcell -
Howard Pyle
http://wn.com/Howard_Pyle -
Jack Whyte
Jack Whyte (born 1940) is a Scottish-Canadian novelist of historical fiction. Born and raised in Scotland, Whyte has been living in Canada since 1967. He resides in Kelowna, British Columbia.
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James II of England
James II & VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Increasingly Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and the leaders called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.
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John Boorman
John Boorman (born 18 January 1933) is an English filmmaker who is a long time resident of Ireland and is best known for his feature films such as Point Blank, Deliverance, Excalibur, The Emerald Forest, Hope and Glory, The General and The Tailor of Panama.
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John Dryden
http://wn.com/John_Dryden -
John Masefield
John Edward Masefield, OM, (1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967) was an English poet and writer, and Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1930 until his death in 1967. He is remembered as the author of the classic children's novels The Midnight Folk and The Box of Delights, and many memorable poems, including "The Everlasting Mercy" and "Sea-Fever".
http://wn.com/John_Masefield -
King Arthur
King Arthur is a legendary British leader who, according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early sixth century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.
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Laurence Binyon
Robert Laurence Binyon (10 August 1869 at Lancaster – 10 March 1943 at Reading, Berkshire) was an English poet, dramatist, and art scholar. His most famous work, For the Fallen, is well known for being used in Remembrance Sunday services.
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Magnus Maximus
Magnus Maximus (ca. 335–August 28, 388), also known as Maximianus and Macsen Wledig in Welsh, was Western Roman Emperor from 383 to 388. As commander of Britain, he usurped the throne from emperor Gratian in 383. However, through negotiation with Theodosius I the following year he was made emperor in Britannia and Gaul - while Gratian's brother Valentinian II retained Italy, Pannonia, Hispania, and Africa. Nevertheless Maximus' ambitions led him to invade Italy in 387, leading to his defeat by Theodosius at the Battle of the Save in 388. His defeat marked the end of real imperial activity in northern Gaul and Britain.
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Maleagant
http://wn.com/Maleagant -
Marie de France
Marie de France ("Mary of France") was a poet born in France and living in England during the late 12th century, where she lived and wrote at a court. Virtually nothing is known of her life; both her proper name and its geographical specification come from her manuscripts, though one contemporary reference to her work and her popularity remains.
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Mark Twain
http://wn.com/Mark_Twain -
Michael An Gof
:"Michael Joseph" is also an imprint of the Penguin Group of publishers.
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Morholt
http://wn.com/Morholt -
Nennius
Nennius was a Welsh monk of the 9th century.
http://wn.com/Nennius -
Nikolai Tolstoy
Count Nikolai Dmitrievich Tolstoy-Miloslavsky (born 23 June 1935) is an Anglo-Russian historian and author who writes under the name Nikolai Tolstoy. A member of the prominent Tolstoy family, he is of part Russian descent and is the stepson of the author Patrick O'Brian. He is also a former prospective parliamentary candidate of the United Kingdom Independence Party.
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Norris J. Lacy
Norris J. Lacy (born 1940) is an American scholar focusing on French medieval literature. He is the Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of French and Medieval Studies at the Pennsylvania State University. He is a leading expert on the Arthurian legend and has written and edited numerous books, papers, and articles on the topic.
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Nowell Myres
John Nowell Linton Myres CBE (27 December 1902 - 25 September 1989) was a British archaeologist and Bodley's Librarian at the Bodleian Library in Oxford from 1948 until his resignation in 1965; and librarian of Christ Church before his Bodleian appointment.
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Padarn
Saint Padarn () is the eponymous founder of St Padarn's Church. Llanbadarn Fawr, near present day Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, in the early 6th century. At one time quite a popular saint, he is now chiefly remembered because of the church and his connection with King Arthur, for his early vita is one of only five insular saints' lives and two Breton ones that include a mention of Arthur that seems to be independent of Geoffrey of Monmouth's myth-making in Historia Regum Britanniae. He is considered one of the seven founder saints of Brittany.
http://wn.com/Padarn -
Parke Godwin
Parke Godwin (28 January 1929 - ) is an American writer known for his lyrical yet precise prose style and sardonic humor. He is also known for his novels of legendary figures placed in realistic historical settings; his retelling of the Arthur legend (Firelord in 1980, Beloved Exile in 1984, and The Last Rainbow in 1985) is set in the 5th century during the collapse of the Roman empire, and his reinterpretation of Robin Hood (Sherwood, 1991, and Robin and the King, 1993) takes place during the Norman conquest and features kings William the Conqueror and William Rufus as major characters. His other well-known works include Waiting For The Galactic Bus (1988) and its sequel The Snake Oil Wars (1989), humorous critiques of American pop culture and religion.
http://wn.com/Parke_Godwin -
Pict
http://wn.com/Pict -
Polydore Vergil
http://wn.com/Polydore_Vergil -
R. C. Sherriff
http://wn.com/R_C_Sherriff -
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 1813 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Famous extracts from his operas include the "Ride of the Valkyries" and the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, popularly known as the wedding march "Here Comes the Bride".
http://wn.com/Richard_Wagner -
Riothamus
Riothamus (also spelled Riotimus), was a Romano-British military leader, who was active circa AD 470. He fought against the Goths in alliance with the declining Roman Empire. He is called "King of the Britons" by the chronicler Jordanes, but the extent of his realm is unclear. Some modern authors consider his life to have been one of the sources for the myth of King Arthur.
http://wn.com/Riothamus -
Robert Bresson
Robert Bresson (pronounced in French; 25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French film director known for his spiritual, ascetic style.
http://wn.com/Robert_Bresson -
Robert de Boron
Robert de Boron (also spelled in the manuscripts "Bouron", "Beron") was a French poet of the late 12th and early 13th centuries who is most notable as the author of the poems ''Joseph d'Arimathe and Merlin''.
http://wn.com/Robert_de_Boron -
Rosemary Sutcliff
http://wn.com/Rosemary_Sutcliff -
Round Table
The Round Table is King Arthur's famed table in the Arthurian legend, around which he and his Knights congregate. As its name suggests, it has no head, implying that everyone who sits there has equal status. The table was first described in 1155 by Wace, who relied on previous depictions of Arthur's fabulous retinue. The symbolism of the Round Table developed over time; by the close of the 12th century it had come to represent the chivalric order associated with Arthur's court, the Knights of the Round Table.
http://wn.com/Round_Table -
Saint Piran
:For the coastal town and a municipality in south-western Slovenia, see Piran.
http://wn.com/Saint_Piran -
Saxon
http://wn.com/Saxon -
Scoti
Scoti or Scotti was the generic name used by the Romans to describe those who sailed from Ireland to conduct raids on Roman Britain. It was thus synonymous with the modern term Gaels. It is not believed that any Gaelic groups called themselves Scoti in ancient times, except when referring to themselves in Latin.
http://wn.com/Scoti -
Segwarides
Segwarides is a Knight of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. In the Prose Tristan and Sir Thomas Malory's ''Le Morte d'Arthur'', Segwarides is a liegeman of King Mark who is cuckholded by Tristan. Malory also lists an individual of this name as a son of the Saracen king Esclabor; his brothers are Palamedes and Safir. It seems there were originally two characters of this name, but the stories in which they appear fail to differentiate between them.
http://wn.com/Segwarides -
Stephen R. Lawhead
Stephen R. Lawhead, born , is a best-selling American writer known for his works of fantasy, science fiction, and more recently, historical fiction, particularly Celtic historical fiction. He has written over 24 novels and numerous children's and non-fiction books.
http://wn.com/Stephen_R_Lawhead -
T. H. White
Terence Hanbury White (29 May 1906 – 17 January 1964) was an English author best known for his sequence of Arthurian novels, The Once and Future King, first published together in 1958.
http://wn.com/T_H_White -
T. S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965) was an American-born English poet, playwright, and literary critic, arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century. The poem that made his name, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock—started in 1910 and published in Chicago in 1915—is regarded as a masterpiece of the modernist movement, and was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including Gerontion (1920), The Waste Land (1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930), and Four Quartets (1945). He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.
http://wn.com/T_S_Eliot -
Taliesin
http://wn.com/Taliesin -
Thomas Hardy
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hardy -
Thomas Malory
http://wn.com/Thomas_Malory -
Tristan
Tristan (Latin/Brythonic: Drustanus; ; also known as Tristran, Tristram, etc.) is one of the main characters of the Tristan and Iseult story, a Cornish hero and one of the Knights of the Round Table featuring in the Matter of Britain. He is the son of Blancheflor and Rivalen (in later versions Isabelle and Meliodas), and the nephew of King Mark of Cornwall, sent to fetch Iseult back from Ireland to wed the king. However, he and Iseult accidentally consume a love potion while en route and fall helplessly in love. The pair undergo numerous trials that test their secret affair.
http://wn.com/Tristan -
Wace
Wace (c. 1115 – c. 1183) was an Anglo-Norman poet, who was born in Jersey and brought up in mainland Normandy (he tells us in the Roman de Rou that he was taken as a child to Caen), ending his career as Canon of Bayeux.
http://wn.com/Wace -
William Caxton
http://wn.com/William_Caxton -
William Golding
http://wn.com/William_Golding -
William Morris
http://wn.com/William_Morris -
William of Newburgh
William of Newburgh or Newbury (from ; 1136? – 1198?), also known as William Parvus, was a 12th century English historian and Augustinian canon from Bridlington, Yorkshire.
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William Wordsworth
http://wn.com/William_Wordsworth -
Áedán mac Gabráin
http://wn.com/Áedán_mac_Gabráin
King Arthur (2004)
"King Arthur (2004)" Actors
- Clive Owen
- Keira Knightley
- Ioan Gruffudd
- Stellan Skarsgard
- Ray Winstone
- Valeria Cavalli
- Charlie Creed-miles
- Joel Edgerton
- Pat Kinevane
- Ivano Marescotti
- Mads Mikkelsen
- Ken Stott
- Hugh Dancy
- Stephen Dillane
- Til Schweiger
"King Arthur (2004)" Director
karaoke
What power art thou
Who from below
Hast made me rise
Unwillingly and slow
From beds of everlasting snow
See'st thou not how stiff, how stiff
And wondrous old
Far unfit to bear the bitter cold
I can scarcely move
Or draw my breath
I can scarcely move
Or draw my breath
Let me, let me,
Let me freeze again
Let me, let me
Freeze again to death
Let me, let me, let me
We're lifting gold cups
for our King Arthur
Torches burn on the wall
Knights hail our king
Wine splashes in gold cups
We drink your health!
Arthur! You're a wise king
Arthur! You're a just king
We solut you
Bless him God!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
A power of Camelot
Is in big steel swords
Your hands are solid
Your reason is bright
Arthur! You're a wise king
Arthur! You're a just king
We solut you
Bless him God!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat!
Your Majesty!
Queen loves your kind heart
We respect your courage
You are our king
We are your knights
Arthur! You're a wise king
Arthur! You're a just king
We solut you
Bless him God!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat King Arthur! Vivat!
Vivat!
Your Majesty!
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In Search Of Myths and Heroes - King Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:06
- Published: 23 Jun 2011
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
For more great documentaries visit www.DocumentaryList.NET and support the site
http://wn.com/In_Search_Of_Myths_and_Heroes_King_Arthur
King Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 23 Mar 2007
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Trailer for King Arthur
http://wn.com/King_Arthur
Britain AD Episode 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:02
- Published: 19 Jun 2011
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
For more documentaries go to www.DocumentaryList.NET and support the site A series of three one hour programmes, presented by leading archaeologist and sheep-farmer Francis Pryo, re-examine Britain AD, the Arthurian myth, the British national character and the mysterious period of British history known as 'The Dark Ages'. Finding new and previously unexplained evidence Francis Pryor overturns the idea that Britain was crushed under Roman rule, then reverted to a state of anarchy and disorder after the Romans left in 410 AD. Instead of doom and gloom Francis discovers a continuous culture that assimilated influences from as far a field as the Middle East and Constantinople. Francis is confronted by evidence that confounds traditional views of Britain as a powerless bunch or warring barbarian tribes. Nor was there the invasion of bloodthirsty Anglo Saxons, rampaging across the countryside, which our school books have always depicted. With new archaeological evidence Francis discovers a far more interesting and complex story, one that puts the continuing energy of the Ancient Britons at the core. According to conventional wisdom, native British culture was suppressed by 400 years of Roman rule, and the withdrawal of the mighty imperial army in 410AD threw the country into a state of primitive barbarism, which only came to an end with the invasion of the more advanced Anglo Saxons. With detailed archaeology, cutting-edge academic research and his own brand of iconoclasm <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Britain_AD_Episode_1
King Arthur - Hans Zimmer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:53
- Published: 07 Aug 2008
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Selections from the score. Sorry no movie, I don't have this one :(
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_Hans_Zimmer
King Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Published: 19 May 2008
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
In this video you will see the knights defending a buntch of romans getting attack by Merlin's army.
http://wn.com/King_Arthur
SOUNDTRACK KING ARTHUR all of them by Hans Zimmer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:25
- Published: 18 Apr 2008
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
SOUNDTRACK KING ARTHUR all of them by Hans Zimmer
http://wn.com/SOUNDTRACK_KING_ARTHUR_all_of_them_by_Hans_Zimmer
King Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 120:36
- Published: 17 Apr 2012
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
The producer of Pearl Harbor and the director of Training Day deliver an immensely thrilling adventure epic that tells the heroic true story behind one of history's greatest legends. It is the valiant tale of Arthur (Clive Owen) and his bond of brotherhood with Lancelot (Ioan Gruffudd) and the loyalty of the Knights Of The Round Table as they fight for freedom and those they love. Also starring Keira Knightley, this spectacular motion picture fuses historical grandeur with edge-of-your-seat action and bestows must-see entertainment. © 2004 TOUCHSTONE PICTURES
http://wn.com/King_Arthur
King Arthur 2004 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Published: 18 Oct 2008
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
For centuries historians believed that the tale of King Arthur and his knights was only a legend. But the myth was based on a real hero who lived 1600 years ago.
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_2004_Trailer
SOUNDTRACK KING ARTHUR Tell Me Now ( What You See)Moya See
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Published: 18 Apr 2008
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
1 Tell Me Now ( What You See) (Moya See) by hans zimmer
http://wn.com/SOUNDTRACK_KING_ARTHUR_Tell_Me_Now_What_You_SeeMoya_See
King Arthur Movie Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 27 Nov 2006
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
The movie King Arthur, set upon a computer-animated recreation of Hadrian's Wall.
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_Movie_Trailer
The Search for King Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 22 May 2007
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Was King Arthur a real person? Join the hunt for the man behind the world's greatest legend. The National Geographic Channel: channel.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/The_Search_for_King_Arthur
Monty Python- The Annoying Peasant
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 30 Oct 2006
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
This scene features a Annoying Peasant that seems to know alot more about goverment than he should. SHUT UP! SHUP UP!!! BLOODY PEASENT!
http://wn.com/Monty_Python_The_Annoying_Peasant
We will go home - King Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Published: 09 Jul 2007
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
A woman sings for Arthur's men, "we will go home" also known as "song of exile". This song is from the movie "King Arthur".
http://wn.com/We_will_go_home_King_Arthur
King Arthur - Soundtrack Compilation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Published: 10 Nov 2007
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Soundtrack compilation for the movie "King Arthur." Music composed by Hans Zimmer. No copyright infringement intended. The pieces used in the compilation are listed in order below: Hold The Ice-0:00 Woad To Ruin-0:37 All of Them-2:56 Budget Meeting-3:51 Woad To Ruin-6:12 Woad To Ruin-7:54 Budget Meeting-8:11 All of Them-8:45
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_Soundtrack_Compilation
King Arthur MTV Moya Brennan - Tell Me Now What You See
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Published: 22 Sep 2006
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
If I remember correctly, King Arthur was only mediocre in theatres; but the song sure is good.
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_MTV_Moya_Brennan_Tell_Me_Now_What_You_See
Monty Python And The Holy Grail- The Black Knight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Published: 06 May 2006
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
The Scene from Monty Python and the holy grail where king aurthor battles the black knight
http://wn.com/Monty_Python_And_The_Holy_Grail_The_Black_Knight
Woad to Ruin - Hans Zimmer (King Arthur OST) HDHQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Published: 30 Nov 2009
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Music from the movie King Arthur Music by Hans Zimmer
http://wn.com/Woad_to_Ruin_Hans_Zimmer_King_Arthur_OST_HDHQ
King Arthur - All Of Them
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 21 Mar 2008
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Arthur and Guinevere's wedding in the movie King Arthur. Their wedding, a joining of a Roman/British soldier and a Woad princess, also marked the union of Britain. The music is "All Of Them" from the King Arthur soundtrack by Hans Zimmer. No copyright infringement intended.
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_All_Of_Them
Great Riddles in Archaeology: King Arthur, Camelot, and the Quest for a Holy Grail
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 76:53
- Published: 07 Oct 2011
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
For centuries, the legend of King Arthur, Camelot and the quest for the Holy Grail has captivated the world. Was there really a Holy Grail, and how did it find its way to Britain and the Arthurian legend? Were Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table real historical figures? What does the archaeology of this era tell us? Dr. Richard Hodges, the Williams Director of the Penn Museum and a noted Medievalist, is the kickoff speaker of this popular lecture series, running October 2011 through June 2012.
http://wn.com/Great_Riddles_in_Archaeology_King_Arthur,_Camelot,_and_the_Quest_for_a_Holy_Grail
King Arthur: Fallen Champions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:10
- Published: 10 Aug 2011
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
www.unitlost.com Stylosa dives back into the medieval world of King Arthur: Fallen Champions which bridges the gap between King Arthur: The Role Playing Wargame and the upcoming second instalment out this month! www.unitlost.com http www.facebook.com steamcommunity.com
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_Fallen_Champions
King arthur and the knights of justice intro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Published: 17 Mar 2006
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Follow me on twiiter for episode updates, twitter name: Excalibarr King Arthur and the Knights of Justice best damn cartoon ever made.
http://wn.com/King_arthur_and_the_knights_of_justice_intro
Morecambe & Wise - King Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Published: 29 Apr 2008
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
From their show in July 1969, Eric & Ernie with their guest star Peter Cushing show us their version of King Arthur and the knights of the round table
http://wn.com/Morecambe_Wise_King_Arthur
King Arthur 2: Official Trailer (E3 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Published: 07 Jun 2011
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Witness In-game footage for Paradox's sequel King Arthur 2. Check out this gameplay trailer for the epic strategy video game from E3 2011. IGN's YouTube is just a taste of our content. Get more: www.ign.com Want this week's top videos? Sign up go.ign.com
http://wn.com/King_Arthur_2_Official_Trailer_E3_2011
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Photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
19 Oct 2012
Iranian and U.S. negotiators have reached an agreement that calls for Iran to halt part of its nuclear program in exchange for the lifting of many of the U.S. sanctions against the Islamic regime,...
Photo: AP / www.muslm.net
18 Oct 2012
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the self-described mastermind of the September 11 attacks, delivered a scathing anti-American diatribe at a military tribunal in what the judge called a "one-time occurrence"....
Photo: Creative Commons / Kansir
17 Oct 2012
(Reuters) - IBM posted a quarterly revenue miss and barely beat analyst expectations for earnings per share as customers put off spending on big ticket items and a stronger dollar hit the company's...
Photo: GFDL / Daderot
18 Oct 2012
New Delhi: A white sperm whale looms on the background of the doodle on the Google home page on Thursday. The doodle commemorates the 161st anniversary of the...
Photo: NARA
18 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Before swallowing a capsule and committing suicide this very same week in 1946, during the Nuremberg Trials Hermann Goering testified how Nazi Germany...
Photo: AP / Tertius Pickard
18 Oct 2012
KEVIN Rudd has seized on revelations that mining tax revenue will fall short, expressing "hope" that Julia Gillard's watered-down version of his resources super profits tax will reap sufficient...
Photo: AP / President Barack Obama and Republican presidential candidate and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney shake hands at the end of the second presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, N.Y., Tuesday, Oct. 16, 2012.
18 Oct 2012
WASHINGTON - President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney put aside campaign vitriol for laughs Thursday when they address the venerable Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, a...
Photo: AP / Simon Dawson
17 Oct 2012
David Haye still believes a fight with Vitali Klitschko will take place next year. The former WBA heavyweight champion has been chasing the veteran WBC title holder for some time and it is believed...
Seattle Post
Can Regina leave Storybrooke? Is Lancelot really dead? It's time for Round 2 to get the answers! Before Once Upon a Time airs what executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis call their favorite episode ever Sunday - in which we meet Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) - TVGuide.com decided it's...(size: 3.7Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
POLICE ARE investigating a gunpoint-robbery spree that has some residents of a quiet section of Northeast Philadelphia on edge. "I'm not really trying to go outside at nighttime right now," said a 22-year-old victim of one of the robberies, who said he was approached around 10 p.m. Oct. 9 on Arthur...(size: 2.3Kb)
Maynard: James has the X Factor
19 Oct 2012
York Press
Conor Maynard says his brother got mistaken for him Conor Maynard has revealed he's a fan of X Factor star James Arthur. Despite his television set being on the blink, the Vegas Girl singer has been keeping an eye on James' performances on X Factor and reckons...(size: 1.7Kb)
Seattle Cinema Scene : October 19-25
19 Oct 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Seattle movies2012 MoviesDocumentariesmidnight movieshorror movies Advertisement The Seattle Cinema Scene is a guide to the city’s art-houses and theaters that specialize in the old, the unknown and cult classics available to filmgoers on a daily basis. For specific screen-times,...(size: 7.0Kb)
British airmen laid to rest
19 Oct 2012
A life lived on two wheels
19 Oct 2012
North Jersey
– Logging more than 500,000 miles, or 20 laps around the Earth, is no easy feat. However, after 70 years dedicated to America's highways and byways, one rider has accumulated a myriad of life experiences, in addition to recurrent oil changes. PHOTOS COURTESY OF LORI DESILVA...(size: 17.1Kb)
Bx. landlord hails stop-by-and-frisk
19 Oct 2012
New York Post Online
A South Bronx landlord had nothing but praise yesterday for an NYPD “stop-and-frisk” program that’s under fire from civil-liberties groups. Consolato “Joe” Cicciu testified the low-income buildings owned by his nonprofit used to be plagued by large groups of young men...(size: 4.1Kb)
Dallas ISD chief of staff Alan King resigns
19 Oct 2012
The Dallas Morning News
Dallas ISD chief of staff Alan King, long praised as a trustworthy and frugal administrator, resigned unexpectedly Thursday. King could not be reached for comment. But Superintendent Mike Miles, who started in July, said King had intended to leave the district after the new administrative team was...(size: 3.9Kb)
"Arthur Pendragon" redirects here. For other uses, see Arthur Pendragon (disambiguation).
For other uses, see King Arthur (disambiguation).
King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians.[2] The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.[3]
The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain).[4] Some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn.[5] How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown.
Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann and final rest in Avalon. The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media. However, the Arthur in films and television is clearly depicted as living during a much later period – the costumes used in such dramatizations resemble those of people living in the 12th century more than they do those used during the 5th or 6th.
Contents |
Debated historicity[link]
Main article: Historical basis for King Arthur
The first datable mention of King Arthur is in a 9th century Latin text. The Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius, lists twelve battles that Arthur fought. These culminate in the Battle of Mons Badonicus, or Mount Badon, where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men. Recent studies, however, question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum.[6] The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars. One school of thought, citing entries in the Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) and Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals), sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons sometime in the late 5th to early 6th century.
The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae, which also link Arthur with the Battle of Mount Badon. The Annales date this battle to 516–518, and also mention the Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut (Mordred) were both killed, dated to 537–539. These details have often been used to bolster confidence in the Historia's account and to confirm that Arthur really did fight at Mount Badon. Problems have been identified, however, with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum's account. The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales. Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early. They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals. The Mount Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum.[7]
This lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of sub-Roman Britain. In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards, "at this stage of the enquiry, one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur [but ...] the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him".[8] These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend; earlier generations of historians were less sceptical. Historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organising principle of his history of sub-Roman Britain and Ireland, The Age of Arthur (1973). Even so, he found little to say about a historical Arthur.[9]
Partly in reaction to such theories, another school of thought emerged which argued that Arthur had no historical existence at all. Morris's Age of Arthur prompted archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that "no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian's time".[10] Gildas' 6th-century polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain), written within living memory of Mount Badon, mentions the battle but does not mention Arthur.[11] Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820.[12] He is absent from Bede's early 8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People, another major early source for post-Roman history that mentions Mount Badon.[13] Historian David Dumville has written: "I think we can dispose of him [Arthur] quite briefly. He owes his place in our history books to a 'no smoke without fire' school of thought ... The fact of the matter is that there is no historical evidence about Arthur; we must reject him from our histories and, above all, from the titles of our books."[14]
Some scholars argue that Arthur was originally a fictional hero of folklore—or even a half-forgotten Celtic deity—who became credited with real deeds in the distant past. They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish totemic horse-gods Hengest and Horsa, who later became historicised. Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th-century Anglo-Saxon conquest of eastern Britain.[15] It is not even certain that Arthur was considered a king in the early texts. Neither the Historia nor the Annales calls him "rex": the former calls him instead "dux bellorum" (leader of battles) and "miles" (soldier).[16]
Historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce, so a definitive answer to the question of Arthur's historical existence is unlikely. Sites and places have been identified as "Arthurian" since the 12th century,[17] but archaeology can confidently reveal names only through inscriptions found in secure contexts. The so-called "Arthur stone", discovered in 1998 among the ruins at Tintagel Castle in Cornwall in securely dated 6th-century contexts, created a brief stir but proved irrelevant.[18] Other inscriptional evidence for Arthur, including the Glastonbury cross, is tainted with the suggestion of forgery.[19] Although several historical figures have been proposed as the basis for Arthur,[20] no convincing evidence for these identifications has emerged.
Name[link]
Main article: Arthur
The origin of the name Arthur remains a matter of debate. Some suggest it is derived from the Roman nomen gentile (family name) Artōrius, of obscure and contested etymology[21] (but possibly of Messapic[22][23][24] or Etruscan origin[25][26][27]). Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur, or Arturus, in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artōrius (though it should be noted that Classical Latin Artōrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects). However, this may not say anything about the origin of the name Arthur, as Artōrius would regularly become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh.[28]
Another possibility is that it is derived from a Brittonic patronym *Arto-rīg-ios (the root of which, *arto-rīg- "bear-king" is to be found in the Old Irish personal name Art-ri) via a Latinized form Artōrius.[29] Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth "bear" + (g)wr "man" (earlier *Arto-uiros in Brittonic); there are phonological difficulties with this theory—notably that a Brittonic compound name *Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh *Artgur and Middle/Modern Welsh *Arthwr and not Arthur (in Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in -ur - never words ending in -wr - which confirms that the second element cannot be [g]wr "man").[30][31]
An alternative theory, which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars,[32] derives the name Arthur from Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Boötes, near Ursa Major or the Great Bear. Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art(h)ur when borrowed into Welsh, and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the "guardian of the bear" (which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek) and the "leader" of the other stars in Boötes.[33]
A similar first name is Old Irish Artúr, which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur.[34] The earliest historically attested bearer of the name is a son or grandson of Áedán mac Gabráin (d. AD 609).[35]
Medieval literary traditions[link]
The creator of the familiar literary persona of Arthur was Geoffrey of Monmouth, with his pseudo-historical Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), written in the 1130s. The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey's Historia (known as pre-Galfridian texts, from the Latin form of Geoffrey, Galfridus) and those written afterwards, which could not avoid his influence (Galfridian, or post-Galfridian, texts).
Pre-Galfridian traditions[link]
The earliest literary references to Arthur come from Welsh and Breton sources. There have been few attempts to define the nature and character of Arthur in the pre-Galfridian tradition as a whole, rather than in a single text or text/story-type. One recent academic survey that does attempt this, by Thomas Green, identifies three key strands to the portrayal of Arthur in this earliest material.[36] The first is that he was a peerless warrior who functioned as the monster-hunting protector of Britain from all internal and external threats. Some of these are human threats, such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum, but the majority are supernatural, including giant cat-monsters, destructive divine boars, dragons, dogheads, giants and witches.[37] The second is that the pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore (particularly topographic or onomastic folklore) and localised magical wonder-tales, the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape.[38] The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. On the one hand, he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners. On the other, his warband in the earliest sources includes former pagan gods, and his wife and his possessions are clearly Otherworldly in origin.[39]
One of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death-songs known as Y Gododdin (The Gododdin), attributed to the 6th-century poet Aneirin. In one stanza, the bravery of a warrior who slew 300 enemies is praised, but it is then noted that despite this "he was no Arthur", that is to say his feats cannot compare to the valour of Arthur.[40] Y Gododdin is known only from a 13th-century manuscript, so it is impossible to determine whether this passage is original or a later interpolation, but John Koch's view that the passage dates from a 7th-century or earlier version is regarded as unproven; 9th- or 10th-century dates are often proposed for it.[41] Several poems attributed to Taliesin, a poet said to have lived in the 6th century, also refer to Arthur, although these all probably date from between the 8th and 12th centuries.[42] They include "Kadeir Teyrnon" ("The Chair of the Prince"),[43] which refers to "Arthur the Blessed", "Preiddeu Annwn" ("The Spoils of Annwn"),[44] which recounts an expedition of Arthur to the Otherworld, and "Marwnat vthyr pen[dragon]" ("The Elegy of Uther Pen[dragon]"),[45] which refers to Arthur's valour and is suggestive of a father-son relationship for Arthur and Uther that pre-dates Geoffrey of Monmouth.
File:Culhwch.jpg
Culhwch entering Arthur's Court in the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen, 1881
Other early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen, "Pa gur yv y porthaur?" ("What man is the gatekeeper?").[46] This takes the form of a dialogue between Arthur and the gatekeeper of a fortress he wishes to enter, in which Arthur recounts the names and deeds of himself and his men, notably Cei (Kay) and Bedwyr (Bedivere). The Welsh prose tale Culhwch and Olwen (c. 1100), included in the modern Mabinogion collection, has a much longer list of more than 200 of Arthur's men, though Cei and Bedwyr again take a central place. The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen, daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief-Giant, by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks, including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth. The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy(n)t.[47] Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall. The later manuscripts of the Triads are partly derivative from Geoffrey of Monmouth and later continental traditions, but the earliest ones show no such influence and are usually agreed to refer to pre-existing Welsh traditions. Even in these, however, Arthur's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole, with "Arthur's Court" sometimes substituted for "The Island of Britain" in the formula "Three XXX of the Island of Britain".[48] While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king, by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon, "Chief of the Lords of this Island", the overlord of Wales, Cornwall and the North.[49]
In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales, Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae. In particular, Arthur features in a number of well-known vitae ("Lives") of post-Roman saints, none of which are now generally considered to be reliable historical sources (the earliest probably dates from the 11th century).[50] According to the Life of Saint Gildas, written in the early 12th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan, Arthur is said to have killed Gildas' brother Hueil and to have rescued his wife Gwenhwyfar from Glastonbury.[51] In the Life of Saint Cadoc, written around 1100 or a little before by Lifris of Llancarfan, the saint gives protection to a man who killed three of Arthur's soldiers, and Arthur demands a herd of cattle as wergeld for his men. Cadoc delivers them as demanded, but when Arthur takes possession of the animals, they turn into bundles of ferns.[52] Similar incidents are described in the medieval biographies of Carannog, Padarn and Eufflam, probably written around the 12th century. A less obviously legendary account of Arthur appears in the Legenda Sancti Goeznovii, which is often claimed to date from the early 11th century although the earliest manuscript of this text dates from the 15th century.[53] Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudensis, which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return, a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore.[54]
Geoffrey of Monmouth[link]
The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain).[55] This work, completed c. 1138, is an imaginative and fanciful account of British kings from the legendary Trojan exile Brutus to the 7th-century Welsh king Cadwallader. Geoffrey places Arthur in the same post-Roman period as do Historia Brittonum and Annales Cambriae. He incorporates Arthur's father, Uther Pendragon, his magician advisor Merlin, and the story of Arthur's conception, in which Uther, disguised as his enemy Gorlois by Merlin's magic, sleeps with Gorlois's wife Igerna at Tintagel, and she conceives Arthur. On Uther's death, the fifteen-year-old Arthur succeeds him as King of Britain and fights a series of battles, similar to those in the Historia Brittonum, culminating in the Battle of Bath. He then defeats the Picts and Scots before creating an Arthurian empire through his conquests of Ireland, Iceland and the Orkney Islands. After twelve years of peace, Arthur sets out to expand his empire once more, taking control of Norway, Denmark and Gaul. Gaul is still held by the Roman Empire when it is conquered, and Arthur's victory naturally leads to a further confrontation between his empire and Rome's. Arthur and his warriors, including Kaius (Kay), Beduerus (Bedivere) and Gualguanus (Gawain), defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but, as he prepares to march on Rome, Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus (Mordred)—whom he had left in charge of Britain—has married his wife Guenhuuara (Guinevere) and seized the throne. Arthur returns to Britain and defeats and kills Modredus on the river Camblam in Cornwall, but he is mortally wounded. He hands the crown to his kinsman Constantine and is taken to the isle of Avalon to be healed of his wounds, never to be seen again.[56]
.jpg)
How much of this narrative was Geoffrey's own invention is open to debate. Certainly, Geoffrey seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive.[58] Arthur's personal status as the king of all Britain would also seem to be borrowed from pre-Galfridian tradition, being found in Culhwch and Olwen, the Triads and the Saints' Lives.[59] In addition, many of the elements that Monmouth's King Arthur includes are strong parallels to "Culhwch and Olwen." The motifs and themes of loyalty, honor, giants, gift giving, wife-stealing, and magical creatures are prominent in both stories. Furthermore, Monmouth derived many of his character's names from "Culhwch and Olwen"; Sir Kay comes from "Kai"; Sir Bedivere is derived from "Bedwyr"; and lastly Sir Gawain is "Gwalchmei" in Welsh. Also, the heroines of both tales have similar names: the meaning of Guinever is "White Phantom", while Olwen equates with "of the white track."[60] Finally, Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur's possessions, close family and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition, including Kaius (Cei), Beduerus (Bedwyr), Guenhuuara (Gwenhwyfar), Uther (Uthyr) and perhaps also Caliburnus (Caledfwlch), the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales.[61] However, while names, key events and titles may have been borrowed, Brynley Roberts has argued that "the Arthurian section is Geoffrey’s literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative."[62] So, for instance, the Welsh Medraut is made the villainous Modredus by Geoffrey, but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century.[63] There have been relatively few modern attempts to challenge this notion that the Historia Regum Britanniae is primarily Geoffrey's own work, with scholarly opinion often echoing William of Newburgh's late-12th-century comment that Geoffrey "made up" his narrative, perhaps through an "inordinate love of lying".[64] Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view, believing that Geoffrey's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th-century British king named Riotamus, this figure being the original Arthur, although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions.[65]
Whatever his sources may have been, the immense popularity of Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae cannot be denied. Well over 200 manuscript copies of Geoffrey’s Latin work are known to have survived, and this does not include translations into other languages.[66] Thus, for example, around 60 manuscripts are extant containing Welsh-language versions of the Historia, the earliest of which were created in the 13th century; the old notion that some of these Welsh versions actually underlie Geoffrey's Historia, advanced by antiquarians such as the 18th-century Lewis Morris, has long since been discounted in academic circles.[67] As a result of this popularity, Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae was enormously influential on the later medieval development of the Arthurian legend. While it was by no means the only creative force behind Arthurian romance, many of its elements were borrowed and developed (e.g., Merlin and the final fate of Arthur), and it provided the historical framework into which the romancers' tales of magical and wonderful adventures were inserted.[68]
Romance traditions[link]
The popularity of Geoffrey's Historia and its other derivative works (such as Wace's Roman de Brut) is generally agreed to be an important factor in explaining the appearance of significant numbers of new Arthurian works in continental Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries, particularly in France.[69] It was not, however, the only Arthurian influence on the developing "Matter of Britain". There is clear evidence for a knowledge of Arthur and Arthurian tales on the Continent before Geoffrey's work became widely known (see for example, the Modena Archivolt),[70] as well as for the use of "Celtic" names and stories not found in Geoffrey's Historia in the Arthurian romances.[71] From the perspective of Arthur, perhaps the most significant effect of this great outpouring of new Arthurian story was on the role of the king himself: much of this 12th-century and later Arthurian literature centres less on Arthur himself than on characters such as Lancelot and Guenevere, Perceval, Galahad, Gawain, and Tristan and Isolde. Whereas Arthur is very much at the centre of the pre-Galfridian material and Geoffrey's Historia itself, in the romances he is rapidly sidelined.[72] His character also alters significantly. In both the earliest materials and Geoffrey he is a great and ferocious warrior, who laughs as he personally slaughters witches and giants and takes a leading role in all military campaigns,[73] whereas in the continental romances he becomes the roi fainéant, the "do-nothing king", whose "inactivity and acquiescence constituted a central flaw in his otherwise ideal society".[74] Arthur's role in these works is frequently that of a wise, dignified, even-tempered, somewhat bland, and occasionally feeble monarch. So, he simply turns pale and silent when he learns of Lancelot's affair with Guinevere in the Mort Artu, whilst in Chrétien de Troyes's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion he is unable to stay awake after a feast and has to retire for a nap.[75] Nonetheless, as Norris J. Lacy has observed, whatever his faults and frailties may be in these Arthurian romances, "his prestige is never—or almost never—compromised by his personal weaknesses ... his authority and glory remain intact."[76]
File:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, from Pearl Manuscript.jpg
Arthur (top centre) in an illustration to the Middle English poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, late 14th century
Arthur and his retinue appear in some of the Lais of Marie de France,[77] but it was the work of another French poet, Chrétien de Troyes, that had the greatest influence with regard to the above development of the character of Arthur and his legend.[78] Chrétien wrote five Arthurian romances between c. 1170 and c. 1190. Erec and Enide and Cligès are tales of courtly love with Arthur's court as their backdrop, demonstrating the shift away from the heroic world of the Welsh and Galfridian Arthur, while Yvain, the Knight of the Lion features Yvain and Gawain in a supernatural adventure, with Arthur very much on the sidelines and weakened. However, the most significant for the development of the Arthurian legend are Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, which introduces Lancelot and his adulterous relationship with Arthur's queen (Guinevere), extending and popularizing the recurring theme of Arthur as a cuckold, and Perceval, the Story of the Grail, which introduces the Holy Grail and the Fisher King and which again sees Arthur having a much reduced role.[79] Chrétien was thus "instrumental both in the elaboration of the Arthurian legend and in the establishment of the ideal form for the diffusion of that legend",[80] and much of what came after him in terms of the portrayal of Arthur and his world built upon the foundations he had laid. Perceval, although unfinished, was particularly popular: four separate continuations of the poem appeared over the next half century, with the notion of the Grail and its quest being developed by other writers such as Robert de Boron, a fact that helped accelerate the decline of Arthur in continental romance.[81] Similarly, Lancelot and his cuckolding of Arthur with Guinevere became one of the classic motifs of the Arthurian legend, although the Lancelot of the prose Lancelot (c. 1225) and later texts was a combination of Chrétien's character and that of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's Lanzelet.[82] Chrétien's work even appears to feed back into Welsh Arthurian literature, with the result that the romance Arthur began to replace the heroic, active Arthur in Welsh literary tradition.[83] Particularly significant in this development were the three Welsh Arthurian romances, which are closely similar to those of Chrétien, albeit with some significant differences: Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain is related to Chrétien's Yvain; Geraint and Enid, to Erec and Enide; and Peredur son of Efrawg, to Perceval.[84]
Up to c. 1210, continental Arthurian romance was expressed primarily through poetry; after this date the tales began to be told in prose. The most significant of these 13th-century prose romances was the Vulgate Cycle (also known as the Lancelot-Grail Cycle), a series of five Middle French prose works written in the first half of that century.[85] These works were the Estoire del Saint Grail, the Estoire de Merlin, the Lancelot propre (or Prose Lancelot, which made up half the entire Vulgate Cycle on its own), the Queste del Saint Graal and the Mort Artu, which combine to form the first coherent version of the entire Arthurian legend. The cycle continued the trend towards reducing the role played by Arthur in his own legend, partly through the introduction of the character of Galahad and an expansion of the role of Merlin. It also made Mordred the result of an incestuous relationship between Arthur and his sister and established the role of Camelot, first mentioned in passing in Chrétien's Lancelot, as Arthur's primary court.[86] This series of texts was quickly followed by the Post-Vulgate Cycle (c. 1230–40), of which the Suite du Merlin is a part, which greatly reduced the importance of Lancelot's affair with Guinevere but continued to sideline Arthur, now in order to focus more on the Grail quest.[85] As such, Arthur became even more of a relatively minor character in these French prose romances; in the Vulgate itself he only figures significantly in the Estoire de Merlin and the Mort Artu.
The development of the medieval Arthurian cycle and the character of the "Arthur of romance" culminated in Le Morte d'Arthur, Thomas Malory's retelling of the entire legend in a single work in English in the late 15th century. Malory based his book—originally titled The Whole Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table—on the various previous romance versions, in particular the Vulgate Cycle, and appears to have aimed at creating a comprehensive and authoritative collection of Arthurian stories.[87] Perhaps as a result of this, and the fact that Le Morte D'Arthur was one of the earliest printed books in England, published by William Caxton in 1485, most later Arthurian works are derivative of Malory's.[88]
Decline, revival, and the modern legend[link]
Post-medieval literature[link]
The end of the Middle Ages brought with it a waning of interest in King Arthur. Although Malory's English version of the great French romances was popular, there were increasing attacks upon the truthfulness of the historical framework of the Arthurian romances—established since Geoffrey of Monmouth's time—and thus the legitimacy of the whole Matter of Britain. So, for example, the 16th-century humanist scholar Polydore Vergil famously rejected the claim that Arthur was the ruler of a post-Roman empire, found throughout the post-Galfridian medieval "chronicle tradition", to the horror of Welsh and English antiquarians.[89] Social changes associated with the end of the medieval period and the Renaissance also conspired to rob the character of Arthur and his associated legend of some of their power to enthral audiences, with the result that 1634 saw the last printing of Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur for nearly 200 years.[90] King Arthur and the Arthurian legend were not entirely abandoned, but until the early 19th century the material was taken less seriously and was often used simply as vehicle for allegories of 17th- and 18th-century politics.[91] Thus Richard Blackmore's epics Prince Arthur (1695) and King Arthur (1697) feature Arthur as an allegory for the struggles of William III against James II.[92] Similarly, the most popular Arthurian tale throughout this period seems to have been that of Tom Thumb, which was told first through chapbooks and later through the political plays of Henry Fielding; although the action is clearly set in Arthurian Britain, the treatment is humorous and Arthur appears as a primarily comedic version of his romance character.[93]
John Dryden's masque King Arthur is still performed, largely thanks to Henry Purcell's music, though seldom unabridged.
Tennyson and the revival[link]
In the early 19th century, medievalism, Romanticism, and the Gothic Revival reawakened interest in Arthur and the medieval romances. A new code of ethics for 19th-century gentlemen was shaped around the chivalric ideals that the "Arthur of romance" embodied. This renewed interest first made itself felt in 1816, when Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur was reprinted for the first time since 1634.[94] Initially the medieval Arthurian legends were of particular interest to poets, inspiring, for example, William Wordsworth to write "The Egyptian Maid" (1835), an allegory of the Holy Grail.[95] Pre-eminent among these was Alfred Lord Tennyson, whose first Arthurian poem, "The Lady of Shalott", was published in 1832.[96] Although Arthur himself played a minor role in some of these works, following in the medieval romance tradition, Tennyson's Arthurian work reached its peak of popularity with Idylls of the King, which reworked the entire narrative of Arthur's life for the Victorian era. First published in 1859, it sold 10,000 copies within the first week.[97] In the Idylls, Arthur became a symbol of ideal manhood whose attempt to establish a perfect kingdom on earth fails, finally, through human weakness.[98] Tennyson's works prompted a large number of imitators, generated considerable public interest in the legends of Arthur and the character himself, and brought Malory’s tales to a wider audience.[99] Indeed, the first modernization of Malory's great compilation of Arthur's tales was published shortly after Idylls appeared, in 1862, and there were six further editions and five competitors before the century ended.[100]
This interest in the "Arthur of romance" and his associated stories continued through the 19th century and into the 20th, and influenced poets such as William Morris and Pre-Raphaelite artists including Edward Burne-Jones.[101] Even the humorous tale of Tom Thumb, which had been the primary manifestation of Arthur's legend in the 18th century, was rewritten after the publication of Idylls. While Tom maintained his small stature and remained a figure of comic relief, his story now included more elements from the medieval Arthurian romances, and Arthur is treated more seriously and historically in these new versions.[102] The revived Arthurian romance also proved influential in the United States, with such books as Sidney Lanier's The Boy's King Arthur (1880) reaching wide audiences and providing inspiration for Mark Twain's satiric A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889).[103] Although the "Arthur of romance" was sometimes central to these new Arthurian works (as he was in Burne-Jones's The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon, 1881–1898), on other occasions he reverted back to his medieval status and is either marginalised or even missing entirely, with Wagner's Arthurian operas providing a notable instance of the latter.[104] Furthermore, the revival of interest in Arthur and the Arthurian tales did not continue unabated. By the end of the 19th century, it was confined mainly to Pre-Raphaelite imitators,[105] and it could not avoid being affected by the First World War, which damaged the reputation of chivalry and thus interest in its medieval manifestations and Arthur as chivalric role model.[106] The romance tradition did, however, remain sufficiently powerful to persuade Thomas Hardy, Laurence Binyon and John Masefield to compose Arthurian plays,[107] and T. S. Eliot alludes to the Arthur myth (but not Arthur) in his poem The Waste Land, which mentions the Fisher King.[108]
Modern legend[link]
See also: King Arthur in various media
In the latter half of the 20th century, the influence of the romance tradition of Arthur continued, through novels such as T. H. White's The Once and Future King (1958) and Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon (1982) in addition to comic strips such as Prince Valiant (from 1937 onward).[109] Tennyson had reworked the romance tales of Arthur to suit and comment upon the issues of his day, and the same is often the case with modern treatments too. Bradley's tale, for example, takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend, in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials,[110] and American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy.[111] The romance Arthur has become popular in film and theatre as well. T. H. White's novel was adapted into the Lerner-Loewe stage musical Camelot (1960) and the Disney animated film The Sword in the Stone (1963); Camelot, with its focus on the love of Lancelot and Guinevere and the cuckolding of Arthur, was itself made into a film of the same name in 1967. The romance tradition of Arthur is particularly evident and, according to critics, successfully handled in Robert Bresson's Lancelot du Lac (1974), Eric Rohmer's Perceval le Gallois (1978) and perhaps John Boorman's fantasy film Excalibur (1981); it is also the main source of the material utilised in the Arthurian spoof Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975).[112]
Re-tellings and re-imaginings of the romance tradition are not the only important aspect of the modern legend of King Arthur. Attempts to portray Arthur as a genuine historical figure of c. 500 AD, stripping away the "romance", have also emerged. As Taylor and Brewer have noted, this return to the medieval "chronicle tradition"' of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Historia Brittonum is a recent trend which became dominant in Arthurian literature in the years following the outbreak of the Second World War, when Arthur's legendary resistance to Germanic invaders struck a chord in Britain.[113] Clemence Dane's series of radio plays, The Saviours (1942), used a historical Arthur to embody the spirit of heroic resistance against desperate odds, and Robert Sherriff's play The Long Sunset (1955) saw Arthur rallying Romano-British resistance against the Germanic invaders.[114] This trend towards placing Arthur in a historical setting is also apparent in historical and fantasy novels published during this period.[115] In recent years the portrayal of Arthur as a real hero of the 5th century has also made its way into film versions of the Arthurian legend, most notably the TV series Arthur of the Britons[116] and the feature films King Arthur (2004) and The Last Legion (2007).[117] The 2008 BBC series Merlin is a reimagining of the legend in which the future King Arthur and Merlin are young contemporaries. Camelot (2011) [118] is an exclusive short series of episodes which depict Arthur in ancient Briton and his struggle for the throne. Also, a recent Disney film, Avalon High has been released, the story about a modern day King Arthur and his knights of the round table.
Legacy as a role model[link]
During the Middle Ages, Arthur was made a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes encapsulating all the ideal qualities of chivalry. His life was thus proposed as a valuable subject for study by those aspiring to chivalric status. This aspect of Arthur in the Nine Worthies was popularised firstly through literature and was thereafter adopted as a frequent subject by painters and sculptors. Arthur has also been used as a model for modern-day behaviour. In the 1930s, the Order of the Fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table was formed in Britain to promote Christian ideals and Arthurian notions of medieval chivalry.[119] In the United States, hundreds of thousands of boys and girls joined Arthurian youth groups, such as the Knights of King Arthur, in which Arthur and his legends were promoted as wholesome exemplars.[120]
Legacy in popular culture[link]
Arthur's diffusion within contemporary culture goes beyond obviously Arthurian endeavours, with Arthurian names being regularly attached to objects, buildings and places. As Norris J. Lacy has observed, "The popular notion of Arthur appears to be limited, not surprisingly, to a few motifs and names, but there can be no doubt of the extent to which a legend born many centuries ago is profoundly embedded in modern culture at every level."[121]
See also[link]
- Historical basis for King Arthur
- King Arthur's family
- King Arthur's messianic return
- Excalibur and Clarent, King Arthur's weapons
- List of Arthurian characters
- List of books about King Arthur
- List of films based on Arthurian legend
- Nine Worthies, of which Arthur was one
Notes[link]
- ^ Barber 1986, p. 141
- ^ Higham 2002, pp. 11–37, has a summary of the debate on this point.
- ^ Charles-Edwards 1991, p. 15; Sims-Williams 1991. Y Gododdin cannot be dated precisely: it describes 6th-century events and contains 9th- or 10th- century spelling, but the surviving copy is 13th-century.
- ^ Thorpe 1966, but see also Loomis 1956
- ^ See Padel 1994; Sims-Williams 1991; Green 2007b; and Roberts 1991a
- ^ Dumville 1986; Higham 2002, pp. 116–69; Green 2007b, pp. 15–26, 30–38.
- ^ Green 2007b, pp. 26–30; Koch 1996, pp. 251–53.
- ^ Charles-Edwards 1991, p. 29
- ^ Morris 1973
- ^ Myres 1986, p. 16
- ^ Gildas, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, chapter 26.
- ^ Pryor 2004, pp. 22–27
- ^ Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Book 1.16.
- ^ Dumville 1977, pp. 187–88
- ^ Green 1998; Padel 1994; Green 2007b, chapters five and seven.
- ^ Historia Brittonum 56, 73; Annales Cambriae 516, 537.
- ^ For example, Ashley 2005.
- ^ Heroic Age 1999
- ^ Modern scholarship views the Glastonbury cross as the result of a probably late 12th-century fraud. See Rahtz 1993 and Carey 1999.
- ^ These range from Lucius Artorius Castus, a Roman officer who served in Britain in the 2nd or 3rd century (Littleton & Malcor 1994), to Roman usurper emperors such as Magnus Maximus or sub-Roman British rulers such as Riotamus (Ashe 1985), Ambrosius Aurelianus (Reno 1996), Owain Ddantgwyn (Phillips & Keatman 1992), and Athrwys ap Meurig (Gilbert, Wilson & Blackett 1998)
- ^ Malone 1925
- ^ Marcella Chelotti, Vincenza Morizio, Marina Silvestrini, Le epigrafi romane di Canosa, Volume 1, Edipuglia srl, 1990, pp. 261, 264.
- ^ Ciro Santoro, "Per la nuova iscrizione messapica di Oria", La Zagaglia, A. VII, n. 27, 1965, pp. 271-293.
- ^ Ciro Santoro, "La Nuova Epigrafe Messapica «IM 4. 16, I-III» di Ostuni ed nomi" in Art-, Ricerche e Studi, Volume 12, 1979, pp. 45-60
- ^ Wilhelm Schulze, "Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen" (Volume 5, Issue 2 of Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Göttingen Philologisch-Historische Klasse) , 2nd edition, Weidmann, 1966, p. 72, pp. 333-338
- ^ Olli Salomies: Die römischen Vornamen. Studien zur römischen Namengebung. Helsinki 1987, p. 68
- ^ Herbig, Gust., "Falisca", Glotta, Band II, Göttingen, 1910, p. 98
- ^ Koch 1996, p. 253
- ^ Zimmer, Stefan, "The Name of Arthur – A New Etymology ", Journal of Celtic Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2009, University of Wales Press, pp. 131-136.
- ^ See Higham 2002, p. 74.
- ^ See Higham 2002, p. 80.
- ^
- Zimmer, Stefan, "The Name of Arthur: a new etymology", in: Journal of Celtic Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2009, University of Wales Press, pp. 131-136.
- Bromwich, Rachel, Trioedd ynys Prydein: the Welsh triads, University of Wales Press, 1978, p. 544
- Zimmer, Stefan, "Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage: mit einer vollständigen Übersetzung der ältesten Artuserzählung Culhwch und Olwen", Winter, 2006, p. 37
- Johnson, Flint, The British Sources of the Abduction and Grail Romances, University Press of America, 2002, pp. 38-39.
- Walter, Philippe; Faccia, M. (trans.), Artù. L'orso e il re, Edizioni Arkeios, 2005, p. 74. (Original French ed.: Arthur: l'ours et le roi; Paris: Imago, 2002 ISBN 2-911416-64-3
- Chambers, Edmund Kerchever, Arthur of Britain, Speculum Historiale, 1964, p. 170
- ^ Anderson 2004, pp. 28–29; Green 2007b, pp. 191–4.
- ^ * Jaski, Bart, "Early Irish examples of the name Arthur", in: Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie; Bd. 56, 2004.
- ^ Adomnán, I, 8–9 and translator's note 81; Bannerman, pp. 82–83. Bannerman, pp. 90–91, notes that Artúr is the son of Conaing, son of Áedán in the Senchus fer n-Alban.
- ^ Green 2007b, pp. 45–176
- ^ Green 2007b, pp. 93–130
- ^ Padel 1994 has a thorough discussion of this aspect of Arthur's character.
- ^ Green 2007b, pp. 135–76. On his possessions and wife, see also Ford 1983.
- ^ Williams 1937, p. 64, line 1242
- ^ Charles-Edwards 1991, p. 15; Koch 1996, pp. 242–45; Green 2007b, pp. 13–15, 50–52.
- ^ See, for example, Haycock 1983–84 and Koch 1996, pp. 264–65.
- ^ Online translations of this poem are out-dated and inaccurate. See Haycock 2007, pp. 293–311, for a full translation, and Green 2007b, p. 197 for a discussion of its Arthurian aspects.
- ^ See, for example, Green 2007b, pp. 54–67 and Budgey 1992, who includes a translation.
- ^ Koch & Carey 1994, pp. 314–15
- ^ Sims-Williams 1991, pp. 38–46 has a full translation and analysis of this poem.
- ^ For a discussion of the tale, see Bromwich & Evans 1992; see also Padel 1994, pp. 2–4; Roberts 1991a; and Green 2007b, pp. 67–72 and chapter three.
- ^ Barber 1986, pp. 17–18, 49; Bromwich 1978
- ^ Roberts 1991a, pp. 78, 81
- ^ Roberts 1991a
- ^ Translated in Coe & Young 1995, pp. 22–27. On the Glastonbury tale and its Otherworldly antecedents, see Sims-Williams 1991, pp. 58–61.
- ^ Coe & Young 1995, pp. 26–37
- ^ See Ashe 1985 for an attempt to use this vita as a historical source.
- ^ Padel 1994, pp. 8–12; Green 2007b, pp. 72–5, 259, 261–2; Bullock-Davies 1982
- ^ Wright 1985; Thorpe 1966
- ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae Book 8.19–24, Book 9, Book 10, Book 11.1–2
- ^ Thorpe 1966
- ^ Roberts 1991b, p. 106; Padel 1994, pp. 11–12
- ^ Green 2007b, pp. 217–19
- ^ History of the Kings of Britain p172
- ^ Roberts 1991b, pp. 109–10, 112; Bromwich & Evans 1992, pp. 64–5
- ^ Roberts 1991b, p. 108
- ^ Bromwich 1978, pp. 454–55
- ^ See, for example, Brooke 1986, p. 95.
- ^ Ashe 1985, p. 6; Padel 1995, p. 110; Higham 2002, p. 76.
- ^ Crick 1989
- ^ Sweet 2004, p. 140. See further, Roberts 1991b and Roberts 1980.
- ^ As noted by, for example, Ashe 1996.
- ^ For example, Thorpe 1966, p. 29
- ^ Stokstad 1996
- ^ Loomis 1956; Bromwich 1983; Bromwich 1991.
- ^ Lacy 1996a, p. 16; Morris 1982, p. 2.
- ^ For example, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae Book 10.3.
- ^ Padel 2000, p. 81
- ^ Morris 1982, pp. 99–102; Lacy 1996a, p. 17.
- ^ Lacy 1996a, p. 17
- ^ Burgess & Busby 1999
- ^ Lacy 1996b
- ^ Kibler & Carroll 1991, p. 1
- ^ Lacy 1996b, p. 88
- ^ Roach 1949–83
- ^ Ulrich, von Zatzikhoven 2005
- ^ Padel 2000, pp. 77–82
- ^ See Jones & Jones 1949 for accurate translations of all three texts. It is not entirely certain what, exactly, the relationship is between these Welsh romances and Chrétien's works, however: see Koch 1996, pp. 280–88 for a survey of opinions
- ^ a b Lacy 1992–96
- ^ For a study of this cycle, see Burns 1985.
- ^ On Malory and his work, see Field 1993 and Field 1998.
- ^ Vinaver 1990
- ^ Carley 1984
- ^ Parins 1995, p. 5
- ^ Ashe 1968, pp. 20–21; Merriman 1973
- ^ Ashe 1968, pp. 20–21
- ^ Green 2007a
- ^ Parins 1995, pp. 8–10
- ^ Wordsworth 1835
- ^ See Potwin 1902 for the sources Tennyson used when writing this poem
- ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983, p. 127
- ^ See Rosenberg 1973 and Taylor & Brewer 1983, pp. 89–128 for analyses of The Idylls of the King.
- ^ See, for example, Simpson 1990.
- ^ Staines 1996, p. 449
- ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983, pp. 127–161; Mancoff 1990.
- ^ Green 2007a, p. 127; Gamerschlag 1983
- ^ Twain 1889; Smith & Thompson 1996.
- ^ Watson 2002
- ^ Mancoff 1990
- ^ Workman 1994
- ^ Hardy 1923; Binyon 1923; and Masefield 1927
- ^ Eliot 1949; Barber 2004, pp. 327–28
- ^ White 1958; Bradley 1982; Tondro 2002, p. 170
- ^ Lagorio 1996
- ^ Lupack & Lupack 1991
- ^ Harty 1996; Harty 1997
- ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983, chapter nine; see also Higham 2002, pp. 21–22, 30.
- ^ Thompson 1996, p. 141
- ^ For example: Rosemary Sutcliff's The Lantern Bearers (1959) and Sword at Sunset (1963); Mary Stewart's The Crystal Cave (1970) and its sequels; Parke Godwin's Firelord (1980) and its sequels; Stephen Lawhead's The Pendragon Cycle (1987–99); Nikolai Tolstoy's The Coming of the King (1988); Jack Whyte's The Camulod Chronicles (1992–97); and Bernard Cornwell's The Warlord Chronicles (1995–97). See List of books about King Arthur.
- ^ Arthur of the Britons (TV Series 1972–1973) - IMDb
- ^ King Arthur at the Internet Movie Database; The Last Legion at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Camelot at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Thomas 1993, pp. 128–31
- ^ Lupack 2002, p. 2; Forbush & Forbush 1915
- ^ Lacy 1996c, p. 364
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- "Arthurian Gwent", Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council, http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/8035.asp, retrieved 2008-05-22 . An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore.
- Arthurian Resources: King Arthur, History and the Welsh Arthurian Legends, http://www.arthuriana.co.uk, retrieved 2008-05-22 . A detailed and comprehensive academic site, which includes numerous scholarly articles, from Thomas Green of Oxford University.
- Arthuriana, http://www.arthuriana.org/, retrieved 2008-05-22 . The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend; a good selection of resources and links.
- Celtic Literature Collective, http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/index_welsh.html, retrieved 2008-05-22 . Provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur.
- "Faces of Arthur", Faces of Arthur, http://www.facesofarthur.org.uk/bibliograrth.htm, retrieved 2009-11-16 . An interesting collection of articles on King Arthur by various Arthurian enthusiasts.
- Ford, David Nash, "King Arthur, General of the Britons", Britannia History, http://www.britannia.com/history/arthur/kageneral.html, retrieved 2008-05-22 .
- The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester, http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm, retrieved 2008-05-22 . Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts.
- The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe, The Heroic Age, ISSN 1526-1827, http://www.heroicage.org/, retrieved 2008-05-22 . An online peer-reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles; see especially the first issue.
- "The Medieval Development of Arthurian Literature", h2g2, BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A533350, retrieved 2008-05-22
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Arthur (king)". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Arthur (king)". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
- "Arthur". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- Heroes Every Child Should Know: King Arthur
- "Arthur and Gorlagon", translated by Frank A. Milne, notes by Alfred Nutt. Folk-Lore. Volume 15, 1904.
| Preceded by Uther Pendragon |
Legendary British Kings | Succeeded by Constantine III |
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http://wn.com/King_Arthur
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
