published: 01 Dec 2010
views: 1716886
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 1944 World Series
- 1989 World Series
- 2000 World Series
- Above mean sea level
- Accountancy
- Adirondack Mountains
- Advertising
- Advertising Age
- Advertising agency
- African American
- African Free School
- Albany, New York
- Alexander Hamilton
- Algonquian peoples
- Alice Tully Hall
- All in the Family
- Allegheny Plateau
- American Civil War
- American English
- American Jews
- American Mafia
- American Revolution
- Amityville, New York
- Amtrak
- Annapolis, Maryland
- Ansonia, Connecticut
- Anthony Burgess
- Apartment building
- Appalachians
- Applied science
- Archie Bunker
- Area code 212
- Area code 347
- Area code 646
- Area code 718
- Area code 917
- Area code 929
- Arlington, Texas
- Arnhem
- Art Deco
- Asharoken, New York
- Ashkenazi Jews
- Asia
- Asian American
- Asian Indian
- Associated Press
- Asthma
- Athens
- Atlanta
- Atlantic Ocean
- Auburn, New York
- Austin, Texas
- Australia
- Bagel
- Baghdad
- Bailout
- Baltimore
- Bandung
- Bangalore
- Bangkok
- Bangladeshi American
- Barcelona
- Barnard College
- Baruch College
- Basingstoke
- Battery Weed
- Bay Shore, NY
- Bayonne, New Jersey
- Bayville, New York
- Beacon, New York
- Beijing
- Bellerose, New York
- Bellport, New York
- Belvedere Castle
- Benjamin Franklin
- Bethel, Connecticut
- Bethpage, New York
- Big Apple
- Billionaires
- Binghamton, New York
- Biotechnology
- Bisexual
- Black American
- Black Spades
- Bloods
- Bogotá
- Book New York City
- Borough of Queens
- Boston
- Brazil
- Brentwood, New York
- British Crown
- British Empire
- Broadway theater
- Broadway theatre
- Bronx
- Bronx River
- Bronx Zoo
- Brookhaven, New York
- Brookings Institute
- Brooklyn
- Brooklyn Bridge
- Brooklyn Cyclones
- Brooklyn Dodgers
- Brooklyn Nets
- Brookville, New York
- Brownstone
- Budapest
- Buffalo, New York
- Burial Ridge
- Cairo
- Canada
- Cape Cod
- Capital District
- Carnegie Hall
- Category New York
- Catskill Mountains
- CBS
- Cedarhurst, New York
- Centereach, New York
- Central Jersey
- Central New York
- Central Park
- Central Park Zoo
- Champlain Valley
- Charter school
- Cheesecake
- Chennai
- Chicago
- Chicago "L"
- China
- Chinatown
- Chinatown, Manhattan
- Chinese American
- Chinese restaurant
- Chonqing
- Chrysler Building
- Cincinnati
- Citi Field
- Citigroup
- City park
- Clean diesel
- Cleveland
- Clifton, New Jersey
- Co-op City, Bronx
- Colombia
- Colony
- Colson Whitehead
- Columbia University
- Columbus, Ohio
- Comedy Central
- Commack, New York
- Community college
- Commuting
- CompStat
- Condé Nast Building
- Coney Island
- Conference House
- Connecticut
- Cooper Union
- Coram, New York
- Cornell University
- Councillor
- County (US)
- Cove Neck, New York
- Crack epidemic
- Crime rate
- Crips
- Dallas
- Danbury, Connecticut
- Darien, Connecticut
- Daylight saving time
- De jure
- Deer Park, New York
- Delaware Bay
- Delaware Valley
- Delhi
- Democracy
- Demonym
- Denver
- Derby, Connecticut
- Detroit
- Dhaka
- Diplomacy
- Disco
- Dominican Republic
- Dongguan
- Douglaston, Queens
- Dover, New Jersey
- Drainage basin
- Dutch guilder
- Dutch Republic
- Düsseldorf
- E. B. White
- East Hills, New York
- East Rand
- East River
- Eastern European
- Economy of New York
- Ecuador
- Edgar Allan Poe
- Edward Harrigan
- Edwin G. Burrows
- El Diario La Prensa
- El Paso, Texas
- Ellis Island
- Elmira, New York
- Elmont, New York
- EMI
- Empire State
- England
- English people
- Epidemics
- Erie Canal
- Essen
- Esteban Gomez
- Estuary
- Ethnic diversity
- European American
- Falafel
- Federal Hall
- Fernando Wood
- Filipino Americans
- Financial center
- Finger Lakes
- Fire Island
- Five Families
- Florence
- Flushing, Queens
- Fordham University
- Fort Hamilton
- Fort Tilden
- Fort Wadsworth
- Fort Worth, Texas
- Fortune 500
- Foshan
- Fox News Channel
- Freedmen
- Freedom of the press
- Freeport, New York
- Freestyle music
- Freeway
- Fresh water
- Fresno, California
- Game design
- Gang
- Garden city movement
- Garfield, New Jersey
- Gay
- Gay rights movement
- General American
- General Slocum
- Gentrification
- George M. Cohan
- George W. Bush
- George Washington
- German American
- Germany
- Giraffe
- Glen Cove, New York
- Global city
- Goldman Sachs Group
- Google Book Search
- Gotham Gazette
- Governor of New York
- Grand Slam (tennis)
- Great Depression
- Great Irish Famine
- Great Lakes
- Greater Austin
- Greater Boston
- Greater Buenos Aires
- Greater Cleveland
- Greater Danbury
- Greater Hartford
- Greater Houston
- Greater New Haven
- Greater Orlando
- Greater San Antonio
- Greater St. Louis
- Greater Waterbury
- Greece
- Green building
- Greenhouse gas
- Greenwich Village
- Ground zero
- Guangzhou
- Gun politics
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Halve Maen
- Hamden, Connecticut
- Hamilton, Ontario
- Hampton Roads
- Han Chinese
- Hardcore punk
- Harlem
- Harlem Renaissance
- Harlem River
- Harrison, New Jersey
- Harrison, New York
- Haute cuisine
- HBO
- Hearst Corporation
- Hectare
- Heidelberg
- Henry Hudson
- Herman Melville
- Hess Corporation
- Hicksville, New York
- High-rise
- Higher education
- Hip hop culture
- Hip hop music
- History of New York
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Hoboken, New Jersey
- Holland Purchase
- Holland Tunnel
- Homicide
- Hong Kong
- Housing cooperative
- Houston
- Howell, New Jersey
- Hudson Highlands
- Hudson River
- Hudson Valley
- Huntington, New York
- Hybrid taxi
- Hybrid vehicle
- Iceland
- Immigration
- Incheon
- Indentured servitude
- Independent film
- India
- Indian American
- Indian Americans
- Indianapolis
- Intercity bus
- Interleague play
- INTL FCStone
- Irish American
- Islandia, New York
- Israel
- Istanbul
- IT Week
- Italian American
- Italian people
- Italy
- Ithaca, New York
- Jacob Riis Park
- Jakarta
- Jamaica
- Jamaica Bay
- James II of England
- Jamestown, New York
- Japan
- Japanese American
- Jazz
- Jersey City
- Jerusalem
- Johannesburg
- John Keese
- John Kerry
- John Peter Zenger
- JSTOR
- Juilliard School
- Karachi
- Kearny, New Jersey
- Kebab
- Kenneth T. Jackson
- Kensington, New York
- Kingdom of England
- Kings Park, New York
- Kingston, New York
- Kinshasa
- Kobe
- Kolkata
- Korean Americans
- Kuala Lumpur
- Kyoto
- La Dauphine
- Lagos
- LaGuardia Airport
- Lahore
- Lake Grove, New York
- Land reclamation
- Las Vegas, Nevada
- Latin Kings (gang)
- Latvia
- Legal services
- Lenape
- Lenapehoking
- Levittown, New York
- Lez Нью-Йорк
- Lima
- Linden, New Jersey
- Litchfield Hills
- London
- London Underground
- Long Beach, New York
- Long Island
- Long Island Sound
- Lord Howe
- Los Angeles
- Los Angeles Dodgers
- Louisville, Kentucky
- Lower Manhattan
- Lynbrook, New York
- Madison, Connecticut
- Madrid
- Madrid Metro
- Maine
- Major League Soccer
- Malverne, New York
- Manhattan
- Manhattan Chinatown
- Manorhaven, New York
- Massapequa, New York
- Matinecock, New York
- Megacity
- Melting pot
- Memphis, Tennessee
- Meriden, Connecticut
- Merrick, New York
- Mesa, Arizona
- MetLife
- MetLife Stadium
- Metonymy
- Metric ton
- Metro Detroit
- Metro Manila
- Metro-North Railroad
- Metropolitan area
- Metropolitan Opera
- Mexico
- Mexico City
- Miami
- Michael Bloomberg
- Microsoft Excel
- Middle Eastern
- Midtown Manhattan
- Milford, Connecticut
- Mill Neck, New York
- Millrose Games
- Milwaukee
- Mineola, New York
- Minneapolis
- Minneapolis–St. Paul
- Mohawk Valley
- Monroe, Connecticut
- Montreal Metro
- Morgan Stanley
- Moscow
- MS-13
- MTV
- Mumbai
- Music industry
- Music of Long Island
- Musical theatre
- Muttontown, New York
- Nagoya
- NASDAQ
- Nashville, Tennessee
- NBC
- NBC Studios
- NBCUniversal
- Netherlands
- New Amsterdam
- New Angoulême
- New City, New York
- New Jersey
- New Jersey Devils
- New media
- New Netherland
- New York
- New York Bay
- New York City
- New York City Ballet
- New York City Hall
- New York City Opera
- New York City Subway
- New York County
- New York dialect
- New York Draft Riots
- New York Giants
- New York Giants (NL)
- New York Harbor
- New York in film
- New York Islanders
- New York Jets
- New York Knicks
- New York Liberty
- New York Mets
- New York Post
- New York Rangers
- New York Red Bulls
- New York School
- New York Times
- New York University
- New York Yankees
- New York-style pizza
- Newark, New Jersey
- Newburgh, New York
- News Corporation
- Newtown, Connecticut
- Niagara Frontier
- Non-Hispanic Whites
- Non-profit
- North America
- North Jersey
- Northeast Corridor
- Northern New Jersey
- Northport, New York
- Northwest Passage
- Norval White
- Norwalk, Connecticut
- Nova Scotia
- NYC (disambiguation)
- NYCTV
- Oakland, California
- Oceanside, New York
- Oklahoma City
- Old Field, New York
- Old master print
- Omaha, Nebraska
- OpenStreetMap
- Orange, Connecticut
- Organized crime
- Orient
- Osaka
- Outer barrier
- Overseas Chinese
- Pace University
- Pakistani American
- Palgrave Macmillan
- Paris
- Paris Métro
- Parkway
- Party platform
- Passaic, New Jersey
- Patchogue, New York
- PATCO Speedline
- Paterson, New Jersey
- Peekskill, New York
- Pelham Bay Park
- Peter Minuit
- Peter Stuyvesant
- Pfizer
- Philadelphia
- Phoenix, Arizona
- Pittsburgh
- Plandome, New York
- PlaNYC
- Political machine
- Politics of New York
- Poquott, New York
- Portal New York
- Portal New York City
- Portland, Oregon
- Portuguese people
- Pre-Columbian era
- Provo, Utah
- Public Prep
- Public radio
- PubMed Central
- PubMed Identifier
- Puerto Rican people
- Pulitzer Prize
- Punk rock
- Punk subculture
- Queens
- Quogue, New York
- Rahway, New Jersey
- Rapid transit
- Rapping
- Real estate
- Research Triangle
- Rialto, Manhattan
- Ric Burns
- Richmond–Petersburg
- Rio de Janeiro
- Riverbank State Park
- Riverdale, Bronx
- Roach Guards
- Rochester, New York
- Rockaway Peninsula
- Rockefeller Center
- Rome
- Rome, New York
- Roosevelt Island
- Roslyn, New York
- Ruhr
- Run (island)
- Rush hour
- Rye (city), New York
- Sag Harbor, New York
- Sagaponack, New York
- Salsa music
- Salt marsh
- Saltaire, New York
- Saltbox
- San Antonio
- San Diego
- San Francisco
- San Francisco Giants
- San Jose, California
- Santiago
- Santo Domingo
- Saskia Sassen
- Satellite imagery
- Scarsdale, New York
- Sea Cliff, New York
- Seagram Building
- Seattle
- Secaucus, New Jersey
- Seoul
- Seymour, Connecticut
- Shanghai
- Shawangunk Ridge
- Shelton, Connecticut
- Shenzhen
- Shirley, New York
- Shoreham, New York
- Sicily
- Silicon Alley
- Silicon Valley
- Ski country
- Skyline
- Skyscraper
- Smithtown, New York
- Software development
- Sons of Liberty
- South Asian
- South Korea
- Southern Tier
- Southold, New York
- Southtowns
- Spain
- Spire
- St. Patrick's Day
- Stamp Act Congress
- Staten Island
- Staten Island Ferry
- Statue of Liberty
- Stickball
- Stoke Mandeville
- Stonewall Inn
- Stonewall Rebellion
- Street food
- Subway Series
- Summit, New Jersey
- Super Bowl XLVIII
- Suspension bridge
- Sustainable design
- Sydney
- Syracuse, New York
- São Paulo
- Taipei
- Tammany Hall
- Tampa Bay Area
- Tech Valley
- Tehran
- Tel Aviv
- Template New York
- Terraced house
- The Associated Press
- The Bronx
- The Great White Way
- The Narrows
- The New School
- The New York Sun
- The New York Times
- The Village Voice
- Thomas Menino
- Thomaston, New York
- Thousand Islands
- Tianjin
- Time Warner
- Time Warner Center
- Time zone
- Times Herald-Record
- Times Square
- Tin Pan Alley
- Todt Hill
- Tokyo
- Tokyo Subway
- Tom Wolfe
- Toronto
- Town twinning
- Townhouse
- Traditional media
- Traffic congestion
- Train station
- Travel + Leisure
- Trenton, New Jersey
- Tri-State Region
- Troy, New York
- Tucson, Arizona
- Tulsa, Oklahoma
- U.S. Open (tennis)
- U.S. state
- Unicameralism
- Uniondale, New York
- Unisphere
- United Kingdom
- United States
- United States Senate
- Upper East Side
- Upper Manhattan
- Upper West Side
- Upstate New York
- Urban heat island
- US Open (tennis)
- USA Today
- UTC-4
- UTC-5
- Utica, New York
- Van Cortlandt Park
- Vep Uz' Jork
- Viacom
- Vietnamese American
- Walk Score
- Wall Street
- Wanamaker Mile
- Wantagh, New York
- Warner Music Group
- Washington Irving
- Washington Metro
- Washington, D.C.
- Water tower
- Water treatment
- West Islip, New York
- Westbury, New York
- Westchester County
- Western New York
- Weston, Connecticut
- Whitaker's Almanack
- White American
- Wichita, Kansas
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikitravel
- Wilton, Connecticut
- WNET
- WNYC
- Wolcott, Connecticut
- Woolworth Building
- World Almanac
- World economy
- World Series
- World Trade Center
- World War II
- WP Books
- Wyckoff House
- Y chromosome
- Yankee Stadium
- Yellow fever
- Yeshiva University
- Yokohama
- Yonkers, New York
- York, Pennsylvania
- ZIP code
-
Alice Tully Hall
The Alice Tully Hall is a concert hall that is part of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City. It was created from the donations of Alice Tully, a chamber music benefactor and patron of the arts. It has a seating capacity of 1,096 and the adjoining lobby can accommodate up to 450 standing or 250 seated. It is particularly suited to solo recitals, to performances of chamber music, and to performances by chamber orchestras and similarly-sized ensembles. Alice Tully Hall is located in the Juilliard School building, designed by Pietro Belluschi in 1969.
http://wn.com/Alice_Tully_Hall -
Amityville, New York
Amityville is a village in the town of Babylon in Suffolk County, New York, in the United States.
http://wn.com/Amityville_New_York -
Annapolis, Maryland
Annapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. It has a population of 36,524 (July 2008 est.), and is situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east of Washington, D.C. Annapolis is part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. The city was the temporary capital of the United States in 1783–1784 and the site of the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in November 2007, at the United States Naval Academy. St. John's College is also in Annapolis.
http://wn.com/Annapolis_Maryland -
Ansonia, Connecticut
Ansonia is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, on the Naugatuck River, immediately north of Derby and about northwest of New Haven. The population was 18,554 at the 2000 census. The ZIP code for Ansonia is 06401. The city has a Metro North train station, and the Route 8 state highway serves the city.
http://wn.com/Ansonia_Connecticut -
Appalachians
http://wn.com/Appalachians -
Area code 212
212 is a North American telephone area code for the borough of Manhattan in the state of New York. By area, it is one of the smallest area codes in North America.
http://wn.com/Area_code_212 -
Area code 347
Area code 347 is a New York City area code used as an overlay to area code 718 and area code 917. It is used in the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island in New York City, as well as the Marble Hill and Inwood sections of Manhattan. Like most USA area codes, 347 is used for land lines, cell phones, pagers and mobile devices.
http://wn.com/Area_code_347 -
Area code 646
Area code 646 is a New York City telephone area code, created July 1, 1999, due to all the variations of 212 and 917 area codes having been activated. 646 is assigned to thousands of cellular phones/pagers as well as some Manhattan landlines.
http://wn.com/Area_code_646 -
Area code 917
Area code 917 is a New York City telephone area code. It was the first cellular/pager/voicemail area code for the city and is an overlay to 212, 347, 646 and 718. Occasionally, 917 is also assigned to landlines (most commonly in Manhattan, due in large part to the sparse availability of area code 212). Area codes 646 (for Manhattan), 718 and 347 (for Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island) are increasingly being assigned to cellular/pager/voicemail numbers as well. Area code 929 was announced in January 2010 as an additional planned four-borough overlay.
http://wn.com/Area_code_917 -
Area code 929
Area code 929 is a planned overlay for area codes 718, 347, and 917 in the four "outer boroughs" (Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island) of New York City. The continuing exhaustion of phone numbers in the area led Neustar, the coordinator of the North American Numbering Plan, to announce, and New York State's Public Service Commission to approve, the overlay, in January 2010. It will be used in the outer boroughs, as well as the Marble Hill section of Manhattan. Like most USA area codes, 929 will be used for land lines, cell phones, pagers and mobile devices.
http://wn.com/Area_code_929 -
Arlington, Texas
http://wn.com/Arlington_Texas -
Arnhem
http://wn.com/Arnhem -
Asharoken, New York
Asharoken is a village in Suffolk County, New York in the United States. The population was 625 at the 2000 census. The ZIP code is 11768.
http://wn.com/Asharoken_New_York -
Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Atlanta -
Auburn, New York
http://wn.com/Auburn_New_York -
Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the fifteenth most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 786,382 (2009 U.S. Census estimate). The city is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area, with a population of 1,750,224 (2009 U.S. Census estimate), making it the 35th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Austin_Texas -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
http://wn.com/Baghdad -
Baltimore
Baltimore () is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City in order to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County. Founded in 1729, Baltimore is a major U.S. seaport and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. The harbor is now home to Harborplace, a shopping, entertainment, and tourist center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital are now the city's largest employers.
http://wn.com/Baltimore -
Bandung
http://wn.com/Bandung -
Bangalore
Bangalore , known as Bengaluru (), is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. As of 2009, Bangalore was inducted in the list of Global cities and ranked as a "Beta World City" alongside Geneva, Copenhagen, Boston, Cairo, Riyadh, Berlin, to name a few, in the studies performed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008.
http://wn.com/Bangalore -
Bangkok
http://wn.com/Bangkok -
Barcelona
http://wn.com/Barcelona -
Baruch College
Bernard M. Baruch College, known more commonly as Baruch College is a public university and one of the constituent colleges comprising the City University of New York (CUNY). The college is situated on Lexington Avenue near the Flatiron/Gramercy Park district of Manhattan, New York City. Baruch is one of CUNY's flagship and senior colleges, and traces its roots back to the founding of the Free Academy, the first institution of free public higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/Baruch_College -
Basingstoke
Basingstoke is a town in northeast Hampshire, in south-central England. It lies across a valley at the source of the River Loddon. It is southwest of London, northeast of Southampton, southwest of Reading and northeast of the county town, Winchester. In 2008 it had an estimated population of 82,913. It is part of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane and part of the parliamentary constituency of Basingstoke. Basingstoke is often nicknamed "Doughnut City" or "Roundabout City" due to the number of roundabouts.
http://wn.com/Basingstoke -
Bay Shore, NY
http://wn.com/Bay_Shore_NY -
Bayonne, New Jersey
Bayonne is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city had a total population of 61,842. Located in the Gateway Region, Bayonne is a peninsula that is situated between Newark Bay which borders the west, the Kill van Kull to the south, and New York Bay which lies to the east.
http://wn.com/Bayonne_New_Jersey -
Bayville, New York
The Village of Bayville, often referred to as Pine Island, is located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 7,135 at the 2000 census. The village was incorporated in 1919. Bayville has its own post office and zip code.
http://wn.com/Bayville_New_York -
Beacon, New York
Beacon is a city located in Dutchess County, New York, United States. Although the city's estimated living population is around 16,000 people, the 2000 census placed the city total population at 13,808. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Beacon was named to commemorate the historic beacon fires that blazed forth from the summit of the Fishkill Mountains to alert the Continental Army about British troop movements.
http://wn.com/Beacon_New_York -
Beijing
{| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Beijing -
Bellerose, New York
Bellerose is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 1,173 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Bellerose_New_York -
Bellport, New York
Bellport is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 2,363 at the 2000 census. The village is named after the Bell family, early settlers of the area. The public education system in Bellport makes up the South Country Central School District consisting of six schools, three elementary Schools (Kindergarten- Grade 3), Frank P. Long Intermediate School (Grades 4-5), Bellport Middle School (Grades 6-8) and Bellport High School. Bellport is in the town of Brookhaven and is on the South Shore of Long Island.
http://wn.com/Bellport_New_York -
Belvedere Castle
Belvedere Castle is a building in Central Park in New York, New York, that contains exhibit rooms and an observation deck.
http://wn.com/Belvedere_Castle -
Bethel, Connecticut
Bethel is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, about sixty miles from New York City. Its population was estimated at 18,760 in 2005. In the 2000 Census, the town center was defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP). The core area of the town center has also been designated as a historic district.
http://wn.com/Bethel_Connecticut -
Bethpage, New York
Bethpage is a hamlet located on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States, as well as a census-designated place with slightly different borders than the hamlet. The CDP's population was 16,543 at the 2000 United States Census.
http://wn.com/Bethpage_New_York -
Binghamton, New York
Binghamton is a city located in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States. It is located near the Pennsylvania border, situated in a bowl-shaped valley at the confluence of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. Binghamton is the county seat of Broome County and is the principal city and cultural center of the Greater Binghamton metropolitan area (also known as the Triple Cities), home to a quarter million people. The population of the city itself, according to the 2000 census, is 47,380.
http://wn.com/Binghamton_New_York -
Bogotá
http://wn.com/Bogotá -
Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Boston -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Brentwood, New York
Brentwood is a hamlet of the Town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York. The population of Brentwood is 53,917 (2000, USA Census).
http://wn.com/Brentwood_New_York -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire -
Broadway theater
http://wn.com/Broadway_theater -
Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 large professional theatres with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan, New York City.Although theater is the preferred spelling in the U.S.A. (see further at American and British English Spelling Differences), the majority of venues, performers, and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
http://wn.com/Broadway_theatre -
Bronx
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City. It is also, as Bronx County, the last of the 62 counties of New York State to be incorporated. Located north of Manhattan and Queens, and south of Westchester County, the Bronx is the only borough located primarily on the mainland. In 2010, the Census Bureau estimated that the borough's population on July 1, 2009 was 1,397,287, inhabiting a land area of . This makes the Bronx the fourth-most-populated of the five boroughs, the fourth-largest in land area, and the third-highest in density of population.
http://wn.com/Bronx -
Brookhaven, New York
The Town of Brookhaven is one of the ten towns into which Suffolk County, New York, United States has been divided. Part of the New York metropolitan area, it is located in central Suffolk County and is the only town in the county that stretches from the North Shore to the South Shore of Long Island. The population of the town was 448,248 at the 2000 census. It is the largest town (by area, if including water area) in the state of New York, and the second most populous, exceeded only by the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County.
http://wn.com/Brookhaven_New_York -
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
http://wn.com/Brooklyn -
Brookville, New York
The Village of Brookville is located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York. As of the United States 2000 Census, the village population was 2,126.
http://wn.com/Brookville_New_York -
Budapest
http://wn.com/Budapest -
Buffalo, New York
http://wn.com/Buffalo_New_York -
Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
http://wn.com/Cairo -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Cape Cod
Cape Cod, often referred to locally as simply the Cape, is an island and a cape in the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States. It is coextensive with Barnstable County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, and Seconsett Island, are also in Barnstable County, being part of municipalities with land on the Cape. The Cape's small-town character and large beachfront attract heavy tourism during the summer months.
http://wn.com/Cape_Cod -
Capital District
New York's Capital District, also known as the Capital Region or Capital Land, is a region in upstate New York that generally refers to the four counties surrounding Albany, the capital of the state: Albany County, Schenectady County, Rensselaer County, and Saratoga County. Often the other counties of the Albany-Schenectady-Amsterdam Combined Statistical Area and Greene County are included, especially for economic and demographic compilations and regional planning.
http://wn.com/Capital_District -
Cedarhurst, New York
Cedarhurst is a village in Nassau County, on the South Shore of Long Island, New York in the USA. The population was 6,164 at the United States Census, 2000. The village is named after a grove of trees that once stood at the post office.
http://wn.com/Cedarhurst_New_York -
Centereach, New York
Centereach is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 27,285 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Centereach_New_York -
Central Jersey
Central Jersey is a common designation for a region of the State of New Jersey in the United States of America. The designation of Central Jersey is not universally accepted, with some people arguing that there are only two main portions of the State of New Jersey, "North Jersey" and "South Jersey," which are separated by the Raritan River. Trenton is also considered the boundary between designated "North Jersey" and "South Jersey". The Raritan Valley makes up the northern portion of Central Jersey and includes Union, Somerset, and Hunterdon counties, as well as the northern portion of Middlesex County. South of the Raritan are the shore and inland communities of Monmouth, as well as the southern portion of Middlesex County and all of Mercer County. Northern Ocean County is also considered by many to be part of Central Jersey. All of Central Jersey is in the New York City Metropolitan Statistical Area.
http://wn.com/Central_Jersey -
Chennai
Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras (Tamil: AKA ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India. Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million. The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.
http://wn.com/Chennai -
Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
http://wn.com/Chicago -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Chinatown, Manhattan
http://wn.com/Chinatown_Manhattan -
Cincinnati
Cincinnati () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. The municipality is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,200 in 2009, making it the state's third-largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA in Ohio (surpassing Cleveland, which ranks 26th), and the 24th most populous in the United States. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
http://wn.com/Cincinnati -
Cleveland
Cleveland () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (100 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location at the head of numerous canals and railroad lines. With the decline of heavy manufacturing, Cleveland's businesses have diversified into the service economy, including the financial services, insurance, legal, and healthcare sectors, though the city's population has continued to decline. Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
http://wn.com/Cleveland -
Clifton, New Jersey
Clifton is a city in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city had a total population of 78,672.
http://wn.com/Clifton_New_Jersey -
Co-op City, Bronx
Co-op City, located in the Baychester section of the Borough of the Bronx in northeast New York City, is one of the largest cooperative housing developments in the world. Situated at the intersection of Interstate 95 and the Hutchinson River Parkway, the community is part of Bronx Community Board 10. If it were a distinct municipality, it would be the 10th largest "city" in New York State. Nearby attractions include Pelham Bay Park, Orchard Beach and City Island.
http://wn.com/Co-op_City_Bronx -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
http://wn.com/Columbia_University -
Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio, the state's third largest metropolitan area behind Cincinnati and Cleveland, and the fourth largest city in the American Midwest. It is the county seat of Franklin County, yet the city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. Named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology.
http://wn.com/Columbus_Ohio -
Commack, New York
Commack (/KO-mack/ or /KOM-mack/) is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet (unincorporated community) by the same name in the towns of Huntington and Smithtown in Suffolk County, New York, United States on Long Island. The CDP's population was 36,367 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Commack_New_York -
Condé Nast Building
http://wn.com/Condé_Nast_Building -
Coney Island
Coney Island is a peninsula, formerly an island, in southernmost Brooklyn, New York City, USA, with a beach on the Atlantic Ocean. The neighborhood of the same name is a community of 60,000 people in the western part of the peninsula, with Seagate to its west; Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach to its east; and Gravesend to the north.
http://wn.com/Coney_Island -
Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
http://wn.com/Connecticut -
Cooper Union
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, commonly referred to simply as Cooper Union, is a privately funded college in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States, located at Cooper Square and Astor Place (Third Avenue and 6th–9th Streets). Founded in 1859, the school established a radical new model of American higher education: its mission reflects founder Peter Cooper's fundamental belief that education of the highest quality should be "free as air and water" and therefore available to all who qualify–independent of race, religion, sex, or social status. For 150 years, the College has admitted students based on merit alone and provided each with a full-tuition scholarship.
http://wn.com/Cooper_Union -
Coram, New York
Coram is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the CDP population was 34,923.
http://wn.com/Coram_New_York -
Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
http://wn.com/Cornell_University -
Cove Neck, New York
The Village of Cove Neck is located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 300 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Cove_Neck_New_York -
Dallas
Dallas () is the third-largest city in Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. As of 2009, the population of Dallas was at 1.3 million according to the US Census Bureau. The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county metropolitan area that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of roughly 6.5 million as of July 2009. The metropolitan area is the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Dallas -
Danbury, Connecticut
Danbury is a city in northern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It has an estimated population (as of July 1, 2009 ) of 79,743. Danbury is the fourth largest city in Fairfield County and is the seventh largest city in Connecticut.
http://wn.com/Danbury_Connecticut -
Darien, Connecticut
Darien is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. A relatively small community on Connecticut's "Gold Coast", it is one of the most affluent towns in the United States. The population was 19,607 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Darien_Connecticut -
Delaware Bay
Delaware Bay is a major estuary outlet of the Delaware River on the Northeast seaboard of the United States whose fresh water mixes for many miles with the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. It is in area. The bay is bordered by the State of New Jersey and the State of Delaware. It was the first site classified in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.
http://wn.com/Delaware_Bay -
Delaware Valley
http://wn.com/Delaware_Valley -
Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
http://wn.com/Delhi -
Denver
The City and County of Denver (pronounced ) is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the High Plains, just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its elevation is one mile, or above sea level. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
http://wn.com/Denver -
Derby, Connecticut
Derby is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 12,391 at the 2000 census. With of land area, Derby is Connecticut's smallest municipality.
http://wn.com/Derby_Connecticut -
Detroit
http://wn.com/Detroit -
Dhaka
http://wn.com/Dhaka -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
Dongguan
Dongguan (, ; Cantonese: Dung1 gun2; old spelling Tung-kuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Dongguan -
Douglaston, Queens
Douglaston, population 14,168 (2000 Census), is a community in the New York City borough of Queens. Douglaston comprises six distinct neighborhoods: Doug Bay, Douglas Manor, and Douglaston Hill, all located north of Northern Boulevard on the peninsula abutting Little Neck Bay; Douglaston Park, located between Northern Boulevard and the Long Island Expressway; and two areas south of the Expressway, Winchester Estates and an area simply known as Douglaston. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 11 and New York City school district 26.
http://wn.com/Douglaston_Queens -
Dover, New Jersey
Dover is a Town in Morris County, New Jersey on the Rockaway River. Dover is 39 miles (63 km) west of New York City and west of Newark, New Jersey. As of the United States Census, 2000, the town's population was 18,188.
http://wn.com/Dover_New_Jersey -
Dutch Republic
http://wn.com/Dutch_Republic -
East Hills, New York
East Hills is a village in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. It is considered part of the Greater Roslyn area, which is anchored by the Village of Roslyn. As of the United States 2000 Census, the village population was 6,842.
http://wn.com/East_Hills_New_York -
East Rand
The East Rand is the name of the urban eastern part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation. This area became settled by Europeans after a gold-bearing reef discovered in 1886 and sparked the gold rush that gave rise to the establishment of Johannesburg.
http://wn.com/East_Rand -
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador -
El Paso, Texas
El Paso () is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and lies in West Texas. According to the United States Census Bureau's 2009 population estimates, the city had a population of 620,447 (July 2009). It is the sixth-largest city in Texas and the 22nd-largest city in the United States. Its metropolitan area covers all of El Paso County. In 2009, the El Paso metropolitan area had a population of 751,296. El Paso's metropolitan population for 2010, is estimated at 763,186 according to the US Census.
http://wn.com/El_Paso_Texas -
Elmira, New York
Elmira is a city in Chemung County, New York, USA. It is the principal city of the 'Elmira, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area' which encompasses Chemung County, New York. The population was 30,940 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Chemung County.
http://wn.com/Elmira_New_York -
Elmont, New York
Elmont is a hamlet (and census-designated place) as well as a bedroom suburb of New York City, New York, United States in Nassau County, on Long Island. Elmont is an unincorporated area of the Town of Hempstead. The population was 33,657 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Elmont_New_York -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England -
Financial center
http://wn.com/Financial_center -
Finger Lakes
The Finger Lakes are a chain of lakes in the west-central section of Upstate New York in the United States and are a popular tourist destination. The lakes are linear in shape, each lake oriented on a north-south axis. The two longest, Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake, are among the deepest in America; both are close to 40 miles (64 km) from end to end, and never more than 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide. Cayuga is the longest (38.1 miles, 61 km) and Seneca the largest in total area. Seneca is the deepest (618 feet, 188 m), followed by Cayuga (435 feet, 133 m), with their bottoms well below sea level. These largest lakes resemble the others in shape, which collectively reminded early map-makers of the fingers of a hand. Oneida Lake is generally not considered one of the Finger Lakes, but it is sometimes called the "thumb".
http://wn.com/Finger_Lakes -
Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
http://wn.com/Florence -
Flushing, Queens
Flushing, founded in 1645, is a neighborhood in the north central part of the City of New York borough of Queens, east of Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Flushing_Queens -
Fordham University
Fordham University is a private university in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. It was founded by the Roman Catholic Diocese of New York in 1841 as ''St. John's College'', placed in the care of the Society of Jesus shortly thereafter, and has since become an independent institution under a lay Board of Trustees which describes the university as "in the Jesuit tradition."
http://wn.com/Fordham_University -
Fort Hamilton
Historic Fort Hamilton is located in the southwestern corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn surrounded by the communities of Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, and Bensonhurst, and is one of several posts that are part of the region which is headquartered by the Military District of Washington. Its mission is to provide the New York metropolitan area with military installation support for the Army National Guard and the United States Army Reserve.
http://wn.com/Fort_Hamilton -
Fort Wadsworth
Fort Wadsworth is a former United States military installation on Staten Island in New York City, situated on The Narrows which divide New York Bay into Upper and Lower halves, a natural point for defense of the Upper Bay and Manhattan beyond. Prior to closing in 1994 it claimed to be the longest continually-manned military installation in the United States. It is now maintained by the National Park Service.
http://wn.com/Fort_Wadsworth -
Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth is the seventeenth-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city within the state of Texas. Located in and the western edge of the American South, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly in Tarrant, Parker, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the seat for Tarrant County. According to the 2010 census estimates, Fort Worth had a population of 727,575. It has been estimated that by 2030 it will have 1,211,665 residents. The city is the second-largest cultural and economic center of the region.
http://wn.com/Fort_Worth_Texas -
Foshan
http://wn.com/Foshan -
Freeport, New York
Freeport (officially The Incorporated Village of Freeport) is a village in the Town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York, USA, on the South Shore of Long Island. The population was 43,783 at the 2000 census. A settlement since the 1640s, it was once an oystering community and later a resort popular with the New York City theater community. It is now primarily a bedroom suburb but retains a modest commercial waterfront and some light industry. The village is racially and ethnically diverse: the 2000 census shows the population as 42.9% White, 32.6% African American, and 33.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race.
http://wn.com/Freeport_New_York -
Fresno, California
Fresno (, ) is a city in California, USA, the county seat of Fresno County. As of 2010, the population was estimated at 505,479, making it the fifth largest city in California, the largest inland city in California, and the 35th largest in the nation. Fresno is located in the center of the wide San Joaquin Valley of Central California, approximately north of Los Angeles and south of the state capital, Sacramento. The city is part of Metropolitan Fresno, which, with a population of 922,516 is the second largest area in the Central Valley after the Sacramento Metropolitan Area. The name Fresno is the Spanish language word for the ash tree, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.
http://wn.com/Fresno_California -
Garfield, New Jersey
Garfield is a city in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 29,786.
http://wn.com/Garfield_New_Jersey -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Glen Cove, New York
Glen Cove is a city in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 26,622. The Mayor is Mr. Ralph V. Suozzi, cousin of former Nassau County Executive Thomas Suozzi. Part of the early 20th century Gold Coast of the North Shore, Glen Cove has a diverse population. Glen Cove is one of the only two cities in Nassau County. The other is Long Beach.
http://wn.com/Glen_Cove_New_York -
Great Lakes
http://wn.com/Great_Lakes -
Greater Buenos Aires
http://wn.com/Greater_Buenos_Aires -
Greater Cleveland
Greater Cleveland is a nickname for the metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland, Ohio and is part of what used to be the Connecticut Western Reserve.
http://wn.com/Greater_Cleveland -
Greater Houston
http://wn.com/Greater_Houston -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou -
Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
http://wn.com/Guyana -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti -
Hamden, Connecticut
Hamden is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town's nickname is "The Land of the Sleeping Giant." Hamden is home to Quinnipiac University. The population was 58,180 according to the Census Bureau's 2005 estimates. Hamden is a suburb of the city of New Haven.
http://wn.com/Hamden_Connecticut -
Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Ontario -
Hampton Roads
Hampton Roads is the name for both a body of water and the Norfolk-Virginia Beach metropolitan area which surrounds it in southeastern Virginia. Hampton Roads is notable for its year-round ice-free harbor, for United States Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, NASA, Marines, and Army facilities, shipyards, coal piers, and hundreds of miles of waterfront property and beaches, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy.
http://wn.com/Hampton_Roads -
Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural, and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem was annexed to New York City in 1873.
http://wn.com/Harlem -
Harlem River
The Harlem River is a navigable tidal strait in New York City, USA that flows 8 miles (13 km) between the Hudson River and the East River, separating the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. Part of the current course of the Harlem River is the Harlem River Ship Canal, which runs somewhat south of the former course of the river, isolating a small portion of Manhattan (Marble Hill) on the Bronx side of the river.
http://wn.com/Harlem_River -
Harrison, New Jersey
Harrison is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the town population was 14,424. The town is a suburb of the nearby city of Newark.
http://wn.com/Harrison_New_Jersey -
Harrison, New York
Harrison is a coterminus town/village in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 24,154 at the 2000 census and estimated at 26,665 today. The municipality has a consolidated town/village government.
http://wn.com/Harrison_New_York -
Hectare
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; padding:0 0 2em 3em;"
http://wn.com/Hectare -
Hicksville, New York
Hicksville is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 41,260 at the 2000 census. The area is served by the Hicksville Post Office and the Hicksville School District.
http://wn.com/Hicksville_New_York -
Ho Chi Minh City
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh_City -
Hoboken, New Jersey
Hoboken is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2000 United States Census, the city's population was 38,577. The city is part of the New York metropolitan area and contains Hoboken Terminal, a major transportation hub for the region. Hoboken is also the location of the first recorded baseball game in the United States, and of the Stevens Institute of Technology, one of the oldest technological universities in the United States.
http://wn.com/Hoboken_New_Jersey -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Houston
http://wn.com/Houston -
Howell, New Jersey
http://wn.com/Howell_New_Jersey -
Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland -
Incheon
Incheon (), officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is South Korea's third largest metropolis, after Seoul and Busan. As the largest seaport on the west coast and home to the country's largest airport, Incheon International Airport, Incheon is South Korea's most important transport hub. In the 21st century, Incheon has transformed into a global business hub centered around the high-tech and futuristic Songdo International City, which is home to South Korea's tallest building, the 305m supertall Northeast Asia Trade Tower.
http://wn.com/Incheon -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Indianapolis
Indianapolis (), often abbreviated Indy (), is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. The United States Census estimated the city's population, excluding the included towns, at 807,584 in 2009. It is Indiana's largest city and is the 14th largest city in the U.S., the third largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago and Detroit), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also the fastest growing region in the Midwest.
http://wn.com/Indianapolis -
Islandia, New York
Islandia is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 3,057 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Islandia_New_York -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
http://wn.com/Istanbul -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Ithaca, New York
http://wn.com/Ithaca_New_York -
Jacob Riis Park
Jacob Riis Park in the New York City borough of Queens, is part of the Jamaica Bay Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, and is managed by the National Park Service (NPS). It lies at the foot of the Marine Parkway-Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, toward the southwestern end the Rockaway Peninsula, just east of Fort Tilden and west of Rockaway Beach. It features an extensive sand beach and a beautiful art deco bath house built in 1932 , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The bathhouse provides a place to get out of the sun and learn about the park's history. The park is named for Jacob Riis, a famous New York City muckraker journalist and photographer who documented the plight of the poor and working class.
http://wn.com/Jacob_Riis_Park -
Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
http://wn.com/Jakarta -
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Jamaica Bay
Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife refuge composed of the open water of Jamaica Bay and the intertidal salt marsh. The refuge lies entirely within the boundary of New York City, and is on the border of Brooklyn and Queens. John F. Kennedy International Airport was built upon a portion of the wetlands in Jamaica Bay.
http://wn.com/Jamaica_Bay -
Jamestown, New York
Jamestown is a city in Chautauqua County, New York in the United States. The population was 31,730 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Jamestown_New_York -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Jersey City
http://wn.com/Jersey_City -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem -
Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
http://wn.com/Johannesburg -
Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
http://wn.com/Karachi -
Kearny, New Jersey
Kearny (, ) is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It was named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. As of the United States 2000 Census, the town population was 40,513. The town is a suburb of the nearby city of Newark.
http://wn.com/Kearny_New_Jersey -
Kensington, New York
Kensington is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 1,209 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Kensington_New_York -
Kingdom of England
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_England -
Kings Park, New York
Kings Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town Smithtown, Suffolk County, New York, United States, on Long Island. The population was 16,146 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Kings_Park_New_York -
Kinshasa
http://wn.com/Kinshasa -
Kobe
http://wn.com/Kobe -
Kolkata
Kolkata (Bengali: ; ), is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Kolkata is the cultural capital of India and the commercial capital of Eastern India. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the Hooghly River. The Kolkata metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million, making it the third most populous metropolitan area in India and one of the most populous urban areas in the world. The city is also classified as the eighth largest urban agglomeration in the world.
http://wn.com/Kolkata -
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
http://wn.com/Kuala_Lumpur -
Kyoto
http://wn.com/Kyoto -
Lagos
http://wn.com/Lagos -
Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
http://wn.com/Lahore -
Lake Grove, New York
Lake Grove is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 10,250 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Lake_Grove_New_York -
Las Vegas, Nevada
:This article is about the city of Las Vegas, Nevada proper, not to be confused with the Las Vegas Strip or the Las Vegas metropolitan area. For other uses of "Las Vegas", see Las Vegas (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Las_Vegas_Nevada -
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
http://wn.com/Latvia -
Levittown, New York
Levittown is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Hempstead located on Long Island in Nassau County, New York. Levittown is mid way between the villages of Hempstead and Farmingdale. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 53,067.
http://wn.com/Levittown_New_York -
Lima
http://wn.com/Lima -
Linden, New Jersey
Linden is a city in southeastern Union County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area, being about 13 miles southwest of Manhattan, and bordering Staten Island, a borough of New York City.
http://wn.com/Linden_New_Jersey -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Long Beach, New York
Long Beach is a city in Nassau County, New York. One of Long Island's two cities, it is located on a namesake island, which forms part of the Outer Barrier off Long Island's South Shore. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 35,462. It was incorporated in 1922, and is nicknamed The City By the Sea (as seen in Latin on its official seal).
http://wn.com/Long_Beach_New_York -
Long Island
Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, United States, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs (Queens and Brooklyn) of New York City, and two of which (Nassau and Suffolk) are mainly suburban or rural. In popular usage, the term "Long Island" generally refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties on the island are part of the New York metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Long_Island -
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound (colloquially referred to as the Sound) is an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean and numerous rivers located in the United States between Connecticut to the north and Long Island, New York to the south. The mouth of the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook, Connecticut, empties into the sound. On its western end the sound is bounded to the north by Westchester County, New York and the Bronx, and connects to the East River. On its eastern end it opens to Block Island Sound.
http://wn.com/Long_Island_Sound -
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
http://wn.com/Los_Angeles -
Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville (usually ; see Pronunciation below) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kentucky, and the county seat of Jefferson County. Since 2003, the city's borders have been with those of the county because of a city-county merger. The city's estimated population as of 2009 was 721,594 (consolidated; balance total is 566,503), with a population of 1,266,454 in the Louisville metropolitan area. An important internal shipping port in the 19th century, Louisville is today most well known for the Kentucky Derby, the widely watched first race of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.
http://wn.com/Louisville_Kentucky -
Lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York. Lower Manhattan or "downtown" is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor (also known as Upper New York Bay). When referring specifically to the lower Manhattan business district and its immediate environs, the northern border is commonly designated by thoroughfares approximately a mile-and-a-half south of 14th Street and a mile north of the island's southern tip: Chambers Street from near the Hudson east to the Brooklyn Bridge entrances and overpass. Two other major arteries are also sometimes identified as the northern border of "lower" or "downtown Manhattan": Canal Street, roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street, roughly half a mile north of 14th Street. Anchored by Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City is the financial capital of the world and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies.
http://wn.com/Lower_Manhattan -
Lynbrook, New York
Lynbrook is a village in Nassau County, New York, USA . The population was 19,911 at the 2000 census, but had increased to 29,000 by 2006.
http://wn.com/Lynbrook_New_York -
Madison, Connecticut
Madison is a town in the southeastern corner of New Haven County, Connecticut, and it occupies a central location on the Connecticut Shoreline area. The population was 18,812 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Madison_Connecticut -
Madrid
http://wn.com/Madrid -
Maine
http://wn.com/Maine -
Malverne, New York
Malverne is a village in the town of Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 8,934 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Malverne_New_York -
Manhattan
Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a small section on the mainland adjacent to the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, and expanded in 1898 to include surrounding counties. It is the smallest, yet most urbanized of the five boroughs.
http://wn.com/Manhattan -
Manhattan Chinatown
http://wn.com/Manhattan_Chinatown -
Manorhaven, New York
Manorhaven is a village in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the village population was 6,138.
http://wn.com/Manorhaven_New_York -
Massapequa, New York
Massapequa is a hamlet (and a census-designated place) located in Nassau County, New York. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 22,652.
http://wn.com/Massapequa_New_York -
Matinecock, New York
:For the Native American people for which the village is named see Matinecock (tribe)''
http://wn.com/Matinecock_New_York -
Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is a city in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers.
http://wn.com/Memphis_Tennessee -
Meriden, Connecticut
Meriden is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 59,653.
http://wn.com/Meriden_Connecticut -
Merrick, New York
Merrick is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, USA.
http://wn.com/Merrick_New_York -
Mesa, Arizona
Mesa ( ) is a city in Maricopa County, in the U.S. state of Arizona and is a suburb located about 20 miles east of Phoenix. Mesa is in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, and Apache Junction on the east.
http://wn.com/Mesa_Arizona -
Metro Detroit
The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is the metropolitan area located in Southeast Michigan centered on the city of Detroit. The Detroit metropolitan area is the second largest U.S. metropolitan area linking the Great Lakes system. U.S. Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command (TACOM) is headquartered in Metro Detroit together with Selfridge Air National Guard Base. As a major metropolitan area, it is known for its automotive heritage, arts, and popular music legacies.
http://wn.com/Metro_Detroit -
Metro Manila
http://wn.com/Metro_Manila -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Mexico City
http://wn.com/Mexico_City -
Miami
Miami ( or ) is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida, and the eighth-most populous county in the United States, with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 433,136, it is the principal, central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4,919,036, but in 2008 that number increased to 5,232,342, making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
http://wn.com/Miami -
Milford, Connecticut
Milford is a city in southwestern New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located between Bridgeport and New Haven. The population was 50,594 at the 2000 census. The city contains the incorporated borough of Woodmont and the unincorporated village of Devon. The current mayor of Milford is James L. Richetelli, Jr.
http://wn.com/Milford_Connecticut -
Mill Neck, New York
Mill Neck is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 825 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Mill_Neck_New_York -
Milwaukee
http://wn.com/Milwaukee -
Mineola, New York
Mineola is a village in Nassau County, New York, USA. The population was 19,233 at the 2000 census. The name is derived from a Native American word meaning a "pleasant place."
http://wn.com/Mineola_New_York -
Minneapolis
Minneapolis (), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City," is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
http://wn.com/Minneapolis -
Monroe, Connecticut
Monroe is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 19,247 at the 2000 census. The current first selectman is Steve Vavrek.
http://wn.com/Monroe_Connecticut -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow -
Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Mumbai -
Muttontown, New York
The Village of Muttontown is located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 3,412 at the 2000 census. Muttontown was ranked one of the wealthiest towns in America by Businessweek. . Recent filming for USA network's "Royal Pains" was done in the area. The name of the village stems from its former use as pasturage for sheep.
http://wn.com/Muttontown_New_York -
Nagoya
is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan.
http://wn.com/Nagoya -
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County, in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the health care, music, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home to a large number of colleges and universities.
http://wn.com/Nashville_Tennessee -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New City, New York
New City is a hamlet (and census-designated place), in the Town of Clarkstown Rockland County, New York, United States. The area is located north of Bardonia; northeast of Nanuet; east of New Hempstead and New Square; southeast of Mount Ivy; south of Garnerville; southwest of Haverstraw; west, straight across Lake Deforest, of Congers; and northwest, diagonally across Lake Deforest, of Valley Cottage.
http://wn.com/New_City_New_York -
New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_Jersey -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York -
New York City Hall
New York City Hall is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan between Broadway, Park Row and Chambers Street. The building itself is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions, such as the office of the Mayor of New York City and the chambers of the New York City Council. Constructed from 1803 to 1812, New York City Hall is a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its exterior and interior are designated New York City landmarks.
http://wn.com/New_York_City_Hall -
New York County
http://wn.com/New_York_County -
New York Harbor
New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also used to describe the Port of New York and New Jersey, the port district for New York-Newark metropolitan area, under the jurisdiction of the Port Authority.
http://wn.com/New_York_Harbor -
New York University
New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is the largest private, nonprofit institution of higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_York_University -
Newark, New Jersey
Newark is the largest city in New Jersey, United States, and the county seat of Essex County. Newark has a population of 310,145, making it the largest municipality in New Jersey and the 65th largest city in the U.S.
http://wn.com/Newark_New_Jersey -
Newburgh, New York
http://wn.com/Newburgh_New_York -
Newtown, Connecticut
:This article is about the town. For the borough, see Newtown (borough), Connecticut.
http://wn.com/Newtown_Connecticut -
North Jersey
North Jersey is a colloquial term, with no precise consensus definition, for the northern portion of the U.S. state of New Jersey. A straightforward, noncolloquial term for the region is northern New Jersey.
http://wn.com/North_Jersey -
Northport, New York
Northport is a village in Suffolk County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the village population was 7,606. Students attend the Northport-East Northport Union Free School District.
http://wn.com/Northport_New_York -
Norwalk, Connecticut
Norwalk is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. According to 2008 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 83,185, making it the sixth largest city in Connecticut, and the third largest in Fairfield County. The city is part of the New York metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Norwalk_Connecticut -
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
http://wn.com/Nova_Scotia -
Oakland, California
Oakland () is the eighth-largest city in the U.S. state of California. It is a major West Coast port, located on San Francisco Bay, about 8 miles (13 km) east of San Francisco. Oakland is a major hub city for the Bay Area subregion collectively called the East Bay, and it is the county seat of Alameda County. Based on United States Census Bureau estimates for 2010, Oakland is the 41st-largest city in the USA with a population of 446,901.
http://wn.com/Oakland_California -
Oceanside, New York
Oceanside is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located in the south part of the Town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York. The population was 32,733 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Oceanside_New_York -
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City is the capital and the largest city in the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's estimated population, as of 2008, was 551,789, with an estimated metro-area population of 1,206,142. In 2008, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,275,758 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas are rural or suburban. The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area which includes consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county (or, in the case of Alaska, a borough, or in the case of Louisiana, a parish). The city is the largest city and metro area in population of the traditional 'plains states' as well as the South Central United States outside of Texas.
http://wn.com/Oklahoma_City -
Old Field, New York
Old Field is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 947 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Old_Field_New_York -
Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha () is the largest city in the state of Nebraska, United States, and is the county seat of Douglas County. It is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about 20 miles (30 km) north of the mouth of the Platte River. Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. It is located 190 miles north of Kansas City, Missouri.
http://wn.com/Omaha_Nebraska -
Orange, Connecticut
Orange is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 13,233 at the 2000 census. A 2007 Census Bureau estimate puts the population at 13,813. The town is governed by a Board of Selectmen.
http://wn.com/Orange_Connecticut -
Osaka
http://wn.com/Osaka -
Outer barrier
The outer barrier, also known as the Long Island and New York City barrier islands, refers to the string of barrier islands that divide the lagoons south of Long Island from the Atlantic Ocean.
http://wn.com/Outer_barrier -
Passaic, New Jersey
http://wn.com/Passaic_New_Jersey -
Patchogue, New York
Patchogue ( or ) is a village on the south shore of Long Island in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 12,919 at the time of the 2000 census. The village is named after the Native American Patchogue Tribe, which once inhabited the area.
http://wn.com/Patchogue_New_York -
Paterson, New Jersey
Paterson is a city in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 149,222. Census population projections indicate a population of 146,545 as of 2007, making it New Jersey's third largest city. It is the county seat of Passaic County. Paterson is known as the "Silk City" for its dominant role in silk production during the later 19th century.
http://wn.com/Paterson_New_Jersey -
Peekskill, New York
Peekskill is a city in Westchester County, New York. It is situated on a bay along the east side of the Hudson River, across from Jones Point.
http://wn.com/Peekskill_New_York -
Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia -
Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( , O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdoh, Mojave ''Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the fifth most populated city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,601,587 people according to the 2009 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, and is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun''), the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with more than 4.3 million people. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area.
http://wn.com/Phoenix_Arizona -
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh () is the second-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it anchors the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The estimated population of the city in 2009 was 311,647, while the seven-county metropolitan area was estimated at 2,354,957. Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, where the Ohio River forms. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "The City of Bridges" and "The Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
http://wn.com/Pittsburgh -
Plandome, New York
Plandome is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 1,272 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Plandome_New_York -
Poquott, New York
Poquott is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 975 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Poquott_New_York -
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the state of Oregon. As of July 2009, it has an estimated population of 582,130, making it the 30th most populous in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Approximately 2.2 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States as of July 2006.
http://wn.com/Portland_Oregon -
Provo, Utah
Provo () is the third largest city in the state of Utah, located about south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the county seat of Utah County and lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south. With a population of 118,581, Provo is also the principal city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, which has an estimated population of 555,551 residents. It is the second largest metro area in the state behind Salt Lake City.
http://wn.com/Provo_Utah -
Queens
Queens is the largest in area, the second largest in population, and the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States.
http://wn.com/Queens -
Quogue, New York
Quogue ( ) is an incorporated village in Southampton, Suffolk County, New York on the South Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the population was 1,018.
http://wn.com/Quogue_New_York -
Rahway, New Jersey
Rahway () is a city in southern Union County, New Jersey, United States. It is part of the New York metropolitan area, being fifteen miles southwest of Manhattan and five miles west of Staten Island. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 26,500.
http://wn.com/Rahway_New_Jersey -
Research Triangle
Raleigh-Durham or The Research Triangle, commonly referred to as simply "The Triangle", is a region in the Piedmont of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by the research universities of North Carolina State University, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill respectively. The eight-county region, officially named the Raleigh-Durham-Cary CSA, comprises the Raleigh-Cary and Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan areas and the Dunn Micropolitan Statistical Area. A 2009 Census Estimate put the population at 1,742,816. The Raleigh-Durham television market includes a broader 23-county area which includes Fayetteville, and has a population of 2,726,000 persons.
http://wn.com/Research_Triangle -
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
http://wn.com/Rio_de_Janeiro -
Riverbank State Park
Riverbank State Park is a park built on the top of a sewage treatment facility on the Hudson River, in the New York City borough of Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Riverbank_State_Park -
Rochester, New York
Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The Rochester metropolitan area is the second largest regional economy in all of New York State according to the U.S. Internal Revenue, after the New York City metropolitan area. Known as ''The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City''. It is the county seat for Monroe County.
http://wn.com/Rochester_New_York -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
http://wn.com/Rome -
Rome, New York
Rome is a city in Oneida County, New York, United States. It is considered a part of upstate New York. The population was 34,950 at the 2000 census. It is in New York's 24th congressional district. During the Revolutionary War and for years thereafter, the city was originally known as Fort Stanwix, due to the fort being the only existing building in the area. In 1796, the city was founded and named Lynchville. Some time later, the city's name was changed to Rome, assumingly after the Italian city of Rome. The exact time, the reason, and the idea for this name change remains a mystery. Rome is one of two principal cities in the Utica–Rome, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is in the south-central part of the county. In the heart of the Leatherstocking Region made famous by James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, Rome is known as the City of American History.
http://wn.com/Rome_New_York -
Roosevelt Island
Roosevelt Island, known as Welfare Island from 1921 to 1973, and before that '''Blackwell's Island''', is a narrow island in the East River of New York City. It lies between the island of Manhattan to its west and the borough of Queens to its east. Running from Manhattan's East 46th to East 85th streets, it is about two miles long, with a maximum width of , and a total area of 147 acres. The island is part of the Borough of Manhattan and New York County. Together with Mill Rock, Roosevelt Island constitutes New York County's Census Tract 238, which has a land area of 0.279 sq mi. and had a population of 9,520 in 2000 according to the US Census. The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation estimated its population was about 12,000 in 2007.
http://wn.com/Roosevelt_Island -
Ruhr
http://wn.com/Ruhr -
Run (island)
Run (also known as Pulo Run or Puloroon) is one of the smallest islands of the Banda Islands which are a part of Indonesia. It is about 3 km long and less than 1 km wide.
http://wn.com/Run_(island) -
Rye (city), New York
Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is separate from the town of Rye which is larger than the city. Rye city, formerly the village of Rye, was part of the town until 1942, when it was received its charter as a city, the most recent to be issued in New York. The population was 14,955 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Rye_(city)_New_York -
Sag Harbor, New York
Sag Harbor is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States, with parts in both the Towns of East Hampton and Southampton. The population was 2,313 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Sag_Harbor_New_York -
Sagaponack, New York
Sagaponack is a village in the town of Southampton in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The village incorporated on September 2, 2005, in the wake of the failed attempt by Dunehampton, New York to incorporate. Dunehampton's incorporation would have blocked Sagaponack from Atlantic Ocean beaches. The villages are seeking to address various beach issues including erosion arising from groynes at Georgica Pond in East Hampton village.
http://wn.com/Sagaponack_New_York -
Saltaire, New York
Saltaire is a village (incorporated) on Fire Island in the southern part of the town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The year-round population was 43 at the 2000 census, which, as a summer beach community, increases many times over in the summer.
http://wn.com/Saltaire_New_York -
San Antonio
The City of San Antonio () is the second-largest city in the American state of Texas and the seventh-largest city in the United States with a population of 1.4 million. The city is the seat of Bexar County. Located in the and the northern part of , San Antonio is the center of Tejano culture and Texas tourism. The city is characteristic of other Southwest urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city. It was the fourth-fastest growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006 and the fifth-fastest-growing from 2007 to 2008. The metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.1 million based on the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 28th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S and third in Texas.
http://wn.com/San_Antonio -
San Diego
http://wn.com/San_Diego -
San Francisco
http://wn.com/San_Francisco -
San Jose, California
San Jose (; meaning St. Joseph in Spanish) is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the United States, and the county seat of Santa Clara County. Anchor to the 31st-largest metropolitan area in the country, it is located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay. The San Jose/Silicon Valley area is the population center of the greater San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area (CSA), a region of nearly 7.5 million people, making it the sixth largest in the United States.
http://wn.com/San_Jose_California -
Santiago
Santiago is the Spanish name for Saint James, son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Santiago -
Santo Domingo
http://wn.com/Santo_Domingo -
Scarsdale, New York
Scarsdale is a coterminous town and village in Westchester County, New York, United States, in the northern suburbs of New York City. The Town of Scarsdale is coextensive with the Village of Scarsdale, but the community has opted to operate solely with a village government, one of several villages in the state that have a similar governmental situation.
http://wn.com/Scarsdale_New_York -
Sea Cliff, New York
The Village of Sea Cliff is located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York. As of the United States 2000 Census, the village population was 5,066. The village is part of the North Shore School District.
http://wn.com/Sea_Cliff_New_York -
Seagram Building
The Seagram Building is a skyscraper, located at 375 Park Avenue, between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, in collaboration with Philip Johnson. Severud Associates were the structural engineering consultants. The building stands 516 feet tall with 38 stories, and was completed in 1958. It stands as one of the finest examples of the functionalist aesthetic and a masterpiece of corporate modernism. It was designed as the headquarters for the Canadian distillers Joseph E. Seagram's & Sons with the active interest of Phyllis Lambert, the daughter of Samuel Bronfman, Seagram's CEO.
http://wn.com/Seagram_Building -
Seattle
http://wn.com/Seattle -
Secaucus, New Jersey
Secaucus is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey. As of the United States 2000 Census, the town population was 15,931. The town's name is pronounced "SEE-kaw-kus" (), with the accent on the first syllable, not the second as often used by non-natives.
http://wn.com/Secaucus_New_Jersey -
Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Seoul -
Seymour, Connecticut
Seymour is a town located in western New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town was named for Governor Thomas H. Seymour. The population was 15,454 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Seymour_Connecticut -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shelton, Connecticut
Shelton is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 38,101 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Shelton_Connecticut -
Shenzhen
http://wn.com/Shenzhen -
Shirley, New York
Shirley is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. As of the 2000 census, Shirley population was 26,395.
http://wn.com/Shirley_New_York -
Shoreham, New York
Shoreham is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 417 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Shoreham_New_York -
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley is in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology companies including Apple, Google, Facebook, HP, Intel, Cisco, eBay, Adobe, Agilent, Oracle, Yahoo, Netflix, and EA. The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for 1/3 of all of the venture capital investment in the United States. Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay.
http://wn.com/Silicon_Valley -
Smithtown, New York
Smithtown is a town in Suffolk County, New York, United States, on the North Shore of Long Island. The population was 115,715 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Smithtown_New_York -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Southold, New York
Southold is a town in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is located in the northeastern tip of the county, on the North Fork of Long Island. The population was 20,599 at the 2000 census. The town also contains a hamlet named Southold, which was settled in 1640.
http://wn.com/Southold_New_York -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Staten Island
Staten Island () is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a population of 491,730, Staten Island is the least populated of the five boroughs but is the third largest in area at .
http://wn.com/Staten_Island -
Stoke Mandeville
Stoke Mandeville is a village and also a civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district to the south-east of Aylesbury in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. Although a separate civil parish, the village falls within the Aylesbury Urban Area. Stoke Mandeville Hospital, although named after the village, is located on the parish's border with Aylesbury and has the largest spinal injuries ward in Europe.
http://wn.com/Stoke_Mandeville -
Summit, New Jersey
Summit is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States, and an affluent suburb of New York City. At the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 21,131. Summit has the 16th-highest per capita income in the state.
http://wn.com/Summit_New_Jersey -
Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
http://wn.com/Sydney -
Syracuse, New York
Syracuse (locally or ; generally the latter by non-natives) is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, United States, the largest U.S. city with the name "Syracuse", and the fifth most populous city in the state. At the 2000 census, the city population was 147,306, and its metropolitan area had a population of 732,117. It is the economic and educational hub of Central New York, a region with over a million inhabitants. Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites, with a downtown convention complex and, directly west of the city, the Empire Expo Center, which hosts the annual Great New York State Fair. Syracuse was named after the original Syracuse, (Siracusa in Italian) a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily.
http://wn.com/Syracuse_New_York -
São Paulo
http://wn.com/São_Paulo -
Taipei
http://wn.com/Taipei -
Tampa Bay Area
:This article is about the demographic region. For the body of water, see Tampa Bay. For the city at the hub of the area, see Tampa, Florida.
http://wn.com/Tampa_Bay_Area -
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv -
The Bronx
http://wn.com/The_Bronx -
The Narrows
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/The_Narrows -
Thomaston, New York
Thomaston is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 2,607 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Thomaston_New_York -
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin -
Time Warner Center
The Time Warner Center is a mixed-use skyscraper developed by The Related Companies in New York City. Its design, by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, consists of two 750 ft (229 m) towers bridged by a multi-story atrium containing upscale retail shops. Construction began in November 2000, following the demolition of the New York Coliseum, and a topping-out ceremony was held on February 27, 2003. The property had the highest-listed market value in New York City, $1.1 billion in 2006.
http://wn.com/Time_Warner_Center -
Times Square
Times Square is a major commercial intersection in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. The extended Times Square area, also called the Theatre District, consists of the blocks between Sixth and Eighth Avenues from east to west, and West 40th and West 53rd Streets from south to north, making up the western part of the commercial area of Midtown Manhattan.
http://wn.com/Times_Square -
Tin Pan Alley
Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
http://wn.com/Tin_Pan_Alley -
Todt Hill
Todt Hill (pronounced Tote Hill) [elevation 410 ft (125 m)] is a hill formed of serpentine rock on Staten Island, New York. It is the highest natural point in the five boroughs of New York City. The summit of the ridge is largely covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt, although much of the surrounding area is developed and residential.
http://wn.com/Todt_Hill -
Tokyo
http://wn.com/Tokyo -
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
Trenton, New Jersey
Trenton is the capital of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. As of 2008, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the city of Trenton had a population of 82,883.
http://wn.com/Trenton_New_Jersey -
Troy, New York
Troy is a city in the US State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. Troy is located on the western edge of Rensselaer County and on the eastern bank of the Hudson River. Troy has close ties to the nearby cities of Albany and Schenectady, forming a region popularly called the Capital District. The city is one of the three major centers for the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which has a population of 850,957. At the 2000 census, the population of Troy was 49,170. Troy's motto is Ilium fuit, Troja est, which means "Ilium was, Troy is".
http://wn.com/Troy_New_York -
Tucson, Arizona
Tucson () is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States. The city is located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. The 2009 Census Bureau estimate puts the city's population at 548,555, with a metropolitan area population at 1,023,320 as of July 1, 2008. In 2005, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. It is the largest city in southern Arizona and the second largest in the state after Phoenix. Tucson is home to the University of Arizona.
http://wn.com/Tucson_Arizona -
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tulsa () is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 47th-largest city in the United States. With an estimated population of 389,625 in 2009, it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 929,015 (2009) residents in the MSA and 979,721 (2009) in the CSA Tulsa's CSA is projected to reach one million between 2010 and 2012. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, and extends into Osage, Rogers, and Wagoner counties.
http://wn.com/Tulsa_Oklahoma -
U.S. Open (tennis)
http://wn.com/US_Open_(tennis) -
Uniondale, New York
Uniondale is a hamlet (and census-designated place) as well as a suburb of New York City in Nassau County, New York, United States, on Long Island, in the Town of Hempstead. The population was 23,011 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Uniondale_New_York -
Unisphere
http://wn.com/Unisphere -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Upper East Side
The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. The Upper East Side lies within an area bounded by 59th Street, 96th Street, Central Park and the East River.
http://wn.com/Upper_East_Side -
Upper West Side
The Upper West Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River and between West 59th Street and West 125th Street. It encompasses the neighborhood of Morningside Heights.
http://wn.com/Upper_West_Side -
US Open (tennis)
The US Open, formally the United States Open Tennis Championships, is a tennis tournament which is the modern incarnation of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, with the U.S. National Championship, which for men's singles was first contested in 1881. Since 1987, the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final tennis major comprising the Grand Slam tennis tournament each year. Rafael Nadal is the most recent mens single winner in 2010.
http://wn.com/US_Open_(tennis) -
Utica, New York
Utica is a city in the American state of New York, and the county seat of Oneida County.
http://wn.com/Utica_New_York -
Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the "influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.
http://wn.com/Wall_Street -
Wantagh, New York
Wantagh (pronounced /WAHN-taw/) is a hamlet and census-designated place (an unincorporated section of the Town of Hempstead) in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population of Wantagh was 18,971 at the time of the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Wantagh_New_York -
Washington Metro
{{Infobox rail line
http://wn.com/Washington_Metro -
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC -
West Islip, New York
West Islip is a hamlet and CDP, located in Suffolk County, New York, USA. Situated on the south shore of Long Island, the population of the CDP was 28,907 at the time of the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/West_Islip_New_York -
Westbury, New York
Westbury incorporated in 1932 as a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 14,263 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Westbury_New_York -
Westchester County
http://wn.com/Westchester_County -
Weston, Connecticut
Weston is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut. The population was 10,037 at the 2000 census. The town is serviced by Route 57 and Route 53, both of which run through the town center. About 19% of the town's workforce commutes to New York City, about 45 miles (70 km) to the south west.
http://wn.com/Weston_Connecticut -
Wichita, Kansas
Wichita ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census its population was 344,284. The 2008 estimated population of 366,046 made it the 51st largest city in the country and the most populous city in Kansas. Wichita is located in south central Kansas on the Arkansas River.
http://wn.com/Wichita_Kansas -
Wilton, Connecticut
Wilton is a town nestled in the Norwalk River Valley in western Connecticut and is located in Fairfield County, Connecticut, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the town population was 17,633. In 2007, it was voted as one of CNN Money's "Best Places to Live" in the United States.
http://wn.com/Wilton_Connecticut -
Wolcott, Connecticut
Wolcott is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 15,215 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Wolcott_Connecticut -
World Trade Center
The World Trade Center (WTC) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan in New York City that were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks.
http://wn.com/World_Trade_Center -
Yeshiva University
http://wn.com/Yeshiva_University -
Yokohama
http://wn.com/Yokohama -
Yonkers, New York
Yonkers is the fourth most populous city in the state of New York (behind New York City, Buffalo and Rochester), and the most populous city in Westchester County, with a population of 196,086 (according to the 2000 census), and an estimated 2008 population of 201,588. Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan at the cities' two respective closest points.
http://wn.com/Yonkers_New_York -
York, Pennsylvania
York, known as the White Rose City (after the symbol of the House of York), is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania. The population within the city limits was 40,862 at the 2000 census. When combined with the adjacent boroughs of West York and North York and surrounding Spring Garden, West Manchester, and Springettsbury townships, the population of Greater York is 99,764. York is the county seat of York County, and is located at . York is currently the 14th largest city in Pennsylvania.
http://wn.com/York_Pennsylvania
-
African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
http://wn.com/African_American -
Alexander Hamilton
http://wn.com/Alexander_Hamilton -
Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.
http://wn.com/Algonquian_peoples -
Anthony Burgess
http://wn.com/Anthony_Burgess -
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (, , singular: ; also , Yehudei Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north. Ashkenaz is the medieval Hebrew name for this region and thus for Germany. Thus, Ashkenazim or Ashkenazi Jews are literally "German Jews." Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe came to be called "Ashkenaz" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany. (See Usage of the name for the term's etymology.) Ashkenaz is also a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations ().
http://wn.com/Ashkenazi_Jews -
Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian, which includes individuals of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian origin.
http://wn.com/Asian_American -
Asian Indian
http://wn.com/Asian_Indian -
Bangladeshi American
Bangladeshi Americans are individuals of Bangladeshi descent who are citizens of the United States. The overwhelming majority of Bangladeshi Americans are ethnically Bengalis. Large influx of Bangladeshi immigrants arrived to the United States during the early 1990s. Many immigrants from Bangladesh come from the districts of Sylhet and Chittagong as people from these two districts have a long history of working as merchant marines. Cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Miami, Houston, and Dallas possess notable Bangladeshi communities. It is one of the fastest growing communities in the United States, based on the percentage growth from 1990 to 2000.
http://wn.com/Bangladeshi_American -
Beijing
| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Beijing -
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Franklin -
Black American
http://wn.com/Black_American -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Chinese American
Chinese Americans (; ) are Americans of Chinese descent. Chinese Americans constitute one group of Overseas Chinese and also a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Within this community, the term Chinese American is often broadly defined to include not only immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and their descendants but also immigrants and descendants of Overseas Chinese people who migrated to the United States from places as diverse as Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
http://wn.com/Chinese_American -
Citigroup
Citigroup Inc. (branded Citi) is a major American financial services company based in New York City. Citigroup was formed from one of the world's largest mergers in history by combining the banking giant Citicorp and financial conglomerate Travelers Group on April 7, 1998.
http://wn.com/Citigroup -
Colson Whitehead
Colson Whitehead is a New York-based novelist. He is best-known as the author of the 2001 novel John Henry Days. In 2002, he received a MacArthur Fellowship.
http://wn.com/Colson_Whitehead -
E. B. White
http://wn.com/E_B_White -
Edgar Allan Poe
http://wn.com/Edgar_Allan_Poe -
Edward Harrigan
http://wn.com/Edward_Harrigan -
Edwin G. Burrows
Edwin G. "Ted" Burrows (born 1943) is a professor of history at Brooklyn College. He is the co-author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning and author of 2008's Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War. Burrows received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1973. He currently resides in Northport, New York on Long Island.
http://wn.com/Edwin_G_Burrows -
English people
The English (from ) are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens.
http://wn.com/English_people -
Fernando Wood
http://wn.com/Fernando_Wood -
Filipino Americans
http://wn.com/Filipino_Americans -
George M. Cohan
http://wn.com/George_M_Cohan -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush -
George Washington
http://wn.com/George_Washington -
German American
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
http://wn.com/German_American -
Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou -
Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson (c. 1560/70s – 1611?) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. After several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to India, Hudson explored the region around modern New York City while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
http://wn.com/Henry_Hudson -
Herman Melville
Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet, whose work is often classified as part of the genre of dark romanticism. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick and the posthumous novella Billy Budd.
http://wn.com/Herman_Melville -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Indian American
Indian Americans are Americans who are of Asian descent and have ancestors who are born and are native to Republic of India. To make a clear distinction and difference bettwen Indians of Asian origin and Indians "named as" who are Indigenous peoples of the Americas, the U.S. Census Bureau popularized the term Asian Indian to avoid confusion with "American Indian".
http://wn.com/Indian_American -
Indian Americans
http://wn.com/Indian_Americans -
Irish American
http://wn.com/Irish_American -
Italian American
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
http://wn.com/Italian_American -
Italian people
The Italian people () are a people that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of Jus Sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula.
http://wn.com/Italian_people -
James II of England
James II & VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Increasingly Britain's political and religious leaders opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded and the leaders called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.
http://wn.com/James_II_of_England -
Japanese American
are Americans of Japanese heritage. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades have become the sixth largest group at roughly 1,204,205, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity. In the 2000 census, the largest Japanese American communities were in California with 394,896, Hawaii with 296,674, Washington with 56,210, New York with 45,237, and Illinois with 27,702. Each year, about 7,000 new Japanese immigrants enter United States ports, making up about 4% of immigration from Asia.
http://wn.com/Japanese_American -
John Keese
John Keese (24 November 1805 New York City - 30 May 1856 Brooklyn, New York) was a United States auctioneer, publisher and editor of books.
http://wn.com/John_Keese -
John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
http://wn.com/John_Kerry -
John Peter Zenger
http://wn.com/John_Peter_Zenger -
Korean Americans
http://wn.com/Korean_Americans -
Latin Kings (gang)
http://wn.com/Latin_Kings_(gang) -
Lenape
The Lenape ( or ) are a group of several organized bands of Native American people with shared cultural and linguistic characteristics. Their name for themselves (autonym), sometimes spelled Lennape or Lenapi, means "the people." They are also known as the Lenni Lenape (the "true people") or as the Delaware Indians. English settlers named the Delaware River after Lord De La Warr, the governor of the Jamestown settlement. They used the exonym above for almost all the Lenape people living along this river and its tributaries.
http://wn.com/Lenape -
Lenapehoking
Lenapehoking is a term for the lands historically inhabited by the Native American people known as the Lenape (named Delaware by early European settlers) in what is now the Northeastern United States. Though it is sometimes said to be a word in the Delaware languages for this area, like much of the toponymy involving languages in the Algonquian linguistic group, there is some confusion about the meaning and history of the name.
http://wn.com/Lenapehoking -
Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is the current Mayor of New York City, and the 10th richest person in the United States, having net worth of US$18 billion in 2010. He is the founder and 88% owner of Bloomberg L.P., a financial news and information services media company.
http://wn.com/Michael_Bloomberg -
New Netherland
New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the 17th-century colonial province on the East Coast of North America of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The claimed territories were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod. The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. The provincial capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on upper New York Bay.
http://wn.com/New_Netherland -
Non-Hispanic Whites
The terms Non-Hispanic Whites or White, Not Hispanic refers to people in the United States, as defined by the Census Bureau, who are of the white race but not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. They are of white race from colonial origin, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, South Asia,Canada, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white; like the overall non-Hispanic population of the United States, Hispanics and Latinos can be of any race: white, black, Asian, etc, as race and ethnicity are considered independent of each other. Since the population of descendants of people from Spain in the United States is vastly outnumbered by those from Spain's former colonies, the Non-Hispanic White category can also be effectively used to give a good estimate of the directly descended European population in the United States (European Americans).
http://wn.com/Non-Hispanic_Whites -
Norval White
Norval Crawford White (June 12, 1926 - December 26, 2009) was an American architect, architectural historian and professor. He designed buildings throughout the U.S., but he is best known for his writing, particularly the AIA Guide to New York City (with Elliot Willensky). White was widely considered to be one of the great figures of New York architecture.
http://wn.com/Norval_White -
Peter Minuit
http://wn.com/Peter_Minuit -
Peter Stuyvesant
Peter Stuyvesant (c. 1612 – August 1672), served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City.
http://wn.com/Peter_Stuyvesant -
Portuguese people
The Portuguese () are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
http://wn.com/Portuguese_people -
Pre-Columbian era
The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
http://wn.com/Pre-Columbian_era -
Puerto Rican people
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rican_people -
Ric Burns
http://wn.com/Ric_Burns -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
The New York Sun
The New York Sun was a contemporary five-day daily newspaper published in New York City from 2002 until 2008. It continues as an online newspaper. When it debuted on 2002-04-16, it became "the first general interest broadsheet newspaper to be launched in New York in two generations." The newspaper's president and editor-in-chief was Seth Lipsky, former editor of The Forward; its managing editor (and a company vice president) was Ira Stoll. One goal, said Lipsky, was "to seize the local beat from which the New York Times was retreating as it sought to become a national newspaper."
http://wn.com/The_New_York_Sun -
Thomas Menino
Thomas Michael Menino (born December 27, 1942) is the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, United States and the city's first Italian-American mayor. He is the longest-serving mayor in the history of the city.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Menino -
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin -
Vietnamese American
http://wn.com/Vietnamese_American -
Washington Irving
http://wn.com/Washington_Irving -
White American
http://wn.com/White_American
City
Cast
- Tyra Ferrell
- Mary Jo Keenen
- Stephen Lee
- Liz Torres
- LuAnne Ponce
- Valerie Harper
- James Lorinz
- Sam Lloyd
- Todd Susman
- Shay Duffin
- Bruce Davison
- Rodney Ueno
- Estelle Getty
- Harris Laskawy
- Jimmy Caesar
- Brad Craig
- Linda Dona
- Joseph Bryant
- Carlos Lacamara
- Patrick Bristow
- Theodore Bikel
- Gary Falcone
- Joe Mays
- Matt Roe
- Thomas Ryan
- Paul Haggis
- Paul Haggis
- Billy Goldenberg
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: Pilot
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 2: Family Business
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 3: Another One Died on the Steps Last Night
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 4: The Miracle at City Hall
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 5: Your Park or Mine
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 6: The Big Leak
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 7: You Can't Bite City Hall
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 8: Unfinished Business
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 9: Love Among the Ruins
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 10: Oil and Water
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 11: Seems Like Old Times
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 12: With a Song in Your Heart and a Knife in Your Back
OFM:35 mm...
-
Episode 13: Just a Passing Dad
Last show of the series....
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
New York City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
More information about our gear: www.team-blacksheep.com Update Interview from R/C show FliteTest here: www.youtube.com Safety discussion on AllThingsThatFly: www.allthingsthatfly.com Official AMA statement: www.modelaircraft.org Team Black Sheep flying in New York, over the Brooklyn and Verazano Bridge, around Downtown Manhattan and the Statue of Liberty. Enjoy! Music: Sackcloth Fashion - Under Man (Instrumental) www.amazon.com Equipment by: www.immersionrc.com http www.ritewingrc.com http FPV shops: www.nghobbies.com http More information and tipps about FPV in general: www.fpvlab.com
http://wn.com/New_York_City
New York City - 10 Things You Need To Know
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Ways to save money in New York City, its top attractions and much more with Hostelworld.coms Colm Hanratty.
http://wn.com/New_York_City_10_Things_You_Need_To_Know
Welcome to New York City, city guide (original DVD 60min.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
City guide of New York narrated in English. You can watch full length video on www.creativesystemservices.net
http://wn.com/Welcome_to_New_York_City,_city_guide_original_DVD_60min
Hurricane Sandy Hits New York City - Timelapse of the Storm from The New York Times Building
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Watching the hurricane from the 51st floor of the New York Times building.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_Hits_New_York_City_Timelapse_of_the_Storm_from_The_New_York_Times_Building
24 Hours in... New York City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
The diversity, the energy, the attitude--all still available 24 hours a day.
http://wn.com/24_Hours_in_New_York_City
Zombie Experiment NYC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
putzombiesback.com Could zombies live among us? We transformed a few New Yorkers to find out.
http://wn.com/Zombie_Experiment_NYC
Hurricane Sandy: New York City Endures Storm's Wrath, Buildings Damaged
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Chris Cuomo reports the impact of the storm's high winds.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_New_York_City_Endures_Storm's_Wrath,_Buildings_Damaged
New York city - 10 best places of the BIG apple
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
www.vidtur.com New York city, the capital of the world, you have seen it so many times without even going. planning to visit NY? there are so many things to see and do your head will spin: Broadway musicals, Time Square ,Central park, Chinatown and Soho, so many great names. this video will be your first step in planning the best vacation
http://wn.com/New_York_city_10_best_places_of_the_BIG_apple
New York City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Beautiful city, wonderful friends. This is a compilation of footage from my trip to NYC. I wanted to capture the beauty of the city through the big moments and the little ones. Hope you enjoy! (: My last vlog: youtu.be (Packing for NYC!) Like the music? Get it on iTunes! -Where We Used To Run by Landon Austin bit.ly -Outside The Seasons by Colorfire bit.ly Landon's channel: youtube.com Check out the bracelets in this video! Website: www.maemovement.com Facebook www.facebook.com They're super cute AND support a fantastic cause! People in this video in order of appearance: -Fleur: youtube.com -Tanya: youtube.com -Jim: youtube.com -Allison: youtube.com -Nikki: youtube.com -Tracy and Stefanie: youtube.com -Christine: youtube.com -Holly: youtube.com -Haley: maemovement.com -Julie youtube.com -Nikkie: youtube.com -Jean-François: youtube.com Special thanks to Jim for shooting the footage at IMATS and all of us walking across the street, and to Landon for letting me use his music! :D ________________________ OTHER PLACES TO FIND ME: My beauty channel: www.youtube.com Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow me on Instagram! Username: TheGridMonster
http://wn.com/New_York_City
CITY NEW YORK - Hurricane Sandy New York City 30 October 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
The Hurricane App, created by Bournemouth-based 3 Sided Cube, has had a total of 500000 downloads - 50000 since the hurricane struck the coast. It aims to keep those affected on the US East Coast "informed and prepared", says the 10-strong team behind it. The free app was launched in June and usually sees 800 downloads per day. The app allows users to get notifications on any threats in their area or to keep track of loved ones by linking to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service. It also offers an "I'm Safe" feature and has sent out more than three million alerts to keep those people affected informed. The American Red Cross approached 3 Sided Cube after hearing about a first aid app it created for the British Red Cross.
http://wn.com/CITY_NEW_YORK_Hurricane_Sandy_New_York_City_30_October_2012
Fake Celebrity Pranks New York City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
On the night of July 27th, 2012, a huge prank was pulled in New York City and this is the video of what took place. Brett Cohen came up with a crazy idea to fool thousands of pedestrians walking the streets of Times Square into thinking he was a huge celebrity, and it worked! Not only did...
http://wn.com/Fake_Celebrity_Pranks_New_York_City
Hudson River FLOODS Overflows Hurricane Sandy New York & New Jersey!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Hudson River FLOODS Overflows Hurricane Sandy Flooding New York City NY NYC NJ CT DC PA (10-29-2012) Attack Hits East Coast Storm 2013 Follow Me on INSTAGRAM: @dherrera175 www.Twitter.com www.Facebook.com
http://wn.com/Hudson_River_FLOODS_Overflows_Hurricane_Sandy_New_York_New_Jersey!!!
Hurricane Sandy on Bikes in NYC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
like me on www.facebook.com do not try this. also, i know i spelled incident wrong. but thank you for letting me know that over and over again. you see, in addition to the entire city being flooded we also lost electricity. editing video is tricky with no electricity. most of this video was edited at a starbucks in harlem, where there was electricity and some corners were cut. all that and i can't spell very well. i really did think incident was spelled with two e's.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_on_Bikes_in_NYC
"Empire State of Mind" Jay Z | Alicia Keys [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Check out the OFFICIAL VIDEO for "Empire State of Mind" Jay Z | Alicia Keys! Life+Times | Twitter: full.sc JAY Z | Twitter: full.sc Life+Times | Facebook: full.sc JAY Z | Facebook: full.sc LifeandTimes.com full.sc Itunes: full.sc
http://wn.com/Empire_State_of_Mind_Jay_Z_|_Alicia_Keys_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
New York City Guide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:33
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
I own nothing New York City Guide Found out how xpango.com works and get your gadgets free www.youtube.com Register now and start earnig credits for your NEW and FREE gadgets. Reflink: www.xpango.com?ref=92699922
http://wn.com/New_York_City_Guide
New York City Timelapse (Empty America)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Thrash Lab's "Empty America" timelapse travel series takes you to New York City. All the bridge and tunnel people have been sent home and Manhattan has been wiped empty! Penn Station, Wall Street, Central Park, Times Square, The Met and Fifth Avenue have never looked so vacant. Watch Empty America Washington, DC - bitly.com Watch Empty America: Seattle - bit.ly Watch Empty America: San Francisco - bit.ly SUBSCRIBE to Thrash Lab: bit.ly FOLLOW Thrash Lab on Twitter - twitter.com "Empty America" (a Thrash Lab Special directed by Ross Ching) Music made by David Adametz Enjoy this video on the Pedicab Drivers in NYC - bit.ly or this video on the Freegans in Manhattan - bit.ly
http://wn.com/New_York_City_Timelapse_Empty_America
New York City - Video tour of Flatiron District, Manhattan (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Welcome to the first video tour of our two part series dedicated to the Flatiron District, located in Manhattan, New York, by New York Habitat (www.nyhabitat.com). Subscribe to New York Habitat YouTube channel www.youtube.com and watch more great videos about other neighborhoods of Manhattan such as the Meatpacking Disctrict (www.youtube.com or the Lower East Side (www.youtube.com Head to 175 Fifth Ave where you'll find a beautiful and curious structure known as the Flatiron building, which gives the neighborhood its name. This skyscraper was one of the tallest buildings in the city when it was completed in 1902. New Yorkers began referring to it as the "Flatiron" due to the triangular block it sits on, looking very much like an old fashioned flat iron. The Flatiron District is roughly bounded by 20th Street to the south, Sixth Avenue to the west, 26th Street to the north, and Lexington Avenue to the east. The Flatiron District developed around a stretch of high end retailers along Fifth Avenue that drew in the most fashionable women of the late 1890s. Earlier it was known as "Ladies Mile" and later on "The Toy District" because of the Toy Center Building located at 23rd Street and Broadway. Today the 'Ladies Mile' may not have the glamour and glitz that it had in the past, but it has regained its retail shopping identity and is now a New York City Historic District. Named for President James Madison, Madison Square was opened to the public in 1847 and was the focal point ...
http://wn.com/New_York_City_Video_tour_of_Flatiron_District,_Manhattan_Part_1
Hurricane Sandy Aftermath Video: New York at a Stand Still
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:38
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Inside the eerily still metropolis the day after Hurricane Sandy.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_Aftermath_Video_New_York_at_a_Stand_Still
Shit New Yorkers Say
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
More about Eliot: eliotglazer.com More about Ilana ilanaglazer.com Eliot's web series itgetsbetterish.com Ilana's web series broadcitytheshow.com Written by Eliot Glazer. Featuring Eliot and Ilana Glazer, who are siblings, not married. Directed and Edited by Matt Mayer Produced by Seth Keim
http://wn.com/Shit_New_Yorkers_Say
New York City & Times Square Night Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
This video takes you into the streets of Manhattan (New York City) via the Lincoln Tunnel, the world's busiest tunnel, and then back into New Jersey across the George Washington Bridge, the world's busiest bridge. Along the way, you'll see 42nd Street, the Port Authority, Columbus Circle, Broadway, the Ed Sullivan Theater, and Times Square.
http://wn.com/New_York_City_Times_Square_Night_Tour
Huge Fire Raging through New York - Hurricane Sandy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
The New York fire department says more than 50 homes have been completely destroyed at Breezy Point in Queens. Video from NBC New York shows a huge fire raging.
http://wn.com/Huge_Fire_Raging_through_New_York_Hurricane_Sandy
Hurricane Sandy Attack New York City NYC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:14
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Hurricane Sandy Attack Hits New York City NYC NY East Coast Storm Lockdown: Preparing for Hurricane Sandy! New Video 2012 2013 Follow Me on INSTAGRAM: @dherrera175 www.Twitter.com www.Facebook.com
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_Attack_New_York_City_NYC
The Who at The Concert For New York City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:35
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
The Who perform "Who Are You", "Baba O'Riley", "Behind Blue Eyes" and "Won't Get Fooled Again" at The Concert For New York City (Madison Square Garden; October 20, 2001). One of John Entwistle's final appearances with the band.
http://wn.com/The_Who_at_The_Concert_For_New_York_City
Photo: AP / Moises Castillo
08 Nov 2012
By Sonia Perez-Diaz and Romina Ruiz-Goiriena Associated Press Comments People chat with a police officer while standing in the rubble caused after a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck Wednesday in San...
Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
07 Nov 2012
Barack Obama claimed a second presidential term last night as a progressive coalition of women, minorities and young people came together to return America’s first black president to the White...
Photo: AP
06 Nov 2012
The inquiry into the miners' deaths is showing how police doctored evidence and revealing a force that believes itself to be above South African law...
Photo: Public Domain / Shooke
08 Nov 2012
Irish novelist who created the best-known vampire in literary and film history was born 165 years ago Bram Stoker books celebrated in Google doodle....
Photo: US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Todd A. Schaffer
06 Nov 2012
- At an unknown location somewhere deep beneath the world's oceans, a British submarine sits primed to launch up to 40 nuclear warheads with a collective destructive power almost 300 times greater...
The Examiner
Related topics Frost Art Museum ExhibitionFIUArt exhibitsart Advertisement Currently exhibiting at The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum, at Florida International University, are three differing and interesting exhibitions. The first one, “Material and Meaning: Earthenware, Stoneware and...(size: 6.8Kb)
Fourth quarter dooms Bulls as Thunder roll
09 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Chicago BullsOklahoma City Thunder Advertisement It was a scene that Bulls fans should get accustomed to this season. Close game that came down to making shots and stops on defense. The Bulls (3-2) were able to hang with the Oklahoma City Thunder, but couldn't contain Russell...(size: 7.3Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Syriaethnic cleansingHuman Rights Advertisement Thursday, November 8. Agenzia Fides informed today that the Catholic Church is trying to rescue ten Christians who were abducted by an armed group as they were traveling from Aleppo to Beirut. Jesuit Father Murad Abi Seif, explained that...(size: 8.2Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics self-controlrighteous Advertisement Women, do you know that you can end heated fellowship (I will call it) with your mate just by applying the Word of God? • “A soft answer turneth away wrath: but grievous words stir up anger.” (Psalm 15:8) If your husband should say something to you...(size: 7.0Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Christianity Advertisement They may have. Although the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA) is an independent body, as are all the branches of the Anglican Communion outside of Great Britain, the office of Archbishop of Canterbury is certainly the highest office...(size: 11.7Kb)
my SA
STORRS — It’s not the sight of someone other than Jim Calhoun patrolling the sidelines that’s so jarring to UConn followers. Over his 26 seasons at the helm, after all, Calhoun had missed over 40 games due to issues ranging from cancer and NCAA suspension to food poisoning. Heck, he’d missed nearly...(size: 7.6Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics PenthouseCelebrity NewsGermany's Next Top ModelTabloid Headlines Advertisement Model Micaela Shäfer, who appears in the November issue of the German edition of “Penthouse,” recently appeared on the red carpet in yet another of her racy, outrageous outfits—this time apparently...(size: 7.4Kb)
Veterans Day celebrations in Houston
09 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Veterans DayCelebrationseventsHoustonFreebies Advertisement This weekend the United States has a very special opportunity. We have the opportunity to celebrate and honor the sacrifices and service of those who are currently serving and have served in our military. This very special...(size: 7.2Kb)
Online Excitement for Cat Lovers
09 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics animal loversCat Products Advertisement If you love cats and you love fun as well as spoiling your kitties or yourself with great things, then you need the excitement of a live online auction. Most Monday nights you will find the Animal Lovers Live Online Auction on Tophatter. There,...(size: 6.4Kb)
interesting BBC iPad vs Surface exchange
09 Nov 2012
Interested in working for Amazon.com?
09 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics amazoncomSeasonal jobs Advertisement Each year, Integrity Staffing places thousands of people just like you in seasonal positions at Amazon fulfillment centers across the country. On assignment at Amazon, you'll get much more than good wages and benefits. You'll also get real...(size: 6.9Kb)
Why ghost hunters investigate in the dark
09 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Ghost Hunting 101 Advertisement There are many people that fear the dark. Movies and media have portrayed the dark to be ominous; maybe it is because the dark makes some feel vulnerable. However, there are a few reasons why paranormal investigators explore in the dark and at night....(size: 7.6Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Maryland Transit Administration Advertisement The purpose of CACAT is “to establish and maintain consistent and responsive communications between the MTA and its customers, improve the quality of service from a customer’s point of view, provide for direct input to management about...(size: 6.3Kb)
This article is about the city. For other uses, see New York City (disambiguation).
"New York, New York" and "NYC" redirect here. For other uses, see New York, New York (disambiguation) and NYC (disambiguation).
| New York City | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| The City of New York | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): The Big Apple, Gotham, Center of the Universe, The City That Never Sleeps,[1] The Capital of the World[2][3][4][5] | |||
 |
|||
 New York City
|
|||
| Coordinates: 40°39′51″N 73°56′19″W / 40.66417°N 73.93861°W / 40.66417; -73.93861Coordinates: 40°39′51″N 73°56′19″W / 40.66417°N 73.93861°W / 40.66417; -73.93861[6] | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | New York | ||
| Counties | Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond | ||
| Settled | 1624 | ||
| Incorporated | 1898 | ||
| Government[7] | |||
| • Type | Mayor–Council | ||
| • Body | New York City Council | ||
| • Mayor | Michael Bloomberg (I) | ||
| Area[6] | |||
| • City | 468.48 sq mi (1,213.4 km2) | ||
| • Land | 302.64 sq mi (783.8 km2) | ||
| • Water | 165.84 sq mi (429.5 km2) | ||
| Elevation[8] | 33 ft (10 m) | ||
| Population (2011 United States Census estimates[9])[10] | |||
| • City | 8,244,910 (1st) | ||
| • Density | 27,243.06/sq mi (10,518.60/km2) | ||
| • Metro | 18,897,109 (1st) | ||
| • CSA | 22,085,649 (1st) | ||
| Demonym | New Yorker | ||
| Time zone | EST (UTC-5) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||
| ZIP code(s) | 100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx | ||
| Area code(s) | 212, 718, 917, 646, 347, 929 | ||
| FIPS code | 36-51000 | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 975772 | ||
| Website | www.nyc.gov | ||
New York is the most populous city in the United States[11] and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.[12][13][14] The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York[15] to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part.[16] As a global power city,[17] New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters,[18] New York is an important center for international diplomacy[19] and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.[20]
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors,[21] New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county.[22] The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898.[23][24] With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910[25] distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2),[26][27][28] New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States.[29] As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.[30] The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2),[31][32] and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.[33]
New York traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic, and was named New Amsterdam in 1626.[34] The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664[35][36] and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[37][38] New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.[39] It has been the country's largest city since 1790.[40] The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[41] and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.[42]
Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known to its approximately 50 million annual visitors.[43][44][45] Times Square, iconified as "The Crossroads of the World",[46][47][48][49][50] is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theater district,[51] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections,[52][53] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.[54] The city hosts many world renowned bridges, skyscrapers,[55] and parks. New York City's financial district, anchored by Wall Street in Lower Manhattan, functions as the financial capital of the world[56] and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.[57] Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world.[58] Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere.[59][60][61][62] Providing continuous 24/7 service,[63] the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive rapid transit systems in the world. Numerous colleges and universities are located in New York,[64] including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which are ranked among the top 50 in the world.[65]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of New York City
Early History[link]
In the precolonial era the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island, the western portion of Long Island including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens, Manhattan and the lower Hudson Valley including The Bronx.[66]
The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into Upper New York Harbor, where he spent one night aboard ship and sailed out the next day. He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).[67] In January a year later, Esteban Gomez, a Portuguese of African descent sailing for Emperor Charles V of Spain, entered New York Harbor and charted the mouth of the Hudson river which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration.[68]
In 1609 English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (Half Moon) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it may be a passage. When the river narrowed and was no longer salty he realized it wasn't a sea passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614 the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).
The year 1614 saw the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan which would be called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam) in 1625. Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape,[69] in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders[70] (about $1000 in 2006);[71] a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.[72][73]
In 1664 Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany.[74] At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch gained control of Run (then a much more valuable asset) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.[75] By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.[76]
In 1702, the city lost 10% of its population to yellow fever.[77] New York suffered seven major yellow fever epidemics from 1702 to 1800.[78]
New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. It became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square revealed than tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.
The city hosted the influential John Peter Zenger trial in 1735, helping to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan.[79] The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were routed, leaving subsequent smaller engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for the freedom promised by the Crown. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.
The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.[80]
In 1785 the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street.[81] By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.
In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development related to the western and cotton trades, as well as European immigration.[82] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1819 opening of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.[83] Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.[84]
The city also became a center of the cotton trade: by 1822 cotton shipments comprised nearly half of its exports,[85] with most going to Great Britain and European markets. Upstate mills manufactured textiles from the cotton, so much of the state's economy was connected to the cotton trade.[85] So many southern businessmen came to New York that they had favorite hotels, and businesses and restaurants catered to them.[85]
Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.
Under the state's "gradual abolition law of 1799", children of slave mothers were born free, but were held in indentured servitude until their late 20s. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, gradually a significant free-black population developed in Manhattan. The New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children.[85] It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.[86]
Modern History[link]
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1860, one in four New Yorkers—over 200,000—had been born in Ireland.[87] There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.[88]
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861 Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.[85] Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to the Draft Riots of 1863, led by ethnic Irish working class.[85]
It deteriorated into vicious attacks on blacks and their property, following fierce competition for a decade between immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but its more than 200 children escaped harm.[88] Rioters killed an estimated 100 blacks and attacked many more, especially in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.[89] Because of the violence, many blacks left the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn and New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance.[88]
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.[90] The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.
In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.[91]
New York's nonwhite population was 36,620 in 1890.[92] In the 1920s, New York City was a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of competing skyscrapers that changed the skyline into its identifiable twentieth-century shape.
New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history.[93] The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello LaGuardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[94] Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters (completed in 1950) emphasized New York's political influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.[95]
In the 1960s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates, which extended into the 1970s.[96] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[97] By the 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to changed police strategies, improving economy, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.
The city suffered the worst nationally of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the twin towers of the World Trade Center.[98] A new complex, which includes One World Trade Center, a 9/11 memorial and museum, and three other office towers, is being built on the site. The first buildings are finished and it is scheduled for completion by 2014.[99] The a new transit center which was opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. Then a temporary station was built, which opened on November 23, 2003. The station is currently undergoing a major reconstruction project and will become the World Trade Center Transportation Hub after its completion, scheduled for the second quarter of 2014.[100]
Geography[link]
Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York Harbor
New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.[101] The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.
The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.[102] The Hudson separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.[103]
The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.[104] Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, especially in Manhattan.[105]
The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2). 164.1 square miles (425 km2) of this are water and 304.8 square miles (789 km2) is land.[27][28] The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine.[106] The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.[107]
Climate[link]
Under the Köppen climate classification New York City has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and using the 0 °C (32 °F) threshold it is the northernmost major city on the continent with such categorization. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 58% of possible sunshine annually,[108] accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.[109]
Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding of the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities located at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.1 °F (0.1 °C). However, temperatures in winter could for a few days be as low as 10 °F (−12 °C) and as high as 50 °F (10 °C).[110] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid with a July average of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C). Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 18 days each summer and can exceed 100 °F (38 °C) every 4–6 years.[111]
The city receives 49.7 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall for 1971 to 2000 has been 22.4 inches (57 cm), but this usually varies considerably from year to year.[111] Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area.[112] Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 to 106 °F (-26 to 41 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934 and July 9, 1936, respectively.[113]
| Climate data for New York (Central Park), 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) |
75 (24) |
86 (30) |
96 (36) |
99 (37) |
101 (38) |
106 (41) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
94 (34) |
84 (29) |
75 (24) |
106 (41) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 39.1 (3.9) |
42.4 (5.8) |
50.5 (10.3) |
62.0 (16.7) |
71.6 (22.0) |
80.1 (26.7) |
84.9 (29.4) |
83.4 (28.6) |
76.0 (24.4) |
64.6 (18.1) |
54.6 (12.6) |
43.8 (6.6) |
62.75 (17.08) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 26.9 (−2.8) |
28.9 (−1.7) |
35.2 (1.8) |
44.8 (7.1) |
54.0 (12.2) |
63.6 (17.6) |
68.9 (20.5) |
67.9 (19.9) |
60.8 (16.0) |
50.0 (10.0) |
41.6 (5.3) |
32.0 (0.0) |
47.88 (8.82) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −6 (−21) |
−15 (−26) |
5 (−15) |
12 (−11) |
32 (0) |
44 (7) |
52 (11) |
50 (10) |
39 (4) |
28 (−2) |
12 (−11) |
−13 (−25) |
−15 (−26) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 3.65 (92.7) |
3.09 (78.5) |
4.36 (110.7) |
4.49 (114) |
4.19 (106.4) |
4.41 (112) |
4.60 (116.8) |
4.44 (112.8) |
4.28 (108.7) |
4.40 (111.8) |
4.02 (102.1) |
4.00 (101.6) |
49.93 (1,268.2) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 8.0 (20.3) |
9.4 (23.9) |
3.7 (9.4) |
.6 (1.5) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
.3 (0.8) |
4.8 (12.2) |
26.8 (68.1) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.4 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 122 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.1 | 2.9 | 1.8 | .3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .2 | 2.3 | 11.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 162.7 | 163.1 | 212.5 | 225.6 | 256.6 | 257.3 | 268.2 | 268.2 | 219.3 | 211.2 | 151.0 | 139.0 | 2,534.7 |
| Source: NOAA [114][115] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Further information: Demographics of New York City, New York City ethnic enclaves, and Demographic profile of New York City
| City compared to State & U.S. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 Census[116] | NY City | NY State | U.S. |
| Total population | 8,213,839 | 18,976,457 | 281,421,906 |
| Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000 | +9.4% | +5.5% | +13.1% |
| Population density | 26,403/mi² | 402/mi² | 80/mi² |
| Median household income (1999) | $38,293 | $43,393 | $41,994 |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 27% | 27% | 29% |
| Foreign born | 36% | 20% | 11% |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 35% | 62% | 67% |
| Black | 28% | 16% | 12% |
| Hispanic (any race) | 27% | 15% | 11% |
| Asian | 10% | 6% | 4% |
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1698 | 4,937 | — |
| 1712 | 5,840 | +18.3% |
| 1723 | 7,248 | +24.1% |
| 1737 | 10,664 | +47.1% |
| 1746 | 11,717 | +9.9% |
| 1756 | 13,046 | +11.3% |
| 1771 | 21,863 | +67.6% |
| 1790 | 49,401 | +126.0% |
| 1800 | 79,216 | +60.4% |
| 1810 | 119,734 | +51.1% |
| 1820 | 152,056 | +27.0% |
| 1830 | 242,278 | +59.3% |
| 1840 | 391,114 | +61.4% |
| 1850 | 696,115 | +78.0% |
| 1860 | 1,174,779 | +68.8% |
| 1870 | 1,478,103 | +25.8% |
| 1880 | 1,911,698 | +29.3% |
| 1890 | 2,507,414 | +31.2% |
| 1900 | 3,437,202 | +37.1% |
| 1910 | 4,766,883 | +38.7% |
| 1920 | 5,620,048 | +17.9% |
| 1930 | 6,930,446 | +23.3% |
| 1940 | 7,454,995 | +7.6% |
| 1950 | 7,891,957 | +5.9% |
| 1960 | 7,781,984 | −1.4% |
| 1970 | 7,894,862 | +1.5% |
| 1980 | 7,071,639 | −10.4% |
| 1990 | 7,322,564 | +3.5% |
| 2000 | 8,008,288 | +9.4% |
| 2010 | 8,175,133 | +2.1% |
| 2011 | 8,244,910 | +0.9% |
| Note: Census figures (1790–2010) cover the present area of all five boroughs, before and after the 1898 consolidation. For New York City itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, see Manhattan#Demographics.[117] Sources: 1698–1771,[118] 1790–1890,[117][119] 1900–1990,[120] 2000 and 2010 Census.[121][122] 2011 Census estimates.[9] | ||
New York is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 8,244,910 residents as of 2011.[9] As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population stood at a record high of 8,175,133, a 2.1% increase from the 8 million counted in 2000, significantly greater than the combined totals of Los Angeles and Chicago[123][124] and greater than the San Francisco Bay Area's metropolitan total.[125]
Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg immediately challenged the Census Bureau's 2010 data as representing an undercount upon release.[126] This amounts to about 40% of the state of New York's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. In 2006, demographers estimated that New York's population will reach between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.[127] The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), and 12.7% Asian.
Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade.[126]
Two demographic points are New York City's density and ethnic diversity. In 2010, the city had a population density of 27,532 people per square mile (10,630/km²), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities with over 100,000 population in the United States; however, several small cities in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are actually more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census.[128]
Geographically co-extensive with New York County, conversely, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 66,940 people per square mile[129] (25,846/km²) makes it the highest of any county in the United States[130] and higher than the density of any individual American city.
New York City's population is exceptionally diverse.[131] Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for immigrants; more than 12 million European immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924.[132] The term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians.[133] In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population.[134]
Approximately 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.[135] In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the metropolitan area are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Mexico, India, Ecuador, Italy, Haiti, Colombia, and Guyana.[136] The New York region continues to be the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States.[137][138][139]
The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel.[140] It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's Indian Americans and 15% of all Korean Americans[141][142] and the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest African American community of any city in the country; and including 6 Chinatowns in the city proper,[143] comprised as of 2010 a population of 649,989 overseas Chinese,[144] the largest outside of Asia.
New York City alone, according to the 2010 Census, has now become home to more than one million Asian Americans, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[145] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[146] 6.0% of New York City is of Chinese ethnicity, with about forty percent of them living in the borough of Queens alone. Koreans make up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese at 0.3%. Filipinos are the largest southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese who make up only 0.2% of New York City's population. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.[147]
There are also substantial Puerto Rican and Dominican populations. Another significant ethnic group is Italians, who emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century, mainly from Sicily and other parts of southern Italy. The Irish also have a notable presence; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carries a distinctive genetic signature on his Y chromosome inherited from the clan of Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish king of the fifth century A.D.[148] or from one of the related clans of Uí Briúin and Uí Fiachrach.[149]
The metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States.[150] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[151]
New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320.[152] The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In early 2011, the average weekly wage in New York County was $2,634, representing the highest total and absolute increase among the largest counties in the United States.[153] In recent years, New York and Moscow have ranked as the two cities home to the highest number of billionaires.[154][155] Manhattan is also experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in the borough grew by more than 32%.[156]
Cityscape[link]
Architecture[link]
Further information: Architecture of New York City and List of tallest buildings in New York City
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper currently under construction at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world.[157]
Manhattan's skyline with its many skyscrapers is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2011, New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least 100 meters high, both second in the world after Hong Kong,[158][159] with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing.
The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.[160] The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style.[161] A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers.[162]
The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.[163] In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Bronx; Ditmas Park, Brooklyn; and Douglaston, Queens - large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.[164][165][166] Split two-family homes are also widely available across the outer-boroughs.
Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.[167] A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes.[168] Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.[169]
Parks[link]
Main article: Parks and recreation in New York City
New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.[170] This parkland complements tens of thousands of acres of federal and state parkland.
National Park System[link]
Gateway National Recreation Area is over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City; the New York State portion includes the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, islands and water that includes most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park with beaches, trails and marina also on Staten Island.
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are located both in the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, located in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial ("Grant's Tomb"); African Burial Ground National Monument; Hamilton Grange National Memorial; and the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village is a designated National Historic Landmark as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement.[171]
New York State Parks[link]
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park, a natural area which includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (110,000 m2) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.[172]
New York City Department of Parks and Recreation[link]
- Central Park an 883-acre (3.57 km2) park in Manhattan, is the most visited city park in the United States, with 25 million visitors each year.[174] The park contains a myriad of attractions; there are several lakes and ponds, two ice-skating rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, the 106-acre (0.43 km2) Jackie Onassis Reservoir. Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center, the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater, and the historic Carousel.
- Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90-acre (360,000 m2) meadow, a lake and extensive woodlands. Located within the park is the historic Battle Pass, which figured prominently in the Battle of Long Island.[175]
- Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, the city's third largest park, was the setting for the 1939 World's Fair and the 1964 World's Fair.[176]
- Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km2), is given over to open space and parks, including Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens.[177]
- In Staten Island, the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution, attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown. Located within the park is the historic Burial Ridge, the largest Native American burial ground within New York City.
Boroughs[link]
Further information: Borough (New York City) and Neighborhoods in New York City
|
New York's five boroughs overview
|
||||
| Jurisdiction | Population | Land area | ||
| Borough of | County of | 1 July 2011 Estimates |
square miles |
square km |
| Manhattan | New York | 1,601,948 | 23 | 59 |
| The Bronx | Bronx | 1,392,002 | 42 | 109 |
| Brooklyn | Kings | 2,532,645 | 71 | 183 |
| Queens | Queens | 2,247,848 | 109 | 283 |
| Staten Island | Richmond | 470,467 | 58 | 151 |
|
City of New York
|
8,244,910 | 303 | 786 | |
| 19,465,197 | 47,214 | 122,284 | ||
| Source: United States Census Bureau[178][29][179] | ||||
New York City is composed of five boroughs.[180] Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of New York State as shown below.
Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.
- Manhattan (New York County; 2009 Est. Pop.: 1,629,054)[121] is the most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers. The borough is the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the UN, a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions. Manhattan is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem.
- The Bronx (Bronx County: Pop. 1,397,287)[121] is New York City's northernmost borough, the location of Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.[181] Except for a small section of Manhattan known as Marble Hill, the Bronx is the only section of the city that is part of the United States mainland. It is home to the Bronx Zoo, the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans 265 acres (1.07 km2) and is home to over 6,000 animals.[182] The Bronx is the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture.[183]
- Brooklyn (Kings County: Pop. 2,567,098),[121] on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods and a distinctive architectural heritage. It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown neighborhood. The borough features a long beachfront and Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.[184]
- Queens (Queens County: Pop. 2,306,712)[121] is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,[185] and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, today the borough is predominantly residential and middle class. Queens County is the only large county in the United States where the median income among African Americans, approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of White Americans.[186] Queens is the site of Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets, and annually hosts the U.S. Open tennis tournament. Additionally, it is home to two of the three major airports serving the New York metropolitan area, LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. (The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey.)
- Staten Island (Richmond County: Pop. 491,730)[121] is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry. The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City as it provides unsurpassed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and lower Manhattan. Located in central Staten Island, the 2,500 acres (10 km2) Greenbelt has some 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[187] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
Culture and contemporary life[link]
Further information: Culture of New York City and List of people from New York City
New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland[189] and Latvia[190] and by New York's own Baruch College.[191] A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.[192]
Tom Wolfe has quoted regarding New York's culture that:
| “ | Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather. | ” |
|
—Tom Wolfe[193] |
||
Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States.[194][195] The city was a center of jazz[196] in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s.[197] The city's punk[198] and hardcore[199] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature.
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop,[183] punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley and Jazz in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.[200][201][202] The city is also widely celebrated in popular lore, featured frequently as the setting for books, movies (see New York in film), television programs, etc.
Entertainment and performing arts[link]
See also: Music of New York City
New York is a prominent location in the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. Today, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States,[203] and by volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production.[204] The Association of Independent Commercial producers is also based in New York City.[205] The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes.[206]
The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.[206] Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.
The city's 39 largest theaters (with more than 500 seats each) are collectively known as "Broadway," after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square theater district.[207] This area is sometimes referred to as The Main Stem, The Great White Way or The Rialto. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is home to 12 influential arts organizations, including Jazz at Lincoln Center, Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic. New York City Ballet, the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School and Alice Tully Hall. It is the largest performing arts center in the United States. Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park.
Tourism[link]
Further information: Tourism in New York City and List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
Tourism is one of New York City's most vital industries, with more than 40 million combined domestic and international tourists visiting each year in the past five years.[209]
Major destinations include the Empire State Building; Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; Broadway theater productions; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; Times Square; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Special experiences outside the key tourist areas of the city include, but are not limited to, the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island; Flushing Meadows-Corona Park; and the New York Botanical Garden.
In 2010, New York City received nearly 49 million tourists,[210][211] subsequently surpassed by a record 50 million tourists in 2011.[212][213]
Media[link]
Main article: Media in New York City
.JPG)
New York is a center for the television, advertising, music, newspaper, and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America (followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, and Toronto).[214] Some of the city's media conglomerates include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.[215] Two of the "Big Four" record labels' headquarters, are in New York City—Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group and EMI also have major offices in New York. One-third of all American independent films are produced in New York.[216]
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city[216] and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.[217] Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson[218] and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.[219] The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.[220] El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.[221] The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper.
The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC. Many cable channels are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, and Comedy Central. In 2005, there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City.[222] The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV,[223] that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government.
New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[224] WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.[225]
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuisine of New York City
New York City's food culture includes a variety of world cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Eastern European and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza, while Chinese restaurants are ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafels and kebabs standbys of modern New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare.[226] The city is also home to many of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the United States.[227]
Accent[link]
The New York area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It is generally considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English.[228] The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working class people of European descent, and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect.[229]
The traditional New York area accent is non-rhotic, so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk."[229] There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American.
In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" become a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).[229] The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family was a good example of a speaker who had this feature. This speech pattern is no longer prevalent.[229]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in New York City
The New York Marathon is the largest marathon in the world.[230]
The US Open Tennis Championships are held every August and September in Flushing Meadows, Queens.
Citi Field has been home to the New York Mets since 2009.
New York City has been described as the "Capital of Baseball."[231] There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000.
No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets[232] and the New York Yankees[233], who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series.
The Yankees have won a record 27 championships,[234] while the Mets have won the World Series twice.[235] The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once,[236] and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.[237] There are also two minor league baseball teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones[238] and Staten Island Yankees.[239]
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey[240] which will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.[241]
The New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League.[242] Within the metropolitan area are two other NHL franchises, the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey,[243] and the New York Islanders, who play in Nassau County, Long Island.[244]
The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, and the city's Women's National Basketball Association team is the New York Liberty. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[245]
In soccer, New York is represented by the Major League Soccer side, New York Red Bulls. The Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey.[246]
Queens is host of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships, one of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments.[247] The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004–2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.[230] The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.[248]
Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s. A street in The Bronx has been renamed Stickball Blvd, as tribute to New York's most known street sport.[249]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of New York City
| Top publicly traded companies in New York City for 2010 (ranked by revenues) with City and U.S. ranks |
|||||
| NYC | corporation | US | |||
| 1 | J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. | 13 | |||
| 2 | Citigroup | 14 | |||
| 3 | Verizon Communications | 16 | |||
| 4 | American International Group | 17 | |||
| 5 | Pfizer | 31 | |||
| 6 | MetLife | 46 | |||
| 7 | INTL FCStone | 51 | |||
| 8 | Goldman Sachs Group | 54 | |||
| 9 | Morgan Stanley | 63 | |||
| 10 | New York Life Insurance | 71 | |||
| 11 | Hess | 79 | |||
| 12 | News Corporation | 83 | |||
| Financial services firms in green | |||||
| Full table at Economy of New York City | |||||
| Source: Fortune 500[250] | |||||
New York is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the world economy (along with London and Tokyo).[251] The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States.
The New York metropolitan area had approximately gross metropolitan product of $1.28 trillion in 2010,[252] making it the largest regional economy in the United States and, according to IT Week, the second largest city economy in the world.[253] According to Cinco Dias, New York controlled 40% of the world's finances by the end of 2008, making it the largest financial center in the world.[254][255][256]
New York City has been ranked first among 120 cities across the globe in attracting capital, businesses, and tourists.[258]
Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 45 Fortune 500 companies.[259] New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.[260] Manhattan had 353.7 million square feet (32,860,000 m²) of office space in 2001.[261] Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the United States. Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States and is home to The New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, representing the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization.[262] Financial services account for more than 35% of the city's employment income.[263]
Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was $802.4 billion in 2006.[264] The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.[264] New York City is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.[265]
The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after Hollywood.[266] Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.[267]
High-tech industries like biotechnology, software development, game design, and internet services are also growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines.[268] Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.[269] The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.[270] Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year.[270]
Law and government[link]
Main article: Government of New York City
New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government[271] since its consolidation in 1898. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are elected to four-year terms. The New York City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.[272] The mayor and councilors are limited to three consecutive four-year terms[273] but can run again after a four year break.
The present mayor is Michael Bloomberg, a former Democrat, former Republican (2001–2008), and current political independent elected on the Republican and Independence Party tickets against opponents supported by the Democratic and Working Families Parties in 2001 (50.3% of the vote to 47.9%), 2005 (58.4% to 39%) and 2009 (50.6% to 46%).[274] Bloomberg is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy.
In his second term he has made school reform, poverty reduction, and strict gun control central priorities of his administration.[275] Together with Boston mayor Thomas Menino, in 2006 he founded the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets."[276] The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats.[277] New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since 1924. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.
Following a financial crisis and state bailout in 1975, the New York Financial Control Board was created to oversee municipal spending. The Mayor of New York City and the Governor of New York both serve on the seven-member board. While direct management of the city's budget ended in 1986, the board continues to monitor the city's financial health.[278]
New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry.[279] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.[280]
Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the New York Supreme Court and hosts other state and city courts. Manhattan also hosts the Supreme Court Appellate Division, First Department, while Brooklyn hosts the Appellate Division, Second Department. Federal courts located near City Hall include the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the Court of International Trade. Brooklyn hosts the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
City planning[link]
Further information: Environmental issues in New York City and Food and water in New York City
Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States, and gasoline consumption in the city is the same rate as the national average in the 1920s.[281] The city's high level of mass transit use saved 1.8 billion US gallons (6,800,000 m3) of oil in 2006; New York City saves half of all the oil saved by transit nationwide.[282] The city's population density, low automobile use and high transit utility make it among the most energy efficient cities in the United States.[283] Its greenhouse gas emissions are 7.1 metric tons per person compared with the national average of 24.5.[284] New Yorkers are collectively responsible for 1% of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions[284] though they comprise 2.7% of the nation's population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of Dallas.[285]
In recent years, the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York has led to a high incidence of asthma and other respiratory conditions among the city's residents.[286] The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.[287] New York has the largest clean air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country,[288] and also, by mid 2010 the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most in any city in North America.[289]
The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others.[162]
The city is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[290] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.[291]
New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.[292]
Crime[link]
Further information: Crime in New York City and Law enforcement in New York City
Since 2005 the city has had the lowest crime rate among the 25 largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1980s[293] and early 1990s from the crack epidemic that affected many neighborhoods. By 2002, New York City had about the same crime rate as Provo, Utah and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005 and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.[294] In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966,[295] and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.[296] 95.1% of all murder victims and 95.9% of all shooting victims in New York City are black or Hispanic. And 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone are black or Hispanic.[297]
Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on what explains the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the New York City Police Department,[298] including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory.[299] Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.[300]
Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia dominated by the Five Families and they are still the largest and most powerful criminal organization in the city.[301] Gangs including the Black Spades also grew in the late 20th century.[302] As early as 1850, New York City recorded more than 200 gang wars fought largely by youth gangs.[303] The most prominent gangs in New York City today are the Bloods, Crips, Latin Kings, and MS-13.[304]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in New York City
The city's public school system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest in the United States.[305] About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools.[306] Charter schools, which are partly publicly funded, include Success Academy Charter Schools and Public Prep. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.[307] About 594,000 students were enrolled as of the 2000 Census in New York City higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States.[308] In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city.[309]
New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, The New School, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The public City University of New York system is one of the largest universities in the nation, and includes a number of undergraduate colleges and associate degree community colleges, with options in each borough. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, and The School of Visual Arts.
Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.[310] The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities.[311] Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Weill Cornell Medical College. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[312][313]
The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island.[314] The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, which is the nation's second largest public library system. The Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.[314]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in New York City
Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, is the most complex and extensive in North America. About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.[315][316] The iconic New York City Subway system is the busiest in the Western Hemisphere, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's largest railway station by number of platforms. New York's airspace is one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The George Washington Bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[317][318]
Public transit is popular in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.[319] This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace.[320] According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.[321] However, due to the high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average. New Yorkers save $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[322]
New York City is served by Amtrak, which uses Pennsylvania Station. Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor and long-distance train service to other North American cities. The Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.[323]
The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 468, and by length of routes. It is the third-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006).[315] New York's subway is also notable because nearly all the system remains open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including London, Paris, Montreal, Washington, Madrid and Tokyo.
The city's complex and extensive transportation system also includes the longest suspension bridge in North America (the Verrazano-Narrows),[324] the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel,[325] more than 12,000 yellow cabs,[326] an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan, and a ferry system connecting Manhattan to various locales within and outside the city.
The busiest ferry in the United States is the Staten Island Ferry, which annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan. The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson ("PATH" train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning two of the four rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago "L" and the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia).
New York City's public bus fleet and commuter rail network are the largest in North America.[315] The rail network, connecting the suburbs in the tri-state region to the city, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.[315][327]
New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States.[328] The area is served by three major airports, John F. Kennedy International, Newark Liberty International and LaGuardia, with plans to expand a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (which administers the other three airports and took over control of Stewart in 2007), as a "reliever" airport to help cope with increasing passenger volume. 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005 and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.[329] Outbound international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.[330]
New York's high rate of public transit use, 120,000 daily cyclists[332] and many pedestrian commuters makes it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.[281] Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.[333] In 2011, Walk Score named it the most walkable city in the United States.[334][335]
To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, that link New York City to Northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwest Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who commute into New York, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.[318]
Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway,[336] Wall Street,[337] Madison Avenue,[338][339] and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries located there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively.
Military[link]
New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. Military's only active duty installation within the city.[340] Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, it is one of America's longest serving military forts. [341] Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division, United States Army Corps of Engineers, as well as the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a Military Entrance Processing Station.
Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for military training or reserve and National Guard operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens.
Sister cities[link]
New York City has ten historic sister cities. The Sister City Program of the City of New York was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners, Inc. in 2006 with the aim of expanding the City's interaction with foreign cities while maintaining its historic ten sister city relationships:[342]
| City | Since |
|---|---|
| Tokyo | 1960 |
| Beijing | 1980 |
| Cairo | 1982 |
| Madrid | 1982 |
| Santo Domingo | 1983 |
| Budapest | 1992 |
| Rome | 1992 |
| Jerusalem | 1993 |
| Tel Aviv | 1996 |
| London | 2001 |
| Johannesburg | 2003 |
Like New York, all except Beijing are the most populous cities of their respective nations,[343] And unlike New York, all but Johannesburg also serve as de facto or de jure national political capitals. New York and her sister cities are all major economic centers, but few of the sister cities share New York's status as a major seaport.[344]
See also[link]
 |
Book: New York City |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
References[link]
- ^ "Why is New York City known as "the Big Apple" and "Gotham?"". Dictionary.com, LLC. http://hotword.dictionary.com/big-apple-gotham/. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "Showcase Destinations New York City: Capital of the World". Mpiweb.org. September 22, 1924. http://www.mpiweb.org/Archive?id=2972. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "About New York City". The City of New York. http://www.nyc.gov/html/lmec/html/about/nycapital.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ Eugene J. Sherman. "FORWARD New York – Capital of the Modern World". The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011. http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/forward.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "New York City: The Capital of the World". 2011 Viacom International Inc. http://www.tripouttravel.com/new-york-city-the-capital-of-the-world/. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ a b "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ the Mayor, New York City Office of (January 8, 2010). "Biography". New York, City of. http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.e985cf5219821bc3f7393cd401c789a0/. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ a b c Sam Roberts (April 5, 2012). "Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011 Estimates Show". © 2012 The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-01)". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/SUB-EST2009.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26. [dead link]
- ^ "World's Largest Urban Areas [Ranked by Urban Area Population"]. Rhett Butler. 2003–2006. http://www.mongabay.com/cities_urban_01.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ "Largest Cities of the World – (by metro population)". Woolwine-Moen Group d/b/a Graphic Maps. http://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ "Largest Urban Areas in the World: 2008 All Urban Areas 2,000,000 & Over". Wendell Cox Consultancy. http://www.demographia.com/db-wlargestua.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ "Welcome to the official New York City Web Site". The City of New York. 2011. http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/?front_door=true. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
- ^ "All Municipality Websites Listed Alphabetically". New York State. http://www.nysegov.com/citguide.cfm?context=citguide&content=munibyalpha&alpha=N. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
- ^ "GLOBAL POWER CITY INDEX 2009". © 2009 The Mori Memorial Foundation. All rights reserved. http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ^ "United Nations Visitors Centre". United Nations. 2011. http://visit.un.org/wcm/content/. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ "Office of the Mayor Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps and Protocol". The City of New York. 2012. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/html/home/home.shtml. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
- ^ "Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture". Consulate General of Iceland New York. http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "How The Earth Was Made". © 1996–2011, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. http://www.history.com/shows/how-the-earth-was-made/videos/new-york-harbor#new-york-harbor. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
- ^ "Boroughs of New York City". Ben Cahoon. 2002. http://www.worldstatesmen.org/US_NYBOROUGHS.html. Retrieved 2012-02-03.
- ^ "A 5-Borough Centennial Preface for Katharine Bement Davis Mini-History". The New York City Department of Correction. 1997. http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/nycdoc/html/kbd_brnx.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ "New York: A City of Neighborhoods". New York City Department of City Planning. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neighbor/neigh.shtml. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
- ^ Sam Roberts (April 5, 2012). "Population Growth in New York City Is Outpacing 2010 Census, 2011 Estimates Show". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/nyregion/census-estimates-for-2011-show-population-growth-in-new-york.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County – Table GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data, Retrieved 2009-02-06
- ^ a b "NYC Profile" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/nycprofile.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ a b Roberts, Sam (May 22, 2008). "It's Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ a b County and City Data Book:2007 (U.S. Census Bureau), Table B-1, Area and Population, Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (April 28, 2010). "Listening to (and Saving) the World's Languages". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/nyregion/29lost.html?hpw. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ "Table GCT-PL2 - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "NYC The Official Guide nycgo.com – nyc statistics". NYC & Company. http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
- ^ "Table GCT-PL2 - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US41PR&prodType=table. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "United States History - New York City, New York". http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2122.html. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
- ^ Shorto, Russell (2005). The Island at the Center of The World, 1st Edition. New York: Vintage Books. p. 30. ISBN 1-4000-7867-9.
- ^ "United States HISTORY New York City, New York". http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2122.html. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ "The New Jersey Colony". MrNussbaum.com. http://www.mrnussbaum.com/13colonies/printables/njcolony.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ "KINGSTON Discover 300 Years of New York History DUTCH COLONIES". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate. http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
- ^ "Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790–1990". U.S. Census Bureau. June 15, 1998. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab01.txt. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
- ^ "Statue of Liberty". 1996–2011, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. http://www.history.com/topics/statue-of-liberty. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
- ^ "Statue of Liberty". World Heritage. © UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2011. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ Patrick McGeehan (December 20, 2011). "As City Closes In on 50 Millionth Visitor, British Couple to Be Feted". © 2011 The New York Times Company. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/as-city-closes-in-on-50-millionth-visitor-british-couple-to-be-feted/?scp=1&sq=tourists&st=Search. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
- ^ "NYC reaches goal of 50 million tourists". © 2011 North Jersey Media Group. December 20, 2011. http://www.northjersey.com/news/135934558_NYC_reaches_goal_of_50_million_tourists.html. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
- ^ "NYC The Official Guide nycgo.com – nyc statistics". NYC & Company. http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ "Big Apple History Arts and Entertainment The Crossroads of the World". Thirteen/WNET New York 2005 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. http://pbskids.org/bigapplehistory/arts/topic15.html. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ "Crossroads of the world – Times Square the official website of Times Square". Times Square District Management Association, Inc. http://www.timessquarenyc.org/. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ "Times Square New York, NY Times Square". 2011 NYCTourist.com. http://www.nyctourist.com/times-square.php. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ Aditya Rangroo (October 14, 2010). "Times Square Crossroads of the World New York City Info". (C) 1980–2010 TimesSquare.com A Dataware Corporation Company. http://www.timessquare.com/NYC__/NYC_Stories/_The_Big_Apple%E2%80%99s_economic_hub/. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". © The Digital Journalist. http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ^ "Times Square". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596253/Times-Square. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ a b Joshua Pramis (October 2011). "World's Most-Visited Tourist Attractions No. 1: Times Square, New York City". Copyright © 1997–2012 American Express Publishing Corporation. All Rights Reserved. http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/worlds-most-visited-tourist-attractions/2. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- ^ "The Most Jivin' Streetscapes in the World". Luigi Di Serio. 2010. http://www.diserio.com/streetscapes.html. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ "New York Architecture Images- Midtown Times Square". 2011 nyc-architecture. http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID-TimesSquare3.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ "Buildings in New York City". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=city&city=NYC&country=US. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
- ^
- "Top 8 Cities by GDP: China vs. The U.S.". Copyright © 2012 Business Insider, Inc. All rights reserved. July 31, 2011. http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-07-31/markets/30005560_1_cities-economic-output-gdp. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- "Xinhua-Dow Jones International Financial Centers Development Index (2011)". CFC Holding Company, Ltd., Index Center and CME Group Index services LLC (Dow Jones Indexes). July 8, 2011. p. 11. http://index.xinhua08.com/dqszs/bgxz/201107/P020110708322385591732.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
- "UBS may move US investment bank to NYC". e-Eighteen.com Ltd. http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world-news/ubs-may-move-us-investment-bank-to-nyc_556257.html. Retrieved 2011-06-12.
- Review, Princeton; Gilbert, Nedda (October 6, 2009). The Best 301 Business Schools 2010 by Princeton Review, Nedda Gilbert. Random House Information Group. ISBN 978-0-375-42959-0. http://books.google.com/?id=dWA7aEbsy8QC&pg=PA154&dq=new+york+financial+capital+of+the+world+2010&q=new%20york%20financial%20capital%20of%20the%20world%202010. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- "New York Eclipses London as Financial Center in Bloomberg Poll". Bloomberg. October 29, 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aEC0OYmvvcZM. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- "The Tax Capital of the World". The Wall Street Journal. April 11, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123940286075109617.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- "JustOneMinute – Editorializing From The Financial Capital Of The World". http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/editorializing-from-the-financial-capital-of-the-world.html. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- "London May Have the IPOs ...". Marketwatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-shows-new-york-is-still-worlds-financial-capital/. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- "Fondos – Londres versus Nueva York" (in Spanish) (PDF). Cinco Dias. http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados/Londres-versus-Nueva-York/20080901cdscdimer_3/cdsmer/. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ^ "Market Highlights for First Half-year 2010". World Federation of Exchanges. http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
- ^ "The World's Most Expensive Real Estate Markets". CNBC. http://www.cnbc.com/id/29862382/The_World_s_Most_Expensive_Real_Estate_Markets?slide=9. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ^ Sarah Waxman. "The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc.. http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
- ^ "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet". explorechinatown.com. http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ David M. Reimers. Still the Golden Door: the Third .... Google Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&pg=PA104&dq=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&hl=en&ei=tHBaTpiYAeWt0AHsrrCTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false. Retrieved 2011-12-15.
- ^ "Chinatown". Indo New York. http://www.indonewyork.com/contents/New%20York/Kota%20New%20York/Chinatown/Chinatown.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ Baker, Al; Pérez-Peña, Richard (December 20, 2005). "With Terrorism Concerns in Mind, Police Prepare to Guard a Shuttered System". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/20/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/20security.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- ^ "NYC Colleges and Universities". © Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. 1994–2011. http://www.ny.com/academia/colleges.html. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities". Arwu.org. http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2010.jsp. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Evan T. Pritchard: Native New Yorkers: the legacy of the Algonquin people of New York, p.27 (2002);ISBN 1-57178-107-2
- ^ Rankin, Rebecca B., Cleveland Rodgers (1948). New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper.
- ^ Wpa Writer's Project:A Maritime History of New York, p.246;Going Coastal Productions (2004) ISBN 0-9729803-1-8
- ^ Frederick M. Binder, David M. Reimers: All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City, p.4;(1996)ISBN 0-231-07879-X
- ^ Pieter Schaghen Letter 1626: "... hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen. ... "("... They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size ...)
- ^ "Value of the Guilder / Euro". International Institute of Social History. http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Letter describing purchase by Pieter Schaghen from Dutch National Archive, The Hague, with transcription". Nnp.org. http://www.nnp.org/nnp/documents/schagen_main.html. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
- ^ Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell; Hamell, George R (September 1986). "A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade". The Journal of American History (Organization of American Historians) 73 (2): 311–328. DOI:10.2307/1908224. JSTOR 1908224.
- ^ Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History. Owl Books. p. 34. ISBN 0-8050-7842-8.
- ^ "Native Americans". Penn Treaty Museum.
- ^ "Gotham Center for New York City History" Timeline 1700–1800
- ^ "Timeline of Yellow Fever in America". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
- ^ "The Early History of Yellow Fever" (PDF). Pedro Nogueira, Thomas Jefferson University. 2009.
- ^ Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876. Columbia College. p. 8.
- ^ Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897 By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37
- ^ "The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)". U.S. News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Ira Rosenwaike (1972).Population History of New York City, p.55.
- ^ Bridges, William (181 1). Map Of The City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References. ; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Mushkat, Jerome Mushkat (1990). Fernando Wood: A Political Biography. Kent State University Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-87338-413-X.
- ^ a b c d e f "King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade", New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed 2012-05-12
- ^ Leslie M. Harris, "African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863", Department of History, Emory University
- ^ "Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York". VNY, City University of New York.
- ^ a b c Leslie M. Harris, "The New York City Draft Riots", excerpt from In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863, University of Chicago Press, 2003
- ^ Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. pp. 193–195.
- ^ The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City, New York City. Retrieved 2007-06-29
- ^ "Cornell University Library: Triangle Factory Fire". Cornell University. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Ira Rosenwaike (1972).Population History of New York City, p.78.
- ^ "New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional)". Demographia.com. http://www.demographia.com/db-nyuza1800.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ Allen, Oliver E. (1993). "Chapter 9: The Decline". The Tiger – The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-62463-X.
- ^ Burns, Ric (August 22, 2003). "The Center of the World – New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript)". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". © The Digital Journalist. http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ Christopher Effgen (September 11, 2001). "New York Crime Rates 1960–2009". Disastercenter.com. http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
- ^ "2008 9/11 Death Toll". Associated Press. July 2008. http://www.nysun.com/new-york/missing-doctor-added-to-list-of-9-11-victims/81626/. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
- ^ "Report: WTC Faces Up To 3-Year Delay". Associated Press via New York Post. (New York, New York). June 30, 2008. http://www.nypost.com/seven/06302008/news/regionalnews/report__wtc_faces_up_to_3_year_delay_117912.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Project Updates: World Trade Center Transportation Hub". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_transportation_34922.aspx. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ Washington, DC is 228 miles (367 km) driving distance from New York, and Boston is 217 miles (349 km) driving distance from New York. – Google Maps
- ^ "Information About the Hudson River Estuary". Life.bio.sunysb.edu. http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ^ Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html?ref=nyregion. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
- ^ Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-7838-9785-5.
- ^ Lopate , Phillip (2004). Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan. Anchor Press. ISBN 0-385-49714-8.
- ^ Lundrigan, Margaret (2004). Staten Island: Isle of the Bay, NY. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 0-7385-2443-3.
- ^ Howard, David (2002). Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 35. ISBN 0-393-32212-2.
- ^ "WXPART4". Public.asu.edu. http://www.public.asu.edu/~atrsc/wxpart4.htm#sun1. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
- ^ "united states annual sunshine map". HowStuffWorks, Inc. http://maps.howstuffworks.com/united-states-annual-sunshine-map.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
- ^ "The Climate of New York". New York State Climate Office. http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ a b "Weatherbase". Weatherbase: Weather for New York, New York. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=330527&refer=&units=us. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
- ^ Sam Dolnick (August 28, 2011). "Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York – Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs". © 2011 The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/nyregion/wind-and-rain-from-hurricane-irene-lash-new-york.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ Monthly Weather Averages and Records for New York, NY http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/vacationclimatology/monthly/USNY0996
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=okx. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ "NOAA". NOAA. ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-IV/US/GROUP2/00305801.TXT.
- ^ "The Current Population of NYC (2005)" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/detailed_narrative_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-13. These figures were adopted by the U.S. Census Bureau in September 2006.
- ^ a b The Encyclopedia of New York City, ed. Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6), page 923, citing "U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population 1960 (vol.1, part A, table 28), 1970, 1980, 1990". After annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, the population of the then-New York City was 1,206,299 in 1880 and 1,515,301 in 1890.
- ^ Greene and Harrington (1932). American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790. New York. , as cited in: Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-8156-2155-8.
- ^ U.S. Census, from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1929 (reprinted in 1971 by American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing, ISBN 0-07-071881-4), page 503.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell.Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States:1790 to 1990, United States Census Bureau, June 1998. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
- ^ a b c d e f U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Table 5. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New York, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-05-36)[dead link] and Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-01)[dead link], Release Date: June 2010, Retrieved 2010-07-31
- ^ Roberts, Sam (March 24, 2011). "City Population Barely Grew in the '00s, Census Finds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/nyregion/25census.html. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
- ^ "Los Angeles city, California QuickLinks Demographic Profile from the 2010 Census:". U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0644000lk.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ "Chicago city, Illinois QuickLinks Demographic Profile from the 2010 Census:". U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1714000lk.html. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ "Bay Area Census". MTC-ABAG Library, 101 Eighth St., Oakland, CA 94607. http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
- ^ a b Sam Roberts (March 24, 2011). "New York City's Population Barely Rose in the Last Decade, the Census Finds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/nyregion/25census.html?_r=1&scp=9&sq=new%20york%20census%202010%20asians%20queens&st=cse. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ "New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000–2030" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. December 2006. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/projections_report.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-27. See also Roberts, Sam (February 19, 2006). "By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/nyregion/19population.html?ex=1298005200&en=c586d38abbd16541&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ "New Jersey – Place and County Subdivision GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_ST7&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=4001&-geo_id=04000US34&-format=ST-7%7CST-7S&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ "New York – County GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US36&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-PH1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-format=ST-2. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
- ^ "Population Density", Geographic Information Systems – GIS of Interest. Accessed 2007-05-17. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not surprisingly, New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre."
- ^ "On the Trail of the Immigrant". Digital History.
- ^ "Ellis Island strives to tell more complete immigration story". USA Today. September 24, 2008.
- ^ "New York City". 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html.
- ^ "The Newest New Yorkers: 2000" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2005. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_briefing_booklet.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Appendix Table 5-4: Ten Largest Sources of the Foreign-Born by County New York Metropolitan Region, 2000" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2005. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_table_5_4.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR09.shtm. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
- ^ "World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember.com – Judaism Online. http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ "New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=33000US408&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP5&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=309&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ "United States ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP5&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=5309&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html?scp=1&sq=asians&st=cse. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- ^ "New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2008". http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=33000US408&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
- ^ Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05. "Asians, a group more commonly associated with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city's kaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have topped one million—nearly 1 in 8 New Yorkers—which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined."
- ^ "Asian American Statistics". © 2011 Améredia Incorporated. http://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/asian_american.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- ^ "Table SF1-P9 NYC: Total Asian Population by Selected Subgroups". NYC.gov. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/census2010/t_sf1_p9_nyc.pdf. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
- ^ Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (February 2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland" (PDF). The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2): 334–338. DOI:10.1086/500055. PMC 1380239. PMID 16358217. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/43032/43032.web.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-07. [dead link] See also Wade, Nicholas (January 18, 2006). "If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/science/18irish.html?ex=1149652800&en=2336ca46c937614b&ei=5070. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
- ^ O'Neill; McLaughlin (2006). "Insights Into the O'Neills of Ireland from DNA Testing". Journal of Genetic Genealogy. http://www.jogg.info/22/ONeill.htm.
- ^ Gary J. Gates, PhD. "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey". The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation. http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ Nicholas Confessore and Michael Barbaro (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (April 9, 2005). "In Manhattan, Poor Make 2 Cents for Each Dollar to the Rich". The New York Times. http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/SamRoberts4Sep05.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ^ "County Employment and Wages Summary". Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. September 29, 2011. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cewqtr.nr0.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ Obusan, Claire (March 12, 2009). "Top 10 Billionaire Cities – New York is home to more billionaires than any other city on Earth.". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/10/worlds-richest-cities-billionaires-2009-billionaires-cities.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ Brennan, Morgan (May 17, 2011). "Moscow Leads Cities With Most Billionaires". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2011/05/17/cities-with-most-billionaires.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (March 27, 2007). "In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers, Rich White Families Lead Way". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/nyregion/23kid.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ^ "As One World Trade Center soars, so do its costs". © 2012 msnbc.com. http://bottomline.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/31/10279406-as-one-world-trade-center-soars-so-do-its-costs. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ "Emporis Skyline Ranking". © 2000–2011 Emporis Corporation. All rights reserved. http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=skylineranking&lng=3. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ "Emporis Skyline Ranking". © 2000–2011 Emporis Corporation. All rights reserved. http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=skyline_ranking. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ Fischler, Raphael (1998). "The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning: Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance". Journal of the American Planning Association 64 (2).
- ^ "Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers". The Skyscraper Museum. January 22, 2006. http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_exhibits.htm#. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ a b Pogrebin, Robin (April 16, 2006). "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/16gree.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Plunz, Richard A. (1990). "Chapters 3 [Rich and Poor] & 4 [Beyond the Tenement]". History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06297-4.
- ^ "If You're Thinking of Living In/Riverdale, the Bronx; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space". The New York Times. March 1, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/01/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-riverdale-bronx-community-jealous-its-open-space.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ "New York Metro: 6 Affordable Neighborhoods". Nymag.com. September 17, 2001. http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/affordable/ditmaspark.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ "If You're Thinking of Living In/Douglaston, Queens; Timeless City Area, With a Country Feel". The New York Times. February 8, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-douglaston-queens-timeless-city-area-with-country-feel.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; Wilson, Rufus Rockwell (1902). New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks. J.B. Lippincott. p. 354.
- ^ Elliot, Debbie (December 2, 2006). "Wondering About Water Towers". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6567297. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Hood, Clifton (2004). 722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 175–177. ISBN 0-8018-5244-7.
- ^ "Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000-acre Mark". New York City Mayor's Office. February 3, 1999. http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01. ; "Beaches". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. http://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/beaches. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
- ^ "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, New York City Region". Nysparks.state.ny.us. http://www.nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/93/details.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
- ^ "Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits". © 2012 Wildlife Conservation Society. http://www.bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ^ "City Park Facts". The Trust for Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence. June 2006. http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=20531&folder_id=3208. Retrieved 2008-09-01. [dead link]
- ^ "General Information". Prospect Park Alliance. http://www.prospectpark.org/visit. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, page 46". Neighborhood Open Space Coalition. http://treebranch.org/BQGG_pdf/flushing_meadows.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming! by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of The Associated Press (AP), June 30, 2008, Retrieved 2008-07-11
- ^ 2011 borough population estimates are taken from the annual database of county population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, specifically this Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for New York state's counties, Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties of New York: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011, retrieved on May 13, 2012
- ^ American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County - Table GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data, retrieved on February 6, 2009
- ^ Benjamin, Gerald, Richard P. Nathan (1990). Regionalism and realism: A Study of Government in the New York Metropolitan Area. Brookings Institute. p. 59.
- ^ Frazier, Ian (June 26, 2006). "Utopia, the Bronx". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Ward, Candace (2000). New York City Museum Guide. Dover Publications. p. 72. ISBN 0-486-41000-5.
- ^ a b Toop, David (1992). Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop. Serpents Tail. ISBN 1-85242-243-2.
- ^ Immerso, Michael (2002). Coney Island: The People's Playground. Rutgers University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8135-3138-1.
- ^ O'Donnell, Michelle (July 4, 2006). "In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th ...". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (January 10, 2006). "Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html?ref=nyregion. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Staten Island Greenbelt | New York-New Jersey Trail Conference". Nynjtc.org. http://www.nynjtc.org/park/staten-island-greenbelt. Retrieved 2010-10-28.
- ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ "Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture". Consulate General of Iceland New York. http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/us/nyc/cultural-affairs/. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
- ^ "Consulate of Latvia in New York". Consulate of Latvia. http://www.latvia-newyork.org/english/. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture". Copyright © The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011. http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/Culture/intro.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton ... [et al."]. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA. http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497. Retrieved 2011-06-08.
- ^ "Speeches: Tom Christopher Exhibit Opening" (Press release). Consulate General of the United States: Frankfurt, Germany. May 9, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-07-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20070723115555/http://frankfurt.usconsulate.gov/frankfurt/speech05092007.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "HARLEM IN THE JAZZ AGE". New York Times. February 08, 1987. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/magazine/harlem-in-the-jazz-age.html?src=pm. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "ART; A 1920's Flowering That Didn't Disappear". NY Times. May 24, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/arts/art-a-1920-s-flowering-that-didn-t-disappear.html?src=pm. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Harlem Renaissance Music in the 1920s". http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com. http://www.1920s-fashion-and-music.com/Harlem-Renaissance-music.html. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop? - New York". NY Times. May 21, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/21/nyregion/21citywide.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ Harrington, Joe S. Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'N' Roll. pp. 324–30. 2002. Hal-Leonard. USA.
- ^ "SURVIVAL OF THE STREETS". Vice. http://www.vice.com/read/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ "capital". Dictionary.com, LLC. Copyright © 2011. All rights reserved. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capital. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
- ^ "Free To Dance – About The Film". Copyright© 1995–2011 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). All rights reserved. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/about/episodes.html. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
- ^ "Group Visits". Copyright © 2011 Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.alvinailey.org/about/visit-us/group-visits. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
- ^ Miriam Kreinin Souccar. "NYC Film Industry Second in Nation". ©2012 Crain Communications Inc. http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100316/FREE/100319919#. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ "New York Film Academy, New York City". New York Film Academy. http://www.nyfa.edu/filmschools/newyork.php. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ "AICP Staff & National Offices". Association of Independent Commercial Producers. http://www.aicp.com/#/about_aicp/staff/. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ a b "Creative New York" (PDF). Center for an Urban Future. December 2005. http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Welsh, Anne Marie (June 6, 2004). "2 plays + 9 nominations=good odds for locals". San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "The Crossroads of the World". PBS. http://pbskids.org/bigapplehistory/arts/topic15.html. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
- ^ "NYC Statistics". NYC & Company. http://www.nycgo.com/?event=view.article&id=78912. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ^ "New York City draws 48.7 million tourists in 2010". © 2012 Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. All Rights Reserved. January 4, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-04/travel/new.york.city.tourism_1_room-rates-hospitality-industry-job-data?_s=PM:TRAVEL. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ "NYC The Official Guide nycgo.com – nyc statistics". © 2006–2011 NYC & Company, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.nycgo.com/articles/nyc-statistics-page. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ Patrick McGeehan (December 20, 2011). "As City Closes In on 50 Millionth Visitor, British Couple to Be Feted". © 2011 The New York Times Company. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/as-city-closes-in-on-50-millionth-visitor-british-couple-to-be-feted/?scp=1&sq=tourists&st=Search. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ "NYC reaches goal of 50 million tourists". © 2011 North Jersey Media Group. December 20, 2011. http://www.northjersey.com/news/135934558_NYC_reaches_goal_of_50_million_tourists.html. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
- ^ "Tampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market Now" (Press release). Tampa Bay Partnership. August 26, 2006. http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991&. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks: Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue, Advertising Age Agency Report 2007 Index (April 25, 2007). Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ a b "Request for Expressions of Interest" (PDF). The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-08-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20080802030053/http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Media and Entertainment". New York City Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 2008-01-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20080128210353/http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/IndustryOverviews/MediaEntertainment/MediaEntertainment.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica:New York Daily Post http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412434/New-York-Daily-News
- ^ Allan Nevins, The Evening Post: Century of Journalism, Boni and Liveright, 1922, page 17.
- ^ "Ethnic Press Booms In New York City". Editor & Publisher. July 10, 2002. http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1538594. Retrieved 2008-09-01. [dead link]
- ^ "el Diario/La Prensa: The Nation's Oldest Spanish-Language Daily". New America Media. July 27, 2005. http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=e4526a43cc213775795cc84762fce768. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "2005 is banner year for production in New York" (Press release). The City of New York Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting. December 28, 2005. http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/010106_2005_banner_year.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ NYCTV Official Home Page http://www.nyc.gov/html/media/html/home/home.shtml
- ^ "Community Celebrates Public Access TV's 35th Anniversary". Mnn.org. http://www.mnn.org/en/community-celebrates-public-access-tvs-35th-annive. Retrieved 2010-10-28. [dead link]
- ^ "Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers: Spring 2006 Arbitron" (PDF). Radio Research Consortium. August 28, 2006. http://www.rrconline.org/reports/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Bleyer, Jennifer (May 14, 2006). "Kebabs on the Night Shift". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion/thecity/14vend.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Collins, Glenn (November 3, 2005). "Michelin Takes on the City, Giving Some a Bad Taste". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E0D9163EF930A35752C1A9639C8B63. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ Newman, Michael (2005). "New York Talk". In Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben. American Voices. Blackwell. pp. 82–87. ISBN 1-4051-2109-2.
- ^ a b c d Sontag, Deborah (February 14, 1993). "Oy Gevalt! New Yawkese An Endangered Dialect?". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D61438F937A25751C0A965958260. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
- ^ a b World's Largest Marathons, Association of International Marathons and Road Races (AIMS). Retrieved 2007-06-28.
- ^ Baseball: A Film by Ken Burns; Inning 7: The Capital of Baseball (Television Documentary). PBS. http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/capital/.
- ^ "New York Mets - TeamReport". Chicago Tribune. May 30, 2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-30/sports/sns-rt-bbo-mets-teamreportmtze85ut3w0go-20120530_1_ruben-tejada-new-york-mets-josh-thole. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "2000S". Newyork Yankees. http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/history/timeline1.jsp. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "New York Yankees: Facts, History, Stats, and Resources". The free sources. http://www.thefreeresource.com/new-york-yankees-facts-history-stats-and-resources. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "How Mets, Colt .45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies". Chicago Tribune. October 8, 1986. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-10-08/sports/8603150967_1_astros-nl-east-amazin-mets. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Dodgers Timeline". Los Angeles Dodgers. http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
- ^ "Historical Moments". Dodgers Giants. http://www.dodgers-giants.com/. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Major League Baseball, Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp". MLB Press Release. 05/30/2012. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120530&content_id=32491896&vkey=pr_mlb&c_id=mlb. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "New ownership group for Staten Island Yankees talks about future plans". Silive http://www.silive.com. May 31, 2012. http://www.silive.com/siyankees/index.ssf/2012/05/new_ownership_group_for_staten.html. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
- ^ "Preparations Different for a Home-and-Home Contest". New York Times. December 22, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/sports/football/for-giants-jets-game-metlife-stadium-preparations-differ.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Owners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host". NFL.com. Associated Press. May 26, 2010. http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d8184fc83&template=with-video-with-comments&confirm=true. Retrieved 2010-05-27. "It's the first time the league has gone to a cold-weather site that doesn't have a dome ... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes. Then the league might OK another bid"
- ^ Anderson, Dave (May 14, 1995). "Sports of The Times; At Boston Garden, There's Much More Gold Than Green". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/14/sports/sports-of-the-times-at-boston-garden-there-s-much-more-gold-than-green.html. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
- ^ "Devils' dance with Kings in Stanley Cup Finals gives Newark a spotlight". Nj.com. May 31, 2012. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/devils_dance_with_kings_in_sta.html. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Nassau Coliseum". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/travel/stadium/_/s/nhl/id/12. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Postseason Overview". National Invitation Tournament. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724155001/http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Picture-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison". Associated Press. March 20, 2010. http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/03/picture-perfect_opening_for_20.html.
- ^ "CHAMPIONS (year by year history)". US Open. http://2010.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/years.html. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Boxer Johnny Tapia's 'crazy life' ends". CNN. May 31, 2012. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/us/new-mexico-dead-boxer/index.html. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
- ^ Sas, Adrian (Producer) (2006). It's my Park: Cricket (TV-Series). New York City: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. http://nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video/index.html?key=16&search=.
- ^ Fortune 500 website (New York state), retrieved 2011-07-20, and Fortune, Volume 163, Number 7 (May 23, 2011), page F-45
- ^ Sassen, Saskia (2001). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6.
- ^ "Gross Metropolitan Product". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/gross-metropolitan-product. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
- ^ "London Ranked as World's Six Largest Economy". ITWeek. http://www.accountancyage.com/aa/news/1774656/london-ranked-world-s-largest-city-economy. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
- ^ "London vs. New York, 2005–06" (PDF). Cinco Dias. http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados/Londres-versus-Nueva-York/20080901cdscdimer_3/cdsmer/. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- ^ "London may have the IPOs ...". Marketwatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/credit-crunch-shows-new-york-is-still-worlds-financial-capital/. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
- ^ Dubner, Stephen J. (February 7, 2008). "Is New York Still the Financial Capital of the World?". New York Times. http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/is-new-york-still-the-financial-capital-of-the-world/. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
- ^ "Market highlights for first half-year 2010". World Federation of Exchanges. http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ Michelle Kaske (March 12, 2012). "New York City Tops Global Competitiveness, Economist Report Says". ©2012 BLOOMBERG L.P. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-12/new-york-city-tops-global-competitiveness-london-is-no-2-economist-says.html. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
- ^ Fortune 500 web site (cities), retrieved 2011-07-21; Fortune, Vol. 163, no. 7 (May 23, 2011), page F-45
- ^ Wylde, Kathryn (January 23, 2006). "Keeping the Economy Growing". Gotham Gazette. http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/fea/20060123/202/1727. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack". Allbusiness. September 25, 2001. http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/4266400-1.html. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ Claessens, Stjin (September 2000). "Electronic Finance: Reshaping the Financial Landscape Around the World" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20080804050013/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTENERGY/0,,contentMDK:20708340~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:336806,00.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Orr, James and Giorgio Topa (Volume 12, Number 1, January 2006). "Challenges Facing the New York Metropolitan Area Economy" (PDF). Current Issues in Economics and Finance – Second District Highlights. New York Federal Reserve. http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci12-1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ a b "Tentative Assessment Roll: Fiscal Year 2008" (PDF). New York City Department of Finance. January 15, 2007. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dof/html/pdf/07pdf/tent-ass-roll-07-08t.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Quirk, James. "Bergen offices have plenty of space". Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20071222235142/http://www.northjersey.com/page.php?qstr=eXJpcnk3ZjczN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXk4NDImZmdiZWw3Zjd2cWVlRUV5eTcxNjI5NzEmeXJpcnk3ZjcxN2Y3dnFlZUVFeXkyMg==. , The Record (Bergen County), July 5, 2007. Accessed 2007-07-05. "On Monday, a 26-year-old, 33-story office building at 450 Park Ave. sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot, or about $510 million. The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a per-square-foot basis. That broke the previous record—set four weeks earlier—when 660 Madison Ave. sold for $1,476 a square foot."
- ^ "NYC Film Statistics". Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting. Archived from the original on 2008-02-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080214051145/http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Currid, Elizabeth (2006). "New York as a Global Creative Hub: A Competitive Analysis of Four Theories on World Cities". Economic Development Quarterly 20 (4): 330–350. DOI:10.1177/0891242406292708.
- ^ "Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City: A Plan for Action" (PDF). New York City Economic Development Corporation. March 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080307231248/http://www.nycedc.com/about_us/TelecomPlanMarch2005.pdf. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ "Protecting and Growing New York City's Industrial Job Base" (PDF). The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business. January 2005. http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/whitepaper.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01. [dead link]
- ^ a b "More Than a Link in the Food Chain" (PDF). The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business. February 2007. http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/more_than_link_food_chain.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01. [dead link]
- ^ "Forms of Municipal Government". © 2010 National League of Cities. http://www.nlc.org/build-skills-networks/resources/cities-101/forms-of-municipal-government. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ "About the Council". New York City Council. Archived from the original on 2007-12-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20071208230244/http://www.nyccouncil.info/html/actioncenter/moved.cfm. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
- ^ Sewell Chan and Jonathan P. Hicks (October 23, 2008). "Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/23/council-to-debate-term-limits-change/. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Statement and Return Report for Certification: General Election 2005" (PDF). New York City Board of Elections. November 8, 2005. http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2005/general/Manhattan/New%20York%20Mayor%20NY%20Recap.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "About Mike Bloomberg". The Official Site of Mike Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928061207/http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition History". Mayor Against Illegal Guns. http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/history.shtml. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ "NYSVoter Enrollment by County, Party Affiliation and Status". New York State Board of Elections. November 2008. http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/enrollment/county/county_nov08.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-08. [dead link]
- ^ "New York State Financial Control Board". http://www.fcb.state.ny.us/. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip Codes". Opensecrets.org. http://www.opensecrets.org/overview/topzips.php?cycle=2004. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "A Fair Share of State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?". New York City Finance Division. March 11, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-05-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080525082617/http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ a b Jervey, Ben (2006). The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 0-7627-3835-9.
- ^ "A Better Way to Go: Meeting America's 21st Century Transportation Challenges with Modern Public Transit" (PDF). U.S. Public Interest Research Group. March 2008. http://www.uspirg.org/uploads/2q/fV/2qfVu2ZrflTk-TnRQEDdDw/A-Better-Way-to-Go-vUSPIRG.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-23. [dead link]
- ^ Owen, David (October 18, 2004). "Green Manhattan". The New Yorker.
- ^ a b "Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (PDF). New York City Office of Long-term Planning and Sustainability. April 2007. http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/ccp_report041007.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases". PlaNYC/The City of New York. December 6, 2006. http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/challenge/faq.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-01. [dead link]
- ^ Coburn, Jason, Jeffrey Osleeb, Michael Porter (June 2006). "Urban Asthma and the Neighbourhood Environment in New York City". Health & Place 12 (2): 167–179. DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.11.002. PMID 16338632.
- ^ DePalma, Anthony (December 11, 2005). "It Never Sleeps, But It's Learned to Douse the Lights". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/nyregion/11efficiency.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "A Century of Buses in New York City". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20060525043420/http://mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01. See also "New York City's Yellow Cabs Go Green" (Press release). Sierra Club. July 1, 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-04-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080418021037/http://www.sierraclub.org/pressroom/releases/pr2005-07-01a.asp. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Newman, Andy (July 27, 2010). "Appeals Court Rejects Effort to Create Hybrid Taxi Fleet". New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/27/appeals-court-rejects-effort-to-create-hybrid-taxi-fleet/?emc=eta1. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Current Reservoir Levels". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/maplevels.html. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
- ^ Lustgarten, Abrahm (August 6, 2008). "City's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost Seen". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-10b-cost/83288/. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ Rachel Weinberger, John Kaehny, Matthew Rufo (2010). "U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management Strategies". Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. p. 62. http://www.infrastructureusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/itdp_parking_fullreport.pdf. Retrieved 2011-06-11. "New York City is the largest, densest and most transit- and pedestrian-oriented city in the United States. It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not have a car. Despite this, New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under uses curbside parking meters. Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities, and New York suffers from high levels of cruising and double parking (p 62) ... Nationally 90% of households own automobiles. New Yorkers own fewer at 48% with only 22% of Manhattan residents owning automobiles (page 78)"
- ^ Arthur Prager, "Worst-Case Scenario", American Heritage, February/March 2006.
- ^ "Don't Tell New York, But Crime Is Going Up". Lib.jjay.cuny.edu. http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ^ Langan, Patrick A.; Matthew R. Durose (October 21, 2004). "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City". Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-08. [dead link]
- ^ Fewer Killings in 2007, but Still Felt in City's Streets, The New York Times, January 1, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ "The Color of Murder and Gun Violence in New York". The Washington Post. November 10, 2010
- ^ "Livingstone to follow methods of the NYPD". Telegraph. January 17, 2001.
- ^ "Staying a beat ahead of crime". Theage.com.au. November 5, 2002.
- ^ Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap (2006). "The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York". In Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman. The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86279-5. ; Karmen, Andrew (2000). New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-4717-5.
- ^ Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto (2000). NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. pp. 18–21. ISBN 0-8050-5578-9.
- ^ "Youth Gangs". Gotham Gazette. March 5, 2001.
- ^ "19th century AD." Adolescence, Summer, 1995 by Ruskin Teeter.
- ^ "Old Problem, New Eyes: Youth Insights on Gangs in New York City[dead link]" (PDF). Public Advocate for the City of New York. November 2007.
- ^ New York City Department of Education - About Us. NYC Department of Education. 2012. http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/default.htm. Retrieved May 31, 2012
- ^ "School Enrollment by Level of School and Type of School for Population 3 Years and Over" (MS Excel). New York City Department of City Planning. 2000. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/download/census/sf3edp302.xls. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Private School Universe Survey". National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ (PDF) New York in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000. Brookings Institution. November 2003. http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/livingcities/newyork2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ McGeehan, Patrick (August 16, 2006). "New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DE143EF935A2575BC0A9609C8B63. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
- ^ "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan" (Press release). New York City Economic Development Corporation. November 18, 2004. http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City, Fiscal Year 2003". National Institutes of Health. 2003. http://report.nih.gov/award/trends/top100fy03.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
- ^ RICHARD PÉREZ-PEÑA (December 19, 2011). "Cornell Alumnus Is Behind $350 Million Gift to Build Science School in City". © 2011 The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosen-to-build-science-school-in-new-york-city.html?scp=3&sq=cornell&st=cse. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ Anne Ju (December 19, 2011). "'Game-changing' Tech Campus Goes to Cornell, Technion". Copyright Cornell University. http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec11/NYCcover.html. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ a b "Nation's Largest Libraries". LibrarySpot. http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ a b c d "The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. http://www.mta.info/mta/network.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Pisarski, Alan (October 16, 2006). "Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/CIAIIIfacts.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey – George Washington Bridge". http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
- ^ a b George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old: Huge flag, cake part of celebration, Times Herald-Record, October 24, 2006. "The party, however, will be small in comparison to the one that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931. And it won't even be on what is now the world's busiest bridge for fear of snarling traffic."
- ^ Les Christie (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". CNNMoney.com (Cable News Network). http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
- ^ "NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2001. http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "New York Has Longest Commute to Work in Nation, American Community Survey Finds". December 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-03-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20080313083657/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/001695.html. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ "New York City's Green Dividend". CEOs for Cities. http://www.streetsblog.org/2010/04/21/sustainable-transport-saves-new-yorkers-19-billion-per-year/. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
- ^ "Architect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal's North Wing" (Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. November 17, 2008. http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=1154. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
- ^ "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge". Nycroads.com. http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "Holland Tunnel". National Historic Landmark Quicklinks. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2176&ResourceType=Structure. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ "The State of the NYC Taxi" (PDF). New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. March 9, 2006. http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/state_of_taxi.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "About the MTA Long Island Rail Road". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/lirr/pubs/aboutlirr.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-01. [dead link]
- ^ "U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03". U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2002. http://www.bts.gov/publications/us_international_travel_and_transportation_trends/2002/index.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "2005 Annual Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. November 2, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-06-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20070605013009/http://www.panynj.gov/CommutingTravel/airports/pdfs/traffic/Air_Traffic_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- ^ "Port Authority Leads Nation in Record-Setting Year for Travel Abroad" (Press release). The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. August 29, 2005. http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=724. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- ^ "Longest Suspension Bridges in the World". © 2000–2011 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/toptens/worldsuspbridges.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Schaller, Bruce (June 2006). "Biking It". Gotham Gazette. http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20060718/16/1910/. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ "2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. December 2004. http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub/STT.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). "S.F., Oakland in Top 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/07/20/BUUK1KCC67.DTL&tsp=1. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
- ^ "The 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities". MarketWatch. 2011. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-10-most-walkable-us-cities-2011-07-20?link=MW_popular. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
- ^ "THE MYTHS AND METAPHORS OF MUSIC AND DANCE SINGIN' IN THE RAIN". Hofstra University. http://hofprints.hofstra.edu/2/02/The_Myths_and_Metaphors_of_Music_and_Dance_Singin'_in_the_Rain.html. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ Richard Nordquist. "Grammar & Composition metonymy". ©2012 About.com. All rights reserved. http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/metonymy.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ "Definition of Metonymy". Copyright © 2012 Cramster, Inc. http://www.cramster.com/definitions/metonymy/68. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ "Metonymy vs Synecdoche". ©2000–2011, 2012 Buzzle.com® · All rights reserved. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/metonymy-vs-synecdoche.html. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
- ^ "Map of Military Installations in the Contiguous US". NPS.gov. http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/documents/BASES.PDF. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Jackson, Ken (2010). The History of New York City, 2nd Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-300-11465-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=encyclopedia+of+new+york&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8thCT6udK6e-0QHmhrXMBw&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22fort%20hamilton%22&f=false.
- ^ "New York City Global Partners". The City of New York. 2010. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-27. [dead link]
- ^ The Statesman's Yearbook 2003, edited by Barry Turner, Palgrave Macmillan (Basingstoke, London and New York), 2002, ISBN 0-333-98096-4
- ^ "Countries of the World", Whitaker's Almanack 1999 (Standard Edition), The Stationery Office, London, 1998, ISBN 0-11-702240-3, pages 781–785 & page 907
Further reading[link]
- Belden, E. Porter (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of its Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase. New York: G.P. Putnam. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jv-nXd8W8b0C&printsec=titlepage. From Google Books.
- Burgess, Anthony (1976). New York. New York: Little, Brown & Co.. ISBN 90-6182-266-1.
- Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195116348.
- Federal Writers' Project (1939). The WPA Guide to New York City (1995 reissue ed.). New York: The New Press. ISBN 1-56584-321-5.
- Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366.
- Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S., eds. (2005). Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10909-1.
- Lankevich, George L. (1998). American Metropolis: A History of New York City. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-5186-5.
- White, E. B. (1949). Here is New York (2000 reissue ed.). Little Bookroom.
- White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0812931076.
- Whitehead, Colson (2003). The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50794-1.
External links[link]
| Find more about New York City on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- NYC.gov is the official website of New York City.
- NYCvisit.com is the official tourism website of New York City.
Geographic data related to New York City at OpenStreetMap- New York City travel guide from Wikitravel
- BeautyOfNYC explains the beauty of New York City landmarks, art, and poetry
- New York City at the Open Directory Project
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "New York (city)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - More than 62,000 historic photographs of New York City are available online through the Museum of the City of New York.
- The City Guide has many articles on New York City and historical architectural information by Carter B. Horsley, writer for The New York Sun newspaper.
- New York A Documentary Film directed by Ric Burns is a cinematic history of the city from its beginnings through 2003.
|
|||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/New_York_City
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/New York City
http://es.wn.com/Nueva York
http://ru.wn.com/Нью-Йорк
http://cs.wn.com/New York
http://pt.wn.com/Nova Iorque
http://pl.wn.com/Nowy Jork
http://hi.wn.com/न्यूयॉर्क नगर
http://it.wn.com/New York
http://id.wn.com/New York City
http://nl.wn.com/New York City
http://fr.wn.com/New York
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"NY" redirects here. For other uses, see NY (disambiguation).
This article is about the U.S. state. For the city, see New York City. For other uses, see New York (disambiguation).
| State of New York | |||||
|
|||||
| Nickname(s): The Empire State | |||||
| Motto(s): Excelsior (Latin)[1] Ever upward |
|||||
 |
|||||
| Demonym | New Yorker | ||||
| Capital | Albany | ||||
| Largest city | New York City | ||||
| Largest metro area | New York City Metropolitan Area | ||||
| Area | Ranked 27th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 54,556[2] sq mi (141,300 km2) |
||||
| - Width | 285 miles (455 km) | ||||
| - Length | 330 miles (530 km) | ||||
| - % water | 13.5 | ||||
| - Latitude | 40° 30′ N to 45° 1′ N | ||||
| - Longitude | 71° 51′ W to 79° 46′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 3rd in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 19,465,197 (2011 est)[3] | ||||
| - Density | 412/sq mi (159/km2) Ranked 7th in the U.S. |
||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount Marcy[4][5][6] 5,343 ft (1628.57 m) |
||||
| - Mean | 1,000 ft (300 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Atlantic Ocean[5][6] sea level |
||||
| Admission to Union | July 26, 1788 (11th) | ||||
| Governor | Andrew Cuomo (D) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Robert Duffy (D) | ||||
| Legislature | New York Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | State Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | State Assembly | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Charles Schumer (D) Kirsten Gillibrand (D) |
||||
| U.S. House delegation | 21 Democrats, 8 Republicans (list) |
||||
| Time zone | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 | ||||
| Abbreviations | NY US-NY | ||||
| Website | www.ny.gov | ||||
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
New York was inhabited by various tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking Native American tribes at the time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley, establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the colony by annexation in 1664.
The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were roughly similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. The state constitution was enacted in 1777. New York became the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of New York
17th century[link]
See also: Province of New York
Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage marked the beginning of the European involvement with that area. Sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year. After his return word of his findings quickly spread and Dutch merchants began to explore the coast in search for profitable fur trade. During the 17th century, Dutch trading posts established for the trade of pelts from the Lenape, Iroquois and other indigenous peoples expanded into the colony of New Netherland. The first of these trading posts were Fort Nassau (1614, near present-day Albany); Fort Orange (1624, on the Hudson River just south of the current city of Albany and created to replace Fort Nassau), developing into settlement Beverwijck (1647), and into what became Albany; Fort Amsterdam (1625, to develop into the town New Amsterdam which is present-day New York City); and Esopus, (1653, now Kingston). The success of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck (1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid 19th century, was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The English captured the colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and governed it as the Province of New York. The city of New York was recaptured by the Dutch once again in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674) and renamed New Orange, but returned to the English under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster a year later.[7]
American Revolution[link]
The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year: a gathering of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies that set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence, including the right to representative government.
The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.
New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776.[8] The New York state constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains, New York on July 10, 1776, and after repeated adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston, New York on Sunday evening, April 20, 1777, when the new constitution drafted by John Jay was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30, 1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of New York at Kingston.
The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared—and the largest battle of the entire war—was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn) in August 1776. British victory made New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict, and consequently the center of attention for General George Washington's intelligence network.
The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined.
The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries.
In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United States and British North America, four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British; only the Oneidas and their dependents the Tuscaroras allied themselves to the Americans.[9] The Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands, forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara.[10] As allies of the British, the Iroquois were resettled in Canada after the war. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional approval, some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes. More than 5 million acres (20,000 km2) of former Iroquois territory was put up for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War, leading to rapid development in upstate New York.[11] As per the Treaty of Paris, the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies—their troops in New York City—departed in 1783, which was long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.[12]
Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation—the Federalist Papers—as a series of installments in New York City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.[13]
19th century[link]
Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of the 19th century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the St. Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only route to western New York was over land.
Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie, and thus all the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825. It was considered an engineering marvel. Packet boats traveled up and down the canal with sightseers and visitors on board.[14] The canal opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes port cities such as Buffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving transportation, it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York.
Ellis Island[link]
Main article: Ellis Island
Ellis Island was the main facility for immigrants, entering the United States in the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. It was opened when the federal government took over the responsibility for processing immigrants, prior to that it was the responsibility of the states. It replaced the prior New York State immigration center located at Castle Clinton, a War of 1812 era fort located in what is today Battery Park, through which at least 8 million immigrants such as Harry Houdini, passed through from 1855–1890.[15]
Ellis Island operated as an immigration center from January 1, 1892, until November 12, 1954. It is owned by the Federal government and is now part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. It is situated in New York Harbor, between two states and cities, Jersey City, New Jersey and New York City, New York.
More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island, between 1892 and 1954. After 1924, when the National Origins Act was passed, the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees.[16] Today, over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants, who first arrived in America through Castle Clinton and Ellis Island, before dispersing to points all over the country. Ellis Island was the subject of a border dispute between New York State and New Jersey. The issue was settled in 1998 by the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that the original 3.3 acre island was New York State territory and that the balance of the 27.5 acres (11 ha) added after 1834 by landfill was in New Jersey.
Statue of Liberty[link]
Main article: Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi, was a gift from France to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic, across the sea, served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28, 1886.
Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the island reopened in December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, but the statue remained closed until the summer of 2009. The National Park Service claims that the statue is not shut because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including inadequate evacuation procedures. The museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitors, but are only accessible if visitors have a "Monument Access Pass", which is a reservation that visitors must make in advance of their visit and pick up before boarding the ferry. There are a maximum of 3000 passes available each day, with a total of 15,000 visitors to the island daily. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Gustave Eiffel's iron framework of Lady Liberty.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of New York
New York covers 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2) and ranks as the 27th largest state by size.[2] The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern New York, while Lake Champlain is the chief northern feature of the valley, which also includes the Hudson River flowing southward to the Atlantic Ocean. The rugged Adirondack Mountains, with vast tracts of wilderness, lie west of the valley.
Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau, which rises from the southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware systems. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The highest elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks.[17]
New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario, which are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain; three New England states (Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut); the Atlantic Ocean, and two Mid-Atlantic States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition, Rhode Island shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the second-largest of the original Thirteen Colonies.
In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New York's Adirondack Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined.[18] New York established the first state park in the United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is a popular attraction.
The Hudson River begins at Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state without draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu and then the St. Lawrence Rivers. Four of New York City's five boroughs are on three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and Long Island, which contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end.
Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from the rest of New York State. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention.[19] Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include the Southern Tier, which often includes the counties along the border with Pennsylvania,[20] and the North Country, which can mean anything from the strip along the Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.[21]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of New York
In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate.[22] Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest.
The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of −13 °F (−25 °C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 5 °F (−15 °C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau.
The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s °F (25 to 30 °C), over much of the state.
New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This relative efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use.[23]
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities[24] (Fahrenheit) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Albany max
min31
1334
1644
2557
3670
4678
5582
6080
5871
5060
3948
3136
20Binghamton max
min28
1531
1741
2553
3566
4673
5478
5976
5768
5057
4044
3133
21Buffalo max
min31
1833
1942
2654
3666
4875
5780
6278
6070
5359
4347
3436
24Lake Placid max
min27
532
840
1654
2966
3974
4878
5376
5169
4456
3444
2532
12Long Beach max
min39
2340
2448
3158
4069
4977
6083
6682
6475
5764
4554
3644
28New York City max
min38
2641
2850
3561
4471
5479
6384
6982
6875
6064
5053
4143
32Rochester max
min31
1733
1743
2555
3568
4677
5581
6079
5971
5160
4147
3336
23Syracuse max
min31
1434
1643
2456
3568
4677
5582
6080
5971
5160
4047
3236
21
Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities (Celsius) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Albany max
min−1
−111
−97
−414
221
826
1328
1627
1422
1016
49
−12
−7Binghamton max
min−2
−9−1
−85
−412
219
823
1226
1524
1420
1014
47
−11
−6Buffalo max
min−1
−81
−76
−312
219
924
1427
1726
1621
1215
68
12
−4Lake Placid max
min−3
−150
−134
−912
−219
423
926
1224
1121
713
17
−40
−11Long Beach max
min4
−54
−49
−114
421
925
1628
1928
1824
1418
712
27
−2New York City max
min3
−35
−210
216
722
1226
1729
2128
2024
1618
1012
56
0Rochester max
min−1
−81
−86
−413
220
825
1327
1626
1522
1116
58
12
−5Syracuse max
min−1
−101
−96
−413
220
825
1328
1627
1522
1116
48
02
−6Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)
State parks[link]
See also: List of New York state parks and New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."
The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885,[25] which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km2) of land,[25] the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.
The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned under President George Washington, which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.
Counties[link]
Main article: List of counties in New York
See also: Administrative divisions of New York
New York is divided into 62 counties:
Regions[link]
Main article: List of regions of the United States#New York
New York State is divided into eleven regions by the Department of Economic Development:[26]
- Chautaugua–Allegheny
- Niagara Frontier
- Finger Lakes
- Thousand Islands
- Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)
- Adirondack Mountains
- Catskill Mountains
- Hudson Valley
- Capital District
- New York City
- Long Island
New York State is sometimes divided into eight major regions:[27]
New York State is divided into ten regions by the Department of Economic Development:[28]
- Western New York (counties: Niagara, Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany)
- Finger Lakes (counties: Orleans, Genesse, Wyoming, Monroe, Livingston, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, and Seneca)
- Central New York (counties: Cortland, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oswego, and Madison)
- Southern Tier (counties: Steuben, Schuyler, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Chenango, and Broome)
- North Country New York (counties: St. Lawrence, Lewis, Jefferson, Hamilton, Essex, Clinton, and Franklin)
- Capital District (counties: Albany, Columbia, Greene, Warren, Washington, Saratoga, Schenectady, and Rennselaer)
- Mohawk Valley (counties: Oneida, Herkimer, Fulton, Montogomery, Otsego, and Schoharie)
- Hudson Valley (counties: Sullivan, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester)
- New York City (counties: New York, Bronx, Queens, Kings, and Richmond)
- Long Island (counties: Nassau and Suffolk)
Cities[link]
Main article: List of cities in New York
Further information: List of towns in New York, List of villages in New York, and List of census-designated places in New York
There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which comprises five counties (boroughs): the Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population.
The following are the ten largest cities in New York:[29]
- New York City (8,175,133)
- Buffalo (261,310)
- Rochester (210,565)
- Yonkers (195,976)
- Syracuse (145,170)
- Albany (97,856)
- New Rochelle (77,062)
- Mount Vernon (67,292)
- Schenectady (66,135)
- Utica (62,235)
The location of these cities within the state stays remarkably true to the major transportation and trade routes in the early 19th century, primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, Interstate 90 acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.
Grouped by metropolitan statistical area,[30] the following are the twelve largest population centers in the state are:
- New York City (18,897,109 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,368,525 in NY)
- Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,135,509)
- Rochester (1,054,323)
- Albany and the Capital District (870,716)
- Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (670,301)
- Syracuse (662,577)
- Utica-Rome (299,397)
- Binghamton (251,725)
- Kingston (182,493)
- Glens Falls (128,923)
- Ithaca (101,564)
- Elmira (88,830)
The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population. If it were a city, it would be the second largest in the state with over 700,000 residents.
The southern tip of New York State—New York City, its suburbs including Long Island, the southern portion of the Hudson Valley, and most of northern New Jersey—can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis", a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston south to the Virginia suburbs of Washington D.C..
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1790 | 340,120 |
|
|
| 1800 | 589,051 | 73.2% | |
| 1810 | 959,049 | 62.8% | |
| 1820 | 1,372,812 | 43.1% | |
| 1830 | 1,918,608 | 39.8% | |
| 1840 | 2,428,921 | 26.6% | |
| 1850 | 3,097,394 | 27.5% | |
| 1860 | 3,880,735 | 25.3% | |
| 1870 | 4,382,759 | 12.9% | |
| 1880 | 5,082,871 | 16.0% | |
| 1890 | 6,003,174 | 18.1% | |
| 1900 | 7,268,894 | 21.1% | |
| 1910 | 9,113,614 | 25.4% | |
| 1920 | 10,385,227 | 14.0% | |
| 1930 | 12,588,066 | 21.2% | |
| 1940 | 13,479,142 | 7.1% | |
| 1950 | 14,830,192 | 10.0% | |
| 1960 | 16,782,304 | 13.2% | |
| 1970 | 18,236,967 | 8.7% | |
| 1980 | 17,558,072 | −3.7% | |
| 1990 | 17,990,455 | 2.5% | |
| 2000 | 18,976,457 | 5.5% | |
| 2010 | 19,378,102 | 2.1% | |
| Sources: 1910–2010 1790–1900[31] | |||
Main article: Demographics of New York
Population[link]
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New York was 19,465,197 on July 1, 2011, a 0.45% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3] In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area.[32]
New York is a slowly growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.[33] However, New York State is one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the second largest immigrant population in the country of the American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008. Although Upstate New York receives considerable immigration, most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York City, due to its more vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture.
The center of population of New York is located in Orange County, in the town of Deerpark.[34] New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.[35]
Racial and ancestral makeup[link]
According to the US Census Bureau, the 2010 racial makeup of New York State was as follows:[36]
- White – 65.7%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race) – 17.6%
- Black or African American – 15.9%
- Asian – 7.3% (3.0% Chinese, 1.6% Indian, 0.7% Korean, 0.5% Filipino, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Bangladeshi, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Vietnamese)
- Two or more races – 3.0%
- Native American/American Indian – 0.6%
The major ancestry groups in New York State are African American (15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish (12.9%), German (11.1%) and English (6%).[37] According to a 2004 estimate, 20.4% of the population is foreign-born.
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 94.6% in 1940 to 58.3% in 2010.[36][38]
New York is home to the largest African American population and the second largest Asian American population in the United States. In addition it is home to the largest Puerto Rican, Dominican and Jamaican American populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford Stuyvesant is the largest such population in the United States.
Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population, and is also the most diverse county in the United States. The second highest volume of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown. The neighborhood of Flushing in Queens is also a prime center of Chinese and Korean populations, as well as businesses owned by and catering to its' Asian-American community. Queens is home to the largest Andean population (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Bolivian) population in the United States.
In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by Irish Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York, German Americans are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state, French Canadians are. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state.
6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population.
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while 2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.65% Italian, and 1.23% Russian.[39]
Largest cities[link]
|
Largest cities or towns of New York http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-NewYork.html |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | County | Pop. | ||||||
 New York |
1 | New York | multiple | 8,175,133 |  Rochester |
||||
| 2 | Buffalo | Erie | 261,310 | ||||||
| 3 | Rochester | Monroe | 210,565 | ||||||
| 4 | Yonkers | Westchester | 195,976 | ||||||
| 5 | Syracuse | Onondaga | 145,170 | ||||||
| 6 | Albany | Albany | 97,856 | ||||||
| 7 | New Rochelle | Westchester | 77,062 | ||||||
| 8 | Cheektowaga | Erie | 75,178 | ||||||
| 9 | Mount Vernon | Westchester | 67,292 | ||||||
| 10 | Schenectady | Schenectady | 66,135 | ||||||
Religion[link]
Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York.[40] Protestants are 30% of the population, Jews 8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are the United Methodist Church with 403,362; the American Baptist Churches USA with 203,297; and the Episcopal Church with 201,797 adherents.[41]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of New York
New York's gross state product in 2010 was $1.16 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas.[43] If New York were an independent nation, it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind Turkey. Its 2007 per capita personal income was $46,364, placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland, and eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing, scientific instruments, electric equipment, machinery, chemical products, and tourism.
A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3 billion.[44]
New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals, computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15 billion), United Kingdom ($6 billion), Switzerland ($5.9 billion), Israel ($4.9 billion), and Hong Kong ($3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.
Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 21% of the state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2007. Tourism from the north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487 million in 2004 while visiting the state.
New York City is the leading center of banking, finance and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.
The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in photographic equipment and imaging.
New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain.
New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, behind California, and second-largest wine producer by volume. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition, the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy.
The state has 30,000 acres (120 km2) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. These areas of the economy have been increasing as environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife.
As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%.[45]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in New York
 |
New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and then the Erie Canal. Today, railroad lines and the New York State Thruway follow the same general route. The New York State Department of Transportation is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006, tolls were collected on the Thruway within The City of Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for Governor (both candidates called for their removal).
In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester Subway operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse.
License plate introduced on April 1, 2010 for vehicles registered in New York State.
Former License plate design introduced in 2001
The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file[46] and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.[47] All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12 months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection.
Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport.
In May 2009, the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square in a move designed to improve traffic flow and reduce pollution and pedestrian accidents.[48] On February 11, 2010, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would remain permanent.[49]
Politics and government[link]
Main article: Government of New York
Under its present constitution (adopted in 1938), New York is governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of the United States: the executive branch, consisting of the Governor of New York and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral New York State Legislature (senate and assembly); and the judicial branch, consisting of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals, and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators, 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).
New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated governmental units are towns, cities, and villages. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which is the largest municipal government in the United States, whereas New York City houses only 42% of the state population.[50]
The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.[51] The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.[52]
Many of New York's public services are carried out by public benefit corporations, frequently called authorities or development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.
New York's legal system is explicitly based upon English common Law.
Federal representation[link]
See also: Current United States congressional delegation from New York and New York's congressional districts
As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state has 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and two U.S. senators. Two seats in the House will be lost in 2013 due to a decline in the state's rate of population growth.[53] New York has 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).
New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has 29 representatives to the United States House of Representatives, behind California's 53 congressional districts and Texas' 32 congressional districts.
Capital punishment[link]
Main article: Capital punishment in New York
Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under the Pataki administration but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004, when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to life imprisonment in 2007, in People v. John Taylor, and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from Governor Paterson. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty.[54][55][56]
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of New York, Elections in New York, Political party strength in New York, and New York's congressional districts
In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as Westchester County and Long Island have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats.
Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[57]
New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[58]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in New York
The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York City Department of Education manages the public school system in New York City. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.[59]
At the post-secondary level, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York commonly refereed to as SUNY. New York City also has its own City University of New York which is additionally funded by the city. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions including several universities. The four SUNY university centers, offering a wide array of academic programs, are University at Albany, Binghamton University, University at Buffalo and Stony Brook University.
In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast, Fordham University. New York is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell University in Ithaca, making it the only state to contain more than one Ivy League school. Syracuse University is located in the City of Syracuse in Central New York. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army is located just south of Newburgh, on the banks of the Hudson River.
During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.[60]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in New York
New York hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid. The 1980 Games are known for the USA–USSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, Lake Placid is one of the three cities to have hosted the Winter Olympic Games twice. New York City bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics but lost to London.
New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City, they play in MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. There has been much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition.
New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has two National Basketball Association teams, the New York Knicks, in Manhattan, and the Brooklyn Nets in Brooklyn. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks.
| List of all New York State professional sports teams | ||
|---|---|---|
| Club | Sport | League |
| Buffalo Bills | Football | National Football League |
| New York Red Bulls | Soccer | Major League Soccer |
| Brooklyn Nets | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| New York Knicks | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Rochester Raging Rhinos | Soccer | USL First Division |
| Buffalo Sabres | Ice hockey | National Hockey League |
| New York Islanders | Ice Hockey | National Hockey League |
| New York Rangers | Ice Hockey | National Hockey League |
| Adirondack Phantoms | Ice Hockey | American Hockey League |
| Albany River Rats | Ice Hockey | American Hockey League |
| Binghamton Senators | Ice Hockey | American Hockey League |
| Elmira Jackals | Ice Hockey | ECHL |
| Rochester Americans | Ice Hockey | American Hockey League |
| Syracuse Crunch | Ice Hockey | American Hockey League |
| New York Mets | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| New York Yankees | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| Brooklyn Cyclones | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Staten Island Yankees | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Jamestown Jammers | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Batavia Muckdogs | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Auburn Doubledays | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Oneonta Tigers | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Tri-City Valley Cats | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Hudson Valley Renegades | Baseball | New York – Penn League |
| Binghamton Mets | Baseball | Eastern League |
| Buffalo Bisons | Baseball | International League |
| Rochester Red Wings | Baseball | International League |
| Syracuse Chiefs | Baseball | International League |
| Long Island Ducks | Baseball | Atlantic League of Professional Baseball |
| New York Dragons | Arena football | Arena Football League |
| Albany Conquest | Arena football | af2 |
| Long Island Lizards | Lacrosse | Major League Lacrosse |
| Rochester Rattlers | Lacrosse | Major League Lacrosse |
| Buffalo Bandits | Lacrosse | National Lacrosse League |
| Rochester Knighthawks | Lacrosse | National Lacrosse League |
| New York Titans | Lacrosse | National Lacrosse League |
| Brooklyn Wonders | Basketball | American Basketball Association |
| Buffalo Silverbacks | Basketball | American Basketball Association |
| Rochester Razorsharks | Basketball | American Basketball Association |
| Strong Island Sound | Basketball | American Basketball Association |
| Albany Patroons | Basketball | Continental Basketball Association |
| New York | Gaelic football | Gaelic Athletic Association |
| New York | hurling | Gaelic Athletic Association |
See also[link]
|
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of New York state symbols
- List of people from New York
- List of places in New York
- National Register of Historic Places listings in New York
- USS New York
References[link]
- ^ "New York State Motto". New York State Library. January 29, 2001. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070608031632/http%3A//www.nysl.nysed.gov/emblems/motto.htm. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ a b "Land and Water Area of States (2000)". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008. Note: This area is based on U.S. Census Bureau figures. Other sources such as The World Almanac and the Rand McNally World Atlas use an area of 49,576 square miles (128,400 km2), which would rank the state 30th.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "Marcy". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=PG2096. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
- ^ "Declaration of Independence". history.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080409165028/http%3A//www.history.com/minisites/fourthofjuly/viewPage%3FpageId%3D690. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
- ^ Alan Taylor (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45471-7.
- ^ "Sullivan/Clinton Interactive Map Set". http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ Chen, David W. Battle Over Iroquois Land Claims Escalates [1] The New York Times. May 16, 2000. . Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ "Happy Evacuation Day". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=19733. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ "New York's Ratification". The U.S. Constitution Online. http://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ny.html. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
- ^ "The Erie Canal: A Brief History". New York State Canals. http://www.nyscanals.gov/cculture/history/. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
- ^ National Park Service: Castle Clinton
- ^ The Brown Quarterly, Volume 4, No. 1 (Fall 2000)—Ellis Island/Immigration Issue[dead link]
- ^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest. Retrieved November 6, 2006.
- ^ About the Adirondack Park, Adirondack Park Agency. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1619. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
- ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1437. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
- ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1119. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
- ^ "Climate of New York". New York State Climate Office – Cornell University. http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
- ^ The New York Post (June 3, 2007). "A Breath of Fresh New York Air". http://www.nypost.com/seven/06032007/news/regionalnews/a_breath_of_fresh_n_y__air_regionalnews_.htm. Retrieved June 6, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Typical High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities". US Travel Weather. http://www.ustravelweather.com/new-york/. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ a b "Catskill Park History". catskillpark.org. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080705134653/http://www.catskillpark.org/history/history.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ "Map of eleven regions". Visitnewyorkstate.net. http://www.visitnewyorkstate.net/regions/. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ "Map of the eight regions of New York". Nyeducationjobs.com. http://www.nyeducationjobs.com/Information%20Resources/members_new_york_map.htm. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ "Age/sex/race in New York State: Based on Census 2010".
- ^ "New York: History, Geography, Population, and State Facts". Infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108252.html. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ "2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 14, 2011. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_NSRD_GCTPL2.US24PR&prodType=table. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
- ^ "New York: 2000 (Population and Housing Unit Counts)" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-34.pdf. Retrieved September 18, 2010. (page 1 of the document, page 31 of the file)
- ^ Timothy S. Parker (September 10, 2010). "New York Fact Sheet: NY agriculture income population food education employment farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty organic farming farm income America USDA". Ers.usda.gov. http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/NY.htm. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ "Domestic Migration Flows for States from the 2005 ACS" (Microsoft Word). Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071025032612/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/State_Migration_Flows_Paper.doc. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
- ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000" (Text). http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
- ^ "DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: New York". U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?-geo_id=04000US36&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
- ^ a b "New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. January 17, 2012. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36000.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ Awesome America: New York. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
- ^ "New York - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ "Language Map Data Center". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=36&mode=state_tops. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ Egon Mayer, PhD; Barry A. Kosmin, PhD, Ariela Keysar, PhD (2001). "American Religious Identification Survey(Key Findings)". The City University of New York. http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm. Retrieved January 5, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports". Thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/36_2000.asp. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ "Market highlights for first half-year 2010". World Federation of Exchanges. http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ [greyhill.com/gdp-by-state "GDP by State"]. Greyhill Advisors. greyhill.com/gdp-by-state. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- ^ 13 States Face Total Budget Shortfall of at Least $23 Billion in 2009; 11 Others Expect Budget Problems, December 18, 2007, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – NYS Driver Licenses on File – 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/statli08.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ "NYS DMV – Statistics – Vehicle Registrations in Force – 2008". Nydmv.state.ny.us. http://www.nydmv.state.ny.us/Statistics/regin08.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ "New York celebrates new era as cars are banished from Times Square". London: MailOnline. May 26, 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1187300/New-York-celebrates-new-era-cars-banished-Times-Square.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ (February 11, 2010). "Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture Of Times Square". NY1.com. http://www.ny1.com/5-manhattan-news-content/top_stories/113521/pedestrian-plaza-to-remain-permanent-fixture-of-times-square. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ Office of the New York State Comptroller (2006-11). "2006 Annual Report on Local Governments" (PDF). http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/datanstat/annreport/06annreport.pdf. Retrieved November 14, 2006.
- ^ New York City Finance Division (March 11, 2005). "A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?". http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
- ^ "Federal Spending in Each State Per Dollar of Federal Taxes FY2005". Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/266.html. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ Rey, Jay (December 22, 2010). "N.Y.'s slow growth will mean loss of two seats in House". The Buffalo News. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Rob Gallagher (October 25, 2005). "New York Executions". Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080528081537/http%3A//users.bestweb.net/%7Erg/execution/NEW%2520YORK.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ^ Scott, Brendan (July 24, 2008). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/07242008/news/regionalnews/gov_pulls_switch_on_death_cell_121295.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ^ Powell, Michael (April 13, 2005). "In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47871-2005Apr12.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ Nicholas Confessore and Michael Barbaro (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
- ^ Opensecrets.org (May 16, 2005). "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip codes". http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/topzips.asp?cycle=2004. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
- ^ Martha A. Sandweiss, Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception Across the Color Line, New York: Penguin Press, 2009, p. 213
- ^ Thomas, G. Scott (June 28, 2010). "New York Leads Nation in Education Spending". The Business Review (American City Business Journals, Inc). http://albany.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2010/06/28/daily2.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of New York
- French, John Homer (1860). Historical and statistical gazetteer of New York State. Syracuse, New York: R. Pearsall Smith. OCLC 224691273. http://books.google.com/?id=R_zHwh4xByQC.
- New York State Historical Association (1940). New York: A Guide to the Empire State. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-60354-031-5. OCLC 504264143. http://books.google.com/?id=TmbOZd4D-ccC.
-
- Note: Linked titles redirect to a free, full-view version hosted by Google Books or the Internet Archive.
External links[link]
| Find more about New York on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
|
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
|
Images and media from Commons |
|
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
|
News stories from Wikinews |
|
Quotations from Wikiquote |
|
Source texts from Wikisource |
|
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- General
- New York at the Open Directory Project
- Government
- State Government website
- Governor
- New York State Senate
- New York State Assembly
- New York State Unified Court System
- Constitution of New York (or see
Wikisource)
- Tourism and recreation
- New York (state) travel guide from Wikitravel
- I ♥ New York
- New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation
- Culture and history
- New York State Historical Association
- New York State Cultural Education Center
- New York State Guide from the Library of Congress
- Over 350 Photos of Old New York City (1890–1990)
- Maps and Demographics
- USGS geographic resources of New York
- New York State Climate Office (NOAA and Cornell University)
- New York State Fact Sheet
- 2000 Census of Population and Housing for New York, U.S. Census Bureau
- OPENCities Monitor participant
- Geographic data related to New York at OpenStreetMap
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
 OntarioLake Ontario |
 Quebec |
Lake Champlain | |
| Lake Erie |  |
 Vermont Massachusetts Connecticut |
||
 New York: Outline • Index East |
||||
 |
||||
 Pennsylvania |
 New Jersey |
Atlantic Ocean |
| Preceded by Virginia |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Ratified Constitution on July 26, 1788 (11th) |
Succeeded by North Carolina |
Coordinates: 43°N 75°W / 43°N 75°W / 43; -75 (New York)
http://wn.com/New_York
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/New York (Bundesstaat)
http://es.wn.com/Nueva York (estado)
http://ru.wn.com/Нью-Йорк (штат)
http://cs.wn.com/New York (stát)
http://pt.wn.com/Nova Iorque (estado)
http://pl.wn.com/Nowy Jork (stan)
http://hi.wn.com/न्यूयॉर्क
http://it.wn.com/New York (stato)
http://id.wn.com/New York
http://nl.wn.com/New York (staat)
http://fr.wn.com/État de New York
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"York City" redirects here. For the city in Pennsylvania, see York, Pennsylvania.
| York City's emblem | |||
| Full name | York City Football Club | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nickname(s) | Minstermen | ||
| Founded | 1922 | ||
| Ground | Bootham Crescent York (Capacity: 7,872[1]) |
||
| Chairman | Jason McGill[2] | ||
| Manager | Gary Mills[3] | ||
| League | League Two | ||
| 2011–12 | Conference National, 4th (promoted via play-offs)[4] |
||
|
|||
 Current season |
|||
York City Football Club is an English football club based in York, North Yorkshire. The club participates in League Two, the fourth tier of English football. Founded in 1922, they joined the Football League in 1929, and have spent most of their history in the lower divisions. The club briefly rose as high as the second tier of English football, spending two seasons in the Second Division in the 1970s. At the end of the 2003–04 season the club lost their League status when they were relegated from the Third Division. They remained in the Conference National until the end of the 2011–12 season, when they were promoted back to the Football League following a 2–1 victory against Luton Town at Wembley Stadium in the 2012 Conference National play-off Final.
York have enjoyed more success in cup competitions than in the league, with highlights including an FA Cup semi-final appearance in 1955. In the 1995–96 League Cup, York beat Manchester United 3–0 at Old Trafford; Manchester United went on to win the FA Premier League and FA Cup double that season. Also, in the FA Cup, they beat Arsenal in 1985, as well as holding Liverpool to a draw on two consecutive seasons in the mid 1980s. York made an appearance at Wembley Stadium in 1993, when they defeated Crewe Alexandra in the Third Division play-off Final. After defeats in the 2009 FA Trophy Final and the 2010 Conference National play-off Final, York finally recorded a victory at the new Wembley against Newport County in the 2012 FA Trophy Final.
York play their home games at Bootham Crescent in York. The stadium was known as KitKat Crescent as part of a sponsorship deal with Nestlé from 2005 to 2010.
Contents |
History[link]
For more details on this topic, see History of York City F.C..
For a statistical breakdown by season, see List of York City F.C. seasons.
York City Football Club was first founded in 1908 as an amateur side,[5] although some sources state the roots of the club can be traced as far back as 1897 when the York and District League was formed.[6] The club joined the Northern League in 1908, but left after two seasons to form the Yorkshire Combination (a proto-Yorkshire League). The club turned professional in 1912 and joined the Midland League, where they played for three seasons, rising as high as tenth position. They played their final season in 1914–15 before folding in 1917 during the First World War.[7]
File:YCFC1922.jpg
York City squad of 1922
The club was re-founded in 1922 by members of the former club. They founded a limited company and gained admission to the Midland League, where the team played in for seven seasons, achieving a highest finish of sixth, in both 1924–25 and 1926–27.[8][9] York were elected to play in the Football League in 1929, and spent the following 22 seasons in the Third Division North, from 1929–30 to 1957–58.[8] The club ended the majority of seasons in the bottom half of the table until the 1950s, when they reached fourth in both the 1952–53 and 1954–55 seasons.[8]
The club fared better in cup competitions and built a reputation for "giant killing",[10] the earliest example being in the 1937–38 season's FA Cup, when the team, then playing in the Third Division North, managed to knock out First Division West Bromwich Albion and Middlesbrough.[11] They met Huddersfield Town in the quarter-finals and drew 0–0, before losing the replay 2–1 at Leeds Road.[11] The club's longest cup run came when they reached the FA Cup semi-final in the 1954–55 season, a campaign in which Arthur Bottom scored eight goals, and the team eliminated a Blackpool side, featuring Stanley Matthews,[6] who had won the competition eighteen months earlier. In the semi-final, York drew 1–1 with Newcastle United, taking the tie to a replay, in which City were defeated 2–0.[12]
In 1958, York became founding members of the Fourth Division, as the Third Divisions North and South were restructured into new Third and Fourth divisions, based on league positions at the end of the 1957–58 season.[13] They missed out on the runner-up spot in the inaugural season only on goal average, and were promoted to the Third Division in third place, but were relegated back after just one season.[8] York's highest progression in the League Cup came in 1961–62, the competition's second season, after reaching the fifth round.[8] A second promotion in 1964–65, again in third place in the Fourth Division, saw another instant relegation back from the Third Division the next season.[8] York's record of promotion every six years was maintained by a team sporting the future England forward Phil Boyer in 1970–71,[8][14] and this time the team managed to stay in the Third Division, albeit only on goal average in both the next two seasons.[15]
After these two seasons the team hit form in the 1973–74 season, when "three up, three down" promotion and relegation was introduced to the Football League.[16] After being among the leaders all season York were eventually promoted to the Second Division in third place.[16] Their first season in the Second Division saw York finish in their highest ever league position, 15th place.[8] On 29 March 1975, they played in front of the highest ever League crowd to see them – 46,802 at Old Trafford in a 2–1 defeat to Manchester United.[17] The following season York finished in 21st place in the Second Division and were relegated back to the Third Division.[8] Under former Manchester United manager Wilf McGuinness, the club dropped further still, into the Fourth Division in the 1976–77 season after finishing bottom of the Third Division.[18] In the 1981–82 season, York endured a run of 12 home games without victory and for the first time lost an FA Cup replay to a non-League, after being beaten 4–3 at Altrincham in the second round.[19]
York won the Fourth Division championship with 101 points in the 1983–84 season, becoming the first side to reach 100 points in a Football League season.[20] In January 1985, York recorded a victory over First Division Arsenal in the fourth round of the FA Cup after winning 1–0 at Bootham Crescent, courtesy of an 89th minute penalty kick scored by Keith Houchen.[21] York proceeded to draw 1–1 with Liverpool at Bootham Crescent on 16 February 1985, but lost 7–0 in the replay at Anfield; York's record cup defeat.[21] The teams met again the following season and after another 1–1 at Bootham Crescent, Liverpool won 3–1 in the replay after extra time at Anfield.[22]
In 1993 York ended a five-year spell in the Third Division by gaining promotion to the Second Division via the play-offs.[8] Crewe Alexandra were beaten in the club's first visit to Wembley Stadium in a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory in the Final.[23] York stayed in the Second Division for six seasons, reaching the play-offs in their first season, but lost to Stockport County in the semi-final 1–0 on aggregate.[8]
York recorded a shock victory in the 1995–96 League Cup second round when they beat the eventual FA Premier League and FA Cup double winners Manchester United 4–3 on aggregate, including a 3–0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford.[24] Although United had fielded five fringe players in the first leg, their full first team was unable to overcome the deficit at Bootham Crescent in front of a 9,386 crowd.[24] York then went on to beat Everton in the second round of the League Cup the following season in 1996.[25] They drew the first leg 1–1 at Goodison Park, but won the second leg 3–2 at Bootham Crescent.[25]
In December 2001, long-serving chairman Douglas Craig put the club and its ground up for sale for £4.5 million, announcing that unless a new owner was found before 1 April 2002, York would be withdrawn from the Football League.[26] Team B&Q racing driver and team owner John Batchelor took over as chairman in March 2002.[27] Batchelor promised the club he would purchase the ground, give the York City Supporters' Trust 24% of the shares and would invite two supporters onto the board, but after these promises all went undelivered,[28] the Supporters’ Trust took control of the club in March 2003.[29]
York failed to win any of their final 20 league fixtures in the 2003–04 season and were relegated to the Football Conference after 75 years of Football League membership.[30] York reached the play-off semi-finals in 2006–07, but were beaten by Morecambe 2–1 on aggregate.[31] With the club having only escaped relegation towards the end of the 2008–09 season,[32] York participated in the 2009 FA Trophy Final, where they were defeated 2–0 by Stevenage Borough at the new Wembley Stadium.[33]
York reached the 2010 Conference National play-off Final at Wembley, where they were beaten 3–1 by Oxford United, and so missed out on a return to the League after six years of absence.[34] Two years later York won their first trophy in 19 years after beating Newport County in the 2012 FA Trophy Final at Wembley.[35] The club returned to the Football League after York defeated Luton Town 2–1 at Wembley in the 2012 Conference National play-off Final, with winger Matty Blair scoring the decisive goal in the second half.[36]
Colours and crest[link]
     |
| The original kit colours worn in the 1922–23 season |
For most of their history, York City have worn red shirts with white shorts. However, in the club's first season, 1922–23, maroon shirts were worn, with white shorts and black socks. Moreover, in the 1930s, York changed their maroon jerseys to chocolate and cream stripes, a reference to the city's association with the confectionery industry. After five years they changed their colours to what were described as "distinctive red shirts", with the official explanation that the striped jerseys clashed with opponents too often. To mark York's promotion to the Second Division in 1974, a bold white "Y" was added to the team's shirts, which became known as the "Y-fronts". Red shirts returned in 1978, along with the introduction of navy blue shorts.[9]
In June 2003, York City agreed a deal for Nike to provide the club's kits.[37] In 2004, the club dropped navy from the kits and instead used plain red and white,[9] until the 2008–09 season, when a kit mostly of navy was introduced.[38] For the 2007–08 season, the club brought in a third kit in the form of a light blue shirt and socks, with maroon shorts.[39] A kit with a purple shirt was introduced for a one-off appearance in the 2009 FA Trophy Final.[40]
File:York City FC logo (1978-2002).png
York City crest: 1978–2002
York City originally had a crest which depicted the York Minster and a White Rose of York.[41] This was replaced in the 1970s, when the club switched to a Y-shaped logo which featured on the front of the shirts.[41] A new crest was introduced in 1978, which depicted Bootham Bar, two lions and the club name in all-white and in 1982 this was changed into a coloured version.[9]
When John Batchelor took over as chairman of the club in 2002, the crest was replaced by one showing the club's new name of "York City Soccer Club" and held a chequered flag motif.[9] After Batchelor's period at the club, the name returned to "Football Club" and a new logo was introduced, which was selected following a supporters' vote held by the club, with the successful design being made by Michael Elgie.[42] The badge has some similarities to the coat of arms of York; it features five lions, four of which are navy blue and are placed on a white "Y" shaped background.[9] The rest of the background is red with the fifth lion in white, placed between the top part of the "Y".[9]
The first sponsor to appear on York shirts was Newitt's, a sports clothing company based in York, who sponsored the club from 1981 to 1983.[9] Subsequent sponsors have been Cussins & Light Ltd. (1983 to 1984), Cameron's (1984 to 1985), Hansa (1985 to 1990), Flamingo Land (1990 to 1991), Portakabin (1991 to 2001), Evening Press (2001 to 2003), Phoenix Software (2003 to 2005) and CLP Industries (2005 to 2009).[9][43] Pryers Solicitors agreed a deal to sponsor York's shirts ahead of the 2009–10 season.[44]
Stadia[link]
For more details on this topic, see Fulfordgate.
For more details on this topic, see Bootham Crescent.
Between 1922 and 1932, York City played their home games at Fulfordgate.[45] York purchased the land for Bootham Crescent, a former cricket ground, in the summer of 1932, as it was closer to the club's centre of support and the railway station than Fulfordgate. Bootham Crescent was converted into a football ground; a main stand was built and a roof was erected above the Popular Stand. The ground opened on 31 August 1932. In March 1938, the ground's record attendance was set when 28,123 people watched York City play Huddersfield Town.[46]
The ground was damaged during the Second World War when a bomb landed on housing at the Shipton Street End, but shortly after the war ended, the terracing was laid properly with concrete. At this point most of the ground was still uncovered. The stadium was fitted with floodlights in 1959, which were used for the first time in a friendly against Newcastle United on 28 October 1959.[46]
During the mid-1980s, £300,000 was spent on a series of improvements to the Bootham Crescent ground, which was funded by money generated during York's FA Cup run in the 1984–85 season, which included games against Arsenal and then Liverpool, including a replay at Liverpool in front of a crowd of 43,000.
The improvements included building hospitality suites behind the main stand, new club offices, turnstiles, new crush barriers, and the addition of more seats to the Popular Stand, giving a seating capacity of 2,883 seats out of a total capacity of 13,185.[46]
The capacity of Bootham Crescent had at one time been 12,475, with 3,245 seats, but this was reduced in 1994 because of an increase to the family area of the Main stand due to popular demand, and alterations to enable the ground to comply with the recommendations made in the Taylor Report. It saw 326 seats replacing a standing area, reducing capacity. Stricter rules concerning the density of people standing resulting from the Taylor Report further reduced capacity. New floodlights were installed during the summer of 1995, costing £122,000. These floodlights are twice as bright as the original floodlights, and meet the requirements for Division One football. A drainage system was installed to improve the quality of the pitch during winter, costing several thousand pounds. A water tower was also installed in the late 1990s.[46]
York had planned a move to Huntington Stadium in 2003, but withdrew their application as they were given a loan of £2 million from the Football Stadia Improvement Fund, which secured the purchase of Bootham Crescent.[47] In January 2005, following a sponsorship deal with Nestlé, Bootham Crescent was renamed KitKat Crescent.[48] The ground returned to being known as Bootham Crescent after this arrangement expired in January 2010.[49] The ground currently holds a capacity of 7,872.[1]
New stadium[link]
On 4 February 2004, the club's board announced that an agreement had been reached which would see York City remain at Bootham Crescent until 2015.[46] York's board revealed in February 2007 that the club are hoping the move to a new ground can be completed within five years.[50] It is hoped that the new stadium will not just provide a home for York City, but can also be used as a concert venue.[51] It is to be built on either the British Sugar factory site, York Central or land north of the Nestlé complex.[52]
The new stadium would be similar to Princes Park of Dartford, but would hold a larger capacity. Steve Galloway, the leader of the City of York Council at the time, said his aspiration was for a 10,000–seater stadium to be built, which would be home to both York City and York City Knights, although, speaking at the launch of his party's election manifesto on 3 April 2007, he said it may be smaller initially, at 6,000 or 7,000 seats.[52] A campaigning group, A Stadium For York, was set up by fans in 2010 to ensure that the new community stadium will be built.[53] Plans for the stadium to be built at Monks Cross, along with an associated retail development, were approved by City of York Council in May 2012.[54]
Supporters and rivalries[link]
York City was the fifth best supported club in the Conference National during the 2011–12 season, with an average home attendance of 3,117.[55] The club has a number of domestic supporters' groups, including the Harrogate Minstermen, Pocklington Minstermen, York City South, York City Supporters' Trust and York Minstermen.[56] The ultras group Jorvik Reds had their displays during matches restricted by the club in 2008 as they felt their "trust has been abused" by the group.[57] The York Nomad Society is the hooligan firm associated with the club.[58]
For home games, the club produces an official match programme, entitled "The Citizen".[59] The name was changed from "City Review" for the 2011–12 season, as this was the programme's title when York departed Fulfordgate for Bootham Crescent, to pay homage ahead of the club's expected departure from Bootham Crescent.[59] The club had also been the subject of an independent supporters' fanzine, Ginner's Left Foot, which was launched in February 2002.[60] A new fanzine, RaBTaT, was introduced in 2010.[61] The club mascot is a lion named Yorkie the Lion and he is known for performing comic antics before matches.[62][63] John Sentamu, the Archbishop of York, became the patron of York City for the 2007–08 season, after purchasing a season ticket.[64]
The 2003 Football Fans Census revealed that no other team's supporters considered York to be among their club's main rivals.[65] Traditionally, York's two main rivalries have been with Hull City and Scarborough.[65] While York fans saw Hull as their main rival, this was not reciprocated by the East Yorkshire club, who themselves saw Leeds United as their main rival.[65] York also had a local rivalry with Halifax Town and they were the team nearest to York when the two played in the Conference.[66]
Records and statistics[link]
For more details on this topic, see List of York City F.C. records and statistics.
Barry Jackson holds the record for York City appearances, having played 539 matches.[67] Former defender Andy McMillan comes second, having played 492 matches.[67] The record for a goalkeeper is held by Tommy Forgan, with 428 appearances.[67] Norman Wilkinson is the club's top goalscorer with 143 goals in all competitions.[67] Wilkinson also holds the club record for goals scored in the league (127) and FA Cup (16).[67]
The club's widest victory margin in the league was their 9–1 win against Southport in the Third Division North in 1957.[68] Their heaviest defeat in the league was 12–0 against Chester City in 1936.[69]
York City's record home attendance is 28,123, for an FA Cup match against Huddersfield Town on 5 March 1938 at Bootham Crescent.[11]
The highest transfer fee received for a York City player is £950,000, from Sheffield Wednesday for Richard Cresswell in March 1999,[70] while the most spent by the club on a player was £140,000 for Adrian Randall from Burnley in December 1995.[71]
The club set a new English record after 25 consecutive penalties were scored in their FA Trophy tie with Kidderminster Harriers on 11 February 2009.[72]
Players[link]
Current squad[link]
Where a player has not declared an international allegiance, nation is determined by place of birth.
| No. | Position | Player | Nation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Goalkeeper | Musselwhite, PaulPaul Musselwhite |  England |
| 2 | Defender | Oyebanjo, LanreLanre Oyebanjo |  Ireland |
| 3 | Defender | Meredith, JamesJames Meredith |  Australia |
| 4 | Defender | Smith, ChrisChris Smith (captain[77]) | England |
| 5 | Defender | McGurk, DavidDavid McGurk | England |
| 6 | Defender | Parslow, DannyDanny Parslow |  Wales |
| 7 | Forward | Reed, JamieJamie Reed | Wales |
| 8 | Midfielder | Kerr, ScottScott Kerr | England |
| 9 | Forward | Walker, JasonJason Walker | England |
| 10 | Midfielder | Chambers, AshleyAshley Chambers | England |
| 12 | Midfielder | Pilkington, DannyDanny Pilkington | England |
| 13 | Midfielder | Bopp, EugenEugen Bopp |  Germany |
| 14 | Midfielder | Potts, MichaelMichael Potts | England |
| 16 | Defender | Fyfield, JamalJamal Fyfield | England |
| 17 | Midfielder | Blair, MattyMatty Blair | England |
| 18 | Midfielder | Moké, AdrianoAdriano Moké |  Portugal |
| 19 | Midfielder | Brown, ScottScott Brown | England |
| 20 | Midfielder | Challinor, JonJon Challinor | England |
| 21 | Forward | Blinkhorn, MatthewMatthew Blinkhorn | England |
| 23 | Defender | Doig, ChrisChris Doig |  Scotland |
| 24 | Goalkeeper | Ingham, MichaelMichael Ingham |  Northern Ireland |
| 25 | Midfielder | Kelly, ReeceReece Kelly | England |
| 26 | Midfielder | McLaughlin, PatrickPatrick McLaughlin | Northern Ireland |
| 29 | Goalkeeper | White, BenBen White | England |
| — | Forward | Henderson, LiamLiam Henderson | England |
Former players[link]
Main article: List of York City F.C. players
Clubmen of the Year[link]
Main article: York City F.C. Clubman of the Year
Managers[link]
Main article: List of York City F.C. managers
- As of match played 20 May 2012. Only managers in charge for a minimum of 50 competitive matches are counted.[78][79]
| Name | Nationality | From | To | Matches | Won | Drawn | Lost | Win % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jock Collier | Scotland |
July 1928 | May 1930 | 105 | 44 | 33 | 28 | 35.3 |
| George Sherrington | England |
May 1930 | May 1933 | 130 | 50 | 21 | 59 | 38.5 |
| Jock Collier | Scotland |
May 1933 | March 1937 | 168 | 58 | 38 | 72 | 34.5 |
| Tom Mitchell | England |
March 1937 | February 1950 | 277 | 95 | 64 | 118 | 34.3 |
| Dick Duckworth | England |
March 1950 | October 1952 | 126 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 31.7 |
| Jimmy McCormick | England |
June 1953 | September 1954 | 51 | 14 | 13 | 24 | 27.5 |
| Sam Bartram | England |
March 1956 | July 1960 | 211 | 85 | 56 | 70 | 40.3 |
| Tom Lockie | Scotland |
July 1960 | October 1967 | 367 | 132 | 81 | 154 | 36.0 |
| Tom Johnston | Scotland |
October 1968 | January 1975 | 295 | 106 | 84 | 105 | 35.9 |
| Wilf McGuinness | England |
February 1975 | October 1977 | 120 | 27 | 30 | 63 | 22.5 |
| Charlie Wright |  Hong Kong |
November 1977 | March 1980 | 114 | 36 | 28 | 50 | 31.6 |
| Barry Lyons | England |
March 1980 | December 1981 | 72 | 21 | 14 | 37 | 29.2 |
| Denis Smith | England |
May 1982 | June 1987 | 258 | 120 | 59 | 79 | 46.5 |
| Bobby Saxton | England |
June 1987 | September 1988 | 62 | 11 | 15 | 36 | 17.7 |
| John Bird | England |
October 1988 | October 1991 | 155 | 46 | 48 | 61 | 29.7 |
| John Ward | England |
October 1991 | March 1993 | 70 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 31.4 |
| Alan Little | England |
March 1993 | March 1999 | 318 | 108 | 88 | 122 | 34.0 |
| Terry Dolan | England |
February 2000 | May 2003 | 173 | 56 | 50 | 67 | 32.4 |
| Chris Brass | England |
June 2003 | November 2004 | 67 | 14 | 18 | 35 | 20.9 |
| Billy McEwan | Scotland |
February 2005 | November 2007 | 131 | 52 | 31 | 48 | 39.7 |
| Colin Walker |  New Zealand |
November 2007 | November 2008 | 58 | 22 | 20 | 16 | 37.9 |
| Martin Foyle | England |
November 2008 | September 2010 | 102 | 44 | 30 | 28 | 43.1 |
| Gary Mills | England |
October 2010 | Present | 95 | 49 | 27 | 19 | 51.6 |
Honours[link]
York City's honours include the following:[80]
Third Division / Football League One (level 3)
- Promoted 1973–74
Fourth Division / Football League Two (level 4)
Conference National (level 5)
- Play-off winners: 2011–12
References[link]
- ^ a b Carroll, Steve (2010–04–28). "City chiefs hope to top 7,000 for play-off clash". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/8124329.It___s_the_hottest_ticket_in_town/. Retrieved 2010–12–23.
- ^ "York sign Iron striker McBreen". BBC Sport. 2008–06–26. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7475212.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–12.
- ^ "York City appoint Tamworth's Gary Mills as new manager". BBC Sport. 2010–10–13. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/9088094.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–12.
- ^ "English Conference Premier 2011–2012 : Table". Statto. http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/conference-premier/2011-2012/table. Retrieved 2012–04–28.
- ^ Batters, Dave (1990). York City: A Complete Record 1922–1990. The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited. p. 9. ISBN 0-907969-69-0.
- ^ a b "York City FC: history". BBC North Yorkshire. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/15/york_city_history_sport_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2007–03–25.
- ^ "York City{1}". Football Club History Database. http://www.fchd.btinternet.co.uk/YORKC-1.HTM. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "York City". Football Club History Database. http://www.fchd.btinternet.co.uk/YORKC.HTM. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "York City". Historical Football Kits. http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/York_City/York_City.htm. Retrieved 2007–07–04.
- ^ Flett, Dave (2009–10–31). "City seek return to giant-killing spree". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/yorkcityfc/diary/4713505.City_seek_return_to_giant_killing_spree/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ a b c Batters, Dave (2008). York City The Complete Record. The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-85983-633-0.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 302.
- ^ Batters. York City: A Complete Record 1922–1990. p. 59.
- ^ "Phil Boyer Norwich City FC 1974–1977". Sporting Heroes. http://www.sporting-heroes.net/football-heroes/displayhero_club.asp?HeroID=38562. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. pp. 336–338.
- ^ a b Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 340.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 342.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 346.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 356.
- ^ "Points". The Football League. 2009–07–02. http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/Points/0,,10794~634798,00.html. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ a b Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 362.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 366.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 380.
- ^ a b "When City rocked the world". The Press (York). 2006–09–24. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/936400.when_city_rocked_the_world/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ a b Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 388.
- ^ "Reynolds to York's rescue". BBC Sport. 2002–01–28. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1786967.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "York unveil new owner". BBC Sport. 2002–03–15. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1871592.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Bruce, Adam. "This is our club!". Red & Blue Net. http://www.yorkcityfc.com/articles/brucey_ourclub.php. Retrieved 2007–04–30.
- ^ "Trust deal inches York to safety". BBC Sport. 2003–03–26. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2885945.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 402.
- ^ "Morecambe 2–1 York (2–1 agg)". BBC Sport. 2007–05–07. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/6627739.stm. Retrieved 2007–05–07.
- ^ "Weymouth 1–2 York". BBC Sport. 2009–04–24. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/8002677.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "Stevenage 2–0 York". BBC Sport. 2009–05–09. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/8036407.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Marshall, Steve (2010–05–16). "Oxford United 3–1 York City". BBC Sport. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/8673190.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Woodcock, Ian (2012–05–12). "FA Trophy: Newport County 0–2 York City". BBC Sport. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18017573. Retrieved 2012–05–14.
- ^ Maiden, Phil (2012–05–20). "Luton 1–2 York". BBC Sport. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18049175. Retrieved 2012–05–23.
- ^ "Minstermen agree Nike deal". BBC Sport. 2003–06–09. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/2975710.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Flett, Dave (2008–07–18). "Viva Minstermen". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/3215568.Viva_Minstermen/. Retrieved 2011–08–31.
- ^ "Blue (and maroon) is the colour!". The Press (York). 2007–08–01. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/1586946.Blue__and_maroon__is_the_colour_/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ Flett, Dave (2009–03–28). "Kit’s that Wembley way". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/4242258.Kit___s_that_Wembley_way/. Retrieved 2011–08–31.
- ^ a b "YCFC Kit guide". Red & Blue Net. http://www.yorkcityfc.com/club/ycfckits.php. Retrieved 2007–04–23.
- ^ "Lions' pride". The Press (York). 2003–05–01. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/archive/2003/05/01/York+Archive/7908540.Lions__pride/. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "York secure new sponsorship deal". BBC Sport. 2005–07–21. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4703743.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "Local firm named new York sponsor". BBC Sport. 2009–07–22. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8163805.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Batters. York City: A Complete Record 1922–1990. pp. 114–118.
- ^ a b c d e "The History of Bootham Crescent". Red & Blue Net. http://www.yorkcityfc.com/club/bc_history.php. Retrieved 2007–03–26.
- ^ "Spread the news on new York City". BBC Sport. 2007–03–28. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6503459.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "York strike sweet deal for ground". BBC Sport. 2005–01–19. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4187561.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Carroll, Steve (2009–08–06). "York City's sponsorship tie-up with Nestlé to come to an end after four years". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/4532693.York_City_s_sponsorship_tie_up_with_Nestl___to_come_to_an_end_after_four_years/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ "Speed is the essential key for City’s new ground". The Press (York). 2007–03–01. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/1226815.speed_is_the_essential_key_for_citys_new_ground/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ Aitchison, Gavin (2007–02–14). "Crunch talks loom over new 'iconic' city stadium". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/1191854.crunch_talks_loom_over_new_iconic_city_stadium/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ a b Aitchison, Gavin (2007–04–04). "York City FC on verge of stadium deal". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/1307188.york_city_fc_on_verge_of_stadium_deal/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ "Who Are We". A Stadium For York. http://www.astadiumforyork.com/who-are-we/. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "York stadium retail park plans approved by council". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-18088348. Retrieved 2012–05–19.
- ^ "Football Conference 2011–2012:". European Football Statistics. http://www.european-football-statistics.co.uk/attn/aveengnl.htm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "Supporter Groups". York City F.C. http://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/supporter-groups.php. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ Flett, Dave (2008–10–25). "Fans’ show of strength as rift puts City into a flag daze". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/3791102.Fans____show_of_strength_as_rift_puts_City_into_a_flag_daze/. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ "Football gang launches website". Evening Press (York). 2002–03–07. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/archive/2002/03/07/York+Archive/7929903.Football_gang_launches_website/. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ a b "The Citizen – First Edition". York City F.C. 2011–08–15. http://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/news.php?id=2752. Retrieved 2011–08–31.
- ^ Dunnington, Nick (2002–03–22). "Club Guide". Minstermen.net. Archived from the original on 2006–05–09. http://web.archive.org/web/20060509060952/http://york.rivals.net/default.asp?sid=973&p=2&stid=8247049.
- ^ "Get your copy of City fanzine". Vital York. 2010–04–28. http://www.york.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=196829. Retrieved 2010–07–11.
- ^ "Mascot strike threat rocks football". BBC Sport. 2001–12–07. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/funny_old_game/1697771.stm. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "Yorkie barred by Bees' big freeze". Evening Press (York). 2001–01–13. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/archive/2001/01/13/York+Archive/7948112.Yorkie_barred_by_Bees__big_freeze/. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
- ^ "Minster Man becomes York City's patron". The Archbishop of York. 2007–07–02. http://www.archbishopofyork.org/282. Retrieved 2008–02–17.
- ^ a b c "Rivalry Uncovered!" (PDF). The Football Fans Census. http://www.footballfanscensus.com/issueresults/Club_Rivalries_Uncovered_Results.pdf. Retrieved 2007–07–25.
- ^ "York City". Internet Football Ground Guide. Archived from the original on 2008–05–18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080518084717/http://www.conferencegrounds.co.uk/york_city.htm.
- ^ a b c d e Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 426.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 306.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 264.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. p. 163.
- ^ Jarred, Martin & Windross, Dave (1997). Citizens and Minstermen, A Who's Who of York City FC 1922–1997. Citizen Publications. p. 84. ISBN 0-9531005-0-2.
- ^ "York City’s perfect penalties set new English record". The Press (York). 2010–07–11. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/4123777.York_City___s_perfect_penalties_set_new_English_record/. Retrieved 2009–03–22.
- ^ "York City". FootballSquads. http://footballsquads.co.uk/eng/2011-2012/confprem/york.htm. Retrieved 2011–07–12.
- ^ "Updated Squad List". York City F.C. 2012–01–10. http://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/news.php?id=3055. Retrieved 2012–01–10.
- ^ "Meet The Team". York City F.C. http://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/1st-team/meet-the-team.php. Retrieved 2012–06–01.
- ^ Flett, Dave (2012–05–29). "Moses Ashikodi released by York City". The Press (York). http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/yorkcityfc/news/9732191.Moses_Ashikodi_released_by_York_City/. Retrieved 2012–06–01.
- ^ "Minstermen’s ‘big mouth’ Chris Smith strikes again". The Press (York). 2010–10–25. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/8473317.Minstermen___s____big_mouth____Chris_Smith_strikes_again/. Retrieved 2011–08–31.
- ^ "Managers". Soccerbase. http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2910&teamTabs=managers. Retrieved 2011–08–31.
- ^ Batters. York City The Complete Record. pp. 250–252.
- ^ "Club Honours". York City F.C. http://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/citys-history/club-honours.php. Retrieved 2011–07–13.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: York City F.C. |
This audio file was created from a revision of the "York City F.C." article dated 2007-05-20, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- York City official website
- York City F.C. on BBC Sport: Club news – Recent results – Upcoming fixtures – Club statistics
|
|||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
http://wn.com/York_City_F.C.
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/York City Football Club
http://id.wn.com/York City F.C.
http://es.wn.com/York City Football Club
http://ru.wn.com/Йорк Сити
http://pt.wn.com/York City Football Club
http://pl.wn.com/York City F.C.
http://fr.wn.com/York City Football Club
http://de.wn.com/York City
http://nl.wn.com/York City FC
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the city in the United Kingdom. For other uses, see York (disambiguation).
"City of York" redirects here. For other uses, see City of York (disambiguation).
| York | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Unitary Authority and City — | |||
.jpg) |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): "Capital of the North",[1] "Chocolate City"[2] | |||
| Motto: 'Let the Banner of York Fly High' | |||
York
|
|||
| Coordinates: 53°57′30″N 1°4′49″W / 53.95833°N 1.08028°W / 53.95833; -1.08028Coordinates: 53°57′30″N 1°4′49″W / 53.95833°N 1.08028°W / 53.95833; -1.08028 | |||
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom | ||
| Constituent country | England | ||
| Region | Yorkshire and the Humber | ||
| Ceremonial county | North Yorkshire | ||
| Admin HQ | York City Centre | ||
| Founded | as Eboracum c. 71 AD | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Unitary Authority, City | ||
| • Governing body | City of York Council | ||
| • Leadership: | Leader and Executive | ||
| • Executive: | Labour | ||
| • MPs: | Hugh Bayley (L) Julian Sturdy (C) |
||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 105.00 sq mi (271.94 km2) | ||
| Population (2010 est.) | |||
| • Total | 202,400 (Ranked 80th) | ||
| • Density | 1,780/sq mi (687/km2) | ||
| • Ethnicity (2009 Estimates)[3] |
92.8% Any White 3.4% Any Asian 1.3% Mixed 1.2% Any Black 1.4% Any Chinese or other |
||
| Time zone | Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | British Summer Time (UTC+1) | ||
| Postcode | YO | ||
| Area code(s) | 01904 | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-YOR | ||
| ONS code | 00FF | ||
| OS grid reference | SE603517 | ||
| NUTS 3 | UKE21 | ||
| Website | www.york.gov.uk | ||
York (local 
i/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.[4]
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
From 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2001 the urban area had a population of 137,505,[5] while in 2010 the entire unitary authority had an estimated population of 202,400 [3]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of York
Toponymy[link]
The word 'York' is partly related to the Latin name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first mention of York by this name is dated to c. 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland.[6]
The toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population of the area was never recorded. These people are thought to have spoken a Celtic language, related to modern Welsh.[7][8][9] Therefore, it is thought that Eboracum is derived from the Brythonic word Eborakon, that is a combination of eburos "yew-tree" (cf. Old Irish ibar "yew-tree", Welsh efwr "alder buckthorn", Breton evor "alder buckthorn") and suffix *-āko(n) "place" (cf. Welsh -og)[10] meaning either "place of the yew trees" (cf. efrog in Welsh, eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic, by which names the city is known in those languages) or less probably “Eburos′property”, that is really a personal Celtic name, mentioned in different documents Eβουρος, Eburus, Eburius combined with the same suffix *-āko(n), that could mark a property.[11][12]
The name Eboracum was turned into Eoforwic by the Anglians in the 7th century : a compound of Eofor-, from the old name, and -wic “village”. This was probably by conflation of the element Ebor- with a Germanic root *eburaz (boar); by the 7th century the Old English for 'boar' had become eofor. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, the name became rendered as Jórvík.[13]
Jórvík was gradually reduced to York in the centuries following the Norman Conquest, moving from the Middle English Yerk in the 14th century through to Yourke in the 16th century and then Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century.[4][14] Many present day names of companies and places, such as Ebor taxis and the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name.[15] The Archbishop of York also uses Ebor as his surname in his signature.[16]
Early history[link]
Archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether these settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but, later its leaders became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory.[17]
The city itself was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss. The fortress, which was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of 50 acres (20 ha) and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. The site of the Roman fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.[13][18]
The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a colonia or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.[18][19]
While the Roman colonia and fortress were located on high ground, by 400 the town itself was victim to periodic flooding from the rivers Ouse and Foss and lay abandoned.[20] York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.[21]
Reclamation of the flooded parts of the town were initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria, and York became his chief city.[22] The first Minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627.[23] Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, however, he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor Oswald.[13][24] In the following century Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as St Peter's School, York, which was founded in 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.[25]
In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in the year 954 by King Edred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.[26]
Post conquest[link]
In 1068, two years after the Norman Conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially the rebellion was successful, however, upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down. William at once built two wooden fortresses on mottes, which are still visible, on either side of the river Ouse. York was ravaged by him as part of the harrying of the North.[27]
The first stone Minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising and the Normans later decided to build a new Minster on a new site. Around the year 1080 Archbishop Thomas started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster.[24] In the 12th century York started to prosper. In 1190, York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 Jews died (although some authorities put the figure as high as 500).[28]
The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road became a major trading centre. King Henry I granted the city's first charter, confirming trading rights in England and Europe.[24][29] During the course of the later Middle Ages York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the Low Countries, timber and furs from the Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries.[30] York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. Edward I further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396.
Tudor and Stuart times[link]
The city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times. Under Henry VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of the York's many monastic houses, including several orders of friars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire who were opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority through the establishmnent of the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city very much became a trading and service centre during this period.[31][32]
Guy Fawkes, who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot.[33] Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside.
In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but, the plot was discovered. On the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, nevertheless, the city could not hold out for long, and on 15 July the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax.[31]
Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the local gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from the nearby cities of Leeds and Hull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre. Nevertheless, the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant townhouses, such as the Lord Mayor's Mansion House and Fairfax House (now owned by York Civic Trust) date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the Racecourse.[32][34]
Modern history[link]
mak all t'railways cum to York
The railway promoter George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of his own railway company, the York and North Midland Railway and of York over Leeds, helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 1800s.[36]
The introduction of the railways also established engineering in the city.[37][38] At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree's Cocoa Works. Rowntree's was founded in York in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph Rowntree.[39] Terry's Confectionery Works was also a major employer in the city.[32][40] By 1900 the railways and confectionary had become the two major industries of the city.[38]
With the emergence of tourism as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area.[41] The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975[42] and the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984. The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.[43]
York was voted as European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007. York beat 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).[44]
Governance[link]
Parliamentary constituencies[link]
From 1997 to 2010 the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York.[45] These constituencies were represented by Hugh Bayley, John Greenway, John Grogan, and Anne McIntosh respectively.
Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency.[46]
The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the Yorkshire and the Humber constituency of the European Parliament.[47]
Local government[link]
York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, yet it did not form part of any of the three historic ridings, or divisions, of Yorkshire. York is an ancient borough, and was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire.[48][49]
As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district.[50] The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the council's own proposal.
The City of York Council has 47 councillors.[51][52] As a result of the 2011 local elections the Labour Party won 26 seats to give them a majority of five seats. The Liberal Democrats have eight councillors. The Conservative Party has ten councillors and the Greens have two with one Independent.[53]
York Council operates on a Leader and Cabinet style of governance. Councillors are appointed to the cabinet by the full council of 47. Cabinet Members make decisions on their portfolio areas individually.[54][55]
As of May 2011[update], York’s Right Honourable Lord Mayor is Councillor David Horton and his wife, Jane Horton, is the new Lady Mayoress. Alan Deller is the new Sheriff with his wife, Ann, the Sheriff's Lady.[56] Both appointments are made each May for a period of one year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely ceremonial post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full meetings of the council.[52]
The York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people.[57][58]
| Party | Seats | City of York Council (2011 election) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conservative | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liberal Democrat | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Green | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Independent | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Geography[link]
Main article: Areas of the City of York
Location[link]
York lies within the Vale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds The original city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last Ice Age.[59]
During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and Foss was very marshy, making the site easier to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the River Foss where it joins the Ouse at the 'Blue Bridge'. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded.[60] Much land in and around the city is on flood plains and has always been too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ings are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city.
Climate[link]
York has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and Humberside region. Because of its lowland location York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring and very early summer.[61] In summer the average maximum temperature is 22 °C (72 °F) although some days can see highs of up to 28 °C (82 °F) rarely exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). Nights are significantly colder averaging minimum of 15 °C (60 °F), although these can consistently dip below 10 °C (50 °F). The average daytime temperature in winter is 7 °C (45 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F) at night. Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April, but, quickly melts. The wettest months are November, December and January with an average of 17 days per month with rainfall more than 0.25 millimetres (0.01 in). From May to July York experiences the most sunshine with an average of six hours per day.[62] Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 33 °C (91.4 °F) (Monday 17 July 2006) and a lowest temperature of -12.3 °C (9.9 °F) (Monday 6 December 2010). The most rainfall in one day was 62.4 millimetres (2.5 in).[63]
| Climate data for York, England | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15 (59) |
17 (63) |
21 (70) |
24 (75) |
29 (84) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
33 (91) |
29 (84) |
26 (79) |
19 (66) |
16 (61) |
33 (91) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6 (43) |
7 (45) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
16 (61) |
19 (66) |
21 (70) |
21 (70) |
18 (64) |
14 (57) |
10 (50) |
7 (45) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
4 (39) |
6 (43) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
14 (57) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7 (45) |
4.5 (40.1) |
9.75 (49.55) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1 (34) |
1 (34) |
2 (36) |
4 (39) |
7 (45) |
10 (50) |
12 (54) |
12 (54) |
10 (50) |
7 (45) |
4 (39) |
2 (36) |
6 (43) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14 (7) |
−10 (14) |
−13 (9) |
−3 (27) |
−1 (30) |
2 (36) |
5 (41) |
4 (39) |
−1 (30) |
−4 (25) |
−8 (18) |
−11 (12) |
−14 (7) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 59 (2.32) |
46 (1.81) |
37 (1.46) |
41 (1.61) |
50 (1.97) |
50 (1.97) |
62 (2.44) |
68 (2.68) |
55 (2.17) |
56 (2.2) |
65 (2.56) |
50 (1.97) |
639 (25.16) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 17 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 177 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 31 | 56 | 93 | 130 | 186 | 180 | 186 | 150 | 120 | 93 | 60 | 31 | 1,316 |
| Source: BBC Weather[64] | |||||||||||||
Demography[link]
| York Compared in 2010 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 UK Population Estimates[3] | York | Yorkshire and the Humber | England |
| Total population | 202,400 | 5,301,300 | 52,234,000 |
| White | 92.8% | 89.6% | 87.5% |
| Mixed | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.9% |
| Asian | 3.4% | 6.2% | 6.0% |
| Black | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.9% |
| Chinese or other | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.6% |
The York urban area had a population of 137,505[5] comprising 66,142 males and 71,363 females in 2001. Also at the time of the 2001 UK census, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were co-habiting couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.[65]
The population density was 4,368 /km2 (11,310 /sq mi).[5] Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York’s residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. White British form 95% of the population, the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.
The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7 compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.[66] The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.[66] The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 16.8.[66] The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.
Population change[link]
The table below details the population change since 1801.
| Population growth in York since 1801 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941[a] | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001[b] | 2011 | |
| Population | 24,080 | 27,486 | 30,913 | 36,340 | 40,337 | 49,899 | 58,632 | 67,364 | 76,097 | 81,802 | 90,665 | 100,487 | 106,278 | 112,402 | 123,227 | 135,093 | 144,585 | 154,749 | 158,170 | 172,847 | 181,131 | 202,400 | |
| Source: Vision of Britain[67] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion[link]
| Religion in York 2001[68] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| UK Census 2001 | York | Yorkshire and the Humber |
England |
| Christian | 74.42% | 73.07% | 71.74% |
| No religion | 16.57% | 14.09% | 14.59% |
| Muslim | 0.58% | 3.81% | 3.1% |
| Buddhist | 0.21% | 0.14% | 0.28% |
| Hindu | 0.19% | 0.32% | 1.11% |
| Jewish | 0.11% | 0.23% | 0.52% |
| Sikh | 0.05% | 0.38% | 0.67% |
| Other religions | 0.30% | 0.19% | 0.29% |
| Religion not stated | 7.57% | 7.77% | 7.69% |
Main article: Religion in York
At the time of the 2001 UK census the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97.84% white, compared with the English average of 90.92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average.[68] Christianity is the religion with the largest following in York with 74.4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census.
These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for England, but, those responding as "No Religion" was higher than the national average.
There are 33 active Anglican churches in York which is home to the Archbishop of York and the Mother Church, York Minster, and administrative centre of the northern province of the Church of England and the Diocese of York.[69] York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.[70]
Other Christian denominations that are active in York include Religious Society of Friends who have a number of meeting houses in York,[71] Methodists with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District,[72] and Unitarians. There is one mosque in York which also contains a UK Islamic Mission Islamic centre.[73] Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York.[74]
Economy[link]
York's economy is based on the service industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.[75] The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounts for 10.7% of employment. Tourism has become an important element of the local economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, as well as a variety of cultural activities. In 2009, York was the 7th most visited city by UK residents and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors.[76][77]
Unemployment in York is low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.[75] The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 3,000 staff include Aviva (formerly Norwich Union Life), Selby and York Primary Care Trust, Shepherd Building Group (including Portakabin), and University of York. Other major employers include British Telecom, CPP Group (life assistance products), Nestlé, NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies.[78][79]
Today's economic position is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.[80] Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as Asea Brown Boveri or ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people, but, closed in the mid 1990s.[80][81] York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees), and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands. Terry's chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange, was also located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.
It was announced on 20 September 2006 that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.[82] This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva, British Sugar and Terry's chocolate factory.[83] Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt.[84]
Since the closure of York's carriage-works, the site has been developed into the headquarters for CPP Group and two housing schemes, one of which was a self-build project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries. The city has become a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York.[85] Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.[86]
Regional gross value added figures for York, at 2005 basic prices in pounds sterling, are:[87]
| Year | Agriculture | Industry | Services | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 30 | 579 | 1,443 | 2,052 |
| 2000 | 13 | 782 | 2,168 | 2,963 |
| 2003 | 16 | 779 | 2,505 | 3,299 |
Transport[link]
York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.[30] The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the River Ouse and the River Foss. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to sea-going ships of the time. Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.[88]
Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The last significant traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. YorkBoat provides cruises on the river.[88]
Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough, and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about 10 miles (16 km) from the city.
The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some 3 miles (4.8 km) from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, five bus based park and ride sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.[89]
York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839 at the beginning of the railway age. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway.[40] York railway station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on Cross Country services linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via Birmingham.[90] TransPennine Express provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, Scarborough, Leeds, Manchester, Manchester Airport, and Liverpool. Local stopping services by Northern Rail connect York to Bridlington, Harrogate, Hull, Leeds, Sheffield and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester and Lancashire.[90]
York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, some 7 miles (11 km) south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum. Elvington is used for private aviation. Plans have been drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.[91]
York is linked to Manchester Airport by an hourly direct TransPennine Express train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia.[90] Leeds Bradford Airport is closer to York but the hourly York Air Coach service operated by First York was withdrawn as of April 2009.[92] Leeds Bradford Airport provides connections to most major European and North African airports as well as Pakistan and New York.
File:York ftr.jpg
A York FTR bus
Public transport within the city is largely bus based. The principal bus operator is First York, a part of FirstGroup plc. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York is the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, ftr bus concept, which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.[93] Transdev York and York Pullman also operate a number of local bus services. Open top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York on behalf of City Sightseeing, and by York Pullman.[94]
Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies.[95] Longer distance bus services are provided by a number of operators including, Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby, East Yorkshire Motor Services on routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington, Harrogate & District services to Knaresborough and Harrogate. Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds via York with Scarborough, Filey, Bridlington and Whitby.[96]
Local Transport Plan 2006[link]
English local authorities are required to produce Local Transport Plans (LTPs), strategies for developing local integrated transport as part of a longer-term vision. LTPs are used by central government to allocate funding for transport schemes.The final Local Transport Plan 2006–2011 for York was submitted to central government in March 2006. The plan addresses the fact that traffic in York is predicted to grow considerably over the coming years. The key aims of the plan are to ease congestion and improve accessibility, air quality and safety. Major funding allocations earmarked for the first five years of the plan's life span include outer ring road improvements, improved management of the highway network, improvements to the bus network including park and ride services, provision of off-road walking and cycling routes, air quality improvements and safety measures.[97]
Education[link]
See also: List of schools in York
The University of York's main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington and is currently undergoing significant expansion with new buildings and departments including Management, Law, Theatre, Film, and Television at Heslington East. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre.[98] It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located York St John University, formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds, attained full university status. The city also hosts a branch of The College of Law. The University of York also has a highly rated[99] medical school, Hull York Medical School.
The city has two major further education institutions. York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves.[100] Askham Bryan College offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even golf course management.[101]
There are 70 local authority schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.[102] The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city. Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11–16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.[103] In 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as York High School.[104]
York also has several private schools. St Peter's School was founded in 627 and the scholar Alcuin, who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught here.[105] It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes.[106] Two schools have Quaker origins: Bootham School is co-educational[107] and The Mount School is all-girls.[108] On the outskirts of the city is Queen Margaret's School. Pupils from The Minster School, York sing in York Minster choir.
Public services[link]
Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council had to appoint a Watch Committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.[109] On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974, Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The force's "Central Area" has its headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby in Fulford, York.[110] Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, whose headquarters is at Northallerton.[111]
The first hospital in York, the York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate[112] and was funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by the purpose built York Hospital, which opened in 1976 and gained Foundation status in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase and outpatient services.[113] It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.[113]
The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.[114] Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.
The city's first subscription library opened in 1794,[115] but it wasn't until 1893 that York's first free public library was built to mark Queen Victoria's jubilee. The library was initially on Clifford Street, but a new building was built on Museum Street which opened in 1927, and which is still the library today.
Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.[116] York's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is CE Electric UK;[117] there are no power stations in the city. Yorkshire Water, which has a local water extraction plant on the River Derwent at Elvington, manages York's drinking and waste water.[118] The city has its own Magistrates' Court,[119] and more unusually a Crown Court[120] and County Court too.[121] The Crown Court was designed by the architect John Carr, next to the then prison (including execution area).[122] The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells.
Main sights[link]
See also: York sites of interest and medieval churches of York
York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe, stands at the city's centre.[123]
York Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th century entrance to the York Castle Museum (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history.
York's centre is enclosed by the city's medieval walls, which are a popular walk.[124] These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.[125] They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.[126] The entire circuit is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km), and encloses an area of 263 acres (106 ha).[127] The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.
A feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and St Sampson's Square.[128] The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived.[129] Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early 14th century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.
As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens, JORVIK Viking Centre, the York Art Gallery, the Richard III Museum, the Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall (owned by the York Archaeological Trust), Fairfax House (owned by the York Civic Trust), the Mansion House (the historic home of the Lord Mayor), and the Treasurer's House (owned by the National Trust).[130] The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive LNER 4468 Mallard and the world famous 4472 Flying Scotsman, which is being overhauled in the Museum.[131]
York is noted for its numerous churches and pubs. Most of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. St William's College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the Minster.[132]
Culture[link]
Theatre[link]
The Theatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country to see its veteran star, Berwick Kaler.[133] The Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.[134][135] The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.[136] The Department of Theatre, Film and Television, and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances.[137]
The York Mystery Plays are performed every 4 years with texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds - often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the fishmongers used to present the play of Noah and the Flood). The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city, following their resurrection in the middle of the 20th century as part of the quadrennial York City Festival, they were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, using a mixture of professional and amateur actors. Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy (in the role of Christ) and Dame Judi Dench (who has appeared three times). Latterly the cycle has also been presented within York Minster and occasionally from wagons in the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012 the York Mystery Plays will be performed between 2 and 27 August at St. Mary's Abbey in the York Museum Gardens.[138]
Music[link]
 |
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2011) |
Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the Academy of St Olave's, a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in the beautiful setting of St Olave's Church, Marygate.[139] A former church, St Margaret's, Walmgate, is now the National Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the York Early Music Festival.[140][141] Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the University chapel, alongside special performances such as the annual Christmas concert. The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city and particularly in the Sir Jack Lyons Concert Hall on the Heslington campus.[142]
Gastronomy[link]
In September, York has an annual Festival of Food and Drink, which has been held in the city since 1997. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production.The Festival generates up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days, from all over the country.[143] One of the notable local products is York ham, a type of cured ham,[144] which is a mild-flavoured ham that has delicate pink meat and does not need further cooking before eating. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce.[145][146] It is a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham, which is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.[147] Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham. Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in Blossom Street, is the birthplace of the original “York Ham” and the reason why the premises became famous.[148]
In the centre of York, in St Helen’s Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms. Bettys founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Marys’ designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen’s Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement ‘Bettys Bar’, became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. ‘Bettys Mirror’, on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.[149]
Media[link]
The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press (known as the Evening Press until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and two local radio stations Minster FM and BBC Radio York.[150][151][152][153] Local news and events are covered by a social media enterprise called One&Other.[154]
York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.[155]
The University of York has its own television station York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision.[156] Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted BBC Radio 1 Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.[157][158]
Sport[link]
The city's football team is York City, and are playing in League Two at the start of the 2012–2013 season. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3–0 during the 1995–96 League Cup. Their matches are played at Bootham Crescent.[159]
York also has a strong rugby league history. York FC, later known as York Wasps, formed in 1901, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.[160] The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who now play at the same stadium in Championship 1.[161] There are three amateur rugby league teams in York, New Earswick All Blacks, York Acorn and Heworth. York International 9s is a rugby league nines tournament which takes place in York each year.[162] Amateur side York Lokomotive compete in the Rugby League Conference.
An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge.[163] The rowing clubs of The University of York, York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC using the Ouse for training.
York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005.[164] In August racing takes place over the three day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.[165]
Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.[166]
The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer Marco Gabbiadini and former England manager Steve McClaren,[167] who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called Millthorpe School).[168]
There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club bouse and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe, a village 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of York.
Twin cities[link]
York is twinned with: Dijon, France (1953)[169] and Münster, Germany (1957).[169] There is also a community link with Fanteakwa District, Ghana.[170]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- a There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age and Marital Condition.
- b There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office of National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britain website (quoted here).
References[link]
- ^ Andalo, Debbie (26 March 2008). "Head to the capital of the north". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/26/2. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
- ^ "The Chocolate City". York Press. 1999. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100523015053/http://archive.yorkpress.co.uk/1999/8/24/322649.html. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
- ^ a b c "Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration". Office for National Statistics. 2010. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=13&g=392932&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1331488262338&enc=1. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ a b "Timeline". Visit York. York Tourism Bureau. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080108205146/http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
- ^ a b c "KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas". Office for National Statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
- ^ Schama, Simon (2003). A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World? - 3000 BC–AD 1603. 1. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-48714-3.
- ^ Jones, Terry (2007). Barbarians. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-53916-2.
- ^ Pryor, Francis (6 September 2004). Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans. HarperPerennial. ISBN 978-0-00-712693-4.
- ^ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.
- ^ Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994, p. 39.
- ^ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.
- ^ a b c "York's history". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
- ^ Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. p. 35. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
- ^ "Ebor Festival". York City of Festivals. http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category. Retrieved 17 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York - Forms of Address, Church of England, Religion". Debretts.com. http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ Willis, Ronald (1988). The illustrated portrait of York (4th ed.). Robert Hale Limited. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-7090-3468-7.
- ^ a b Shannon, John; Tilbrook, Richard (1990). York - the second city. Jarrold Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-7117-0507-0.
- ^ "Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)". Vanderbilt University. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
- ^ Russo, Daniel G. (1998), Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D., Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 119–120, ISBN 978-0-313-30079-0
- ^ Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990), An Atlas of Roman Britain, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007), p. 317, ISBN 978-1-84217-067-0 . Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period.
- ^ "York history timeline". YorkHistory.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070314135055/http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
- ^ "The First Minster: History of York". History of York. York Museums Trust. http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ a b c "York Minster: a very brief history". York Minster. http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ Ritchie, Dr Anna (1 July 2001). "Alcuin of York". BBC History Online. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "Jorvik: Viking York". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
- ^ "York". 1911 Encyclopedia. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/York. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
- ^ "Death in York". BBC. 28 September 2006. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
- ^ "Norman and Medieval York". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
- ^ a b P.M. Tillott, ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: The later middle ages - Communications, markets and merchants. British History Online. pp. 97–106. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ a b "The Age of Decline". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
- ^ a b c "Post-medieval York". Secrets Beneath Your Feet. York Archaeological Trust. 1998. http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "Transplanted Englishman brings country's Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville". ThisWeek Online (ThisWeek Newspapers). 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051215081802/http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html.
- ^ "Georgian York - social capital of the North". City of York Council. 22 July 2008. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/. Retrieved 5 October 2007.
- ^ Andrew Dow, ed. (2006), Dow's Dictionary of Railway Quotations, JHU Press, 774. YORK, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pyn6-wNZFbwC&
- ^ Sources:
- R.W. Unwin (1980), "V. Leeds becomes a transport centre", in Derek Fraser, A History of modern Leeds, Manchester University Press, pp.132-133, ISBN 0-7190-0747, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Alan Armstrong (1974 (reprint 2005)), Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801-51, Cambridge University Press, pp. 37–43, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C
- Lewis, Stephen (3 July 2009). "East Coast Main Line: York's part in the history of the railways". York Press. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- "George Hudson". SchoolNet. Sparticus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ Robert William Rennison (1996), Civil engineering heritage: Northern England, Thomas Telford, 5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC
- ^ a b "Industrialisation", www.historyofyork.org.uk, http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation
- ^ "History of Nestlé Rowntree". Nestlé UK Ltd. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080104184252/http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b "The Railway Age to the present day". City of York Council. 20 December 2006. http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/.
- ^ "Conservation Area 1" (PDF). York City Council. http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/yorkplan/Conservation%20Area%201.pdf. Retrieved 12 June 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "History of the NRM". National Railway Museum. http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Founding students return to York 40 years on". University of York. 7 October 2003. http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "York voted top city for tourists". BBC News Online (BBC). 14 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
- ^ "Your MPs". City of York Council. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090509032822/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York" (Microsoft Word document). Boundary Commission for England. 5 November 2003. http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_NYorks_York.doc. Retrieved 20 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Your MEPs". City of York Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMEP.aspx?bcr=1. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ Bartholomew, John (1887). "Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "Gazetteer of British Place Names - Map 2. Administrative counties and unitary authority areas". Association of British Counties. 10 September 2006. http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order. Stationery Office Books. 6 April 1995. ISBN 978-0-11-052605-8. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ "Your councillors". City of York Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b "The Constitution - Part 1 Summary and explanation" (PDF). City of York Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/$part1.doc.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "City of York local elections 2011". City of York Council. 6 May 2011. http://www.york.gov.uk/council/Elections_and_democracy/elections/Elections_results/2011-05-05/result. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ "committee details - leisure culture and social inclusion". York City Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ "committee details - city strategy". York City Council. http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ "David Horton sworn in as new Lord Mayor of York". City of York Council. May 2011. http://www.york.gov.uk/news/latestNews/PR2068. Retrieved 26 May 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "York Youth Council". York Youth Council. http://www.yorkyouthcouncil.co.uk/. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "York youth council holds first meeting". York Press. 19 October 2010. http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8460315.York_youth_council_holds_first_meeting/?ref=rss. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. p. 25. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
- ^ Dennis, Ian A.; Macklin, Mark G.; Coulthard, Tom J.; Brewer, Paul A. (2002). "The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK" (PDF). Wiley InterScience. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071129111926/http://www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin+files/HP+Dennis+et+al.+2003.pdf. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
- ^ "England Rural Development Programme: Appendix A3 – Yorkshire and The Humber Region - Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region" (PDF). East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory. pp. 2–3. http://www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Average Conditions:York, United Kingdom". BBC Weather. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820/. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
- ^ "Weather Pages". Department of Electronics, University of York. http://weather.elec.york.ac.uk/. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- ^ "Average Conditions - York, United Kingdom". BBC Weather. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ "2001 Census: Key Statistics: Household Composition (KS20): Area: York (Local Authority)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ a b c "Crime figures for 2007/08 in York". UpMyStreet. http://www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-york.html. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ "York UA/City: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b "2001 Census: Census Area Statistics: Key Figures: Area: York (Local Authority)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=16&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&bhcp=1. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
- ^ Diocese of York Directory 2011/12. Diocese of York. 2011. pp. 187–200.
- ^ "Parishes". Middlesbrough Diocese. 2007. http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "Quakers in the York area". yorkquakers.org.uk. http://www.yorkquakers.org.uk/. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "Circuits & Churches". The Methodist Church York and Hull District. http://www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ "York Mosque and Islamic Centre - About Us". York Mosque. http://yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Buddhist organisations in York, NY, North-East areas". CommuniGate. This is Bradford. http://www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Labour Market ProfileYork". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ Top 20 Most visited English Cities and Towns in 2009 by UK Residents, http://www.enjoyengland.com/Images/top%20towns%202009_tcm21-190501.pdf, retrieved 7 September 2010
- ^ "Top 20 Most Popular UK Cities for International Visitors". http://gouk.about.com/od/getawaysandshorthops/qt/top20.htm. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ "The Major Employers in the City of York Council area." (PDF). City of York Council. 2008. http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/major_companies.pdf. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ "University of York Profile 2009." (PDF). University of York. 2009. http://www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
- ^ a b "The Future York Group Report: An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy" (PDF). The Future York Group Report. June 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
- ^ "Yet more railway jobs axed in York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 13 September 2006. http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/917865.yet_more_railway_jobs_axed_in_york/. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "More jobs lost at chocolate firm". BBC News Online (BBC). 20 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "Job losses 'bitter blow' for city". BBC News Online (BBC). 14 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock". York Press (Newsquest Media Group). 3 April 2009. http://www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
- ^ "Welcome to Science City York - 10 Years Promoting Innovation and Creativity". Science City York. http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "About Science City York". Science City York. 2006. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070804055318/http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
- ^ "Regional Gross Value Added" (PDF). Office of National Statistics. 2005. pp. 240–253. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b "History of the River Ouse (Yorkshire)". waterscape.com. British Waterways. http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse-yorkshire/history. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
- ^ "Park & Ride". City of York Council. 31 August 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ a b c "Trains". City of York Council. 31 August 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ "Up in the air for Elvington". Evening Press. Newsquest Media Group. 9 October 2003. http://archive.thisisyork.co.uk/2003/10/9/258266.html. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "Welcome to YorkAirLink.com". First Group plc. http://www.yorkaircoach.com. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "ftr - York's new public transport scheme". City of York Council. 22 May 2008. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ Millar, Alan (June 2007). "K&J revives York Pullman identity to expand its local market". Buses (Ian Allan Publishing) (672): 8.
- ^ "Bus companies operating in York". City of York Council. 9 June 2009. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/buses/Bus_Operators/. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "History of the Yorkshire Coastliner - Linking Leeds and York with the Coast". Yorkshire Coastliner. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090331080709/http://www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ "Local Transport Plan 2006–2011". City of York Council. 23 February 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Local_transport_plan/LocalTransportPlan/. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "The University of York". University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ "Guardian Medical school ranking tables". Guardian Education (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). 2009. http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ "About the new college". York College. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090403015541/http://www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ "Welcome to Askham Bryan College". Askham Bryan College. http://www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ "Schools and colleges". City of York Council. 4 February 2009. http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ "Secondary schools in York". City of York Council. 1 February 2007. http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ "£10m merger unveiled as ‘York High School’". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. 28 September 2006. http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/942080.10m_merger_unveiled_as_york_high_school/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Alcuin". New Advent. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ "Guy Fawkes History". St Peter's School Archives. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080419054604/http://www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
- ^ "The School and its Ethos". Bootham School York. http://www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ "Welcome to The Mount School York". The Mount School York. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090323032829/http://www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php?. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ P.M. Tillott, ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York: Public services. British History Online. pp. 460–472. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
- ^ "North Yorkshire Police : Central Area Commander - Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins". North Yorkshire Police. http://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1051. Retrieved 20 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Welcome to the website of North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue Service". North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090428224504/http://www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "York County Hospital". York History. http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ a b "York Hospital - About our hospital". National Health Service. http://www.nhs.uk/servicedirectories/pages/hospital.aspx?id=rcb55. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "About Us - Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust". Yorkshire Ambulance Service. http://www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "York History - York Public Library". York History. http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
- ^ "History". The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090520193555/http://www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "Welcome - CE Electric UK". CE Electric UK. http://www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "Your water services". Yorkshire Water. http://www.yorkshirewater.com/your-water-services.aspx. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "Her Majesty's Courts Service - York Magistrates' Court". Her Majesty's Courts Service. http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ "Crown Court Directory - York". CourtServe Legal Information Centre. http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "County Court Directory - York". CourtServe Legal Information Centre. http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "John Carr - Architect: History of York". York Museums Trust. http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ "York Minster, York, UK". BBC. 19 March 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A20361881. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "The city walls". York City Council. 19 March 2012. http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ Wilson, Barbara and Frances Mee. (2005) The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence, p.ix York Archaeological Trust. ISBN 978-1-874454-36-1.
- ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus; and Neave, David (1995) [1972]. Yorkshire: York and the East Riding (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-14-071061-2.
- ^ Wilson and Mee, p.1.
- ^ Jones, Mark W; Et al (31 January 2004). A Walk Around the Snickelways of York. Dales Court Press. ISBN 978-1-871125-72-6.
- ^ "The Shambles, York UK". Inside York. http://www.insideyork.co.uk/shambles. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "York - Museums & Art Galleries". Tourist Net UK Ltd. http://www.touristnetuk.com/Ne/york/attractions/museums.htm. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "About Flying Scotsman". National Railway Museum. http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
- ^ Sheahan, James Joseph; Whellan, T. (1857). History and Topography of the City of York, the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding. 1. Google Books. p. 501. http://books.google.com/books?id=t5gaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA503&lpg=PA503&dq=%22ralph+de+paganel%22&source=bl&ots=X3Br0xvR_d&sig=7SUmWMZLbKX1s5b8EJPSKWpIgxU&hl=en&ei=vFcoSq-FM464lAeP5_WtAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#PPA501,M1. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ Hickling, Alfred (15 December 2008). "Theatre review: Dick Turpin - Theatre Royal, York". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2008/dec/15/theatre-review-dick-turpin-pantomime. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
- ^ "What's on Grand Opera House York". Grand Opera House York. http://www.grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?venueid=94. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "About Joseph Rowntree Theatre". Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited. http://jrtheatre.co.uk/about/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "About Riding Lights". Riding Lights Theatre Company. http://www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Department of Theatre, Film and Television - The University of York". Department of Theatre, Film and Television, University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/tft/. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "York Mystery Plays 2012". http://www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Academy of St. Olave's Orchestra - Welcome". Academy of St Olave's. 2008. http://www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ "The National Centre for Early Music, York: Welcome". The National Centre for Early Music. http://www.ncem.co.uk/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ "York Early Music Festival: Overview". The National Centre for Early Music. http://www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ "University of York Concerts". University of York. http://music.york.ac.uk/concerts/newconcerts/. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
- ^ "York Festival of Food and Drink - Who we are and what we do:". York Food Festival Ltd. http://www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Food Legends of the United Kingdom: York Ham". Information Britain. http://www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ "Home Cooking - Ham Varieties and Terminology". About.com. The New York Times Company. 16 September 2008. http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
- ^ "Recipe Favourites York ham and other recipes related to York ham". Recipe Tips. http://www.recipetips.com/search.asp?index=recipes&querytext=york+ham. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
- ^ Alden, Lori. "Cook's Thesaurus: Ham". Food Subs. http://www.foodsubs.com/MeatcureHams.html. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
- ^ "History of 57 & 59 Blossom Street". Oliver's Of The Mount. http://www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
- ^ "Bettys Café Tea Rooms, York". Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Limited. http://www.bettys.co.uk/cafe.asp?storyid={EBCDFAEA-C6F5-4F2A-AB0E-7C07A94D5241}. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
- ^ "York news, North Yorkshire news and information from The Press newspaper in York". The Press. Newsquest Media Group. http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "Events in York, Visit York, Local News Yorkshire, Things to Do in York – Oneandother.com - York". Oneandother.com. 26 November 2011. http://www.oneandother.com/. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Minster FM - Welcome". Minster FM. The Local Radio Company. http://www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/. Retrieved 12 June 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "BBC Radio York". BBC Local - York & North Yorkshire. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "About Us". 2012 [last update]. http://www.oneandother.com/about-us/. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ "Film & Television Production BA (Hons) Entry Profile". York St John University. 2006. http://www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "YSTV - Watch TV. Make TV. YSTV". York Student Television. http://ystv.york.ac.uk/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "University Radio York - About URY". University Radio York. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080602223445/http://ury.york.ac.uk/about.php. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "URY - Media UK". Media UK. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616185026/http://www.mediauk.com/the_knowledge/i.muk/URY. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "York City FC Official Website". York City FC. http://www.ycfc.net/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "York lose survival fight". BBC Sport (BBC). 20 March 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Welcome to the Official York City Knights website". York City Knights. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090522142922/http://www.yorkcityknights.co.uk/index2.html. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "York International Rugby 9s". York City of Festivals. 2005. http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982. Retrieved 20 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "York City Rowing Club". York City Rowing Club. http://www.ycrc.co.uk/. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "Day One: Royal Ascot at York". BBC Sport (BBC). 14 June 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "York Racecourse History". York Racecourse. http://www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ "York Speedway". John Skinner. http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ "Millthorpe School - Steve McClaren - Nunthorpe Grammar School". Millthorpe School. http://www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php. Retrieved 19 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Saturday Spotlight: McClaren makes his mark on Marco". The Northern Echo. Newsquest Media Group. 6 May 2006. http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2006/5/6/224457.html. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Town twinning - City of York Council". City of York Council. 20 April 2009. http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/Town_twinning/. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ York Fanteakwa Community Link YOWLA Online
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: York |
- Photos and images
- Imagine York: Historic Photographs Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword.
- The Evelyn collection of pictures of York from the early 20th century
- Virtual Tour of York Panoramic views from 2000 to the present day.
- Pictures from York.
- Historical and genealogical sources
- The City of York: historical and genealogical information at GENUKI
- History of York Comprehensive site dedicated to the history of the city.
- Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||
http://wn.com/York
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/York
http://cs.wn.com/York
http://id.wn.com/York, Inggris
http://es.wn.com/York
http://ru.wn.com/Йорк
http://pl.wn.com/York
http://fr.wn.com/York
http://de.wn.com/York
http://pt.wn.com/York
http://nl.wn.com/York (Engeland)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Alicia Keys | |
|---|---|
 Keys in South Africa for the 2010 FIFA World Cup kick-off concert. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Alicia Augello Cook |
| Also known as | Lellow |
| Born | (1981-01-25) January 25, 1981 (age 31) |
| Origin | New York City, United States |
| Genres | Soul, R&B, blues, hip hop, jazz, neo soul, electronic |
| Occupations | singer-songwriter, record producer, actress |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards, cello, synthesizer, vocoder, guitar, bass guitar |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels | RCA, J, Arista, Columbia |
| Website | aliciakeys.com |
Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), better known by her stage name Alicia Keys, is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. Keys was raised by a single mother in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan in New York City. At age seven, Keys began playing the piano. She attended Professional Performing Arts School and graduated at 16 as valedictorian. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records.
Keys' debut album, Songs in A Minor, was a commercial success, selling over 12 million copies worldwide.[1] She became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.[2] The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002, including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for "Fallin'".[3] Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in 2003 and was also another success worldwide, selling eight million copies.[4] The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards in 2005.[5] Later that year, she released her first live album, Unplugged, which debuted at number one in the United States.[6] She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994.[2]
Keys made guest appearances on several television series in the following years, beginning with Charmed. She made her film debut in Smokin' Aces and went on to appear in The Nanny Diaries in 2007. Her third studio album, As I Am, was released in the same year and sold six million copies worldwide, earning Keys an additional three Grammy Awards. The following year, she appeared in The Secret Life of Bees, which earned her a nomination at the NAACP Image Awards. She released her fourth album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009, which became Keys' first chart-topping album in the United Kingdom. Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and 25 million singles, which makes her one of the best selling artists of all time. Billboard magazine named her the top R&B artist of the 2000–2009 decade, establishing herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time. In 2010, VH1 included Keys on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7] Billboard magazine placed her number ten on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years.[8] As of January 2012, Keys has sold 60 million records worldwide.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
1981–2001: Early life and Career Beginnings[link]
Keys was born Alicia Augello Cook on January 25, 1981, in the Hell's Kitchen area of Manhattan, in New York City.[9][10][11] She is the only child of Teresa Augello, a paralegal and part-time actress, and Craig Cook, a flight attendant.[12][13][14][15] Keys' mother is of Italian, Scottish, and Irish descent, and her father is African American;[16] Keys has expressed that she was comfortable with her biracial heritage because she felt she was able to "relate to different cultures".[10][17] Her parents separated when she was two and she was subsequently raised by her mother during her formative years in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan.[18] In 1985, Keys made an appearance on The Cosby Show at the age of four, where she and a group of girls played the parts of Rudy Huxtable's sleepover guests in the episode "Slumber Party".[19][20] Throughout her childhood, Keys was sent to music and dance classes by her mother.[21] She began playing the piano when she was seven and learned classical music by composers such as Beethoven, Mozart and Chopin.[12] Keys enrolled in the Professional Performing Arts School at the age of 12, where she majored in choir and began writing songs at the age of 14.[13][22] She graduated in four years as valedictorian at the age of 16.[23]
In 1994 Keys met long-term manager Jeff Robinson after she enrolled in his brother's after-school program.[24] The following year Robinson introduced Keys to her future A&R at Arista Records, Peter Edge, who later described his first impressions to HitQuarters: "I had never met a young R&B artist with that level of musicianship. So many people were just singing on top of loops and tracks, but she had the ability, not only to be part of hip-hop, but also to go way beyond that."[25] Edge helped Robinson create a showcase for Keys and also got involved in developing her demo material. He was keen to sign Keys himself but was unable to do so at that time due to being on the verge of leaving his present record company. Keys signed to Columbia Records soon after.[25] At the same time as signing a recording contract with Columbia Records, Keys was accepted into Columbia University. At first, Keys attempted to manage both but after four weeks dropped out of college to pursue her musical career fulltime.[23][26]
Keys signed a demo deal with Jermaine Dupri and So So Def Recordings, where she appeared on the label's Christmas album performing "The Little Drummer Girl". She also co-wrote and recorded a song entitled "Dah Dee Dah (Sexy Thing)", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black.[26] The song was Keys' first professional recording; however, it was never released as a single and her record contract with Columbia ended after a dispute with the label. Keys was unhappy with the label because her career had stalled during her two years under contract at Columbia due to executive indecision over her direction and major changes within the company.[25] Keys called Clive Davis, who sensed a "special, unique" artist from her performance and signed her to Arista Records, which later disbanded.[9][10] Keys almost chose Wilde as her stage name until her manager suggested the name Keys after a dream he had. Keys felt that name represented her both as a performer and person.[27] Following Davis to his newly formed J Records label, she worked with Kerry "Krucial" Brothers and recorded the songs "Rock wit U" and "Rear View Mirror", which were featured on the soundtracks to the films Shaft (2000) and Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001), respectively.[28][29]
[edit] 2001–2002: Songs in A Minor
 |
"Fallin'" is a gospel-influenced piano ballad.[30] Often considered her signature song, it describes the "ins and outs" of being in a relationship.[31]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Keys released her first studio album, Songs in A Minor, in June 2001. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 236,000 copies in its first week.[32] The album sold over 6.2 million copies in the United States,[33] where it was certified six times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[34] It went on to sell over 12 million copies worldwide,[35] establishing Keys' popularity both inside and outside the United States, where she became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001.[2] The album's lead single, "Fallin'", spent six weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[36] The album's second single, "A Woman's Worth", was released in February 2002 and peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, as her second Top 10 single in both charts.[37] The album's third single, "How Come You Don't Call Me", was released in June 2002 and peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fourth single, "Girlfriend", was released in November 2002 in UK and peaked at number 82 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The following year, the album was reissued as Remixed & Unplugged in A Minor, which included eight remixes and seven unplugged versions of the songs from the original.
Songs in A Minor led Keys to win five awards at the 2002 Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song for "Fallin'", Best New Artist, and Best R&B Album; "Fallin'" was also nominated for Record of the Year. Keys became the second female solo artist to win five Grammy Awards in a single night, following Lauryn Hill at the 41st Grammy Awards.[38] That same year, she collaborated with Christina Aguilera for the latter's upcoming album Stripped on a song entitled "Impossible", which Keys wrote, co-produced, and provided with background vocals.[39] During the early 2000s, Keys also made small cameos in television series Charmed and American Dreams.[12]
[edit] 2003–2005: The Diary of Alicia Keys and Unplugged
Keys followed up her debut with The Diary of Alicia Keys, which was released in December 2003. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling over 618,000 copies its first week of release, becoming the largest first-week sales for a female artist in 2003.[40] It sold 4.4 million copies in the United States and was certified four times Platinum by the RIAA.[34][41] It sold eight million copies worldwide,[42] becoming the sixth biggest-selling album by a female artist and the second biggest-selling album by a female R&B artist.[43] The album's lead single, "You Don't Know My Name", peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for eight consecutive weeks, her first Top 10 single in both charts since 2002's "A Woman's Worth ". The album's second single, "If I Ain't Got You", was released in February 2004 and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for six weeks. The album's third single, "Diary", peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, being their third consecutive Top 10 single in both charts. The album's fourth and final single, "Karma", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 17 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, first release to fail to achieve top ten status on both charts. "If I Ain't Got You" became the first single by a female artist to remain on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for over a year.[44][45][46][47][48] Keys also collaborated with recording artist Usher on the song "My Boo" from his 2004 album, Confessions (Special Edition). The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for three weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2001's "Fallin'".
Keys won Best R&B Video for "If I Ain't Got You" at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards; she performed the song and "Higher Ground" with Lenny Kravitz and Stevie Wonder.[49][50] Later that year, Keys released her novel Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics, a collection of unreleased poems from her journals and lyrics. The title derived from one of her poems, "Love and Chains" from the line: "I don't mind drinking my tears for water."[51] She said the title is the foundation of her writing because "everything I have ever written has stemmed from my tears of joy, of pain, of sorrow, of depression, even of question".[52] The book sold over US$500,000 and Keys made The New York Times bestseller list in 2005.[53][54] The following year, she won a second consecutive award for Best R&B Video at the MTV Video Music Awards for the video "Karma".[55] Keys performed "If I Ain't Got You" and then joined Jamie Foxx and Quincy Jones in a rendition of "Georgia on My Mind", the Hoagy Carmichael song made famous by Ray Charles in 1960 at the 2005 Grammy Awards.[56] That evening, she won four Grammy Awards: Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "If I Ain't Got You", Best R&B Song for "You Don't Know My Name", Best R&B Album for The Diary of Alicia Keys, and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals" for "My Boo" with Usher.[57]
Keys performed and taped her installment of the MTV Unplugged series in July 2005 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music.[58] During this session, Keys added new arrangements to her original songs and performed a few choice covers.[59] The session was released on CD and DVD in October 2005. Simply titled Unplugged, the album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart with 196,000 units sold in its first week of release.[60] The album sold one million copies in the United States, where it was certified Platinum by the RIAA, and two million copies worldwide.[12][34][61] The debut of Keys' Unplugged was the highest for an MTV Unplugged album since Nirvana's 1994 MTV Unplugged in New York and the first Unplugged by a female artist to debut at number one.[2] The album's first single, "Unbreakable", peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[62] It remained at number one on the Billboard Hot Adult R&B Airplay for 11 weeks.[63] The album's second and final single, "Every Little Bit Hurts", was released in January 2006, it failed to enter the U.S. charts.
Keys opened a recording studio in Long Island, New York, called The Oven Studios, which she co-owns with her production and songwriting partner Kerry "Krucial" Brothers.[64] The studio was designed by renowned studio architect John Storyk of WSDG, designer of Jimi Hendrix' Electric Lady Studios. Keys and Brothers are the co-founders of KrucialKeys Enterprises, a production and songwriting team who assisted Keys in creating her albums as well as create music for other artists.[65]
[edit] 2006–2008: Film debut and As I Am
In 2006, Keys won three NAACP Image Awards, including Outstanding Female Artist and Outstanding Song for "Unbreakable".[66] She also received the Starlight Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[67] In October 2006, she played the voice of Mommy Martian in the "Mission to Mars" episode of the children's television series The Backyardigans, in which she sang an original song, "Almost Everything Is Boinga Here".[68] That same year, Keys nearly suffered a mental breakdown. Her grandmother had died and her family was heavily dependent on her. She felt she needed to "escape" and went to Egypt for three weeks. She explained: "That trip was definitely the most crucial thing I've ever done for myself in my life to date. It was a very difficult time that I was dealing with, and it just came to the point where I really needed to—basically, I just needed to run away, honestly. And I needed to get as far away as possible."[69][70]
Keys made her film debut in early 2007 in the crime film Smokin' Aces, co-starring as an assassin named Georgia Sykes opposite Ben Affleck and Andy García. Keys received much praise from her co-stars in the film; Reynolds said that Keys was "so natural" and that she would "blow everybody away". Smokin' Aces had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $57,103,895 worldwide during its theatrical run.[71][72] In the same year, Keys earned further praise for her second film, The Nanny Diaries, based on the 2002 novel of the same name, where she co-starred alongside Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans. The Nanny Diaries had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $44,638,886 worldwide during its theatrical run.[73] She also guest starred as herself in the "One Man Is an Island" episode of the drama series Cane.[74]
Keys released her third studio album, As I Am, in November 2007; it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 742,000 copies in its first week. It gained Keys her largest first week sales of her career and became her fourth consecutive number one album, tying her with Britney Spears for the most consecutive number-one debuts on the Billboard 200 by a female artist.[75][76] The week became the second largest sales week of 2007 and the largest sales week for a female solo artist since singer Norah Jones' album Feels like Home in 2004.[77] The album has sold nearly four million copies in the United States and has been certified three times Platinum by the RIAA.[78][79] It has sold nearly six million copies worldwide.[80] Keys received five nominations for As I Am at the 2008 American Music Award and ultimately won two.[81] The album's lead single, "No One", peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for ten consecutive weeks, became her first number-one single in Hot 100 since 2004's "My Boo" and becoming Keys' third and fifth number-one single on each chart, respectively.[82] The album's second single, "Like You'll Never See Me Again", was released in late 2007 and peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for seven consecutive weeks. From October 27, 2007, when "No One" reached No. 1, through February 16, 2008, the last week "Like You'll Never See Me Again" was at No. 1, the Keys was on top of the chart for 17 weeks, more consecutive weeks than any other artist in Hot R&B/Hip/Hop Songs chart.[83] The album's third single, "Teenage Love Affair", which peaked at number 54 on the 'Billboard Hot 100 and number three on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[83] The album's fourth and final single, "Superwoman", which peaked at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[83][84]
"No One" earned Keys the awards for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song at the 2008 Grammy Awards.[85] Keys opened the ceremony singing Frank Sinatra's 1950s song "Learnin' the Blues" as a "duet" with archival footage of Sinatra in video and "No One" with John Mayer later in the show.[86] Keys also won Best Female R&B Artist during the show.[87] She starred in "Fresh Takes", a commercial micro-series created by Dove Go Fresh, which premiered during The Hills on MTV from March to April 2008. The premiere celebrated the launch of new Dove Go Fresh.[88] She also signed a deal as spokesperson with Glacéau's VitaminWater to endorse the product,[89] and was in an American Express commercial for the "Are you a Cardmember?" campaign.[90] Keys, along with The White Stripes' guitarist and lead vocalist Jack White, recorded the theme song to Quantum of Solace, the first duet in Bond soundtrack history.[91] In 2008, Keys was ranked in at number 80 the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists.[92] She also starred in The Secret Life of Bees, a film adaptation of Sue Monk Kidd's acclaimed 2003 bestseller novel of the same name alongside Jennifer Hudson, Dakota Fanning, Paul Bettany and Queen Latifah, released in October 2008 via Fox Searchlight. The Secret Life of Bees had a hit moderate performance at the box office, earning only $39,947,322 worldwide during its theatrical run.[93] Her role earned her a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards.[94] She also received three nominations at the 2009 Grammy Awards and won Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Superwoman".[95]
In an interview with Blender magazine, Keys allegedly said "'Gangsta rap' was a ploy to convince black people to kill each other, 'gangsta rap' didn't exist" and went on to say that it was created by "the government". The magazine also claimed she said that Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. were "essentially assassinated, their beefs stoked by the government and the media, to stop another great black leader from existing".[22] Keys later wrote a statement clarifying the issues and saying her words were misinterpreted.[96] Later that year, Keys was criticized by anti-smoking campaigners after billboard posters for her forthcoming concerts in Indonesia featured a logo for the A Mild cigarette brand sponsored by tobacco firm Philip Morris. She apologized after discovering that the concert was sponsored by the firm and asked for "corrective actions". In response, the company withdrew its sponsorship.[97]
[edit] 2009–2010 : The Element of Freedom, marriage and motherhood
Keys and manager Jeff Robinson signed a film production deal to develop live-action and animated projects with Disney. Their first film will be a remake of the 1958 comedy Bell, Book and Candle and will star Keys as a witch who casts a love spell to lure a rival's fiancé.[98] Keys and Robinson also formed a television production company called Big Pita.[99] Keys and Robinson will develop live-action and animated projects from their company, Big Pita and Little Pita, with Keys as producer, thespian, banner spearheading soundtrack and music supervision.[100]
Keys collaborated with the record producer Swizz Beatz to write and produce "Million Dollar Bill" for Whitney Houston's seventh studio album, I Look to You. Keys had approached Clive Davis for permission to submit a song for the album.[101] Keys also collaborated with the recording artist Jay-Z on the song "Empire State of Mind" from his 2009 album, The Blueprint 3. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 and became her fourth number-one single on that chart.[102] At the 53rd Grammy Awards ceremony, "Empire State of Mind" won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song. It had also been one of the five nominees for Record of the Year.[103]
The following month, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored Keys with the Golden Note Award, an award given to artists "who have achieved extraordinary career milestones".[104] She collaborated with Spanish recording artist Alejandro Sanz for "Looking for Paradise", which topped the Hot Latin Songs chart, this was Keys' first number one on all three charts, which also made her the first African-American of non-Hispanic origin to reach #1 on the Hot Latin Tracks.[105] Keys released her fourth studio album, The Element of Freedom, in December 2009.[106] It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 417,000 copies in its first week.[107] As part of the promotional drive for the album, she performed at the Cayman Island Jazz Festival on December 5, the final night of the three day festival which will be broadcast on Black Entertainment Television (BET).[108] The album's lead single, "Doesn't Mean Anything", has peaked at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[106] Keys was ranked as the top R&B recording artist of the 2000–2009 decade by Billboard magazine and ranked at number five as artist of the decade, while her song, "No One", was ranked at number six on the magazine's songs of the decade.[109][110][111] In the United Kingdom, The Element of Freedom became Keys' first album to top the UK Albums Chart.[112] The album's second single, "Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart", was released in November 2009 and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's third single, "Put It in a Love Song", featuring Grammy-winner Beyoncé, peaked at number 60 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The music video for the single, which was filmed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been postponed several times, and later it was confirmed that Alicia Keys' team made a decision not to release the video. The album's fourth single, "Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down", was released in February 2010 and peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album's fifth single, "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)", was released in May 2010 and peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, for twelve consecutive weeks and became the album's most successful single, becoming Keys' eighth number-one single on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The album's sixth and final single, "Wait Til You See My Smile", was released in December 2010 in the U.K only.
In May 2009, Swizz Beatz announced that he and Keys were romantically involved, while he was still married to his first wife[113] and in May 2010, a representative for Keys and Swizz Beatz confirmed that they were engaged and expecting a child together.[114] During the time of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the couple took part of a union and had the unborn child blessed in a Zulu ceremony, which took place in the Illovo suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa.[115] Keys and Beatz were married on the French island of Corsica on July 31, 2010.[116][117] On October 14, 2010, Keys gave birth to a son, Egypt Daoud Ibarr Dean, in New York City.[118]
2011–present: Other ventures and upcoming album[link]
In June 2011, Songs in A Minor was re-released as deluxe and collector's editions in commemoration of its 10th anniversary.[119] To support the release, Keys embarked on a four-city promotional tour, entitled Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys, featuring only her piano. Keys is also set to co-produce the Broadway premiere of Stick Fly, which will open in December 2011.[120] On September 26, 2011, was the premiere of Project 5 known as Five, short film that marks the debut of Alicia Keys as a director. It is a documentary of five episodes that tell stories of five women who were victims of breast cancer and how it affected their lives. The production also has co-direction of the actresses Jennifer Aniston, Demi Moore and film director Patty Jenkins.[121]
on September 23, she performed at iHeart Music Festival and sang her new song "A Place Of My Own", which is present in her fifth studio album.[122][123] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Keys (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release her future material on RCA Records.[124][125] On Saturday February 18, 2012, Alicia performed "Send Me an Angel" at Whitney Houston's memorial at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey.[126]
Artistry[link]
Musical style[link]
|
|
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
An accomplished pianist, Keys incorporates piano into a majority of her songs and often writes about love, heartbreak and female empowerment.[10][53] She has cited several musicians as her inspirations, including Prince, Nina Simone, Barbra Streisand, Marvin Gaye, Quincy Jones, Donny Hathaway and Stevie Wonder.[127][128][129] Keys' style is rooted in gospel and vintage soul music, supplemented by bass and programmed drumbeats.[130] She heavily incorporates classical piano with R&B, soul and jazz into her music.[131][132] She began experimenting with other genres, including pop and rock, in her third studio album, As I Am,[130][133][134] transitioning from neo soul to a 1980s and 1990s R&B sound with her fourth album, The Element of Freedom.[135][136] Patrick Huguenin of the New York Daily News stated that her incorporation of classical piano riffs contributed to her breakout success.[44] Jet magazine states she "thrives" by touching her fans with "piano mastery, words and melodious voice".[137] The Independent described her style as consisting of "crawling blues coupled with a hip-hop backbeat", noting that her lyrics "rarely stray from matters of the heart".[138] Blender magazine referred to her as "the first new pop artist of the millennium who was capable of changing music."[139]
Songwriting, voice and achievements[link]
Keys has a vocal range of a contralto, which spans three octaves.[44][140] She can sing from B flat over an octave below middle C (B♭2) to B below soprano C (B5). Often referred to as the "Princess of Soul",[30][138] Keys has been commended as having a strong, raw and impassioned voice;[141][142] others feel that her voice is "emotionally manufactured" at times and that she pushes her voice out of its natural range.[141][142] Keys' songwriting is often criticized for lack of depth, which has led to her writing abilities being called limited.[141] Her lyrics have been called generic, clichéd and that her songs revolve around generalities.[130][141] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune feels that she "[pokes] around for multi-format hits rather than trying to project any sort of artistic vision".[142] Diversely, Jon Pareles of Blender magazine stated that the musical composition of her songs makes up for their lyrical weakness,[133] while Gregory Stephen Tate of The Village Voice compared Keys' writing and production to 1970s music.[143]
Throughout her career, Keys has won numerous awards and is listed on the Recording Industry Association of America's best-selling artists in the United States, with 15 million certified albums.[144] She has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and has established herself as one of the best-selling artists of her time.[19][143][145]
Philanthropy[link]
Keys is the co-founder and Global Ambassador of Keep a Child Alive, a non-profit organization that provides medicine to families with HIV and AIDS in Africa.[146] Keys and U2 lead singer Bono recorded a cover version of Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush's "Don't Give Up", in recognition of World AIDS Day 2005. Keys and Bono's version of the song was retitled "Don't Give Up (Africa)" to reflect the nature of the charity it was benefiting.[147][148] She visited African countries such as Uganda, Kenya and South Africa to promote care for children affected by AIDS.[149][150][151] Her work in Africa was documented in the documentary Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland and was available in April 2008.[152]
Keys has also donated to Frum tha Ground Up, a non-profit organization that aids children and teenagers with scholarships.[153][154] She performed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of the worldwide Live 8 concerts to raise awareness of the poverty in Africa and to pressure the G8 leaders to take action.[155] In 2005, Keys performed on ReAct Now: Music & Relief and Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast, two benefit programs that raised money for those affected by Hurricane Katrina.[156][157] In July 2007, Keys and Keith Urban performed The Rolling Stones' 1969 song "Gimme Shelter" at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey at the American leg of the Live Earth concerts.[158][159]
Keys performed Donny Hathaway's 1973 song "Someday We'll All Be Free" at the America: A Tribute to Heroes televised benefit concert following the September 11 attacks.[160] She participated in the Nobel Peace Prize Concert which took place at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway, on December 11, 2007, along with other various artists.[161] She recorded a theme song for Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama. She joined Joss Stone and Jay-Z on the effort, which served as a theme song for Obama's campaign.[162] For her work, Keys was honored at the 2009 BET Awards with the Humanitarian Award.[163] Keys performed the song "Prelude to a Kiss", retitled "Send Me an Angel", from her 2007 album As I Am for the "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief" telethon in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[164]
Discography[link]
Main article: Alicia Keys discography
- Songs in A Minor (2001)
- The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003)
- As I Am (2007)
- The Element of Freedom (2009)
- TBA (2013)
- Live albums
- Unplugged (2005)
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Alicia Keys tours
| Year | Title | Number of performances |
|---|---|---|
| 2001/2002 | Songs in A Minor Tour |
|
| 2004 | Verizon Ladies First Tour |
|
| 2005 | The Diary Tour |
|
| 2008 | As I Am Tour |
|
| 2010 | The Freedom Tour |
|
| 2011 | Piano & I: A One Night Only Event With Alicia Keys |
|
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | The Cosby Show | Maria | "Slumber Party" (Season 1, Episode 22) |
| 2001 | Charmed | P3 VIP Patron (uncredited) | "Size Matters" (Season 4, Episode 5) |
| 2001—2010 | Saturday Night Live | Herself / Musical Guest | "Reese Witherspoon/Alicia Keys" (Season 27, Episode 1) "Charles Barkley/Alicia Keys" (Season 35, Episode 11) |
| 2003 | American Dreams | Fontella Bass | "Rescue Me" (Season 2, Episode 6) |
| 2003 | The Proud Family | Herself (voice) | "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (Season 3, Episode 46) |
| 2005 | Sesame Street | Herself | Episode #36.26 (Season 36, Episode 26) |
| 2006 | The Backyardigans | Mommy Martian (voice) | "Mission to Mars" (Season 2, Episode 1) |
| 2007 | Cane | Herself | "One Man Is an Island" (Season 1, Episode 7) |
| 2007 | Elmo's Christmas Countdown | Herself | Christmas television special |
| 2007 | Smokin' Aces | Georgia Sykes | Debut film |
| 2007 | The Nanny Diaries | Lynette | |
| 2008 | Dove: Fresh Takes | Alex | Lead role |
| 2008 | The Secret Life of Bees | June Boatwright | Nominated - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture |
| 2011 | Five | Director | Nominated - Directors Guild of America Award |
| 2012 | Firelight | Executive Producer |
See also[link]
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of awards and nominations received by Alicia Keys
- List of honorific titles in popular music
References[link]
- ^ "Alicia adds tour dates". Metro. Associated Newspapers. 2008-03-07. http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=112579&in_page_id=7. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ a b c d Anitai, Tamar (2007-11-12). "MTV Artist of the Week: Alicia Keys". MTV News. http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2007/11/12/mtv-artist-of-the-week-alicia-keys/. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
- ^ "Yes, America, Amy Winehouse Is a Star". BBC America. 2008-02-11. http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=899. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ Batey, Angus (2007-11-10). "The ascent of Alicia Keys". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2819353.ece. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ "2005 Grammy Award Winners". CBS News. 2005-02-13. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/14/in_depth_showbiz/main673822.shtml. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ Whitmire, Margo (2005-10-19). "Keys 'Unplugs' For 3rd Straight No. 1 Disc". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-unplugs-for-3rd-straight-no-1-disc-1001347290.story. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ Who Will Come Out On Top Of VH1’s 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time?
- ^ "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years". Nielsen Business Media, Inc.. November 18, 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/column/the-juice/the-top-50-r-b-hip-hop-artists-of-the-past-1004127916.story?page=5. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
- ^ a b "Alicia Keys Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/alicia-keys-p469431/biography. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Interview: Alicia Keys". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). November 2, 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2001/nov/02/shopping.artsfeatures9. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ Mervis, Scott (April 17, 2008). "Music Preview: Through her first several records, Alicia Keys has a golden touch". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Block Communications). http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08108/873962-42.stm. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Alicia Keys: Biography". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/alicia-keys/news/artists/8828/53132/53164. Retrieved November 2, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Alicia Keys". China Daily. China Daily Group. September 7, 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-09/07/content_372259.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Iley, Chrissy (February 24, 2008). "Alicia Keys, the girl who made Bob Dylan weep". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3403940.ece. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 12, 2006). "Alicia Keys' Early Years To Be Made Into A TV Series". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1520667/20060112/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
- ^ "A lot of people believe I'm part Jamaican, though I'm not. I'm definitely black and Italian and a little Irish or Scottish" (European American) – Bream, Jon (April 28, 2008). "More Keys to Alicia's Life". StarTribune.com. http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/18138354.html?elr=KArksD:aDyaEP:kD:aUt:aDyaEP:kD:aUiacyKUUr. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys – Keys Avoids Mixed Race Abuse". Keys first appeared at a Talent show on "Jenny Jones" where she preformed along side "three little women" who were also an unknown group at the time. Both were signed to a record deal after the performance.Contactmusic.com. December 1, 2004. http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/keys-avoids-mixed-race-abuse. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
- ^ Ojumu, Akin (November 16, 2003). "Soul sister". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2003/nov/16/aliciakeys. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Sams, Christine (February 23, 2009). "The secret life of Alicia Keys". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax Media): pp. 1–3. http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/film/the-secret-life-of-keys/2009/02/23/1235237496952.html. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
- ^ "Slumber Party". The Cosby Show. episode 22. season 1. March 28, 1985.
- ^ "Music and dance kept Alicia Keys out of trouble during childhood". Thaindian News. Thaindian.com Company Limited. July 15, 2008. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/music-and-dance-kept-alicia-keys-out-of-trouble-during-childhood_10071626.html. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ a b Weiner, Jonah (March 19, 2008). "Alicia Keys: Unlocked". Blender. Alpha Media Group. pp. 1–4. http://www.blender.com/guide/61246/aliciakeysunlocked.html. Retrieved November 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b Pareles, Jon (January 27, 2002). "Music; To Be Alicia Keys: Young, Gifted and in Control". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): pp. 1–3. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/arts/music-to-be-alicia-keys-young-gifted-and-in-control.html. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ "New York's Rising Stars". Crain's New York Business. 2003. http://mycrains.crainsnewyork.com/40under40/profiles/2003/32. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Peter Edge". HitQuarters. Oct 13, 2004. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Peter_Edge_Inter.html. Retrieved Nov 15, 2010.
- ^ a b "New Singer Alicia Keys Sitting Pretty with Smash Debut Album 'Songs In A Minor'". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 100 (9): 60–61. 2004. http://books.google.com/?id=IbUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=alicia+keys+songs+in+a+minor#PPA60,M1. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (January 18, 2006). "Alicia Keys Nearly Spills Secrets To Jane". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1521106/20060118/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
- ^ Brasor, Philip (October 3, 2001). "Alicia Keys: 'Songs in A Minor'". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fm20011003a2.html. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Dr. Dolittle 2 – Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r536187. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ a b "The Next Queen of Soul". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. November 8, 2001. pp. 1–6. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/13316/68272. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Hot Product". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. June 11, 2001. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/hot-product-915447.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Martens, Todd (July 5, 2001). "Keys' Debut Tops The Billboard 200". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-debut-tops-the-billboard-200-943381.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Grein, Paul (July 22, 2009). "Chart Watch Extra: The Top 20 New Acts Of The 2000s". Yahoo! Music. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/39906/chart-watch-extra-the-top-20-new-acts-of-the-2000s/. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ a b c "RIAA – Gold & Platinum". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=alicia%20keys&format=ALBUM&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia adds tour dates". Metro. Associated Newspapers. March 7, 2008. http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/112579-alicia-adds-tour-dates. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ Martens, Todd (December 4, 2001). "Alicia Keys' U.S. Tour Bows Jan. 22". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/alicia-keys-u-s-tour-bows-jan-22-1148403.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Jeckell, Barry A.; Mitchell, Gail (May 2, 2002). "'Totally Hits 2002' Packs In 20 Top Tracks". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/totally-hits-2002-packs-in-20-top-tracks-1481371.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ "Yes, America, Amy Winehouse Is a Star". BBC America. February 11, 2008. http://www.bbcamerica.com/content/23/anglophenia.jsp?bc_id=899. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (June 25, 2002). "Christina Aguilera, Alicia Keys Party Up For 'Impossible'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1455399/20020625/aguilera_christina.jhtml. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ "Verizon Ladies First Tour 2004 Starring Beyoncé, Alicia Keys and Missy Elliott With Special Guest Tamia". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). February 17, 2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_Feb_17/ai_113344090/. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
- ^ Hope, Clover (February 3, 2006). "Keys Pleasantly Surprised By Grammy Nominations". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-pleasantly-surprised-by-grammy-nominations-1001956959.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Batey, Angus (November 10, 2007). "The ascent of Alicia Keys". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2819353.ece. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
- ^ Ah-young, Chung (June 3, 2008). "R&B Diva Alicia Keys in Town". The Korea Times. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/10/143_25231.html. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ a b c Huguenin, Patrick (October 11, 2008). "'Secret Life of Bees' star Alicia Keys' hive of activity". New York Daily News (Mortimer Zuckerman). http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2008/10/12/2008-10-12_secret_life_of_bees_star_alicia_keys_hiv.html. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ Martens, Todd (January 22, 2004). "Singles Chart Remains In OutKast's Command". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/singles-chart-remains-in-outkast-s-command-2074215.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Whitmir, Margo (June 24, 2004). "Usher Locks Up Singles Chart Again". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/usher-locks-up-singles-chart-again-1000550918.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Whitmir, Margo (September 23, 2004). "Ciara Keeps 'Goodies' Perched On Top". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/ciara-keeps-goodies-perched-on-top-1000640864.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ "Karma – Alicia Keys". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/alicia-keys/karma/5053548. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ "MTV Awards 2004: The winners". BBC. August 30, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3611884.stm. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ Buhrmester, Jason (August 30, 2004). "Outkast, Jay-Z Dominate Tame MTV Awards". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/67645/outkast-jay-z-dominate-tame-mtv-awards.html. Retrieved February 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "The Poetry of Alicia Keys". CBS News. November 11, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/11/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main655152.shtml. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ "In Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). 2004-11. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_1_60/ai_n6260841/. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ a b Stark, Petra (November 16, 2008). "Alicia Keys, superwoman". The Daily Telegraph. News Limited. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sunday-telegraph/alicia-keys-superwoman/story-e6frewt9-1111118050168. Retrieved July 17, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Lafranco, Robert (February 10, 2005). "Money Makers". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6959138/money_makers/4. Retrieved December 4, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Barkham, Patrick (August 30, 2005). "Green Day takes top honours at MTV awards ceremony". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/aug/30/media.arts. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ "Late Ray Charles tops Grammy Awards". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). February 15, 2002. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/feb/14/raycharles. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ "2005 Grammy Award Winners". CBS News. February 13, 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/14/in_depth_showbiz/main673822.shtml. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Jenison, David (October 19, 2005). "Keys Plugs In at No. 1". Yahoo! Music. http://new.music.yahoo.com/alicia-keys/news/keys-plugs-in-at-no-1--24723802. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
- ^ Cohen, Jonathan (August 22, 2005). "Keys Blends Old With New On 'Unplugged'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-blends-old-with-new-on-unplugged-1001019121.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Whitmire, Margo (October 19, 2005). "Keys 'Unplugs' For 3rd Straight No. 1 Disc". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-unplugs-for-3rd-straight-no-1-disc-1001347290.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Hope, Clover (January 24, 2006). "Keys Craves 'Strange As Hell' Collaborations". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-craves-strange-as-hell-collaborations-1001883836.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ "Unplugged – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/unplugged-r795026/charts-awards/billboard-single. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ Bronson, Fred (January 26, 2006). "Chart Beat". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/chart-beat-1001918986.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Weiss, David (October 1, 2005). "Alicia Keys Opens Recording Studio in New York". Mix. Penton Media. http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_oven_studios/. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
- ^ LeRoy, Dan (December 7, 2005). "Alicia Collaborator Krucial Goes Solo". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/8933895/alicia_collaborator_krucial_goes_solo. Retrieved December 7, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ "Image Awards Honor Foxx, Keys, Carey". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. February 26, 2006. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/image-awards-honor-foxx-keys-carey-1002075032.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys – A Legend Grows". ASCAP. https://www.ascap.com/playback/2005/summer/features/keys.html. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
- ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Alicia Keys, Cameron Diaz, Justin Timberlake, Lance Bass, Beyoncé & More". MTV News. September 20, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1541325/20060920/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ Bream, Jon (April 25, 2008). "Alicia Keys: From near-breakdown to breakthrough with 'Yes I Am'". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/article/alicia-keys-from-near-breakdown-to-breakthrough-with-yes-i-am. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Analyse This: Alicia Keys, singer". Daily Mail (London: Associated Newspapers). November 23, 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1088762/Alicia-Keys-price-fame-loss-inspired-latest-music.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ "Smokin' Aces Tranforms Alicia Keys from Artist to Assassin". IGN. January 28, 2007. http://movies.ign.com/articles/755/755255p1.html. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- ^ Carroll, Larry (January 2, 2007). "Alicia Keys Kills — Literally — In Film Debut, 'Smokin' Aces'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1548928/story.jhtml. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
- ^ Carroll, Larry (April 13, 2006). "Alicia Keys Works Her Hollywood Mojo, Joins Johansson In 'Nanny Diaries'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1528672/story.jhtml. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- ^ "Cane – One Man is an Island". Yahoo!. http://tv.yahoo.com/episode/151729/castcrew. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
- ^ Harris, Chris (November 21, 2007). "Alicia Keys Lands Fourth Consecutive #1 On Billboard Chart With As I Am". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1574872/20071121/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ Caulfield, Kieth (November 21, 2007). "Alicia Keys 'As I Am' Bows Big at No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/charts/chart_alert/e3i3567e69804be692d4caf2cff3b560fea. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ Cohen, Jonathan (November 21, 2007). "Keys Storms Chart With Mega-Selling 'As I Am'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/keys-storms-chart-with-mega-selling-as-i-1003676535.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Celizic, Mike (April 27, 2008). "Alicia Keys kicks off TODAY concert series". msnbc.com. NBC Universal. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/24238729/. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ "Gold and Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Alicia%20Keys&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys Gears Up for North American Leg of As I Am Tour Presented By Lexus on...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). April 16, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS230622+16-Apr-2008+PRN20080416. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ Goodman, Dean (November 23, 2008). "R&B star Chris Brown sweeps American Music Awards". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE4AN0H620081124. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ Bonson, Fred (October 18, 2007). "Chart Beat". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/chart-beat-1003660178.story. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ a b c "As I Am – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/as-i-am-r1213242/charts-awards/billboard-single. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ Graff, Gary (April 28, 2008). "Alicia Mulls Next Album, New Single". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/alicia-keys-mulls-next-album-new-single-1003795464.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ "Grammy 2008 Winners List". MTV News. February 10, 2008. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1581272/20080210/story.jhtml. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Donahue, Ann (February 11, 2008). "Grammy Performances Meld Classic, Contemporary". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/grammy-performances-meld-classic-contemporary-1003709145.story. Retrieved August 1, 2009.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (June 25, 2008). "Kanye West, UGK Win Big At BET Awards, But Ne-Yo, Alicia Keys, Lil Wayne Performances Steal The Show". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589931/20080625/fergie__4_.jhtml. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "Video: Alicia Keys and Dove(R) Give Women a Fresh Take on Life in Their Twenties". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). March 24, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS76429+24-Mar-2008+PRN20080324. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "OK! Interview: Alicia Keys". OK!. August 6, 2008. http://www.okmagazine.com/2008/08/ok-interview-alicia-keys-8283/. Retrieved July 17, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Martin Scorsese Directs Andre Agassi, Sheryl Crow, Ellen DeGeneres, Alicia Keys and Shaun White in New American Express(R) Campaign for 'The Members Project'". PR Newswire. June 1, 2007. http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/06-01-2007/0004600061. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- ^ Bray, Elisa (September 19, 2008). "First Listen: Another Way To Die, James Bond Theme, Jack White and Alicia Keys". The Independent (London: Independent News & Media). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/first-listen-another-way-to-die-james-bond-theme-jack-white-and-alicia-keys-935406.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ "The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists (80–61)". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-artists-80.shtml. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ Zeitchik, Steven (December 26, 2007). "Dakota Fanning and Alicia Keys drawn to "Bees"". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2064532120071220. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "40th NAACP Image Awards" (PDF). NAACP. January 7, 2009. http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2009-01-07/40th.NIA.Nominees.Release.pdf. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List". Grammy. http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Alicia Keys Backtracks On Gangsta Rap Conspiracy Claims". The Huffington Post. April 15, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/04/15/alicia-keys-backtracks-on_n_96867.html. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
- ^ "Keys 'sorry' for tobacco adverts". BBC. July 28, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7529354.stm. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
- ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Justin Timberlake, Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, 'Snakes On A Plane' & More". MTV News. July 14, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1536391/20060714/timberlake_justin.jhtml. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
- ^ Elber, Lynn (January 18, 2006). "Alicia Keys forms production company". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002745532_aliciakeys18.html. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
- ^ Fleming, Michael (July 13, 2006). "Mouse locking up Keys". Variety (Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117946792.html?categoryid=16&cs=1. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- ^ "Preview: Whitney Houston – 'I Look to You'". Rap-Up. http://www.rap-up.com/2009/07/24/preview-whitney-houston-i-look-to-you/. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- ^ Pietroluong, Silvio (November 19, 2009). "Jay-Z Rules Hot 100, Lady Antebellum Jumps into Top 10". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news#/news/jay-z-rules-hot-100-lady-antebellum-jumps-1004044405.story. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ Billboard Staff (2011-02-13). "Grammys 2011 Winners List". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/grammys-2011-winners-list-1005032082.story#/news/grammys-2011-winners-list-1005032082.story. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ^ Mitchell, Gail (June 26, 2009). "Stargate, Tricky Stewart, The-Dream ASCAP's Top Songwriters". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i2c0d30928617f5ec2a961b09d785be34. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ "Looking for Paradise – Alejandro Sanz". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/song/alejandro-sanz/looking-for-paradise/14253569. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
- ^ a b "Alicia Keys Will Wait for 'Freedom'". Rap-Up. http://www.rap-up.com/2009/10/25/alicia-keys-will-wait-for-freedom/. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 23, 2009). "Susan Boyle Blocks Alicia Keys From No. 1 on Billboard 200". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/susan-boyle-blocks-alicia-keys-from-no-1-1004055332.story. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys to perform at Jazz Fest". Cayman News Service. May 11, 2009. http://www.caymannewsservice.com/local-news/2009/05/11/alicia-keys-perform-jazz-fest. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
- ^ George, Raphael (December 18, 2009). "Alicia Keys named top R&B artist of decade". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5BH5HN20091218. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
- ^ "Best of the 2000s – Artists of the Decade". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009#/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ^ "Best of the 2000s – Hot 100 Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009#/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ^ Sexton, Paul (February 8, 2010). "Alicia Keys Scores First U.K. No. 1 Album". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/alicia-keys-scores-first-u-k-no-1-album-1004065738.story. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
- ^ "Alicia Keys dating rapper". The Boston Globe. 2009-05-18. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/05/18/alicia_keys_dating_rapper/. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ Laudadio, Marisa (May 27, 2010). "Alicia Keys and Swizz Beatz Are Engaged – and Expecting!". People. Time. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20389363,00.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "Alicia Keys and Swizz Haseeb Receive Zulu Blessing in Africa". Rap-Up. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/06/22/alicia-keys-and-swizz-beatz-receive-zulu-blessing-in-africa/. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ^ Baertlein, Lisa (August 2, 2010). "Alicia Keys Marries Swizz Beatz". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/alicia-keys-marries-swizz-beatz-in-france-1004107126.story#/news/alicia-keys-marries-swizz-beatz-in-france-1004107126.story. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ^ Serpe, Gina (August 1, 2010). "Call Her Mrs. Beatz: Alicia Keys Weds!". EOnline. EOnline. http://au.eonline.com/uberblog/b193211_call_her_mrs_beatz_alicia_keys_weds.html. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
- ^ Greer, Carlos (October 15, 2010). "Alicia Keys Has a Baby Boy". People. People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20434638,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
- ^ James Dinh (April 13, 2011). "Alicia Keys Announces 10th Anniversary Edition Of Songs In A Minor". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1661882/alicia-keys-songs-in-a-minor-concert.jhtml. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2011-06-28). "Alicia Keys Heads To Broadway – Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666508/alicia-keys-stick-fly-broadway.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ Zakarin, Jordan (March 29, 2011). "'Project Five': Jennifer Aniston, Alicia Keys, Demi Moore Directing Film For 'Lifetime'". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/29/project-five-jennifer-aniston_n_842136.html. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ "Alicia Keys Debuts “A Place Of My Own” At iHeartRadio Music Festival | Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on". Idolator.com. 2011-09-24. http://idolator.com/6024002/alicia-keys-debuts-a-place-of-my-own. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ "Google News". News.google.com.br. http://news.google.com.br/news/more?hl=en&q=A+Place+Of+My+Own&gs_upl=47961l47961l1l48421l1l1l0l0l0l0l0l0ll0l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1366&bih=677&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=dsx42p3KjIV_WRMlyfw-MO6MimWTM&ei=MCd-TqDDO-m80AGf5b2VDQ&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQqgIwAA. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ "RCA's New Executive Team Named Under CEO Peter Edge Amid Layoffs (Update)". Billboard.biz. 2011-08-23. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/rca-s-new-executive-team-named-under-ceo-1005324782.story. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ "Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!". FMQB. http://www.fmqb.com/article.asp?id=2268707. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
- ^ Kleinman, Jacob. "Whitney Houston Funeral: Alicia Keys Performs "Prelude To A Kiss"". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/300933/20120218/whintey-houston-funeral-alicia-keys-angel-video.htm. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
- ^ "Keys to Success". People. Time. August 27, 2001. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20135193,00.html. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
- ^ Fiore, Raymond (April 21, 2006). "Opening Doors". Entertainment Weekly (Time). http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1186026,00.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ Horan, Tom (November 29, 2003). "CD of the week: The Diary of Alicia Keys by Alicia Keys". The Daily Telegraph (London: News Limited). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3607474/CD-of-the-week-The-Diary-of-Alicia-Keys-by-Alicia-Keys.html. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
- ^ a b c Pareles, Jon (September 9, 2007). "A Neo-Soul Star as She Is: Nurturing Her Inner Rebel". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): pp. 1–2. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/arts/music/09pare.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ MacDonald, Patrick (September 19, 2008). "Six years after 'Minor' success, Alicia Keys is a major star". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/musicnightlife/2008188607_keys19.html. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
- ^ Neal, Mark Anthony. "Song in A Minor: A Major Debut". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/k/keysalicia-songs.shtml. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
- ^ a b Pareles, Jon (November 13, 2007). "Alicia Keys – As I Am on Blender". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/new/54849/as-i-am.html. Retrieved February 4, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Brown, Marisa. "As I Am – Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1213242. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ Ratliff, Ben (December 13, 2009). "News CDs from Alicia Keys, Timbaland and Jimmy Buffett – Review". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/arts/music/14choi.html. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys and the Freedom of love". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. December 14, 2009. http://blogs.chron.com/peep/2009/12/alicia_keys_and_the_freedom_of_1.html. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys Wraps Up Busy Year With Awards, Hit CD, Tour And Poetry Book?". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 106 (24): 61. 2004. http://books.google.com/?id=F78DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=alicia+keys+voice#PPA61,M1. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ a b "Alicia Keys: Soul princess". The Independent (London: Independent News & Media). November 18, 2005. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/alicia-keys-soul-princess-515710.html. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
- ^ "Alicia Keys: Album review". Blender. Blender. February 12, 2003. http://www.blender.com/guide/new/51866/diary-alicia-keys.html. Retrieved May 18, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Alicia Keys: She sings, she acts, she smoulders". Canwest News Service. Canwest Mediaworks Publications. October 15, 2008. http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=f04af0a4-3aa8-477c-b783-903549139ac3. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Freedom du Lac, J. (November 13, 2007). "Alicia Keys, Still Warming Up". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201967.html. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ a b c Kot, Greg (November 11, 2007). "Drab production keeps Alicia Keys' promise unfulfilled". Chicago Tribune (Tribune Company). http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2007/11/drab-production.html. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ a b Tate, Gregory Stephen (November 20, 2007). "Extensions of a Woman". The Village Voice. New Times Media. pp. 1–2. http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-11-20/music/extensions-of-a-woman/. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
- ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – Top Selling Artists". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=tblTopArt&action=. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ Orf, Chris Hansen (July 22, 2008). "R&B queen Alicia Keys to play Dodge Theatre". East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081014112443/http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/story/121327. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ "Green Family Foundation Sponsors Alicia Keys' Keep a Child Alive College Student...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). November 20, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS145550+20-Nov-2008+PRN20081120. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Alicia Keys And Bono Team Up For Charity Track". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. December 1, 2005. http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2005/12/alicia_keys_bono_dont_give_up_africa/. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Bono and Keys duet on Africa song". BBC. December 4, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4497232.stm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Gwyneth Paltrow, Chris Martin, Obie Trice, Notorious B.I.G., Jessica Simpson & More". MTV News. April 10, 2006. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1528266/20060410/coldplay.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Alicia Keys and 'Keep a Child Alive' Visit AHF's Ithembalabantu Clinic, Free AIDS Clinic in Durban, South Africa Run by AIDS Healthcare Foundation". PR Newswire. April 16, 2006. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=168584. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
- ^ "Alicia Keys in Kenya for HIV Project". USA Today (Gannett Company). April 6, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-04-06-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ "Alicia Keys' Documentary "Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland" Available...". Reuters (Thomson Reuters). April 7, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS189864+07-Apr-2008+BW20080407. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Keys lends support to mentoring group". USA Today (Gannett Company). June 24, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-06-24-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Frum Tha Ground Up Story Page". USA Today (Gannett Company). January 22, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-01-21-alicia-keys_x.htm. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Wolinsky, David (June 27, 2005). "Keys, Peas Join Live 8". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7425214/keys_peas_join_live_8. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Moss, Corey (September 2, 2005). "Kelly, Stones, Kanye Added To Massive Disaster-Relief Special". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1508922/20050902/clarkson_kelly.jhtml. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Celebrity-Studded Benefit Raises Funds for Hurricane Katrina Survivors; Shelter From the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast". FindArticles (CBS Corporation). December 6, 2005. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Dec_6/ai_n15896288/. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ Dolan, Jon; Lynskey, Dorian (July 7, 2007). "Live Earth". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/live/54717/hot-in-herre-giants-stadium-east-rutherford-nj.html. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Live Earth New York Rocks Giants Stadium". Spin. Spin Media. July 9, 2007. http://www.spin.com/articles/live-earth-new-york-rocks-giants-stadium. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Samuels, Allison (December 31, 2001). "Alicia Keys". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2001/12/30/alicia-keys.html. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize Concert". Nobel Peace Prize. http://nobelpeaceprize.org/concert/history/index.php. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ Watson, Roland; Costello, Miles; Fleming, Sam (August 12, 2008). "Joss Stone to record song for Barack Obama". The Times (London: News Corporation). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4511270.ece. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
- ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 29, 2009). "BET Awards Salute Michael Jackson With Heartfelt Tributes". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614877/20090629/story.jhtml. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (January 22, 2010). "Alicia Keys Performs 'Prelude to a Kiss' During 'Hope for Haiti Now'". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630327/20100122/keys_alicia.jhtml. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
Further reading[link]
|
Book: Alicia Keys |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Keys, Alicia (2001). Songs in A Minor. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-03776-5.
- Keys, Alicia (2004). The Diary of Alicia Keys. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-07764-3.
- Keys, Alicia (2004). Tears for Water: Songbook of Poems and Lyrics. G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-425-20560-6.
- Keys, Alicia (2006). Unplugged. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 1-4234-0822-5.
- Keys, Alicia (2006). How Can I Keep from Singing?: Transforming the Lives of African Children and Families Affected by AIDS. Umbrage. ISBN 1-884167-60-8.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alicia Keys |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alicia Keys |
- Official website
- Alicia Keys at the Internet Movie Database
- Alicia Keys at Billboard.com
- Alicia Keys at Discogs
- Alicia Keys at Metacritic
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Macy Gray |
MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 2001 |
Succeeded by Avril Lavigne |
| Preceded by Nelly |
BET Award for Best New Artist 2002 |
Succeeded by 50 Cent |
| Preceded by Carl Thomas |
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding New Artist 2002 |
Succeeded by Ashanti |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Keys, Alicia |
| Alternative names | Augello Cook, Alicia |
| Short description | American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress |
| Date of birth | January 25, 1981 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alicia_Keys
Related pages:
http://cs.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://id.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://es.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://ru.wn.com/Киз, Алиша
http://nl.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://it.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://pl.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://fr.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://de.wn.com/Alicia Keys
http://hi.wn.com/अलिसिया कीज़
http://pt.wn.com/Alicia Keys
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
.png){kind=link}
