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Home automation is the residential extension of "building automation". It is automation of the home, housework or household activity. Home automation may include centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems, to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Home automation for the elderly and disabled can provide increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care.

A home automation system integrates electrical devices in a house with each other. The techniques employed in home automation include those in building automation as well as the control of domestic activities, such as home entertainment systems, houseplant and yard watering, pet feeding, changing the ambiance "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or parties), and the use of domestic robots. Devices may be connected through a computer network to allow control by a personal computer, and may allow remote access from the internet. Through the integration of information technologies with the home environment, systems and appliances are able to communicate in an integrated manner which results in convenience, energy efficiency, and safety benefits.

Although automated homes of the future have been staple exhibits for World's Fairs and popular backgrounds in science fiction, complexity, competition between vendors, multiple incompatible standards^[1] and the resulting expense have limited the penetration of home automation to homes of the wealthy or ambitious hobbyists. Possibly the first "home computer" was an experimental home automation system in 1966.^[2][3]

A typical domestic patch panel.

Overview and benefits[link]

In modern construction in industrialized nations, homes have been wired for electrical power, telephones, TV outlets (cable or antenna), and a doorbell.

Many household tasks were automated by the development of special appliances. For instance, automatic washing machines were developed to reduce the manual labor of cleaning clothes, and water heaters reduced the labor necessary for bathing.

Other traditional household tasks, like food preservation and preparation have been automated in large extent by moving them into factory settings, with the development of pre-made, pre-packaged foods, and in some countries, such as the United States, increased reliance on commercial food preparation services, such as fast food restaurants. Volume and the factory setting allows forms of automation that would be impractical or too costly in a home setting. Standardized foods enable possible further automation of handling the food within the home.

The use of gaseous or liquid fuels, and later the use of electricity enabled increased automation in heating, reducing the labor necessary to fuel heaters and stoves. Development of thermostats allowed more automated control of heating, and later cooling.

A remote control for moving vessels and vehicles was first patented by Nikola Tesla in 1898.^[4]

World's Fairs in Chicago (1934), New York (1939) and (1964–65)^[5] depicted electrified and automated homes. In 1966 Jim Sutherland, an engineer working for Westinghouse Electric, developed a home automation system called "ECHO IV"; this was a private project and never commercialized.^[6]

With the invention of the microcontroller, the cost of electronic control fell rapidly. Remote and intelligent control technologies were adopted by the building services industry and appliance manufacturers worldwide, as they offer the end user easily accessible and/or greater control of their products.

By the late 90's, domotics was commonly used to describe any system in which informatics and telematics were combined to support activities in the home.^[7] The phrase appears to be a portmanteau word formed from domus (Latin, meaning house) and informatics, and therefore refers specifically to the application of computer and robot technologies to domestic appliances.

As the number of controllable devices in the home rises, interconnection and communication becomes a useful and desirable feature. For example, a furnace can send an alert message when it needs cleaning, or a refrigerator when it needs service. Rooms will become "intelligent" and will send signals to the controller when someone enters. If no one is supposed to be home and the alarm system is set, the system could call the owner, or the neighbors, or an emergency number.

In simple installations this may be as straightforward as turning on the lights when a person enters the room. In advanced installations, rooms can sense not only the presence of a person inside but know who that person is and perhaps set appropriate lighting, temperature, music levels or television channels, taking into account the day of the week, the time of day, and other factors.

Other automated tasks may include setting the air conditioning to an energy saving setting when the house is unoccupied, and restoring the normal setting when an occupant is about to return. More sophisticated systems can maintain an inventory of products, recording their usage through bar codes, or an RFID tag, and prepare a shopping list or even automatically order replacements.

Home automation can also provide a remote interface to home appliances or the automation system itself, via telephone line, wireless transmission or the internet, to provide control and monitoring via a smartphone or web browser.

An example of a remote monitoring in home automation could be when a smoke detector detects a fire or smoke condition, then all lights in the house will blink to alert any occupants of the house to the possible fire. If the house is equipped with a home theatre, a home automation system can shut down all audio and video components to avoid distractions, or make an audible announcement. The system could also call the home owner on their mobile phone to alert them, or call the fire department or alarm monitoring company.

In terms of Lighting Home Automation, it is possible to save energy when installing various products. Simple functions such as motion sensors and detectors integrated into a relatively simple home automation system can save hours of wasted energy in both residential and commercial applications. For example imagine an auto on/off at night time in all major city office blocks, say after 10pm, when no motion is detected, lights shut down, the company could save kilowatts of wasted overnight energy.

System[link]

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The elements of a domotics system are:

• hardware controllers or software controllers
• sensors
• actuators

A centralized controller can be used, or multiple intelligent devices can be distributed around the home.

Classifications of domestic network technologies[link]

• Device interconnection:
  • Bluetooth
  • IEEE 1394 interface (FireWire)
  • IrDA
  • Universal Serial Bus (USB)
  • ZigBee
• Control and automation nets:
  • BACnet
  • SCS BUS with OpenWebNet
  • C-Bus (protocol)
  • CEBus
  • ECHONET
  • EnOcean
  • EHS
  • INSTEON
  • KNX (European Installation Bus)
  • LonWorks
  • ONE-NET
  • S-Bus
  • Universal Powerline Bus
  • VSCP
  • X10
  • XPL Protocol
  • Z-Wave
  • ZigBee
• Data nets:
  • Ethernet
  • Homeplug
  • HomePNA
  • WiFi

There have been many attempts to standardise the forms of hardware, electronic and communication interfaces needed to construct a home automation system. Some standards use additional communication and control wiring, some embed signals in the existing power circuit of the house, some use radio frequency (RF) signals, and some use a combination of several methods. Control wiring is hardest to retrofit into an existing house. Some appliances include USB that is used to control it and connect it to a domotics network. Bridges translate information from one standard to another, e.g., from X10 to European Installation Bus.

Centralizing control[link]

Besides the upcoming standardisation of home automation hardware, there is also the issue of the control software. In older systems (and some contemporary ones), the control of each home automation system needed to be done separately, and there was thus no central control system. This sometimes led to a great amount of remote controls, one being needed to control each individual part of the system. However, with the new generation of home automation systems, central control can be foreseen. Software such as Fast Track Team Home Personality Software Greeter 1.0 (aka "Cleopatra"),^[8] e-Home Automation, ... allows the control to happen from a single computer or television screen, and/or even from a smartphone (e.g. iPhone).^[9]

Tasks[link]

HVAC[link]

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) solutions can include temperature and humidity control, and more commonly in Europe, fresh air, heating and natural cooling. Home automation solutions are varied and could include an internet-controlled thermostat, by allowing the homeowner to control the building's heating and air conditioning systems remotely, or it could be linked to windows to allow automated opening and closing to allow hot air out and cool air in to allow for cooling of the thermal mass of the house structure. Many systems are designed to not only provide convenience but to also allow for better energy efficiency.

Lighting[link]

Lighting control systems can be used to control household electric lights. Examples include:

• Extinguish all the lights of the house at a predetermined time and date range
• Use of motion detectors to automatically extinguish the lights in a room after occupants have left and turn on the lights if occupants enter a room
• Turn the light on or off with the use of a remote wireless device
• Control the brightness of the lights according to the level of ambient light available, or other criteria
• Change the ambient colour of a room via the lights used (mood control)

Natural lighting control involves controlling window shades, LCD shades, draperies and awnings.

Audio Visual[link]

This category includes audio and video switching and distribution. Multiple audio or video sources can be selected and distributed to one or more rooms and can be linked with lighting and blinds to provide mood settings.

Security[link]

Control and integration of security systems and also the potential for central locking of all perimeter doors and windows.^[10]

With Home Automation, the consumer can select and watch cameras live from an Internet source to their home or business. Security cameras can be controlled, allowing the user to observe activity around a house or business right from a Monitor or touch panel. Security systems can include motion sensors that will detect any kind of unauthorized movement and notify the user through the security system or via cell phone. This category also includes control and distribution of security cameras (see surveillance).

• Detection of possible intrusion
  • sensors of detection of movement
  • sensors of magnetic contact of door/window
  • sensors of glass breaking
  • sensors of pressure changes
• Simulation of presence.
• Detection of fire, gas leaks, water leaks (see fire alarm and gas alarm)
• Medical alert. Teleassistance.
• Precise and safe closing of blinds.

Intercoms[link]

An intercom system allows communication via a microphone and loud speaker between multiple rooms. Integration of the intercom to the telephone, or of the video door entry system to the television set, allowing the residents to view the door camera automatically.

Domestic robotics (domotics)[link]

Journalist Bruno de Latour coined the term domotic in 1984.^[11]Domotic has been recently introduced in vocabulary as a composite word of Latin word domus and informatics,^[12][13] or a contraction of domestic robotics, and it refers to intelligent houses meaning the use of the automation technologies and computer science applied to the home.

The Spanish Domótica, French Domotique, Italian Domotica, Portuguese Domótica and a number of other words in other languages also derive from Latin word domus and "Robotic...", "Informatic..." or "Automatic...".

Domotics includes completely automated systems that control entertainment, heating, broadband, lighting and security from one of many types of digital computer control devices, panels and mobile handset. Domotics is used to improve the quality of life increasing comfort, security and the same time obtaining costs and energy savings. The term covers a range of applications:^[14][15]

• Domotics is the discipline that investigates how to realize an intelligent home environment.^[16][17]
• Digital Home as a spectrum of services including home automation, multimedia, telecommunications, e-commerce, etc. through wired and wireless networks
• Household devices, appliances, entertainment centers, temperature and lighting control units, that behave intelligently
• Under the domotics umbrella fall home security systems, whole-house audio or video systems, lights, gates and household LAN
• Domotics and home automation means that systems talk to each other so that the result is convenience, energy efficiency, and safety
• Control of home robots, using if necessary domotic electric beacon.
• Home robot communication (i.e. using WiFi) with the domotic network and other home robots.
• Home assistive technologies^[18][19]

Other systems[link]

A homemade Internet-enabled cat feeder.

Using special hardware, almost any household appliance can be monitored and controlled automatically or remotely, including:

• Coffeemaker or tea maker (such as the Teasmade)
• Garage door
• Pet feeding and watering
• Plant watering
• Pool pump(s) and heater, hot tub and spa
• Sump Pump

Costs[link]

An automated home can be a very simple grouping of controls, or it can be heavily automated where any appliance that is plugged into electrical power is remotely controlled. Costs mainly include equipment, components, furniture, and custom installation.^[20]

Ongoing costs include electricity to run the control systems, maintenance costs for the control and networking systems, including troubleshooting, and eventual cost of upgrading as standards change. Increased complexity may also increase maintenance costs for networked devices.

Learning to use a complex system effectively may take significant time and training.

Control system security may be difficult and costly to maintain, especially if the control system extends beyond the home, for instance by wireless or by connection to the internet or other networks.

Smart Grid[link]

Home automation technologies are viewed as integral additions to the Smart grid. The ability to control lighting, appliances, HVAC as well as Smart Grid applications (load shedding, demand response, real-time power usage and price reporting)^[21] will become vital as Smart Grid initiatives are rolled out.^{[citation needed]} Green Automation is the term coined to describe energy management strategies in home automation when data from smart grids is combined with home automation systems to use resources at either their lowest prices or highest availability, taking advantage, for instance, of high solar panel output in the middle of the day to automatically run washing machines.

Organizations[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Home automation

• Research group on Domotics and Ambient Intelligence, DAI group, University of Alicante. Research in systems integration, efficient use of energy, ambient assisted living, person-environment interfaces and smart environments. Success case: metalTIC - Hogar Digital. Research infrastructure: DAI Lab. Validation tool: DAI Virtual Lab.
• Home Automation at the Open Directory Project
• ALAN CAWSON, LESLIE HADDON, IAN MILES PREST, The Shape of Things to Consume
• CocoonTech.com Active home automation portal, with tutorials, guides, news, reviews, chat, forums, including contributions from many manufacturers, vendors and experts in the field.
• e-Domotica - Eminent's home automation within everyone’s reach. Affortable. Control your lights and equipment, energy savings, alarm function, video monitoring in one system. From any where in the world!!!

v t e Home automation System Elements Hardware controllers  · Sensors  · Actuators Interconnection By wire Optical fiber  · Cable (xDSL)  · Powerline (X10  · Universal powerline bus (UPB)  · PLCBUS) Wireless Radio frequency (Wi-Fi  · GPRS and UMTS  · Bluetooth  · DECT  · ZigBee  · Z-Wave  · X-Comfort  · ONE-NET  · EnOcean)  · Infrared (Consumer IR) Both Insteon Network technologies Device interconnection Bluetooth  · FireWire  · IrDA  · USB  · ZigBee Control and automation nets SCS BUS with OpenWebNet  · C-Bus (protocol)  · CEBus  · EnOcean  · EHS  · INSTEON  · KNX  · LonWorks  · ONE-NET  · Universal Powerline Bus  · X10  · ZigBee  · Z-Wave Data nets Ethernet  · Homeplug  · HomePNA  · WiFi Tasks Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)  · Lighting control system  · Audio and video  · Security  · Robotics  · Other systems Other Costs  · Smart Grid  · Organizations See also: Home of the future  · Building automation  · Home network  · Home server  · Floor plan  · House navigation system  · Home energy monitor  · Xanadu Houses  · Ubiquitous computing

v t e Robotics Main articles Outline Glossary Index History Future of robotics Robotics worldwide Robot Hall of Fame Roboethics Robotic laws Human-robot interaction AI Competitions Types Humanoid Android Biomorphic Hexapod Industrial Articulated Domestic Entertainment Military Medical Service Disability Agricultural Food service BEAM robotics Microbotics Nanorobotics List of robots Fictional robots Classifications Stationary Ground Underwater Aerial Space Polar robots Locomotion Wheels Tracks Walking Running Swimming Climbing Hopping Metachronal motion Crawling Brachiating Navigation Manual, remote or tele-op Guarded tele-op Line-following robot Autonomously randomized robot Autonomously guided robot Sliding autonomy Research Roboticist Areas Evolutionary Kits Simulator Suite Open-source Software Adaptable Developmental Paradigms Ubiquitous Category Commons Portal WikiProject

[{nl:e-domotica]]

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Bobby Darin
Darin in 1959
Background information
Birth name	Walden Robert Cassotto
Born	(1936-05-14)May 14, 1936 The Bronx, New York, United States
Died	December 20, 1973(1973-12-20) (aged 37) Los Angeles, California, United States
Genres	Jazz, blues, Rock N' Roll
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter, actor
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, drums, harmonica, xylophone
Years active	1956–1973
Labels	Decca, Atco, Capitol, Brunswick, Atlantic, Motown

Bobby Darin (born Walden Robert Cassotto; May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973) was an American singer who performed in a range of music genres, including pop, rock, jazz, folk, and country.

He started as a songwriter for Connie Francis, and recorded his own first million-seller "Splish Splash" in 1958. This was followed by "Dream Lover", "Mack the Knife" and "Beyond the Sea", which brought him world fame. In 1962, he won a Golden Globe for his first film Come September, co-starring his wife Sandra Dee.

Through the 1960s he became more political, and worked on Bobby Kennedy's presidential campaign, being present on the night of his assassination. This affected him and sent him into a period of seclusion.

Although he made a successful television comeback, his health was starting to fail, as he had always expected, following bouts of rheumatic fever in childhood. This knowledge had always spurred him on to exploit his musical talent while still young. He died at 37, following a heart operation in Los Angeles.

Early years[link]

Darin was born in The Bronx. His maternal grandfather, Saverio Antonio Cassotto, was of Italian descent. His maternal grandmother, Vivian Fern (Walden), was of English ("Old Yankee") and Danish ancestry.^[1][2][3] He was raised by his maternal grandmother, a vaudeville singer.^[4] It was not until he was 32, that he learned that Giovannina Cassotto, the woman he believed to be his elder sister, was his birth mother.^[5]

By the time he was a teenager he could play several instruments, including piano, drums and guitar. He later added harmonica and xylophone.

Graduating from the prestigious Bronx High School of Science Darin won a scholarship to attend Hunter College, which he dropped out of in order to play small nightclubs around the city with a musical combo.

Music career[link]

Darin's career took off with a songwriting partnership, formed in 1955 with fellow Bronx High School of Science student Don Kirshner and in 1956 his agent negotiated a contract with Decca Records. The songs recorded at Decca did very little business.

A member of the Brill Building gang of struggling songwriters, Darin was introduced to singer Connie Francis, for whom he helped write several songs. They developed a romantic interest of which her father did not approve and the couple soon split up. Francis has said that not marrying Darin was the biggest mistake of her life.^[6]

Darin left Decca to sign with Atlantic Records (ATCO), where he wrote and arranged music for himself and others. Songs he recorded, like Harry Warren's I Found a Million Dollar Baby, were sung in an Elvis style, which did not suit his personality.

Under the guidance of Atlantic's Turkish-American co-founder Ahmet Ertegun, Darin's career finally took off in 1958 when he recorded "Splish Splash", selling more than a million copies,^[7] which he co-wrote with radio DJ Murray Kaufman after a bet that he could not write a song that started out with the words, "Splish Splash, I was takin' a bath".^{[citation needed]}

In 1959, Darin recorded the self-penned "Dream Lover", a ballad that became a multi-million seller. With it came financial success and the ability to demand more creative control. His next single, "Mack the Knife", the standard from Kurt Weill's Threepenny Opera, was given a vamping jazz-pop interpretation. Although initially opposed to releasing it as a single,^[8] the song went to No. 1 on the charts for nine weeks, sold two million copies, and won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1960. Darin was also voted the Grammy Award for Best New Artist that year, and "Mack The Knife" has since been honored with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

Darin followed "Mack" with "Beyond the Sea", a jazzy English-language version of Charles Trenet's French hit song "La Mer". Both tracks were produced by Atlantic founders Ahmet and Nesuhi Ertegün with staff producer Jerry Wexler and featured arrangements by Richard Wess.

This success saw Darin set the all-time attendance record at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City. He also headlined at the major casinos in Las Vegas.

In the 1960s, Darin owned and operated a music publishing and production company (TM Music/Trio) and signed Wayne Newton to TM, giving him a song that was originally sent to Darin to record. That record went on to become Newton's breakout hit, "Danke Schoen". He also was a mentor to Roger McGuinn, who worked for Darin at TM Music and played the 12-string guitar in Darin's nightclub band before forming The Byrds. Darin also produced Rosey Grier's 1964 LP, Soul City, and Made in the Shade for Jimmy Boyd.^{[citation needed]}

In 1962, Darin began to write and sing country music, with hit songs including "Things" (US #3/UK #2) (1962), "You're the Reason I'm Living" (US #3), and "18 Yellow Roses" (US #10). The latter two were recorded by Capitol Records, which he joined in 1962, before returning to Atlantic four years later. In 1966 he had his final UK hit single, with a version of Tim Hardin's "If I Were A Carpenter", which peaked at #9. He performed the opening and closing songs on the soundtrack of the 1965 Walt Disney film That Darn Cat! "Things" was sung by Dean Martin in the 1967 TV special Movin' With Nancy, starring Nancy Sinatra, which was released to home video in 2000.^[9]

Acting career[link]

Darin and "Deadeye" in a 1965 Red Skelton Show skit.

In 1960, Darin appeared twice as himself in NBC's short-lived crime drama Dan Raven, starring Skip Homeier and set on the Sunset Strip of West Hollywood. In the same year, he was the only actor ever to have been signed to five major Hollywood film studios. He wrote music for several films which he appeared in.

His first major film, Come September, was a romantic comedy designed to capitalize on his popularity with the teenage and young adult audience, in which he co-starred with 18-year-old actress Sandra Dee. They couple were married in 1960, and had one son, Dodd Mitchell Darin (born 1961), but divorced in 1967.

In 1962, Darin won the Golden Globe Award for "New Star Of The Year - Actor" for his role in Come September.^[10] The following year he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama" (Best actor) in Pressure Point.

In 1963, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as a shell-shocked soldier in Captain Newman, M.D.. At the Cannes Film Festival he won the French Film Critics Award for best actor.

In October 1964, he appeared as a wounded ex-convict who is befriended by an orphan girl in the episode "The John Gillman Story" of NBC's Wagon Train western television series.^[11]

Later years[link]

Darin's musical output became more "folky" as the 1960s progressed, and he became more politically active. In 1966, he had a hit with folksinger Tim Hardin's "If I Were a Carpenter", securing a return to the Top 10 after a two-year absence.

Darin traveled with Robert Kennedy and worked on the politician's 1968 presidential campaign. He was with Kennedy the day he traveled to Los Angeles on June 4, 1968, for the California primary, and was at the Ambassador Hotel later that night when Kennedy was assassinated.

Dick and Tom Smothers play Chico and Harpo to Darin's Groucho, 1972.

This event drove Darin into seclusion, living in a trailer near Big Sur for almost a year. Returning to Los Angeles in 1969, Darin started Direction Records, putting out folk and protest music. He wrote "Simple Song of Freedom" in 1969, which was recorded by Tim Hardin, singing only three of the four verses of the song.

Of his first Direction album, Darin said that "The purpose of Direction Records is to seek out statement-makers. The album is solely [composed] of compositions designed to reflect my thoughts on the turbulent aspects of modern society."^[12]

In 1972, he starred in his own television variety show on NBC, The Bobby Darin Amusement Company, which ran until his death in 1973. Darin married Andrea Yeager in June 1973. He made TV guest appearances and remained a top draw in Las Vegas.^{[citation needed]}

Other interests[link]

Darin was an enthusiastic chess player.^[13] His television show included an occasional segment in which he would explain a chess move.^[14] He arranged with the United States Chess Federation to sponsor a grandmaster tournament, with the largest prize fund in history,^[15] but the event was canceled after his death.^[16]

Health[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Darin was frail as an infant and, from the age of 8, was stricken with recurring bouts of rheumatic fever which left him with a seriously weakened heart. In January 1971, he underwent his first heart surgery in an attempt to correct some of the heart damage he had lived with since childhood. He spent most of that year recovering from the surgery.

At the end of his career, he was often administered oxygen after his performances.

Death[link]

In 1973, after failing to take medication to protect his heart before a dental visit, Darin developed an overwhelming systemic infection (sepsis). This further weakened his body and affected one of his heart valves. On December 11, he entered Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles for surgery to repair two artificial heart valves he had received in January 1971. On the evening of December 19, a surgical team worked for over six hours to repair his damaged heart. Darin died in the recovery room on December 20, 1973, at the age of 37 without regaining consciousness.

There were no funeral arrangements, Darin's last wish in his will being that his body be donated to science for medical research, and his remains were transferred to UCLA Medical Center shortly after his death.

Legacy[link]

In 1990, singer Paul Anka made the speech inducting Darin into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1999, he was voted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

The Righteous Brothers refer to Darin in their song, "Rock and Roll Heaven", a tribute to dead musicians released months after Darin's death.

In 1998 PBS aired the documentary, Bobby Darin: Beyond the Song, produced by Henry Astor and Jason Cilo.

In a 2003 episode of the NBC television series American Dreams, Duncan Sheik portrays Darin and performs "Beyond the Sea" on American Bandstand. Brittany Snow's character, Meg Pryor, is assigned as Darin's liaison during the show.

On Monday, May 14, 2007, Darin was awarded a star on the Las Vegas Walk of Stars to honor his contribution to making Las Vegas the "Entertainment Capital of the World", and to acknowledge his reputation as one of the greatest entertainers of the 20th century. The sponsorship fee for his star was raised entirely by fan donations.

In December 2007, Darin was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.

Darin had a custom car built called the "Dream Car", designed by Andy DiDia;^[17] which is on display at the St. Louis Museum of Transportation.^[18]

On December 13, 2009, the Recording Academy announced that Darin would receive a posthumous Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 Grammy Awards ceremony.

Biopic[link]

In 1986, director Barry Levinson intended to direct a film based on Darin's life, and had begun preproduction on the project by early 1997. He abandoned the project, the rights to which were subsequently bought by actor Kevin Spacey, along with Darin's son, Dodd. The resultant biopic, Beyond the Sea, starred Spacey as Darin, with the actor using his own singing voice for the musical numbers. The film covers much of Darin's life and career, including his marriage to Sandra Dee, portrayed by Kate Bosworth.

With the consent of the Darin estate, former Darin manager Steve Blauner, and archivist Jimmy Scalia, Beyond the Sea opened at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival. Though Dodd Darin, Sandra Dee, and Blauner responded enthusiastically to Spacey's work and the film was strongly promoted by the studio, Beyond the Sea received mixed-to-poor reviews upon wide release, and box office results were disappointing. Some critics praised Spacey's performance, largely owing to his decision to use his own singing voice. Spacey was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor—Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, but the award went to Jamie Foxx.^[19]

The film resulted in the issue of previously unreleased Darin music.

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

"Early In The Morning"

Darin approached Brunswick Records with "Early In the Morning." Brunswick was impressed, but as Darin was still under contract to Atlantic Records' subsidiary, Atco, the song was released by 'The Ding Dongs'. New York deejays liked the record and Atco soon discovered the deception. Brunswick was forced to turn over the masters to Atco which released the record under the name, 'The Rinky Dinks'. In the UK where it had to compete with a version by Buddy Holly, rush released by Brunswick, the single was released under Darin's own name.^[24]

Albums[link]

Note: There were separate Cashbox charts for mono and stereo albums until 1965

Filmography[link]

• Shadows (1959)
• Pepe (1960)
• Come September (1961)
• Too Late Blues (1962)
• State Fair (1962)
• Hell Is for Heroes (1962)
• If a Man Answers (1962)
• Pressure Point (1962)
• Captain Newman, M.D. (1963)
• That Funny Feeling (1965)
• Gunfight in Abilene (1967)
• Stranger in the House (1967)
• The Happy Ending (1969)
• Happy Mother's Day, Love George (1973)

Books[link]

• Dodd Darin & Maxine Paetro: Dream Lovers: the Magnificent Shattered Lives of Bobby Darin and Sandra Dee. New York: Warner Books 1994. ISBN 0-446-51768-2

References[link]

External links[link]

Biography portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bobby Darin

• Official website
• Bobby Darin at the Internet Movie Database
• International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
• Hall of Rock
• Jimmy Scalia: The Official Bobby Darin Archivist
• Bobby Darin Discography: Complete Details on all Darin LPs

Watch[link]

• "Beyond the Sea" (2004) Hollywood movie on the life of Bobby Darin

Listen[link]

• Bobby Darin interview recorded 11.5.1967 [2] on the Pop Chronicles