Cbs News

Tuesday, 30 October 2012

Cbs News

CBS Exposes Hillary Clinton Bosnia Trip.

Walter Cronkite And The Lunar Landing (CBS News)

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Breakfast television
Breakfast television (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and United Kingdom ) or morning show (Canada and United States), is a type of news and entertainment television program, broadcast live in the morning (typically between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m.). Often hosted by a small team of male and female hosts, morning shows typically target the combined demographic of people getting ready for work and school, and stay-at-home adults and parents.
http://wn.com/Breakfast_television
CBS Broadcast Center
The CBS Broadcast Center is a television and radio production facility located in New York City. It is CBS's main East Coast production center, much as Television City in Los Angeles is the West Coast hub.
http://wn.com/CBS_Broadcast_Center
CBS Studio Center
CBS Studio Center is a television and film studio located in the Studio City district of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley. It is located at 4024 Radford Avenue and takes up a triangular piece of land, with the Los Angeles River bisecting the site. The lot, which is not open to the public for tours, has 18 sound stages from 7,000 to ; of office space; and 223 dressing rooms.
http://wn.com/CBS_Studio_Center
CBS Television City
CBS Television City is a television studio complex located in the Fairfax District of Los Angeles at 7800 Beverly Boulevard, at the corner of North Fairfax Avenue. It is one of two CBS television studios in southern California — the other is CBS Studio Center, located in the Studio City section of the San Fernando Valley, which houses additional production facilities and the network's Los Angeles local television operations (KCBS and KCAL). The company's West Coast radio production center is located more than a mile away to the south, in the Miracle Mile neighborhood.
http://wn.com/CBS_Television_City
CNBC
CNBC (officially the Consumer News and Business Channel until 1991) is a satellite and cable television business news channel in the U.S., owned and operated by NBC Universal. The network and its international spinoffs cover business headlines and provide live coverage of financial markets. The combined reach of CNBC and its siblings is 390 million viewers around the world. In 2007, the network was ranked as the 19th most valuable cable channel in the U.S., worth roughly $4 billion. It is headquartered in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
http://wn.com/CNBC
Fred Friendly
http://wn.com/Fred_Friendly
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York
Sandra Hughes
Sandra Spaulding Hughes is a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives. She has represented the 18th district (New Hanover and Pender counties) since her appointment in April 2008 to replace Thomas E. Wright, who had been expelled. Hughes was elected to a full term in 2008 and chose not to seek another term in 2010.
http://wn.com/Sandra_Hughes
Sky News
Sky News is a 24-hour based domestic and international satellite television news broadcaster with an emphasis on UK and international news stories.
http://wn.com/Sky_News
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
http://wn.com/White_House

Alexander Kendrick
http://wn.com/Alexander_Kendrick
Alexis Christoforous
Alexis Elizabeth Christoforous (b. October 19, 1970) is the New York-based correspondent for CBS MoneyWatch.com, (formerly CBS MarketWatch), and CBS Newspath, the 24-hour affiliate news service of CBS News, since 2005.
http://wn.com/Alexis_Christoforous
Alison Stewart
Alison Stewart (born July 4, 1966 in Glen Ridge, New Jersey) is an American radio and television journalist. She was one of the hosts of the Bryant Park Project, a morning drive news program from NPR. Stewart first gained widespread visibility as a political correspondent for MTV News in the 1990s.
http://wn.com/Alison_Stewart
Andy Rooney
Andrew Aitken "Andy" Rooney (born January 14, 1919) is an American radio and television writer. He is most notable for his weekly broadcast "A Few Minutes with Andy Rooney", a part of the CBS News program 60 Minutes since 1978.
http://wn.com/Andy_Rooney
Armen Keteyian
Armen Keteyian (born March 6, 1953) is an American television journalist and author. He is currently CBS News' Chief Investigative Correspondent based out of New York, reporting primarily for the "CBS Evening News with Katie Couric," while also contributing to "60 Minutes."
http://wn.com/Armen_Keteyian
Barry Petersen
Barry Petersen is a long-time CBS News Correspondent. He has reported from around the world on numerous issues such as wars and natural disasters to Paris fashions, the fading popularity of Welsh choirs, and the return of American Jazz to Shanghai, China. His stories have been datelined from virtually every continent in a career with CBS News that spans more than three decades.
http://wn.com/Barry_Petersen
Barry Serafin
For the golf course architect, see Barry Serafin (golf course architect)
http://wn.com/Barry_Serafin
Ben Tracy
Ben Tracy (born 1976) has been a CBS News correspondent since January 2008. He is based in Los Angeles and covers the western United States, primarily for the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric and The Early Show.
http://wn.com/Ben_Tracy
Bernard Goldberg
Bernard Richard Goldberg (born May 31, 1945), also known as Bernie Goldberg, is a ten-time Emmy Award-winning American writer, journalist, and political commentator. Goldberg is currently a commentator for Fox News and a correspondent for HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel.
http://wn.com/Bernard_Goldberg
Bernard Kalb
Bernard Kalb (born February 4, 1922) is a journalist, media critic and author.
http://wn.com/Bernard_Kalb
Betty Nguyen
Betty Nguyen (born September 1, 1974) is an American news anchor with CBS News. Nguyen joined CBS News on March 11, 2010. She anchors the "CBS Morning News," reports regularly for "The Early Show" and contributes to the Division's other broadcasts and platforms.
http://wn.com/Betty_Nguyen
Bianca Solorzano
Bianca Solorzano (born March 21, 1974 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a correspondent for CBS News. Prior to joining CBS News, Solorzano was an anchor on MSNBC.
http://wn.com/Bianca_Solorzano
Bill Downs
William Randall "Bill" Downs (August 17, 1914 – May 3, 1978) was a Kansas City-born American broadcast journalist for CBS Radio from 1942 to 1962.
http://wn.com/Bill_Downs
Bill Kurtis
Bill Kurtis (born William Horton Kuretich; September 21, 1940) is an American television journalist, producer, and Chicago news anchor. He is also the current host of A&E; crime and news documentary shows, including Investigative Reports, American Justice, and Cold Case Files. Previously, he anchored CBS Morning News.
http://wn.com/Bill_Kurtis
Bill Lynch
:For other persons named William Lynch, see William Lynch
http://wn.com/Bill_Lynch
Bill McLaughlin
:For the radio host, see Bill McGlaughlin
http://wn.com/Bill_McLaughlin
Bill Plante
Bill Plante (born January 14, 1938) is a veteran journalist and correspondent for CBS News, having joined the network in 1964. He has been the senior White House correspondent for CBS since January 1993 and reports regularly on The Early Show and the CBS Evening News. He anchored CBS Sunday Night News from June 1988 to August 1996.
http://wn.com/Bill_Plante
Bill Shadel
Bill Shadel (July 31, 1908-January 29, 2005) was an American news anchor for CBS Radio and ABC Television.
http://wn.com/Bill_Shadel
Bill Whitney
Willard (Bill) Whitney is an American broadcast journalist for CBS News. He is best known as an anchor and correspondent for the CBS Radio Network, where he hosts the evening edition of the World News Roundup.
http://wn.com/Bill_Whitney
Blair Clark
Ledyard Blair Clark (August 22, 1917 – June 6, 2000) was a liberal journalist and political activist who played key roles both as a journalist and a political operator. He was general manager and vice president of CBS News from 1961 to 1964, and later became editor of The Nation magazine. He was Senator Eugene McCarthy's national campaign manager for the 1968 presidential nomination.
http://wn.com/Blair_Clark
Bob Allison
http://wn.com/Bob_Allison
Bob Arnot
Bob Arnot is host of the Dr Danger reality TV series, author of ten books on nutrition and health topics and previously medical and foreign correspondent for NBC Nightly News. He was let go from NBC, allegedly for complaining about biased coverage of the war in Iraq.
http://wn.com/Bob_Arnot
Bob McKeown
Robert "Bob" McKeown () is an investigative reporter with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. He has also worked with NBC and CBS. McKeown returned to the CBC in November 2002 to host its investigative programme, the fifth estate, a show which he had hosted from 1981 to 1990. Prior to his current position, McKeown spent eight years working for Dateline NBC as a correspondent and five years with CBS News. He is a graduate of Yale University and had a six year professional football career before dedicating himself to journalism.
http://wn.com/Bob_McKeown
Bob Schieffer
Bob Lloyd Schieffer (; born February 25, 1937) is an American television journalist who has been with CBS News since 1969, serving 23 years as anchor on the Saturday edition of CBS Evening News from 1973 to 1996; chief Washington correspondent since 1982, moderator of the Sunday public affairs show Face the Nation since 1991, and, between March 2005 and August 31, 2006, interim weekday anchor of the CBS Evening News.
http://wn.com/Bob_Schieffer
Bob Simon
Bob Simon (born May 29, 1941) is a CBS News television correspondent.
http://wn.com/Bob_Simon
Bob Sirott
Robert "Bob" Sirott (born August 9, 1949), is a Chicago broadcaster who currently is one of the two principal news anchors at WFLD-TV in Chicago and is a radio host at WGN-AM.
http://wn.com/Bob_Sirott
Bruce Morton
Bruce Morton (born October 28, 1930, in Norwalk, Connecticut) was a television news correspondent for both CBS News and CNN in a career which spanned over 40 years.
http://wn.com/Bruce_Morton
Bryant Gumbel
Bryant Charles Gumbel (born September 29, 1948) is an American television journalist and sportscaster. He is best known for his 15 years as co-host of NBC's The Today Show. He is the younger brother of sportscaster Greg Gumbel.
http://wn.com/Bryant_Gumbel
Byron Pitts
Byron Pitts (born October 21, 1960) is an American journalist and author, who is currently a chief national correspondent for The CBS Evening News with Katie Couric and a contributor to the newsmagazine 60 Minutes. He has covered the September 11, 2001 attacks and Iraq.
http://wn.com/Byron_Pitts
Cami McCormick
Cami McCormick (born November 5, 1961) is an award-winning radio journalist for CBS News who previously worked for CNN. She was injured in Afghanistan on August 28, 2009 when the vehicle in which she was traveling was hit by an improvised explosive device.
http://wn.com/Cami_McCormick
Carol Marin
Carol Marin (born October 10, 1948) is a television and print journalist based in Chicago, Illinois.
http://wn.com/Carol_Marin
Charles K. Gifford
Charles K. Gifford is Chairman Emeritus of Bank of America, joining the company as CEO of BankBoston. He is also a corporate director of CBS Corporation.
http://wn.com/Charles_K_Gifford
Charles Kuralt
Charles Kuralt (September 10, 1934 – July 4, 1997) was an American journalist. He was most widely known for his long career with CBS, first for his "On the Road" segments on The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, and later as the first anchor of CBS News Sunday Morning, a position he held for fifteen years.
http://wn.com/Charles_Kuralt
Charles Osgood
Charles Osgood (born Charles Osgood Wood, III on January 8, 1933) is a radio and television commentator in the United States. His daily program, The Osgood File, has been broadcast on the CBS Radio Network since 1971. He is also famous for giving the voice of the narrator of Horton Hears a Who!, an animated film released in 2008, based on the book by Dr. Seuss. Osgood was born in New York City. He graduated from Fordham University with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1954 with a major in economics. While at Fordham, Osgood worked at the university's FM radio station WFUV. He was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 1990.
http://wn.com/Charles_Osgood
Charlie Rose
Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942) is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose, an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. He was concurrently a correspondent for 60 Minutes II from its inception in January 1999 until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes.
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose
Chip Reid
Charles "Chip" Reid (born Charles Henry Reid, Jr.) is the Chief White House Correspondent for CBS News. He assumed the position on January 5, 2009. Prior to the post, he was the network's congressional correspondent. He was previously with NBC News, where he covered politics and Capitol Hill.
http://wn.com/Chip_Reid
Christopher Glenn
http://wn.com/Christopher_Glenn
Claire Leka
Claire Leka is a television presenter and journalist, specializing in business & finance. For a long part of her career, she worked for CNN as a correspondent and as a freelance reporter for CBS. She is a prominent Filipina, and was born in Washington, DC. Leka has also been a Finance correspondent on Australian breakfast show Sunrise.
http://wn.com/Claire_Leka
Connie Chung
Connie Chung, full name: Constance Yu-Hwa Chung Povich (; born August 20, 1946) is an American journalist who has been an anchor and reporter for several U.S. television news networks. She is married to talk show host Maury Povich.
http://wn.com/Connie_Chung
Dallas Townsend
Dallas S. Townsend (Jr.) (b. Jan. 17, 1919--d. June 1, 1995) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS Radio and television for over 40 years.
http://wn.com/Dallas_Townsend
Dan Rather
Daniel Irvin "Dan" Rather, Jr. (born October 31, 1931) is an American journalist who is the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News. He is now managing editor and anchor of a television news magazine, Dan Rather Reports, on the cable channel HDNet. Rather was anchor of the CBS Evening News for 24 years, from March 9, 1981, to March 9, 2005. He also contributed to CBS' 60 Minutes. Rather became embroiled in controversy about a disputed news report involving the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election and subsequently left CBS Evening News in 2005 and left the network altogether after 43 years in 2006.
http://wn.com/Dan_Rather
Dan Raviv
Dan Raviv (born 1954) is an American journalist. He is a national correspondent for CBS News, heard regularly on the CBS Radio Network. He has also done TV reports from Washington, D.C. on the CBS Evening News.
http://wn.com/Dan_Raviv
Dana King
Dana King, born in Cleveland, is an Emmy Award-winning American broadcast journalist currently serving as anchor for San Francisco CBS Affiliate KPIX.
http://wn.com/Dana_King
Daniel Schorr
Daniel Louis Schorr (August 31, 1916 – July 23, 2010) was an American journalist who covered world news for more than 60 years. He was most recently a Senior News Analyst for National Public Radio (NPR). Schorr won three Emmy Awards for his television journalism.
http://wn.com/Daniel_Schorr
Dave Price
For the American publisher with the same name see Dave Price (publisher).
http://wn.com/Dave_Price
David Andelman
David A. Andelman is the editor of World Policy Journal, having previously served as the American executive editor at [http://www.forbes.com Forbes.com] and was a news reporter for the New York Times, based in New York, Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe, and CBS News, based in Paris. He has also worked for The New York Daily News as the business editor, CNBC as Washington correspondent and Smallcapcenter.com as editor-in-chief.
http://wn.com/David_Andelman
David R. Andelman
David R. Andelman (born 1940) is an attorney at Lourie & Cutler, P.C. in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Currently (August, 2006) Andelman is a Director of CBS Corporation, National Amusements and Lourie & Cutler, P.C. Andelman began as a director at Viacom in 2000, and became member of the CBS Corporation board after Viacom's 2005 split.
http://wn.com/David_R_Andelman
David Schoenbrun
David Schoenbrun (March 15, 1915- May 23, 1988), born in New York City, was an American broadcast journalist.
http://wn.com/David_Schoenbrun
David Schoumacher
David Schoumacher (he pronounced his name ; born October 13, 1935) was a newspaper and television journalist. He was also a television anchor in Washington D.C. from the 1950s until he retired. His newspaper journalism career was some twenty years from the 1950s to '70s, and then he became a television journalist, a correspondent on the Vietnam War, the Watergate Trials, and even interviewing astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins.
http://wn.com/David_Schoumacher
Dean Reynolds
Dean Reynolds (born 11 January 1963) in Grimsby is an English professional snooker player.
http://wn.com/Dean_Reynolds
Debbye Turner
Debbye Turner (born September 19, 1965 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American veterinarian, talk show host, former beauty queen and winner of the 1990 Miss America pageant.
http://wn.com/Debbye_Turner
Deborah Norville
Deborah Norville (born August 8, 1958) is an American television broadcaster and journalist. Since 1995 she has been host of the syndicated American television program Inside Edition. She earlier hosted Today on NBC, substitute anchored both the NBC Nightly News and the weekend CBS Evening News, and was a host and correspondent for two CBS News magazine programs.
http://wn.com/Deborah_Norville
Diane Sawyer
Lila Diane Sawyer (born December 22, 1945) is the current anchor of ABC News' flagship program, ABC World News. Previously, Sawyer had been co-anchor of ABC News's morning news program, Good Morning America (GMA).
http://wn.com/Diane_Sawyer
Don Hollenbeck
Don Hollenbeck (March 30, 1905 June 22, 1954) was a CBS newscaster and commentator and colleague of Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly. He died from natural gas inhalation as it was discovered that his stove and oven had been turned on but not lit (allowing gas to fill his apartment). Consequently, Hollenbeck's death was ruled a suicide. Reasons that it might have been suicide included health problems, a broken marriage, and frequent published attacks by Jack O'Brian, a Hearst columnist and supporter of Joseph McCarthy.
http://wn.com/Don_Hollenbeck
Don Webster
Donald Webster (July 3, 1924 – April 12, 1978) was a professional ice hockey player who played 27 games in the National Hockey League. Born in Toronto, Ontario, he played with the Toronto Maple Leafs.
http://wn.com/Don_Webster
Doug Morris
Doug Morris (born November 23, 1938) is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Universal Music Group since November 1995.
http://wn.com/Doug_Morris
Douglas Edwards
http://wn.com/Douglas_Edwards
Edward P. Morgan
Edward Paddock Morgan (June 23, 1910 - January 27, 1993) was an American journalist and writer who reported for newspapers, radio, and television media services including ABC, CBS, and PBS networks.
http://wn.com/Edward_P_Morgan
Edward R. Murrow
Edward Roscoe Murrow, KBE (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1965) was an American broadcast journalist. He first came to prominence with a series of radio news broadcasts during World War II, which were followed by millions of listeners in the United States and Canada.
http://wn.com/Edward_R_Murrow
Elizabeth Palmer
Elizabeth Palmer is an American television journalist who sucks for the CBS Evening News.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_Palmer
Eric Engberg
Eric Engberg is a former correspondent for CBS from 1976 to 2003.
http://wn.com/Eric_Engberg
Eric Sevareid
http://wn.com/Eric_Sevareid
Erica Hill
Erica Ruth Hill (born July 20, 1976) is an American TV news presenter who currently works for CBS as news anchor on The Early Show and as co-anchor of The Early Show Saturday Edition. She previously worked as an anchor and correspondent for CNN, Headline News and TechTV.
http://wn.com/Erica_Hill
Erin Moriarty
Erin F. Moriarty (born April 6, 1952) is an American television news reporter and correspondent.
http://wn.com/Erin_Moriarty
Faith Daniels
Faith Daniels (born March 9, 1957; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) became nationally known for her role in anchoring some of America's most popular news and talk show programs.
http://wn.com/Faith_Daniels
Forrest Sawyer
Forrest Sawyer (born April 19, 1949) is an American broadcast journalist. Sawyer worked 11 years with ABC News, where he frequently anchored ABC World News Tonight and Nightline and reported for all ABC News broadcasts. He anchored the award-winning prime-time newsmagazines "Day One" and "Turning Point" He recorded exclusives from all over the globe, and earned numerous awards for his reports and documentaries, including Emmy Awards in 1992, 1993, and 1994. He left ABC News to become a news anchor for both NBC and its cable counterpart, MSNBC, where he was a regular substitute for Brian Williams as anchor for The News with Brian Williams. He left NBC News in 2005 to become founder and president of Freefall Productions, where he produces documentaries and serves as a media strategist and guest lecturer.
http://wn.com/Forrest_Sawyer
Frank Currier
Frank Currier (4 September 1857 – 22 April 1928) was an American actor and director of the silent era. He appeared in 133 films between 1912 and 1928. He also directed 19 films in 1916. He is memorable as the Roman Admiral who adopts Judah Ben-Hur (Ramon Novarro) as his son after Ben-Hur saves his life during battle at sea in the 1925 film Ben-Hur.
http://wn.com/Frank_Currier
Frank Kearns
http://wn.com/Frank_Kearns
Frank Reynolds
http://wn.com/Frank_Reynolds
François Duvalier
http://wn.com/François_Duvalier
Fred Friendly
http://wn.com/Fred_Friendly
Frederic Salerno
Frederic Salerno is a corporate director of the Viacom Corporation. In 2002, CFO.com rated him the fifteenth most (relatively) overpaid chief financial officer for the period between December 1998 and December 2001. At the time, he worked for Verizon.
http://wn.com/Frederic_Salerno
Gayle King
Gayle King (born December 28, 1954) is editor-at-large for O, The Oprah Magazine and is the best friend of Oprah Winfrey. She has previously worked as a television news anchor and talk show host. King was also instrumental in the planning and creation of the Legends Weekend.
http://wn.com/Gayle_King
George F. Kennan
http://wn.com/George_F_Kennan
George Polk
George Polk (17 October 1913, Fort Worth, Texas - May 1948) was an American journalist for CBS who disappeared in Greece and was found dead a few days later on Sunday May 16, 1948, shot at point-blank range in the back of the head, and with hands and feet tied. Polk was covering the civil war in Greece between the right wing government and communists and had been critical of both sides. He alleged that a few officials in the Greek government had embezzled up to $250,000 in aid (or $2.2 million in 2007 dollars) from the Truman Administration, a charge that was never proved.
http://wn.com/George_Polk
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush
Giselle Fernández
http://wn.com/Giselle_Fernández
Gordon Joseloff
Gordon F. Joseloff (born May 13, 1945) is the current First Selectman of Westport, Connecticut and an Emmy Award-winning journalist. He was elected in 2005 with almost 60 percent of the vote [http://www.westportct.gov/NR/rdonlyres/1E038150-3859-4E6C-8A4C-97DFC9579F4D/387/05OfficialReturns.pdf}] and re-elected in 2009 with almost 52 percent [http://www.westportct.gov/agencies/townmanagement/clerk/electionresults2009.htm]. He earlier served 14 years on the Westport Representative Town Meeting (RTM), the town's legislative body, including 10 as its moderator, or president [http://www.westportnow.com/index.php?/v2/comments/goodbye_to_the_rtm/]. A former foreign correspondent for CBS News and United Press International, Joseloff is also known as founding editor and now publisher of [http://www.westportnow.com WestportNow], a local news and information Web site for Westport he established in 2003 [http://www.westportnow.com/index.php?/v2/comments/westportnowcom_blog_begins/].
http://wn.com/Gordon_Joseloff
H.V. Kaltenborn
http://wn.com/HV_Kaltenborn
Hannah Storm
Hannah Storm (born Hannah Storen June 13, 1962) is an American television sports journalist, and co-anchor along with Josh Elliott of ESPN's SportsCenter. From 2002 until 2007, Storm was one of the hosts of CBS's The Early Show.
http://wn.com/Hannah_Storm
Hari Sreenivasan
Hari Sreenivasan (born 1973/'74) is an Indian-born journalist who has worked primarily for American broadcast media.
http://wn.com/Hari_Sreenivasan
Harold Dow
Harold Dow (September 28, 1947 – August 21, 2010) was an American television news correspondent, journalist, and investigative reporter with CBS News.
http://wn.com/Harold_Dow
Harry Reasoner
http://wn.com/Harry_Reasoner
Heywood Hale Broun
http://wn.com/Heywood_Hale_Broun
Howard K. Smith
http://wn.com/Howard_K_Smith
Hughes Rudd
Hughes Rudd (born September 14, 1921, Waco, Texas; died October 13, 1992, Toulouse, France) was a television journalist and CBS News correspondent. Rudd was known for his folksy style and unimposing sense of humor, often ending his newscasts with human interest stories that sometimes made him break into a chuckle on camera.
http://wn.com/Hughes_Rudd
I Love Lucy
I Love Lucy is an American television sitcom, starring Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance and William Frawley. The black-and-white series originally ran from October 15, 1951 to May 6, 1957 on CBS. When the original series ended, the show continued on for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials, running from 1957 to 1960, known first as The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show and later in reruns as The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour.
http://wn.com/I_Love_Lucy
Ike Pappas
Icarus Nestor "Ike" Pappas (April 16, 1933—August 31, 2008) was a CBS News correspondent for 25 years.
http://wn.com/Ike_Pappas
James B. Utt
http://wn.com/James_B_Utt
Jan Crawford
Jan Crawford, formerly known as Jan Crawford Greenburg, is the chief legal correspondent for CBS News, covering law and politics for its news programs -- CBS Evening News, Face the Nation, Early Show, and CBS News Sunday Morning Although known primarily as a journalist, she is also a member of the New York Bar.
http://wn.com/Jan_Crawford
Jane Bryant Quinn
Jane Bryant Quinn (born February 5, 1939) is an American financial journalist.
http://wn.com/Jane_Bryant_Quinn
Jane Robelot
Jane Robelot was a co-anchor of CBS television's CBS This Morning during the early 1990s. In the 1980s she worked at WSPA-TV in Spartanburg, South Carolina, then at then-CBS-owned WCAU TV Philadelphia before moving to CBS. After working for CBS News she was the primary anchor for WGCL-TV in Atlanta. A native of Greenville, South Carolina and a graduate of Clemson University, she is currently a contributing reporter for WYFF-TV in Greenville, SC. She is married and has one son.
http://wn.com/Jane_Robelot
Jeff Fager
Jeff Fager (born December 10, 1954) is the executive producer of 60 Minutes, the hour-long CBS news magazine created in 1968.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Fager
Jeff Greenfield
Jeff Greenfield (born June 10, 1943) is an American television journalist and author.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Greenfield
Jeffrey Kofman
Jeffrey Kofman is an ABC News correspondent covering Florida, the Caribbean and Latin America. Since joining ABC News in January 2001, Kofman has traveled extensively to report on developing stories and political events in Florida and the Southeast. He has covered every major hurricane of the last seven years and was in New Orleans before, during, and after Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005.
http://wn.com/Jeffrey_Kofman
Jeffrey Zaslow
Jeffrey Zaslow is an American journalist and a columnist for The Wall Street Journal. He is also the author or coauthor of three bestselling books: "The Last Lecture" (2008) with Randy Pausch, "Highest Duty" with Capt. Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger (2009), and "The Girls from Ames" (2009).
http://wn.com/Jeffrey_Zaslow
Jim Axelrod
Jim Axelrod is a National Correspondent for CBS News, and reports for the CBS Evening News and other CBS News programs.
http://wn.com/Jim_Axelrod
John Ferrugia
http://wn.com/John_Ferrugia
John G. Schmitz
John George Schmitz (August 12, 1930 – January 10, 2001) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives and California State Senate from Orange County, California. He was also a member of the John Birch Society. In 1972 he was the American Independent Party candidate for President of the United States.
http://wn.com/John_G_Schmitz
John Laurance
http://wn.com/John_Laurance
John Sheahan
For the Australian field hockey coach with the same name see John Sheahan (field hockey)
http://wn.com/John_Sheahan
John Stehr
John Stehr (b. August 20, 1958, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), is an American television journalist. He currently anchors at NBC affiliate WTHR in Indianapolis, Indiana weekdays at 5 pm, 6 pm and 11 pm. He and his wife Amy reside in Boone County, Indiana and have five children.
http://wn.com/John_Stehr
Jose Diaz-Balart
http://wn.com/Jose_Diaz-Balart
Julie Chen
Julie Suzanne Chen (born January 6, 1970) is an American television personality, news anchor, and producer for CBS. She has 15 years of newscasting experience. She is best known for co-anchoring CBS's The Early Show, alongside Harry Smith and Maggie Rodriguez. She has been the host of the U.S. version of Big Brother since its debut in July 2000.
http://wn.com/Julie_Chen
Katie Couric
Katherine Anne "Katie" Couric (born January 7, 1957) is an American journalist, currently the anchor and managing editor of the CBS Evening News, a correspondent for 60 Minutes, and host of @katiecouric (her twitter handle), a webshow on CBSNews.com. She is the first solo female anchor of a weekday evening news program on one of the three traditional U.S. broadcast networks. Before CBS, she was a co-host of NBC's Today, a position she held from 1991 until 2006.
http://wn.com/Katie_Couric
Kelly Wallace
Kelly Wallace is an television journalist who reports for iVillage. She previously worked for the CBS Evening News and CNN.
http://wn.com/Kelly_Wallace
Kendis Gibson
Kendis Gibson (born 1978) is currently a Los Angeles-based correspondent for CBS Newspath.
http://wn.com/Kendis_Gibson
Kimberly Dozier
Kimberly Dozier (born July 6, 1966) is a correspondent for the Associated Press, covering intelligence and counterterrorism. She was stationed in Baghdad as the chief reporter in Iraq for CBS News for nearly three years prior to being critically wounded on May 29, 2006.
http://wn.com/Kimberly_Dozier
L. Brent Bozell, Jr.
Leo Brent Bozell, Jr. (January 15, 1926 – April 15, 1997) was an American conservative activist and Catholic writer.
http://wn.com/L_Brent_Bozell_Jr
Lara Logan
Lara Logan (born 29 March 1971) is a South African television and radio journalist and war correspondent. She is currently the Chief Foreign Affairs Correspondent for CBS News, 60 Minutes correspondent, filing reports for the CBS Evening News and the CBS Radio Network.
http://wn.com/Lara_Logan
Larry LeSueur
Born Laurence Edward LeSueur, Larry LeSueur (June 10, 1909-February 5, 2003), was an American journalist, who, as one of the original Murrow's Boys, helped create the field of broadcast journalism and was well known for his war journalism.
http://wn.com/Larry_LeSueur
Lee Cowan
Lee Cowan is a reporter for NBC News based in Chicago.
http://wn.com/Lee_Cowan
Lee Woodruff
Lee Thornton Woodruff (born April 14, 1909, date of death unknown) was an American football running back in the National Football League for the Providence Steam Roller, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football at the University of Mississippi. He was born in Batesville, Mississippi.
http://wn.com/Lee_Woodruff
Lem Tucker
http://wn.com/Lem_Tucker
Leslie Moonves
Leslie Moonves (born October 6, 1949) is President and Chief Executive Officer of CBS Corporation.
http://wn.com/Leslie_Moonves
Liz Trotta
Elizabeth Trotta (born 28 March 1937) is a conservative American journalist and commentator, best known for contributions to various Fox News programs.
http://wn.com/Liz_Trotta
Lonnie Quinn
Lonnie Quinn (b. August 9, 1963, Cheshire, Connecticut) is the chief weathercaster on WCBS-TV in New York City. Quinn also serves as a substitute weather anchor for weekday editions of CBS News' The Early Show and regular weather anchor for The Saturday Early Show.
http://wn.com/Lonnie_Quinn
Lou Cioffi
Lou Cioffi is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in the North American Soccer League, Major Indoor Soccer League and third American Soccer League.
http://wn.com/Lou_Cioffi
Lowell Thomas
Lowell Jackson Thomas (April 6, 1892August 29, 1981) was an American writer, broadcaster, and traveller best known as the man who made Lawrence of Arabia famous. So varied were Thomas's activities that when it came time for the Library of Congress to catalog his memoirs they were forced to put them in "CT" ("biographies of subjects who do not fit into any other category") in their classification.
http://wn.com/Lowell_Thomas
Maggie Rodriguez
Maggie Rodriguez (born December 12, 1969) has been a co-anchor of the CBS television program, The Early Show, since December 2007. Rodriguez is also a substitute anchor for Katie Couric on The CBS Evening News. Previously, Rodriguez served as co-anchor of the Saturday edition of The Early Show in 2007.
http://wn.com/Maggie_Rodriguez
Maria Shriver
Maria Owings Shriver (; born November 6, 1955) is an American award-winning journalist and author of six best-selling books. She has won a Peabody Award, and was co-anchor for NBC's Emmy-winning coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics. As executive producer of The Alzheimer's Project, Shriver earned two Emmy Awards and an Academy of Television Arts & Sciences award for a "television show with a conscience". She is the First Lady of California, married to actor and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and is a member of the Kennedy family.
http://wn.com/Maria_Shriver
Mark McEwen
Mark McEwen (born September 16, 1954 in San Antonio, Texas) is an American TV personality.
http://wn.com/Mark_McEwen
Marlene Sanders
Marlene Sanders was born on January 10, 1931. Sanders began her broadcast journalism career in 1955 working for Mike Wallace of CBS, as his local producer. In those days, women were usually in the newsroom solely to perform secretarial functions.
http://wn.com/Marlene_Sanders
Martin Agronsky
http://wn.com/Martin_Agronsky
Marvin Kalb
http://wn.com/Marvin_Kalb
Maureen Maher
http://wn.com/Maureen_Maher
Meg Oliver
Megan Elisabeth Oliver (b. December 7, 1970, Birmingham, Michigan) is a reporter for ABC News. In March 2006, she became anchor of the overnight CBS newscast, Up to the Minute and remained in that position for three years.
http://wn.com/Meg_Oliver
Melissa McDermott
Melissa McDermott is a reporter for CBS News. She is best known for being an anchor of the overnight CBS newscast, Up to the Minute.
http://wn.com/Melissa_McDermott
Meredith Vieira
Meredith Louise Vieira (born December 30, 1953) is an American journalist, television personality, and game show host. She currently co-hosts NBC's Today and often contributes to Dateline NBC. She is the current host for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire in syndication, replacing Regis Philbin in 2002. She previously co-hosted ABC's daytime talk show The View (from 1997 to 2006). She also hosted Intimate Portrait, a series on Lifetime Television.
http://wn.com/Meredith_Vieira
Michelle Gielan
Michelle Gielan (born March 31, 1978) is an American broadcast journalist who is currently at CBS News and anchored the morning news programs CBS Morning News and Up to the Minute. Her last broadcast for CBS was Thursday, June 17, 2010. She is also a correspondent for CBS' The Early Show.
http://wn.com/Michelle_Gielan
Michelle Miller
Michelle Miller is an award winning correspondent for CBS News and has served as a substitute anchor on "The CBS Evening News" Weekend Editions and CBS News Up to the Minute.
http://wn.com/Michelle_Miller
Mika Brzezinski
Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski (; born May 2, 1967 is an American television news journalist at MSNBC. Brzezinski is co-host of MSNBC's weekday morning program, Morning Joe, where she provides regular commentary and reads the news headlines for the program. Additionally, she reports for NBC Nightly News and serves as alternating news anchor on Weekend Today. Brzezinski was previously a CBS News anchor and correspondent.
http://wn.com/Mika_Brzezinski
Mike Stanley
http://wn.com/Mike_Stanley
Mo Rocca
Maurice Alberto "Mo" Rocca (born January 28, 1969 in Washington, DC) is an American writer, comedian and political satirist.
http://wn.com/Mo_Rocca
Monica Gayle
Monica Gayle is a television news anchor who anchors the 5, 6, 10pm news on Detroit's Fox affiliate WJBK. She previously worked with CBS News, anchoring the news programs Up to the Minute from April 1992 to 1993, and the CBS Morning News from August 1993 to May 1994. Her career began after graduating from Washington State University at KULR-TV Channel 8 in Billings, Montana (then an ABC affiliate, now NBC) as a weekend anchor/weekday general assignment reporter working with weekend sports/weather anchor David Smock.
http://wn.com/Monica_Gayle
Morley Safer
Morley Safer (born November 8, 1931) is a Canadian reporter and correspondent for CBS News. He is best known for his long tenure on the newsmagazine 60 Minutes, which began in December 1970.
http://wn.com/Morley_Safer
Morton Dean
Morton Dean (born Morton Dubitsky in 1935 in Fall River, Massachusetts) is an American television news journalist who has worked for CBS News and ABC News since the mid-1960s.
http://wn.com/Morton_Dean
Murray Fromson
Murray Fromson (born 1929 in The Bronx, New York) is a former CBS correspondent and professor emeritus at University of Southern California's School of Journalism, and Center on Public Diplomacy. He was educated in the Los Angeles Unified School District, including Belmont High School in Downtown Los Angeles.
http://wn.com/Murray_Fromson
Nancy Dickerson
Nancy Dickerson (January 19, 1927 - October 18, 1997) was an American pioneering radio and television newswoman. As famous as a celebrity and socialite as she was for her journalism, she later became an award-winning independent producer of documentaries.
http://wn.com/Nancy_Dickerson
Nancy Giles
Nancy Giles (born July 17, 1960) is an American actress (China Beach) and television journalist (CBS News Sunday Morning).
http://wn.com/Nancy_Giles
Ned Calmer
http://wn.com/Ned_Calmer
Norah O'Donnell
http://wn.com/Norah_O'Donnell
Paula Zahn
Paula Ann Zahn (born February 24, 1956) is an American journalist, newscaster, former news anchor on ABC News, CBS News, Fox News, and CNN. On July 24, 2007, she announced her resignation from CNN. The final broadcast of Paula Zahn Now aired August 2, 2007. In January 2009, Discovery Communications announced that Zahn had entered into a development deal for a newsmagazine series, On the Case with Paula Zahn. The series, which profiles real crime stories, premiered October 18, 2009 on the Investigation Discovery cable channel.
http://wn.com/Paula_Zahn
Peter Greenberg
Peter S. Greenberg is the CBS News Travel Editor reporting regularly on "The Early Show". He may be best known as the Travel Editor for NBC's Today, CNBC and MSNBC from 1995 until 2009. Previous to NBC, Peter was Travel correspondent for ABC's Good Morning America from 1988 - 1995. Greenberg is an Emmy Award-winning journalist and television producer in his own right.
http://wn.com/Peter_Greenberg
Peter Kalischer
Peter Kalischer (1915–1991) was an American journalist best known for his reporting of the early stages of the Vietnam War, in the early 1960s. He worked for CBS Overseas Press Club award in 1963 for his reporting during the Buddhist crisis that led to the fall of President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam.
http://wn.com/Peter_Kalischer
Peter Van Sant
http://wn.com/Peter_Van_Sant
Ray Brady
Raymond T Brady (born June 3, 1937 in Dublin) was an Irish International footballer who played in England in the late 1950's and early 1960's with Millwall and QPR.
http://wn.com/Ray_Brady
Rebecca Jarvis
Rebecca Jarvis (born September 21, 1981 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is a financial journalist and was a finalist on Season 4 of The Apprentice. Jarvis graduated from the University of Chicago in 2003 and from St. Paul Academy and Summit School in 1999.
http://wn.com/Rebecca_Jarvis
Richard C. Hottelet
Richard C. Hottelet (born September 22, 1917) was a Brooklyn-born American broadcast journalist for the latter half of the twentieth century. He continues to write and lecture.
http://wn.com/Richard_C_Hottelet
Richard Threlkeld
Richard Threlkeld (born November 30, 1937, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American television news correspondent who spent 25 years with CBS News.
http://wn.com/Richard_Threlkeld
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 1813 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Famous extracts from his operas include the "Ride of the Valkyries" and the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, popularly known as the wedding march "Here Comes the Bride".
http://wn.com/Richard_Wagner
Robert Krulwich
Robert Krulwich is an American radio and television journalist whose specialty is explaining complex topics in depth. He has worked as a full-time employee of ABC, CBS, National Public Radio, and Pacifica. He has done assignment pieces for ABC's Nightline and World News Tonight, as well as PBS's Frontline, NOVA, and NOW with Bill Moyers. TV Guide called him "the most inventive network reporter in television", and New York Magazine wrote that he's "the man who simplifies without being simple".
http://wn.com/Robert_Krulwich
Robert Pierpoint
Robert Pierpoint is a former American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.
http://wn.com/Robert_Pierpoint
Robert Trout
Robert (Bob) Trout (October 15, 1909 - November 14, 2000) was an American broadcast news reporter, best known for his radio work before and during World War II. He became known to some as the "Iron Man of Radio" for his ability to ad lib while on the air, as well as his stamina, composure, and elocution.
http://wn.com/Robert_Trout
Roberta Baskin
Roberta Baskin is an investigative reporter, who until early 2009 was the Director of the Investigative Team at WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C.. As of late 2009 she has been working in the Department of Health and Human Service's office of inspector general as a senior communications adviser. She has served as the Executive Director of the Center for Public Integrity, the senior Washington correspondent for NOW with Bill Moyers, senior investigative producer for the ABC newsmagazine 20/20, chief investigative correspondent for the CBS newsmagazine 48 Hours, and contributed special reports to the CBS Evening News. Baskin began her career as an investigative reporter in Chicago and Washington D.C.
http://wn.com/Roberta_Baskin
Roger Mudd
Roger Mudd (born February 9, 1928) is a U.S. television journalist and broadcaster, most recently as the primary anchor for The History Channel. Previously, Mudd was weekend and weekday substitute anchor of CBS Evening News, co-anchor of the weekday NBC Nightly News, and hosted NBC's Meet the Press, and NBC's American Almanac television newsmagazine. Mudd is the recipient of the Peabody Award, the Joan Shorenstein Award for Distinguished Washington Reporting, and five Emmy Awards.
http://wn.com/Roger_Mudd
Ron Cochran
Ron Cochran (September 20, 1912 – July 25, 1994) was a television news journalist for ABC and CBS. He served as the anchor of the ABC Evening News (now known as World News) from 1962 to 1965. In November 1963, he served as the network's principal anchor for the around-the-clock coverage of the Kennedy assassination. Before that, he hosted the CBS drama television series Armstrong Circle Theatre.
http://wn.com/Ron_Cochran
Russ Mitchell
Russell Mitchell (born 25 March 1960) is an American journalist and television news anchor. and anchor of the Sunday edition of CBS Evening News and on occasion filling in for Katie Couric during weeknights, and Jeff Glor during Saturday nights.
http://wn.com/Russ_Mitchell
Sandra Hughes
Sandra Spaulding Hughes is a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives. She has represented the 18th district (New Hanover and Pender counties) since her appointment in April 2008 to replace Thomas E. Wright, who had been expelled. Hughes was elected to a full term in 2008 and chose not to seek another term in 2010.
http://wn.com/Sandra_Hughes
Scott Pelley
Scott Pelley (born July 28, 1957) is an American television journalist, currently working as a correspondent for the CBS News magazine 60 Minutes. Prior to his 60 Minutes position, Pelley was a correspondent for the 60 Minutes II program and served as CBS News' chief White House correspondent.
http://wn.com/Scott_Pelley
Serena Altschul
Serena Altschul (born October 13, 1970 in New York, New York) is an American broadcast journalist, well known for her work at MTV News. She is the daughter of author Siri von Reis and Arthur Altschul, a former partner at Goldman Sachs.
http://wn.com/Serena_Altschul
Seth Doane
Seth Doane is an American television journalist, currently working for CBS News.
http://wn.com/Seth_Doane
Shari Redstone
Shari Ellin Redstone (born April 14, 1954) is president of National Amusements, vice-chairman of CBS Corporation and Viacom, and on December 21, 2007 became chairman of Midway Games (a position she subsequently relinquished in December 2008 when her father Sumner Redstone sold all his stock in the company). Through National Amusements, Shari Redstone and her family are majority owners of CBS Corporation, Viacom, et al.
http://wn.com/Shari_Redstone
Sharyl Attkisson
Sharyl Attkisson (born in Sarasota, Florida) is an investigative correspondent in the Washington bureau for CBS News. She has also substituted as anchor for the CBS Evening News. Previously at CBS, she has hosted the television series HealthWeek in 1997, and CBS News Up to the Minute in 1992. From 1988 to 1991, she was a reporter for CNN.
http://wn.com/Sharyl_Attkisson
Sharyn Alfonsi
Sharyn Alfonsi (1971-) is an on-air correspondent and journalist who appears on ABC News. She reports for Good Morning America, World News with Diane Sawyer and ABC's Nightline. According to the Tyndall Report, she was one of the most visible American journalists on television. [http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/year_in_review_2005/default.asp] She returned from maternity leave in February 2010.
http://wn.com/Sharyn_Alfonsi
Sheila MacVicar
Sheila MacVicar is a Canadian television journalist.
http://wn.com/Sheila_MacVicar
Spiro Agnew
http://wn.com/Spiro_Agnew
Stan Levey
Stan Levey (April 5, 1926 — April 19, 2005) was an American jazz drummer. Born in Philadelphia, Levey is considered one of the earliest bebop drummers, one of the very few white drummers involved in the formative years of bebop and accepted as one of bop's most important drummers, along with Kenny Clarke and Max Roach. He played in Philadelphia with Dizzy Gillespie's group in 1942, at the age of 16. Soon after he went to New York, where he and Dizzy worked on 52nd Street with Charlie Parker and Oscar Pettiford.
http://wn.com/Stan_Levey
Stephen Schiff
Stephen Schiff is an American screenwriter and journalist. He grew up in Littleton, Colorado and began his writing career at The Boston Phoenix, where he became the chief film critic and film editor (succeeding David Denby), and hired and trained such critics as Owen Gleiberman and David Edelstein.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Schiff
Steve Hartman
Stephen Robert "Steve" Hartman (born April 14, 1963) is a television journalist.
http://wn.com/Steve_Hartman
Steve Kroft
Steve Kroft (born August 22, 1945) is an American journalist and a longtime correspondent for 60 Minutes. His investigative reporting has garnered him much acclaim, including three Peabody Awards and nine Emmy awards, one of which was an Emmy for Lifetime Achievement.
http://wn.com/Steve_Kroft
Stuart Novins
Stuart Novins (March 30, 1914-December 7, 1989) was an American television journalist. He was a CBS News correspondent for 35 years.
http://wn.com/Stuart_Novins
Susan McGinnis
Susan McGinnis is an American television journalist. From 2000-2008 she worked as a correspondent for CBS news, working on the Marketwatch and Early Show programs .
http://wn.com/Susan_McGinnis
Susan Spencer
http://wn.com/Susan_Spencer
Terry Drinkwater
Terry Drinkwater (May 9, 1936 – May 31, 1989) was an American television and radio journalist best known for his 25 year career as a correspondent for CBS News. Drinkwater was also an anchorman for the West Coast editions of the CBS Evening News, reporting on events that occurred since the original East Coast version with Walter Cronkite was taped.
http://wn.com/Terry_Drinkwater
Terry Phillips
http://wn.com/Terry_Phillips
Thalia Assuras
Thalia Assuras (born May 27, 1957) is a Canadian-born television journalist and news anchor who has worked for U.S. television networks since 1993. Assuras was born to parents who immigrated from Tripoli, Greece, after World War II. She was raised in her birthplace of London, Ontario.
http://wn.com/Thalia_Assuras
Tony Guida
Tony Guida (born November 5, 1941) is a New York-based local television and radio personality. He is currently a news anchor for WCBS Newsradio 880 and a business correspondent for CBS News.
http://wn.com/Tony_Guida
Tracy Smith
Tracy Smith is a CBS News correspondent for CBS News Sunday Morning, in addition to reports she does for The CBS Evening News with Katie Couric. Smith is a former Channel One News anchor and correspondent. She is married to CBS Sunday Morning producer John D'Amelio. She served as both co-anchor of the Saturday Early Show and a national correspondent for The Early Show from August 2005 through May 2007. Smith was succeeded by Maggie Rodriguez. Smith gave birth to twins, son John Jr. and daughter Gia, on March 19, 2008.
http://wn.com/Tracy_Smith
Trish Regan
Trish Regan is an American broadcast journalist. She anchors CNBC's The Call, (weekdays from 11 am - Noon EST), reports for CNBC's documentary unit and provides regular reports and analysis for NBC's Nightly News and The Today Show, The Weekend Today Show and the Chris Matthews Show.
http://wn.com/Trish_Regan
Vicki Mabrey
Vicki Mabrey is currently an ABC News Nightline correspondent. Mabrey was formerly a CBS News 60 Minutes II correspondent.
http://wn.com/Vicki_Mabrey
Victoria Corderi
Victoria Corderi is an American journalist and recipient of three national news Emmys and a George Foster Peabody Award for Excellence in Journalism. She is also a 1997 recipient of the Edward R. Murrow Award for investigative journalism.
http://wn.com/Victoria_Corderi
Vietnam War
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War
William Cohen
http://wn.com/William_Cohen
William L. Shirer
http://wn.com/William_L_Shirer
Winston Burdett
Winston Burdett (December 12, 1913--May 19, 1993) was an American broadcast journalist and correspondent for the CBS Radio Network during World War II and later for CBS television news. He was born in Buffalo, New York.
http://wn.com/Winston_Burdett
Wynton Marsalis
Wynton Learson Marsalis (born October 18, 1961) is an American jazz and Western classical virtuoso trumpeter and composer. He is Artistic Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. He has promoted the appreciation of Classical and Jazz music, often focusing on young audiences.
http://wn.com/Wynton_Marsalis

Freakishly Long Fingernails (CBS News)

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published: 21 Jun 2007

author: CBS

1968 King Assassination Report (CBS News)

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published: 03 Apr 2008

author: CBS

Copy Machines, a Security Risk?

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published: 19 Apr 2010

author: CBS

FULL: Obama goes Christmas shopping

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published: 21 Dec 2011

author: CBS

Anorexia's Living Face (CBS News)

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published: 12 Oct 2007

author: CBSNewsOnline

CBS Exposes Hillary Clinton Bosnia Trip.

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published: 25 Mar 2008

author: kitchenfloorconflict

Chalk Artist Goes 3-D (CBS News)

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published: 03 Mar 2008

author: CBS

CBS Evening News (2012)

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published: 13 Aug 2012

author: char615

Doctor Decries Israeli Attacks

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published: 05 Jan 2009

author: CBS

Walter Cronkite And The Lunar Landing (CBS News)

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published: 17 May 2007

author: CBS

CBS This Morning - Mrs. Obama "confident" in her husband's campaign

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published: 11 Jan 2012

author: CBSNewsOnline

Anorexia's Childhood Roots (CBS News)

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published: 16 Oct 2007

author: CBS

CBS Evening News - McQueary speaks out as Penn State scandal grows

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published: 16 Nov 2011

author: CBSNewsOnline

Quidditch For Muggles (CBS News)

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published: 28 Mar 2008

author: CBS

A Day in California

A Day in California is comprised of 10,000+ individual photographs, taken on beginner Cano...

published: 05 Aug 2011

author: Ryan Killackey

Meme Proposal | Tim * Audrey

published: 11 Dec 2011

author: Crazy Monkey Studio

I Hate Perfume

New York perfumer Christopher Brosius, the olfactory visionary behind fragrance house CB I...

published: 23 Jul 2012

author: Monomania

DJ Cheeba - Revenge of The Nerd

In 2010, DJ Cheeba's first audio visual mix 'The Reels of Solid Steel' set a new level of ...

published: 07 Feb 2011

author: Solid Steel

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US Army
AP / CBS News, Mary F. Calver
AP / Richard Shiro
US Coastguard / Petty Officer 2nd Class Jetta H. Disco.
AP / KCBS/KCAL
AP / CBS News
AP / Charles Sykes,File
US Navy / Photographer's Mate Airman Cristina R. Morrison
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Dominique Watts
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US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Nathan Lockwood
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AP / Bebeto Matthews
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U.S. Army/Staff Sgt. Curt Cashour
AP/Rene Macura
U.S. Army/Department of the Army

Photo: AP / Themba Hadebe

Mine workers sing a dance during a memorial service at the Lonmin Platinum Mine near Rustenburg, South Africa, Thursday, Aug. 23, 2012. Police shot and killed 34 striking miners and wounded 78 others last week. Demands for higher wages spread to at least two other mines, raising fears of further protests at more South African mines that provide most of the world's platinum.

News Flash: Gandhi Just Murdered in South Africa

WorldNews.com

29 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Yesterday while protesting with striking mine workers in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi was gunned down by heavily armed security forces. Gandhi, who...

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Photo: AP / Joseph Kaczmarek

Waves crash onto the sea wall protecting homes in Longport, N.J., Sunday, Oct. 28, 2012, as Hurricane Sandy approaches the area.

U.S. braces for Hurricane Sandy

Xinhua

29 Oct 2012

> • TheUnited Stateson Sunday is bracing for the impact of an incredibly large Hurricane Sandy. • Hurricane Center warned residents of mid-Atlantic coast should expect life-threatening storm surges. •...

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Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

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Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb

Palestinians filling plastic bottles and jerry cans with drinking water from a public tap at the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) headquarters in the southern Gaza Strip refugee camp of Rafah. -- The Israeli blockade on Gaza has made life more difficult for the inhabitants of the camp. Unemployment levels have increased dramatically, with a large proportion of the residents relying on UNRWA's nutritional and financial assistance.

Israel is an apartheid state (no poll required)

Al Jazeera

29 Oct 2012

A poll of Jewish Israelis published last week in Ha'aretz newspaper created headlines round the world with its findings of support among the public for discriminatory policies. Some greeted the...

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Photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty

In this May 6, 2012 file photo, Gov. Paul LePage speaks at the Maine Republican Convention in Augusta, Maine. LePage met with representatives from two Jewish groups on Friday, July 13, 2012, following comments he has made comparing the Internal Revenue Service to the Gestapo

The New Gestapo Politics

WorldNews.com

28 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Even though Maine's Governor, Paul LePage, apologized for making comments for comparing the Affordable Health Care Act and Internal Revenue Service (IRS)...

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Florida State takes 3-game winning streak into open date, Virginia Tech next on Nov. 8 30 Oct 2012

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Iran begins 2-day military exercises near Iraq border 30 Oct 2012

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Libya's new prime minister proposes line up for new Cabinet, awaits parliament approval 30 Oct 2012

Fox News Print Email Share Comments Recommend Tweet...(size: 0.6Kb)

Bayer acquiring US-based Schiff Nutrition; reports 2.2 percent rise in Q3 earnings 30 Oct 2012

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Sandy the Frankenstorm arrives in a flash, leaves 310,000 in the dark 30 Oct 2012

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CBS News
CBS News headquarters at the CBS Broadcast Center
Division of:	Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
Key people:	Jeff Fager (Chairman of CBS News)^[1] David Rhodes (President of CBS News)^[2] Scott Pelley (Lead Anchor)^[3] Dan Farber (Editor-in-chief, CBSNews.com)^[4]
Headquarters:	New York City, New York, U.S.
Studios:	New York City, New York; Washington, D.C.
Area served:	Worldwide
Broadcast programs:	48 Hours Mystery CBS News Sunday Morning CBS This Morning 60 Minutes CBS Evening News CBS Morning News Face the Nation CBS Morning News Up to the Minute
Parent:	CBS Corporation
Website:	CBSnews.com
Web Portal:	none

CBS News is the news division of American television and radio network CBS. The current chairman is Jeff Fager who is also the executive producer of 60 Minutes, while the current president of CBS News is David Rhodes.^[5] CBS News' flagship program is the CBS Evening News, hosted by the network's main anchor, Scott Pelley. Other programs include a morning news show called, CBS This Morning, news magazine programs CBS News Sunday Morning, 60 Minutes, & 48 Hours, and Sunday morning political affairs program Face the Nation.

Current CBS News broadcasts [link]

File:CBS News.svg

CBS News logo

CBS Morning News
CBS This Morning
CBS This Morning Saturday
Person to Person
CBS News Sunday Morning
Face the Nation with Bob Schieffer
CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley
CBS Evening News (Weekend Editions)
Various (Saturday)
Jeff Glor (Sunday)
60 Minutes
48 Hours Mystery
CBS News Up to the Minute
CBS News MoneyWatch (60 second business news break, reported by Alexis Christoforous, Anthony Mason, Alison Harmelin or Claire Leka)
CBS News HealthWatch (60 second health news break)

Broadcast history [link]

This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (December 2009)

The information on programs listed in this section came directly from CBS News in interviews with the Vice President of Communications and NewsWatch Dallas.

According to the CBS News Library and source Sandy Genelius (Vice President, CBS News Communications), the "CBS Evening News" was the program title for both Saturday and Sunday evening broadcasts. The program title for the Sunday late night news beginning in 1963 was the "CBS Sunday Night News". These titles were also seen on the intro slide of the program's opening.

Five minute news program history [link]

Charles Collingwood with the News (1956, 1961–62)
Walter Cronkite with the News (1956–1960)
Charles Kuralt with the News (1960)
Ron Cochran with the News (1960–61)
Stuart Novins with the News (1961)
Harry Reasoner with the News (1961–62)
CBS News with Harry Reasoner (1962–63)
CBS News with Douglas Edwards (1962–63)
CBS Mid-Morning News with Douglas Edwards (1979–1980)
CBS Midday News with Harry Reasoner (1963)
CBS Midday News with Robert Trout (1963–65)
CBS Midday News with Mike Wallace (1965–66)
CBS Midday News with Joseph Benti (1966–69)
CBS Midday News with Douglas Edwards (1969–1979)
CBS Afternoon News with Douglas Edwards (1963–69)
CBS Newsbreak (90 second midday/afternoon/evening update) (1976–2009)

Saturday afternoon/evening network news history (15 & 30 minute programs)[link]

The Week in Review (1950)
Saturday News Special (with Don Hollenbeck) (1950–51)
Douglas Edwards and the News (1951)
News with Edward P. Morgan (1951)
Up To The Minute (Walter Cronkite) (1951–1962)
The Saturday News with Robert Trout (1959)
The Saturday News with Harry Reasoner (1959–1962)
CBS News with Robert Trout (1962–63)
CBS News with Roger Mudd (1962)
CBS News with Mike Wallace (1963)
CBS Saturday News with Robert Trout (1963–66)
CBS Saturday News with Richard C. Hottelet (1964)
CBS Saturday News with Martin Agronsky (1964–65)
CBS Saturday News with David Schoumacher (1965)
CBS Saturday News with Dave Dugan (1965)
CBS Saturday News with Charles Kuralt (1965)
CBS Saturday News with Stuart Novins (1965)
In February 1966, the "CBS Evening News" premiered on weekends as 30 minutes.
CBS Evening News with Roger Mudd (1966–1973)
CBS Evening News with Dan Rather (1973–1976)
CBS Evening News with Bob Schieffer (1976–1996)
CBS Evening News with Paula Zahn (1996–1999)
CBS Evening News with Thalia Assuras (1999-2008)
CBS Evening News with Jeff Glor (2009–2010)
CBS Evening News with Russ Mitchell (2011)
CBS Evening News (2012-present)

Sunday late afternoon/early evening news history [link]

The Week in Review (1948)
News Program (Edward P. Morgan) (1951)
Shape of the News (Edward P. Morgan) (1951)
Sunday News (Ron Cochran) (1951)
The American Week (commentary & analysis by Eric Sevareid) (1954–55)
CBS Sunday News (Eric Sevareid) (1956)
World News Roundup (Eric Sevareid, Robert Trout) (1957–58)
Robert Trout with the News (1958)
Harry Reasoner with the News (1959–1960)
CBS Evening News with Morton Dean (1976–1984)
CBS Evening News with Susan Spencer (1985–1989)
CBS Evening News with Connie Chung (1989–1993)
CBS Evening News with John Roberts (1995–2006)
CBS Evening News with Russ Mitchell (2006–2011)
CBS Evening News (2012-present)

CBS Sunday late news history (all 15 minute programs)[link]

The Week in Review (1949–1950)
John Daly and the News (1950)
Sunday News Special (Don Hollenbeck, Winston Burdett) (1951–1961)
Walter Cronkite with the News (1961–62)
CBS News with Eric Sevareid (1962–63)
CBS Sunday Night News with Harry Reasoner (1963–1970)
CBS Sunday Night News with Dan Rather (1970–1973, 1974–1975, 1979–1981)
CBS Sunday Night News with Bob Schieffer (1973–1974, 1988–1991)
CBS Sunday Night News with Morton Dean (1975–1976)
CBS Sunday Night News with Ed Bradley (1976–1979)
CBS Sunday Night News with Charles Osgood (1981–1988)
CBS Sunday Night News with Bill Plante (1991–1996)
CBS Sunday Night News with Russ Mitchell (1996–1997)
Broadcasts were after late night local news and ended after 1997.

Prime time/evening news program history [link]

See It Now (Edward R. Murrow, Howard K. Smith) (November 18, 1951-July 8, 1957)
You Are There (Walter Cronkite) (1953–57)
Person to Person (Edward R. Murrow) (October 2, 1953–September 8, 1961), (Charlie Rose, Lara Logan) (February 8, 2012-present)
Douglas Edwards and the News (August 15, 1948-April 13, 1962)
The Twentieth Century (Walter Cronkite) (1957–1970)
CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite (April 16, 1962-March 6, 1981)
CBS Reports (Howard K. Smith, Edward R. Murrow, Walter Cronkite, Eric Sevareid, Ed Bradley) (1959–1971)
CBS Evening News with Dan Rather (March 9, 1981-March 9, 2005) or Connie Chung (June 1, 1993–1995)
Nightwatch (Charlie Rose) (October 3, 1982-March 27, 1992)
West 57th (Meredith Viera, John Ferrugia) (August 13, 1985-September 9, 1989)
America Tonight (Dan Rather, Charles Kuralt, Lesley Stahl, Robert Krulwich, Edie Magnus) (October 1, 1990–1991)
Street Stories (Ed Bradley) (January 9, 1992-June 10, 1993)
Eye to Eye with Connie Chung (June 17, 1993-May 25, 1995)
Face to Face with Connie Chung (1990–1991)
Saturday Night with Connie Chung (1989–1990)
Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel (October 1, 1997–1998)
60 Minutes II (Wednesday) (January 13, 1999-September 2, 2005)
CBS Evening News with Bob Schieffer (March 10, 2005–August 31, 2006)
CBS Evening News with Katie Couric (September 5, 2006–May 19, 2011)
CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley (June 6, 2011-present)

Morning news program history [link]

Weekdays

The Morning Show (1954-1956)
Calendar (1956-1963)
CBS Morning News (1963-1979; 1982-1987)
Morning (1979-1982)
The Morning Program (1987)
CBS This Morning (1987-1999; 2012-present)
The Early Show (1999-2011)

Saturdays

CBS News Saturday Morning (1997-1999)
The Early Show on Saturday (1999-2012)
CBS This Morning: Saturday (2012-present)

Sundays

Sunday Morning (1979-present)

CBS Newspath [link]

CBS Newspath is CBS News' satellite news gathering service (similar to CNN Newsource). CBS Newspath provides national hard news, sports highlights, regional spot news, features and live coverage of major breaking news events for affiliate stations to use in their local news broadcasts. CBS Newspath has a team of domestic and global correspondents and freelance reporters dedicated to reporting for affiliates and offers several different national or international stories fronted by reporters on a daily basis. CBS Newspath also relies heavily on local affiliates sharing content. Stations will often contribute locally-obtained footage that may be of national interest.

Network News Service (NNS) is a pioneering news organization formed by ABC News One, CBS Newspath and Fox News Edge. Launched in June 2000, its subscriber list already includes more than 500 ABC, CBS and Fox affiliates throughout the United States. The three news distributors created NNS to cost-effectively pool resources for developing and delivering second tier news stories and b-roll footage. The goal was to realize cost savings in the creation and distribution of these news images, while news organizations and member TV stations continued to independently develop and deliver their own signature coverage of top news stories.

CBS Radio Network News [link]

The branch of CBS News that produces newscasts and features to radio stations is CBS Radio News, which airs on the CBS Radio Network. The radio network is the oldest unit of CBS and traced its roots to the company's founding in 1927, and the news division took shape over the following 10 years. The list of CBS News correspondents (below) includes those reporting on CBS Radio News.

CBS Radio News produces the oldest daily news show on radio or television, the CBS World News Roundup (it first aired in 1938 and celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2008), which airs each morning and evening. The morning CBS Radio World News Roundup is anchored by Steve Kathan and produced by Paul Farry. The “late edition” is anchored by Bill Whitney and produced by Greg Armstrong. The evening Roundup, previously known as The World Tonight, has aired in its current form since 1956 and has been anchored by Blair Clark, Douglas Edwards, Dallas Townsend and Christopher Glenn.

The CBS Radio Network provides newscasts at the top of the hour, regular updates at :31 past the hour, the popular Newsfeeds for affiliates (including WCBS and KYW) at :35, and breaking news updates when developments warrant, often at :20 and :50 past the hour. Westwood One handles the distribution.

Slogans [link]

Watch the Worldwatchers. CBS News. (1966–1981)
CBS News. Then and Now. The Leader. (1981–1982)
CBS News. All the Difference in the World. (1982–1984)
When It's Important, America Turns to CBS News. (1984–1986)
CBS News. We keep America on Top of the World. (1986–1988)
CBS News. He's (referring to Dan Rather) Been There, He'll Be There. (1988–1990)
You Always Know, When It's CBS News. (1990–1991)
Experience. CBS News. (1991–2006)
CBS News. See It Now, Anytime, Anywhere. (2006–2007, 2011-present)
CBS News. Experience You Can Trust. (2007–2008)
CBS News Is Very Good News. (2008–2010)
Only CBS. (2010-Present Network Slogan)
CBS News. Original Reporting. (2011-Present)

Personnel [link]

The embedded lists in this section may contain items that are not encyclopedic. Please help out by removing such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (October 2011)

Current correspondents [link]

New York World Headquarters

Jim Axelrod - National Correspondent
Debbye Turner Bell - Correspondent, CBS This Morning
James Brown - Special Correspondent
Terrell Brown - Correspondent
Seth Doane - Correspondent
Bill Geist - Correspondent, Sunday Morning
Jeff Glor - Sunday Anchor, CBS Evening News; Special Correspondent, CBS This Morning
Peter Greenberg - Travel Editor
Tony Guida - Correspondent
Erica Hill - Co-Anchor, CBS This Morning
Rebecca Jarvis - Business and Economics Correspondent; Co-Anchor, CBS This Morning: Saturday
Armen Keteyian - Chief Investigative Correspondent
Gayle King - Co-Anchor, CBS This Morning
Steve Kroft - Co-Editor, 60 Minutes
Dr. Jon LaPook - Medical Correspondent
Maureen Maher - Correspondent, 48 Hours
Wynton Marsalis - Cultural Correspondent
Anthony Mason - Senior Business Correspondent
John Miller - Senior Correspondent
Michelle Miller - Correspondent
Erin Moriarty - Correspondent, 48 Hours, Sunday Morning
Charles Osgood - Anchor, CBS News Sunday Morning
Scott Pelley - Anchor, CBS Evening News, Correspondent, 60 Minutes
Byron Pitts - Senior National Correspondent; Correspondent, 60 Minutes
Elaine Quijano - Correspondent
Lonnie Quinn - Weather Anchor, CBS This Morning: Saturday
Troy Roberts - Correspondent, 48 Hours
Mo Rocca - Correspondent, Sunday Morning
Charlie Rose - Co-Anchor, CBS This Morning, Person to Person
Morley Safer - Co-Editor, 60 Minutes
Richard Schlesinger - Correspondent, 48 Hours
Bob Simon - Correspondent, 60 Minutes
Tracy Smith - Correspondent, Sunday Morning
Lesley Stahl - Co-Editor, 60 Minutes
Martha Teichner - Correspondent, Sunday Morning
Peter Van Sant - Correspondent, 48 Hours

Washington

Wyatt Andrews - Correspondent
Sharyl Attkisson - Investigative Correspondent
Rita Braver - Senior Correspondent, Sunday Morning
Nancy Cordes - Congressional & Consumer Safety Correspondent
Jan Crawford - Chief Legal Correspondent
John Dickerson - Political Director
Whit Johnson - Correspondent
Lara Logan - Chief Foreign Affairs Correspondent; Correspondent, 60 Minutes, Person to Person
David Martin - National Security Correspondent at The Pentagon
Norah O'Donnell - Chief White House Correspondent
Bob Orr - Justice/Homeland Security & Aviation Correspondent
Bill Plante - Senior White House Correspondent
Chip Reid- National Correspondent
Bob Schieffer - Chief Washington Correspondent; Anchor, Face the Nation
Susan Spencer - Correspondent, 48 Hours, Sunday Morning

Los Angeles

Lee Cowan - National Correspondent
Ben Tracy - National Correspondent
Bill Whitaker - Correspondent

London

Charlie D'Agata - Correspondent
Elizabeth Palmer - Correspondent
Mark Phillips - Correspondent

Chicago

Cynthia Bowers - Correspondent
Dean Reynolds - National Correspondent

San Francisco

John Blackstone - Correspondent

Atlanta

Mark Strassmann - Transportation Correspondent

Denver

Barry Petersen - Correspondent

Beijing

Celia Hatton - Correspondent

Rome

Allen Pizzey - Correspondent

Middle East

Mandy Clark - Correspondent
Clarissa Ward - Correspondent

Contributors

Serena Altschul - Correspondent, Sunday Morning in New York
Julie Chen - Special Contributing Anchor, CBS This Morning in New York
Anderson Cooper - Correspondent, 60 Minutes
Lucy Craft - Correspondent (freelance) in Tokyo
Priya David - Correspondent (freelance) in San Francisco
Nancy Giles - Correspondent, Sunday Morning in New York
Sanjay Gupta - Medical Correspondent in Atlanta
Steve Hartman - "On The Road" Correspondent, CBS Evening News in New York
Hattie Kauffman - Correspondent in Los Angeles
Brian Rooney - Correspondent in Los Angeles
Lee Woodruff - Correspondent, CBS This Morning in New York

CBS Newspath

Joel Brown - Correspondent in Washington
Karen Brown - Correspondent in New York
Kathryn Brown - Correspondent(freelance) in New York
Janet Choi - Correspondent in New York
Alexis Christoforous - Business Correspondent in New York
Manuel Gallegus - Correspondent in New York
Kendis Gibson - Correspondent in Los Angeles
Wendy Gillette - Correspondent(freelance) in New York
Alison Harmelin - Correspondent, CBS News MoneyWatch in New York
Sandra Hughes - Correspondent in Los Angeles
Josh Landis - Correspondent in New York
Claire Leka - Correspondent, CBS News MoneyWatch in New York
Drew Levinson - Correspondent in New York
Tara Mergener - Correspondent(freelance) in Washington
Randall Pinkston - Correspondent in New York

CBS Radio News

Howard Arenstein - Correspondent/Bureau Manager in Washington
Barry Bagnato - Correspondent in Washington
Vicki Barker - Correspondent in London
Dave Barrett - Correspondent in New York
Heather Bosch - Correspondent in New York
Robert Berger - Correspondent in Jerusalem
Harley Carnes - Anchor in New York
Jim Chenevey - Correspondent in New York
Pam Coulter - Anchor in Washington
Tom Foty - Anchor in Washington
Bob Fuss - Capitol Hill Correspondent in Washington
Steve Futterman - Correspondent in Los Angeles
Steve Kathan - Anchor, CBS World News Roundup in New York
Stephan Kaufman - Correspondent in Spokane
Peter King - Kennedy Space Center Correspondent in Orlando
Mark Knoller - White House Correspondent in Washington
Jim Krasula - Correspondent in the Carolinas
Sam Litzinger - Anchor in Washington
Peter Maer - White House Correspondent in Washington
Cami McCormick - Correspondent in Washington
Sharon Mittelman - Anchor in New York
Gary Nunn - Anchor in New York
Dan Raviv - National Correspondent in Washington
Frank Settipani - Anchor/Correspondent in New York
Jim Taylor - Anchor in New York
Toula Vlahou - Correspondent (freelance) in Dubai
Bill Whitney - Anchor in New York

Source: CBS News & NewsWatch Dallas

Past correspondents [link]

+ - deceased Source: CBS News & NewsWatch Dallas

Bureaus and offices [link]

(Source: CBS News - Vice President of Communications) Domestic Bureaus & Offices*

Atlanta, Georgia
Chicago, Illinois
Dallas, Texas
Houston, Texas
Denver, Colorado*
Los Angeles, California
Miami, Florida*
New York City (World Headquarters)
San Francisco, California
Washington, D.C.

Foreign Bureaus & Offices*

Amman, Jordan*
Baghdad, Iraq (closed June 2008)
Beijing, China*
Bonn, Germany* (closed December 2008)
Hong Kong*
Johannesburg, South Africa*
London, UK
Moscow, Russia (closed February 2009)
Paris, France* (closed April 2008)
Rome, Italy*
Tel Aviv, Israel*
Tokyo, Japan

(CBS News defines a bureau or office as "a definite physical location with CBS NEWS staff ... not someone's home or space or having a stringer living in a city." CBS Radio News also has Jerusalem and Manila.)

International broadcasts [link]

CBS Evening News is shown on Sky News to viewers in Europe and Africa.

In Australia, the CBS Evening News bulletin is shown at 11.30am Monday to Saturday, and at 12.30pm on Sundays on Sky News Australia.

In Philippines, CBS Evening News is broadcast via satellite on Q11 (a sister station of GMA Network) at 7:30pm and Replays at 1:00pm after Balitanghali. CBS Evening News broadcasts were stopped on Q11 to make way for a public affairs look-back program (Napa-Strip Or Power Review)

CBS is not shown outside the Americas on a channel in its own right. However, both CBS News is shown for a few hours a day on Orbit News in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. CBS News stories are a common occurrence on Australia's Ten News on Network Ten, as part a CBS programming content deal. They also air The Early Show each weekday as well.

Controversies [link]

This section requires expansion.

In 1964, Rep. Jimmy Utt (R-Cal.) filed a libel suit against CBS regarding a CBS Reports "Case History of a Rumor" program. He claimed the defendants had "'entrapped' him into giving a television interview that turned out to be a 'cross examination' by Roger Mudd, who acted as 'prosecutor, judge, and jury.'" The case was dismissed. Utt died in office in 1970 and was succeeded by John G. Schmitz.^[6]

On February 15, 1966, CBS News president Fred Friendly resigned in protest after the network declined to show hearings of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding the expanding Vietnam War in favor of reruns of I Love Lucy. The decision, made by the network's vice president of broadcasting, John M. Schneider, specifically related to the testimony of George F. Kennan not being shown, in contrast to NBC News, which was showing it live.

Political bias [link]

Throughout the years, numerous conservative activists have accused CBS News of perpetuating a liberal bias in its news coverage. The Media Research Center, a right-wing media watchdog group led by L. Brent Bozell, has been especially critical about what it has perceived to be unduly favorable coverage of liberal topics by CBS, especially during the tenure of CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather.^[7]^[8] In his 2001 book Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News, former CBS correspondent Bernard Goldberg extensively criticized Rather's management of CBS News and what he claimed was Rather's combatative efforts to skew the network's coverage.

Journalism scandals [link]

Subsidization of Haitian invasion [link]

In 1971, the Federal Communications Commission and the House Commerce Committee issued reports claiming that CBS News financially subsidized Project Nassau, a planned 1966 invasion of Haiti intended to overthrow then-dictator François Duvalier; CBS News allegedly became involved in the plot in order to shoot the invasion for a television documentary. However, the participants in the invasion were arrested by the FBI before it could be carried out. In a deposition, Atlanta Journal reporter Tom Dunkin claimed that Jay McMullen, a CBS producer, told him that he had "spent a lot of time and money on this project and had nothing to show for it." CBS was denounced by Vice President Spiro Agnew, who accused the network of disseminating "self-serving propaganda."^[9]

2004 Killian documents [link]

Plagiarism [link]

On the April 4, 2007, broadcast of the CBS Evening News, Katie Couric gave a one-minute commentary about the importance of reading. However, it was later discovered that Couric's commentary was substantially lifted from a column by Jeffrey Zaslow in The Wall Street Journal. Despite the personal flavor of the piece -- with Couric saying how she still remembered receiving her first library card -- it was later determined that a producer had written the commentary instead of Couric, and that she had plagiarized from Zaslow's column. CBS quickly fired the producer and promised changes to its procedures.

References [link]

^ "Jeffrey Fager". CBS News. February 8, 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/08/60minutes/bios/main26911.shtml?tag=contentMain;contentBody.
^ CBS News. March 3, 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/10/17/utility/main525997.shtml?tag=ftr#r.
^ "Scott Pelley". CBS News. June 6, 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/06/06/broadcasts/main51732.shtml?tag=cbsnewsMainColumnArea;cbsnewsMainColumnArea.1.
^ CBS News (2011). "CBS News Bios". CBSNews.com. CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/03/utility/main525997.shtml. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
^ CBS News. March 3, 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/10/17/utility/main525997.shtml?tag=ftr#m.
^ Mudd, Roger (2008). The Place To Be. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-576-4.
^ 20 Years On the CBS Evening News: Dan Rather's Outrageous Liberal Bias, Media Research Center, c. 2003
^ Remembering the Ratherisms, Media Research Center, 22 March 2001
^ MIT archives, "TECH", Mar 23, 1971

External links [link]

Links to related articles

White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room seating chart

row	Podium

1 2 3 4 5 6 7	NBC WSJ AFP For. Pool Newsweek Wash Examiner Talk Radio	Fox News CBS Radio USA Today MSNBC Time CCH Dallas Morning News	CBS Bloomberg McClatchy Washington Times The Hill Salem Radio Boston Globe / Roll Call	A.P. NPR AURN NY Daily News Hearst Media News CBN	ABC Wash Post Politico National Journal NY Post CSM BBC / Balt Sun	Reuters NY Times Tribune VOA Fox Radio BNA Scripps	CNN AP Radio ABC Radio National Journal Chicago Sun-Times Dow Jones Financial Times

The seating chart as of August 1, 2010.

White House Correspondents' Association

The people of CBS News

CBS Evening News

Scott Pelley

CBSnews

CBS This Morning

Anchors	Charlie Rose Co-Anchor Erica Hill Co-Anchor Gayle King Co-Anchor

Correspondents	Debbye Turner Bell Jeff Glor Hattie Kauffman Susan McGinnis John Miller Lee Woodruff

Sunday Morning

Anchor	Charles Osgood

Correspondents	Rita Braver Senior Correspondent Bill Geist Tracy Smith Martha Teichner Mo Rocca Serena Altschul Contributing Correspondent Nancy Giles Contributor

60 Minutes

Steve Kroft Co-Editor
Lesley Stahl Co-Editor
Bob Simon
Scott Pelley
Morley Safer Co-Editor
Byron Pitts Contributing Correspondent
Lara Logan
Anderson Cooper Contributing Correspondent
Charlie Rose Contributing Correspondent

48 Hours Mystery

Richard Schlesinger
Erin Moriarty
Susan Spencer
Peter Van Sant
Troy Roberts
Maureen Maher Contributing Correspondent

Face the Nation

Bob Schieffer

Up to the Minute / CBS Morning News

Various

CBS This Morning: Saturday

Rebecca Jarvis Co-Anchor
Jeff Glor Co-Anchor
Lonnie Quinn Weather Anchor

CBS Evening News (Sundays)

Jeff Glor

Chief Correspondents

Jan Crawford Chief Legal Correspondent/Political Correspondent
Armen Keteyian Chief Investigative Correspondent
Lara Logan Chief Foreign Affairs Correspondent
Byron Pitts Chief National Correspondent
Norah O'Donnell Chief White House Correspondent
Bob Schieffer Chief Washington Correspondent

Correspondents

Wyatt Andrews
Sharyl Attkisson Investigative
Jim Axelrod National
John Blackstone
Cynthia Bowers
James Brown Special Correspondent
Mandy Clark Digital Journalist
Nancy Cordes Congressional
Lee Cowan National
Charlie D'Agata
John Dickerson Political Director
Seth Doane
Peter Greenberg Travel Editor
Dr. Sanjay Gupta Medical Contributor
Steve Hartman
Celia Hatton
Rebecca Jarvis Business and Economics
Whit Johnson
Jonathan LaPook, M.D. Medical
Wynton Marsalis Cultural
David Martin National Security
Anthony Mason Senior Business
Michelle Miller
Bob Orr Justice/Homeland Security/Aviation
Elizabeth Palmer
Barry Petersen
Mark Phillips
Allen Pizzey
Bill Plante Senior White House
Elaine Quijano
Chip Reid National
Dean Reynolds National
Mark Strassmann Transportation
Ben Tracy National
Bill Whitaker

CBS Newspath

Karen Brown
Joel Brown
Alexis Christoforous CBS MoneyWatch.com
Manuel Gallegus
Kendis Gibson
Sandra Hughes
Randall Pinkston

Television news in the United States

Broadcast news divisions: ABC News • CBS News • NBC News • PBS Newshour

National cable/satellite channels: ABC News Now • CNN • Fox News Channel • HLN • MSNBC

Specialty channels: Bloomberg Television • CNBC • CNBC World • C-SPAN • The Weather Channel • ESPNews • Fox Business • WeatherNation TV

Non-profit channels: Free Speech TV • Link TV

Spanish language: CNN en Español • Telemundo • Univision • Univision Noticias
Broadband services: ABC News Now • CNBC Plus

Defunct: All News Channel • America's Talking • CNNfn • CNN Pipeline • Satellite News Channel • CNNSI • CBC Newsworld International • FNN-SCORE • UPI Newstime • The Weather Cast

v t e CBS Corporation

Corporate directors	David R. Andelman Joseph A. Califano, Jr. William S. Cohen Gary L. Countryman Charles K. Gifford Leonard Goldberg Bruce S. Gordon Linda M. Griego Arnold Kopelson Leslie Moonves Doug Morris Shari Redstone Sumner Redstone Frederick V. Salerno

Radio stations	CBS Radio (list of stations)

Broadcast television assets	CBS CBS News CBS Sports The CW (co-owned with Warner Bros.)

Television facilities	CBS Broadcast Center CBS Studio Center CBS Television City Ed Sullivan Theater

CBS Television Studios CBS Studios, Inc.	Big Ticket Entertainment CBS Productions CBS Studios International CBS Television Distribution

Television stations	CBS Television Stations (Template)

Cable television networks	Showtime Networks CBS Sports Network

CBS Chellozone television networks	CBS Action CBS Drama CBS Reality Horror Channel

CBS Interactive	BNET CBS Innertube CBSSports.com Chow Clicker.com CNET Networks Comic Vine Download.com FindArticles GameFAQs GameRankings GameSpot Giant Bomb MaxPreps Metacritic MetroLyrics MovieTome MP3.com mySimon TechRepublic TV.com VersionTracker ZDNet Wallstrip MobLogic MacFixIt Last.fm Radio.com

Simon & Schuster publishing	Atria Free Press Gallery Howard Pimsleur Pocket Scribner Simon & Schuster Touchstone/Fireside Threshold Aladdin Atheneum Beach Lane Little Simon Margaret K. McElderry Paula Wiseman Simon Pulse Simon Spotlight

Miscellaneous assets	CBS Consumer Products CBS Records CBS Outdoor Westinghouse Electric Corporation CBS Operations CBS Home Entertainment CBS Films CBS Games

Defunct properties	CBS Cable CBS Paramount Domestic Television CBS Paramount Network Television Free FM Infinity Broadcasting Corporation King World Productions Spelling Television UPN (United Paramount Network)

See also	Viacom (1971–2005) National Amusements Westinghouse Electric (1886)

Annual revenue USD 14.07 billion (2007) Stock symbol NYSE: CBS, NYSE: CBSA Website cbscorporation.com

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News

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This article is about the broadcast network. For its parent company, see CBS Corporation. For other uses of CBS, see CBS (disambiguation).

CBS Broadcasting Inc. (CBS)

Type	Broadcast radio network and television network
Branding	"Only CBS"
Country	United States
First air date	January 27, 1927 (as United Independent Broadcasters)
Availability	National
Founded	by William S. Paley
Motto	America's Most Watched Network
Slogan	Only CBS
Headquarters	CBS Building New York City
Owner	Independent (1927–1995) Westinghouse Electric (renamed CBS Corp. in 1997) (1995–2000) Viacom (2000–2005) CBS Corporation (2006–present)
Key people	Leslie Moonves, Chairman of CBS, Nancy Tellem (President of CBS Network Television Entertainment)
Launch date	September 18, 1927 (radio) July 1, 1941 (television)
Former names	United Independent Broadcasters (1927) Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (1927–1928) Columbia Broadcasting System (1928–1995 in official usage)
Picture format	480i (16:9 SDTV) 720p 1080i (HDTV)
Callsigns	CBS
Callsign meaning	Columbia Broadcasting System (former legal name)
Affiliates	Lists: By state or By DMA
Official website	CBS.com

CBS Broadcasting Inc. (CBS) is a major US commercial broadcasting television network, which started as a radio network. The name is derived from the initials of the network's former name, Columbia Broadcasting System. It is the second largest broadcaster in the world behind the BBC. The network is sometimes referred to as the "Eye Network" in reference to the shape of the company's logo. It has also been called the "Tiffany Network," which alludes to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of its founder William S. Paley (1901–90).^[1] It can also refer to some of CBS's first demonstrations of color television, which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950,^[2] thus earning it the name "Color broadcasting system" back when such a feat was innovative.^{[citation needed]}

The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc., a collection of 16 radio stations that was bought by William S. Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System.^[3] Under Paley's guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States and then one of the big three American broadcast television networks. In 1974, CBS dropped its full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 and eventually adopted the name of the company it had bought to become CBS Corporation. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which coincidentally had begun as a spin-off of CBS in 1971. In late 2005, Viacom split itself and reestablished CBS Corporation with the CBS television network at its core. CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, its parent.

1 History
2 Coverage and availability
3 Logos and slogans
4 Promos
5 Programming
6 International broadcasts
7 Controversy
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links

History [link]

Radio years [link]

The origins of CBS date back to January 27, 1927, with the creation of the "United Independent Broadcasters" network in Chicago by New York talent-agent Arthur Judson. The fledgling network soon needed additional investors though, and the Columbia Phonograph Company, manufacturers of Columbia Records, rescued it in April 1927; as a result, the network was renamed "Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System." Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18, 1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra^[4] from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates.^[5]

Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, and by the end of 1927, Columbia Phonograph wanted out.^[6] In early 1928, Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the network's Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. None of the three was interested in assuming day-to-day management of the network, so they installed wealthy 26-year-old William S. Paley, son of a Philadelphia cigar family and in-law of the Levys, as president. With the record company out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia Broadcasting System."^[6] He believed in the power of radio advertising since his family's "La Palina" cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio.^[7] By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS and became its majority owner with 51% of the business.^[8]

Turnaround: Paley's first year [link]

During Louchenheim's brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A.H. Grebe's Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the network's flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the signal relocated to a stronger frequency, 860 kHz.^[9] The physical plant was relocated also—to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan. It was where much of CBS's programming originated. Other owned-and-operated stations were KNX Los Angeles, KCBS San Francisco (originally KQW), WBBM Chicago, WCAU Philadelphia, WJSV Washington, D.C. (later WTOP, which moved to the FM dial in 2005; the AM facility today is WFED, also a secondary CBS affiliate), WWNY St. Louis, and WCCO Minneapolis. These remain the core affiliates of the CBS Radio Network today, with WCBS still the flagship, and all except WTOP and WFED (both Hubbard Broadcasting properties) owned by CBS Radio. By the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates.^[10]

Paley moved right away to put his network on a firmer financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered into talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures who planned to move into radio in response to RCA's forays into motion pictures with the advent of talkies.^[11] The deal came to fruition in September 1929: Paramount got 49 percent of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3,800,000 at the time.^[7] The agreement specified that Paramount would buy that same stock back by March 1, 1932 for a flat $5,000,000, provided CBS had earned $2,000,000 during 1931 and 1932.^[11] For a brief time there was talk that the network might be renamed "Paramount Radio," but it only lasted a month—the 1929 stock market crash sent all stock value tumbling. It galvanized Paley and his troops, though: they "had no alternative but to turn the network around and earn the $2,000,000 in two years.... This is the atmosphere in which the CBS of today was born."^[11] The near-bankrupt movie studio sold its CBS shares back to CBS in 1932; Paramount was in trouble, CBS was not.^[12]

In the first year of Paley's watch, CBS's gross earnings more than tripled, going from $1,400,000 to $4,700,000.^[13]

Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade

Much of the increase was a result of Paley's second upgrade to the CBS business plan—improved affiliate relations. There were two types of program at the time: sponsored and sustaining, i.e., unsponsored. Rival NBC paid affiliates for every sponsored show they carried and charged them for every sustaining show they ran.^[14] It was onerous for small and medium stations, and resulted in both unhappy affiliates and limited carriage of sustaining programs. Paley had a different idea, designed to get CBS programs emanating from as many radio sets as possible:^[15] he would give the sustaining programs away for free, provided the station would run every sponsored show, and accept CBS's check for doing so.^[16] CBS soon had more affiliates than either NBC Red or NBC Blue.^[17]

Paley was a man who valued style and taste,^[18] and in 1929, once he had his affiliates happy and his company's creditworthiness on the mend, he relocated his concern to sleek, new 485 Madison Avenue, the "heart of the advertising community, right where Paley wanted his company to be"^[19] and where CBS would stay until its move to Black Rock in 1965. When his new landlords expressed skepticism about the network and its fly-by-night reputation, Paley overcame their qualms by purchasing a lease for $1,500,000.^[19]

1930s: CBS takes on the Red and the Blue [link]

Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth

Since NBC was the broadcast arm of radio set manufacturer RCA, its chief David Sarnoff approached his decisions as both a broadcaster and as a hardware executive; NBC's affiliates had the latest RCA equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on "clear channel" frequencies. Yet Sarnoff's affiliates were mistrustful of him. Paley had no such split loyalties: his—and his affiliates'—success rose and fell with the quality of CBS programming.^[15]

Paley had an innate, pitch-perfect, sense of entertainment, "a gift of the gods, an ear totally pure,"^[20] wrote David Halberstam. "[H]e knew what was good and would sell, what was bad and would sell, and what was good and would not sell, and he never confused one with another."^[21] As the 1930s loomed, Paley set about building the CBS talent stable. The network became the home of many popular musical and comedy stars, among them Jack Benny, ("Your Canada Dry Humorist"), Al Jolson, George Burns & Gracie Allen, and Kate Smith, whom Paley personally selected for his family's La Palina Hour because she was not the type of woman to provoke jealousy in American wives.^[22] When, on a mid-ocean voyage, Paley heard a phonograph record of a young unknown crooner, he rushed to the ship's radio room and "cabled" New York to sign Bing Crosby immediately to a contract for a daily radio show.^[23]

While the CBS prime-time lineup featured music, comedy and variety shows, the daytime schedule was a direct conduit into American homes—and into the hearts and minds of American women; for many, it was the bulk of their adult human contact during the course of the day. CBS time salesmen recognized early on that this intimate connection could be a bonanza for advertisers of female-interest products.^[24] Starting in 1930, astrologer Evangeline Adams would consult the heavens on behalf of listeners who sent in their birthdays, a description of their problems—and a box-top from sponsor Forhan's toothpaste.^[25] The low-key murmuring of smooth-voiced Tony Wons, backed by a tender violin, "made him a soul mate to millions of women"^[26] on behalf of the R. J. Reynolds tobacco company, whose cellophane-wrapped Camel cigarettes were "as fresh as the dew that dawn spills on a field of clover."^[27] The most popular radio-friend of all was M. Sayle Taylor, The Voice Of Experience, though his name was never uttered on air.^[27] Women mailed descriptions of the most intimate of relationship problems to The Voice in the tens of thousands per week; sponsors Musterole ointment and Haley's M–O laxative enjoyed sales increases of several hundred percent in just the first month on The Voice Of Experience.^[28]

When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after twenty years of pantomime, he chose CBS air to do it on

As the decade progressed, a new genre joined the daytime lineup: serial dramas—soap operas, so named for the products that sponsored them, by way of the ad agencies that actually produced them. Although the form, usually in quarter-hour episodes, proliferated widely in the middle and late 1930s, they all had the same basic premise: that characters "fell into two categories: 1) those in trouble and 2) those who helped people in trouble. The helping-hand figures were usually older."^[29] At CBS, Just Plain Bill brought human insight and Anacin pain reliever into households; Your Family and Mine came courtesy of Sealtest Dairy products; Bachelor's Children first hawked Old Dutch Cleanser, then Wonder Bread; Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories was sponsored by Spry Vegetable Shortening. Our Gal Sunday (Anacin again), The Romance of Helen Trent (Angélus cosmetics), Big Sister (Rinso laundry soap) and many others filled the daytime ether.^[30]

CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent

Thanks to its daytime and primetime schedules, CBS prospered in the 1930s. In 1935, gross sales were $19,300,000, yielding a profit of $2,270,000.^[31] By 1937, the network took in $28,700,000 and had 114 affiliates,^[15] almost all of which cleared 100% of network-fed programming, thus keeping ratings, and revenue, high. In 1938, CBS even acquired the American Record Corporation, parent of its onetime investor Columbia Records.^[32]

In 1938, NBC and CBS each opened studios in Hollywood to attract movieland's top talent to their networks – NBC at Radio City on Sunset and Vine, CBS two blocks away at Columbia Square.^[33]

CBS launches an independent news division [link]

The extraordinary potential of radio news showed itself in 1930, when CBS suddenly found itself with a live telephone connection to a prisoner called "The Deacon" who described, from the inside and in real time, a riot and conflagration at the Ohio State Penitentiary; for CBS, it was "a shocking journalistic coup."^[34] Yet as late as 1934, there was still no regularly scheduled newscast on network radio: "Most sponsors did not want network news programming; those that did were inclined to expect veto rights over it."^[35] There had been a longstanding wariness between radio and the newspapers as well; the papers had rightly concluded that the upstart radio business would compete with them on two counts—advertising dollars and news coverage. By 1933, they fought back, many no longer publishing radio schedules for readers' convenience, or allowing "their" news to be read on the air for radio's profit.^[36] Radio, in turn, pushed back when urban department stores, newspapers' largest advertisers and themselves owners of many radio stations, threatened to withhold their ads from print.^[37] A short-lived attempted truce in 1933 even saw the papers proposing that radio be forbidden from running news before 9:30 am, and then only after 9:00 pm—and that no news story could air until it was twelve hours old.^[38]

CBS News engineers prepare a remote: Justice Hugo Black's 1937 denial of Klan ties

It was in this climate that Paley set out to "enhance the prestige of CBS, to make it seem in the public mind the more advanced, dignified and socially aware network."^[39] He did it through sustaining programming like the New York Philharmonic, the thoughtful drama of Norman Corwin—and an in-house news division to gather and present news, free of fickle suppliers like newspapers and wire services.^[39] In the fall of 1934, CBS launched its independent news division, shaped in its first years by Paley's vice-president, former The New York Times man Ed Klauber, and news director Paul White. Since there was no blueprint or precedent for real-time news coverage, early efforts of the new division used the short-wave link-up CBS had been using for five years^[40] to bring live feeds of European events to its American air.

A key early hire was Edward R. Murrow in 1935; his first corporate title was Director of Talks. He was mentored in microphone technique by Robert Trout, the lone full-timer of the News Division, and quickly found himself in a growing rivalry with boss White.^[41] Murrow was glad to "leave the hothouse atmosphere of the New York office behind"^[42] when he was dispatched to London as CBS's European Director in 1937, a time when the growing Hitler menace underscored the need for a robust European Bureau. Halberstam described Murrow in London as "the right man in the right place in the right era."^[43] Murrow began assembling the staff of broadcast journalists—including William L. Shirer, Charles Collingwood and Eric Sevareid—who would become known as "Murrow's Boys." They were "in [Murrow's] own image, sartorially impeccable, literate, often liberal, and prima donnas all."^[44] They covered history in the making, and sometimes made it themselves: on March 12, 1938, Hitler boldly annexed nearby Austria and Murrow and Boys quickly assembled coverage with Shirer in London, Edgar Ansel Mowrer in Paris, Pierre Huss in Berlin, Frank Gervasi in Rome and Trout in New York.^[45] The News Round-Up format was born and is still ubiquitous today in broadcast news.

Murrow's nightly reports from the rooftops during the dark days of the London Blitz galvanized American listeners: even before Pearl Harbor, the conflict became "the story of the survival of Western civilization, the most heroic of all possible wars and stories. He was indeed reporting on the survival of the English-speaking peoples."^[46] With his "manly, tormented voice,"^[47] Murrow contained and mastered the panic and danger he felt, thereby communicating it all the more effectively to his audience.^[47] Using his trademark self-reference "This reporter,"^[48] he did not so much report news as interpret it, combining simplicity of expression with subtlety of nuance.^[47] Murrow himself said he tried "to describe things in terms that make sense to the truck driver without insulting the intelligence of the professor."^[47] When he returned home for a visit late in 1941, Paley threw an "extraordinarily elaborate reception"^[49] for him at the Waldorf-Astoria. Of course, its goal was more than just honoring CBS's latest "star"—it was an announcement to the world that Mr. Paley's network was finally more than just a pipeline carrying other people's programming: it was now a cultural force in its own right.^[50]

Once the war was over and Murrow returned for good, it was as "a superstar with prestige and freedom and respect within his profession and within his company."^[51] He possessed enormous capital within that company, and as the unknown form of television news loomed large, he would spend it freely, first in radio news, then in television, taking on Senator Joseph McCarthy first, then eventually William S. Paley himself,^[52] and with a foe that formidable, even the vast Murrow account would soon run dry.

[edit] Panic: The War of the Worlds radio broadcast

Enfant terrible Orson Welles's "Hallowe'en joke" frightened the country and snared a sponsor

On October 30, 1938, CBS gained a taste of infamy when Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds. Its unique format, a contemporary version of the story in the form of faux news broadcasts, had many CBS listeners panicked into believing invaders from Mars were actually devastating Grover's Mill, New Jersey, despite three disclaimers during the broadcast that it was a work of fiction. The flood of publicity after the broadcast had two effects: an FCC ban on faux news bulletins within dramatic programming, and sponsorship for Mercury Theatre on the Air—the former sustaining program became The Campbell Playhouse to sell soup.^[53] Welles, for his part, summarized the episode as "the Mercury Theater's own radio version of dressing up in a sheet and jumping out of a bush and saying 'Boo!'"^[54]

CBS recruits Edmund A. Chester [link]

Before the onset of World War II, CBS recruited Edmund A. Chester from his position as Bureau Chief for Latin America at Associated Press to serve as Director of Latin American Relations and Director of Short Wave Broadcasts for the CBS radio network (1940). In this capacity, Mr. Chester coordinated the development of the Network of the Americas (La Cadena de las Americas) with the Department of State, the Office for Inter-American Affairs (as chaired by Nelson Rockefeller) and Voice of America. This network provided vital news and cultural programming throughout South America and Central America during the crucial World War II era and fostered diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the less developed nations of the continent. It featured such popular radio broadcasts as Viva América^[55] which showcased leading musical talent from both North and South America accompanied by the CBS Pan American Orchestra under the musical direction of Alfredo Antonini. The post war era also marked the beginning of CBS's dominance in the field of radio as well.^[56]

1940s: Zenith of network radio [link]

As 1939 wound down, Bill Paley announced that 1940 would "be the greatest year in the history of radio in the United States."^[57] He was right—times ten: the decade of the 1940s would indeed be the apogee of network radio by every gauge. Nearly 100% of 1939's advertisers renewed their contracts for 1940; manufacturers of farm tractors made radios standard equipment on their machines.^[58] Wartime rationing of paper limited the size of newspapers—and hence advertisers—and when papers turned them away, they migrated to radio sponsorship.^[59] A 1942 act of Congress made advertising expenses a tax benefit^[59] and that sent even automobile and tire manufacturers—who had no products to sell since they had been converted to war production—scurrying to sponsor symphony orchestras and serious drama on radio.^[60] In 1940, only one-third of radio programs were sponsored, while two-thirds were sustaining; by mid-decade, the statistics had swapped—now two out of three shows had cash-paying sponsors and only one-third were sustaining.^[61]

The CBS of the 1940s was vastly different from that of the early days; many of the old guard veterans had died, retired or moved on.^[62] No change was greater than that in Paley himself: he had become difficult to work for, and had "gradually shifted from leader to despot."^[62] He spent much of his time seeking social connections and in cultural pursuits; his "hope was that CBS could somehow learn to run itself."^[62] His brief to an interior designer remodeling his townhouse included a requirement for closets that would accommodate three hundred suits, one hundred shirts and had special racks for a hundred neckties.^[63]

Dr. Frank Stanton, second only to Paley in his impact on CBS, president 1946–1971

As Paley grew more remote, he installed a series of buffer executives who sequentially assumed more and more power at CBS: first Ed Klauber, then Paul Kesten, and finally Frank Stanton. Second only to Paley as the author of CBS's style and ambitions in its first half-century, Stanton was "a magnificent mandarin who functioned as company superintendent, spokesman, and image-maker."^[64] He had come to the network in 1933 after sending copies of his PhD thesis "A Critique Of Present Methods and a New Plan for Studying Radio Listening Behavior" to CBS top brass and they responded with a job.^[65] He scored an early hit with his study "Memory for Advertising Copy Presented Visually vs. Orally" which CBS salesmen used to great effect bringing in new sponsors.^[65] In 1946 Paley named Stanton President of CBS and promoted himself to Chairman. Stanton's colorful, but impeccable, wardrobe—slate-blue pinstripe suit, ecru shirt, robin's egg blue necktie with splashes of saffron—made him, in the mind of one sardonic CBS vice-president, "the greatest argument we have for color television."^[66]

Despite the influx of advertisers and their cash, or perhaps because of them, the 1940s were not without bumps for the radio networks. The biggest challenge came in the form of the FCC's chain broadcasting investigation—the "monopoly probe," as it was often called.^[67] Though started in 1938, it only gathered steam in 1940 under new-broom chairman James L. Fly.^[68] By the time the smoke had cleared in 1943, NBC found itself shorn of its Blue network, which became ABC. CBS was also hit, though not as severely: Paley's brilliant 1928 affiliate contract which had given CBS first claim on local stations' air during sponsored time—the network option—came under attack as being restrictive to local programming.^[69] The final compromise permitted the network option for three out of four hours during certain dayparts, but the new regulations had virtually no practical effect, since most all stations accepted the network feed, especially the sponsored hours that earned them money.^[69] Fly's panel also forbade networks from owning artists' representation bureaus, so CBS sold its bureau to Music Corporation of America and it became Management Corporation of America.^[70]

Arthur Godfrey spoke directly to listeners individually, making him a foremost pitchman into TV era

On the air, the war had an impact on most every show. Variety shows wove patriotism through their comedy and music segments; dramas and soaps had characters join the service and go off to fight. Even before hostilities commenced in Europe, one of the most played songs on radio was Irving Berlin's "God Bless America," popularized by CBS's own Kate Smith.^[71] Although an Office of Censorship sprang up within days of Pearl Harbor, censorship would be totally voluntary. A few shows submitted scripts for review; most did not.^[72] The guidelines that the Office did issue banned weather reports, including announcement of sports rainouts, news about troop, ship or plane movements, war production and live man-on-the-street interviews. The ban on ad-libbing caused quizzes, game shows and amateur hours to wither for the duration.^[72]

Surprising was "the granite permanence" of the shows at the top of the ratings.^[73] The vaudevillians and musicians who were huge after the war were the same stars who had been huge in the 30s: Benny, Crosby, Burns and Allen, Edgar Bergen all had been on the radio almost as long as there had been network radio.^[74] A notable exception to this was relative newcomer Arthur Godfrey who, as late as 1942, was still doing a local morning show in Washington, D.C.^[75] Godfrey, who had been a cemetery-lot salesman and a cab driver, pioneered the style of talking directly to the listener as an individual, with a singular "you" rather than phrases like "Now, folks..." or "Yes, friends...."^[76] His combined shows contributed as much as 12% of all CBS revenues; by 1948, he was pulling down a half-million dollars a year.^[75]

In 1947, Paley, still the undisputed "head talent scout" of CBS,^[64] led a much-publicized "talent raid" on NBC. One day, while Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll were hard at work at NBC writing their venerable Amos and Andy show, a knock came on the door; it was Paley himself, with an astonishing offer: "Whatever you are getting now I will give you twice as much."^[77] Capturing NBC's cornerstone show was coup enough, but Paley repeated in 1948 with longtime NBCers Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy and Red Skelton, as well as former CBS defectors Jack Benny, radio's top-rated comedian, and Burns and Allen. Paley achieved this rout with a legal agreement reminiscent of his 1928 contract that caused some NBC station affiliates to jump ship and join CBS:^[77] CBS would buy the stars' names as a property, in exchange for a large lump sum and a salary.^[78] The plan relied on the vastly different tax rates between income and capital gains, so not only would the stars enjoy more than twice their income after taxes, but CBS would preclude any NBC counterattack because CBS owned the performers' names.^[77] As a result of this sortie, Paley got in 1949 something he had sought for twenty years: CBS finally beat NBC in the ratings.^[79]

But it wasn't just to one-up rival Sarnoff that Paley led his talent raid; he, and all of radio, had their eye on the coming force that threw a shadow over radio throughout the 1940s—television.

1950s: Prime time radio gives way to television [link]

A 1951 advertisement for the CBS Television Network introduced the Eye logo.

In the spring of 1940, CBS staff engineer Peter Goldmark devised a system for color television that CBS management hoped would leapfrog the network over NBC and its existing black-and-white RCA system.^[80] The CBS system "gave brilliant and stable colors," while NBC's was "crude and unstable but 'compatible.'"^[81] Ultimately, the FCC rejected the CBS system because it was incompatible with RCA's; that, and the fact that CBS had moved to secure many UHF, not VHF, TV licenses, left CBS flatfooted in the early television age.^[82] In 1946, only 6,000 TV sets were in operation, all in greater New York; by 1949, the number was 3,000,000, and by 1951, 12,000,000.^[83] Sixty-four American cities had TV stations, though most of them only had one.^[84]

Radio continued to be the backbone of the company, at least in the early 1950s, but it was "a strange, twilight period."^[74] NBC's venerable Fred Allen saw his ratings plummet when he was pitted against upstart ABC's game show Stop The Music!; within weeks, he was dropped by longtime sponsor Ford Motor Company and was shortly gone from the scene.^[85] Radio powerhouse Bob Hope's ratings plunged from 23.8 in 1949 to 5.4 in 1953.^[86] By 1952, "death seemed imminent for network radio" in its familiar form;^[87] most telling of all, the big sponsors were eager for the switch.

Gradually, as the television network took shape, radio stars began to migrate to the new medium. Many programs ran on both media while making the transition. The radio soap opera The Guiding Light moved to television in 1952 and ran another fifty-seven years; Burns & Allen, back "home" from NBC, made the move in 1950; Lucille Ball a year later; Our Miss Brooks in 1952 (though it continued simultaneously on radio for its full television life). The high-rated Jack Benny Program ended its radio run in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday-night show went off the air in 1957. When CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money,^[88] it was clear where the future lay. When the soap opera Ma Perkins went off the air November 25, 1960 only eight, relatively minor series remained. Prime time radio ended on September 30, 1962, when Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar and Suspense aired for the final time.^[89]

CBS's radio programming after 1972 [link]

The retirement of Arthur Godfrey in April 1972 marked the end of the longform program on CBS radio; programming thereafter consisted of hourly news summaries and news features, known in the 1970s as Dimension, and commentaries, including the Spectrum series that evolved into the "Point/Counterpoint" feature on the television network's 60 Minutes and First Line Report, a news and analysis feature delivered by CBS correspondents. The network also continued to offer traditional radio programming through its nightly CBS Radio Mystery Theater, the lone holdout of old-style programming, from 1974 through 1982.^[90] The CBS Radio Network continues to this day, offering hourly newscasts, including its centerpiece CBS World News Roundup in the morning and evening, weekend sister program CBS News Weekend Roundup, the news-related feature segment The Osgood File, What's In the News, a one-minute summary of one story, and various other segments such as commentary from Seattle radio personality Dave Ross, tip segments from various other sources, and technology coverage from CBS Interactive property CNET.

It is the last of the original Big Four radio networks still owned and operated by its founding company; ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting in 2007 (and is now a part of Cumulus Media) while Mutual and NBC Radio were acquired by Westwood One in the 1980s (Westwood One and CBS were under common ownership from 1993 to 2007; the former would be acquired outright by Dial Global in October 2011).

Television years: expansion and growth [link]

CBS's first television broadcasts were experimental, often only for one hour a day, and reaching a limited area in and around New York City (over station W2XAB channel 2, later called WCBW and finally WCBS-TV). To catch up with rival RCA, CBS bought Hytron Laboratories in 1939, and immediately moved into set production and television broadcasting. Though there were many competing patents and systems, RCA dictated the content of the FCC's technical standards, and grabbed the spotlight from CBS, DuMont and others by introducing television to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The FCC began licensing commercial television stations on July 1, 1941; the first license went to RCA and NBC's WNBT (now WNBC); the second license, issued that same day, was to WCBW, (now WCBS). CBS-Hytron offered a practical color system in 1941, but it was not compatible with the black-and-white standards set down by RCA. In time, and after considerable dithering, the FCC rejected CBS's technology in favor of that by RCA.

During the World War II years, commercial television broadcasting was reduced dramatically. Toward the end of the war, commercial television began to ramp up again, with an increased level of programming evident in the 1945–1947 period on the three New York television stations which operated in those years (the local stations of NBC, CBS and DuMont) But as RCA and DuMont raced to establish networks and offer upgraded programming, CBS lagged, advocating an industry-wide shift and re-start to UHF for their incompatible (with black and white) color system. Only in 1950, when NBC was dominant in television and black and white transmission was widespread, did CBS begin to buy or build their own stations (outside of New York) in Los Angeles, Chicago and other major cities. Up to that point, CBS programming was seen on such stations as KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles, which CBS—as a bit of insurance and to guarantee program clearance in Los Angeles—quickly purchased a 50% interest in, partnering with the Los Angeles Times newspaper. CBS then sold their interest in KTTV (which today is the West Coast flagship of the Fox network) and purchased outright Los Angeles pioneer station KTSL (Channel 2) in 1950, renaming it KNXT (after CBS's existing Los Angeles radio property, KNX), later to become KCBS-TV. The "talent raid" on NBC of the mid-forties had brought over established radio stars; they now became stars of CBS television as well. One reluctant CBS star refused to bring her radio show, "My Favorite Husband," to television unless the network would re-cast the show with her real-life husband in the lead. Paley and network president Frank Stanton had so little faith in the future of Lucille Ball's series, re-dubbed I Love Lucy, that they granted her wish and allowed the husband, Desi Arnaz, to take financial control of the production. This was the making of the Ball-Arnaz Desilu empire, and became the template for series production to this day.

In the late 1940s, CBS offered the first live television coverage of the proceedings of the United Nations General Assembly (1949). This journalistic tour-de-force was under the direction of Edmund A. Chester, who was appointed to the post of Director for News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948.

As television came to the forefront of American entertainment and information, CBS dominated television as it once had radio.^{[citation needed]} In 1953, the CBS television network would make its first profit,^[91] and would maintain dominance on television between the years 1955 and 1976 as well^[91] By the late 1950s, the network often controlled seven or eight of the slots on the "top ten" ratings list with well-respected shows like Route 66. This success would continue for many years, with CBS bumped from first place only by the rise of ABC in the mid-1970s. Perhaps because of its status as the top-rated network, during the late 1960s and early 1970s CBS felt freer to gamble with controversial properties like the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and All in the Family and its many spinoffs during this period.

CBS "Eye" Logo in 1965, displayed before shows presented in color

One of CBS's most popular shows at that time was M*A*S*H, a dramedy based on the hit Robert Altman film. It ran from 1972–1983, and was set, like the film, during the Korean War in a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital. The final episode aired on February 28, 1983 and was 2½ hours long. It was viewed by nearly 106 million Americans (77% of viewership that night) which established it as the most watched episode in United States television history, a record which stood until the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIV in 2010, also on CBS.

Color telecasts (1953–1965)[link]

Although CBS-TV was the first with a working color television system, they lost out to RCA in 1953, due in part because the CBS color system was incompatible with existing black-and-white sets. Although RCA, then-parent company of NBC, made its color system available to CBS, the network was not interested in boosting RCA's profits and televised only a few specials in color for the rest of the decade. The specials included the Ford Star Jubilee programs (which included the first telecast ever of MGM's 1939 film classic The Wizard of Oz). Other specials were also shown: the 1957 telecast of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella, Cole Porter's musical version of Aladdin, and Playhouse 90's only color broadcast, the 1958 production of The Nutcracker, featuring choreography by George Balanchine. This telecast was based on the famous production staged annually since 1954 in New York, and performed by the New York City Ballet. CBS would later show two other versions of the ballet, a semi-forgotten one-hour German-American version hosted by Eddie Albert ,shown annually for three years beginning in 1965, and the well-loved Baryshnikov production from 1977 to 1981. (This production later moved to PBS.)

Beginning in 1959, The Wizard of Oz, now telecast by CBS as a family special in its own right (after the cancellation of Ford Star Jubilee), became an annual tradition on color TV. However, it was the success of NBC's 1955 telecast of the musical Peter Pan, starring Mary Martin, the most watched television special of its time, that inspired CBS to telecast The Wizard of Oz, Cinderella and Aladdin.

1960–1967 [link]

From 1960 to 1965, CBS-TV limited its color transmissions to only a few specials such as The Wizard of Oz, and only then if the sponsor would pay for it. Red Skelton was the first CBS host to telecast his weekly programs in color, using a converted movie studio, in the early 1960s; he tried unsuccessfully to persuade the network to use his facility for other programs, then was forced to sell it. Color was being pushed hard by rival NBC. Even ABC had several color programs, beginning in the fall of 1962, but those were limited because of the network's financial and technical situations. One famous CBS-TV special made during this era was the Charles Collingwood-hosted tour of the White House with First Lady Jackie Kennedy. It was, however, shown in black-and-white. Beginning in 1963, at least one CBS show, The Lucy Show, began filming in color at its star and producer Lucille Ball's insistence; she realized that color episodes would command more money when they were eventually sold into syndication, but even it was broadcast in black and white through the end of the 1964–65 season. This would all change by the mid-1960s, when market pressure forced CBS-TV to add color programs to the regular schedule for the 1965–66 season and complete the changeover during the 1966–67 season. By the fall of 1967, nearly all of CBS's TV programs were in color, as were NBC's and ABC's. A notable exception was The Twentieth Century, which consisted mostly of newsreel archival footage, though even this program used at least some color footage by the late 1960s.

In 1965, CBS telecast a new color version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella. This version, starring Lesley Ann Warren and Stuart Damon in the roles formerly played by Julie Andrews and Jon Cypher, was shot on videotape rather than being telecast live, and would become an annual tradition for the next nine years.

In 1967, NBC outbid CBS for the rights to the annual telecast of The Wizard of Oz and the film moved to NBC. However, the network quickly realized their mistake in allowing what was then one of its prime ratings winners to be acquired by another network, and by 1976, the film was back on CBS, where it remained through the end of 1997. CBS showed it twice in 1991, in March and again the night before Thanksgiving. Thereafter, it was shown the night before Thanksgiving.

1971–86: The "Rural purge" and success in the 1970s [link]

Main article: Rural purge

By the end of the 1960s, CBS was broadcasting virtually all of its schedule in color, but many of its shows (including The Beverly Hillbillies, Mayberry R.F.D., Petticoat Junction, Hee Haw and Green Acres) were appealing more to older and more rural audiences and less to the young, urban and more affluent audiences that advertisers sought to target. Fred Silverman (who would later head ABC, then NBC) made the decision to cancel most of those otherwise hit shows by mid-1971 in what became colloquially referred to as the "Rural Purge," with Green Acres star Pat Buttram remarking that the network cancelled "anything with a tree in it."^[92]^[93]

While the "rural" shows got the axe, new hits, like The Mary Tyler Moore Show, All in the Family, M*A*S*H, The Bob Newhart Show, Cannon, Barnaby Jones, Kojak and The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour took their place and kept CBS at the top of the ratings through the early '70s. The majority of these hits were overseen by then East Coast vice president Alan Wagner.^[94] Also, 60 Minutes moved to 7 pm ET on Sundays in 1976 and became an unexpected hit.^{[citation needed]}

Silverman also first developed his strategy of spinning new shows off an established hit while at CBS, with Rhoda and Phyllis spun from The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Maude and The Jeffersons spun from All in the Family and Good Times from Maude.

After Silverman's departure, CBS dropped behind ABC in the 1976–77 season, but still rated strongly, based on its earlier hits and some new ones: One Day at a Time, Alice, Lou Grant, WKRP in Cincinnati, The Dukes of Hazzard (suspiciously "rural") and, the biggest hit of the early '80s, Dallas.

By 1982, ABC had run out of steam, NBC was in dire straits with many failed programming efforts greenlighted by Silverman during his 1978 to 1981 tenure there, and CBS once more nosed ahead, courtesy of Dallas (and its spin-off Knots Landing), Falcon Crest, Magnum, P.I., Simon & Simon and 60 Minutes. CBS also broadcast the popular NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament every March beginning in 1982 (taking over for NBC). There were a few new hits – Kate & Allie, Newhart, Cagney & Lacey, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Murder, She Wrote – but the resurgence was short-lived. CBS had gone deeply into debt as a result of the failed effort by Ted Turner to take control over CBS. The battle was headed by CBS chairman Thomas Wyman. CBS sold its St. Louis station KMOX-TV and allowed the purchase of a large portion of its shares (under 25 percent) by Loew’s Inc. chairman Lawrence Tisch. Consequently, collaboration between Paley and Tisch led to the slow dismissal of Wyman, Tisch becoming chief operating officer, and Paley returning as chairman.^[95]

1986–2002: Tiffany Network in distress [link]

In 1984, The Cosby Show and Miami Vice debuted on NBC and grabbed high ratings immediately, bringing that network back to first place by the 1985–1986 season along with other huge hits Family Ties, The Golden Girls, L.A. Law, and 227. ABC had in turn also rebounded with hits like Dynasty, Who's the Boss?, Hotel, and Growing Pains. By the 1988–1989 season, CBS had fallen to third place behind both ABC and NBC, and had some major rebuilding to do.

Ironically, some of the groundwork had been laid as the network fell in the ratings, with hits Simon & Simon, Falcon Crest, Murder, She Wrote, Kate & Allie and Newhart still on the schedule from the most recent resurgence, and future hits Designing Women, Murphy Brown, Jake and the Fatman, and 48 Hours having recently debuted. Plus, CBS was still getting decent ratings from 60 Minutes, Dallas and Knots Landing. But the ratings for Dallas were a far cry from what they were in the early 1980s. During the early 1990s, the network would bolster its sports lineup by adding Major League Baseball telecasts and the Winter Olympics.

Under network president Jeff Sagansky, the network was able to get strong ratings from new shows Diagnosis: Murder, Touched by an Angel, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Walker, Texas Ranger, and a resurgent Jake and the Fatman during this period, and CBS was able to reclaim the first place crown briefly, in the 1992–1993 season, though its demographics skewed older than ABC, NBC or even Fox, with its relatively limited presence at that time. In 1993, the network made a breakthrough in establishing a successful late night talk show franchise to compete with NBC's Tonight Show when it signed David Letterman away from NBC after the Late Night host was passed over as Johnny Carson's successor on Tonight in favor of Jay Leno. However, CBS' would soon suffer a major blow in a move that would change American television forever.

In 1993, the fledgling Fox network outbid CBS for the rights to air the National Football League, resulting in several stations switching to Fox. The loss of the NFL, along with an ill-fated effort to court younger viewers, led to a drop in CBS' ratings. The network also dropped its MLB coverage (after losing approximately US$500 million over a four year span) in 1993 and NBC, which already aired the Summer Olympics, took over coverage of the Winter Olympics beginning with the 2002 Games.

Still, CBS was able to produce some hits, such as Cosby, The Nanny, and Everybody Loves Raymond, and would regain the NFL (taking over the American Football Conference package from NBC) in 1998.

2002–present: Return to top spot, rivalry with Fox [link]

Another turning point for CBS came in the summer of 2000 when it debuted the summer reality shows Survivor, and Big Brother which became surprise summer hits for the network. In January 2001, CBS debuted the second season of the show after its airing of the Super Bowl and scheduled it Thursdays at 8 pm ET, and moved the police procedural CSI (which had debuted that fall Fridays at 9 pm ET) to Thursdays at 9 pm ET and was both able to chip away at and eventually beat NBC's Thursday night lineup, and attract younger viewers to the network.

CBS has had additional successes with police procedurals Cold Case, Without a Trace, Criminal Minds, NCIS, The Mentalist, Person of Interest, and NYC 22, along with CSI spinoffs CSI: Miami and CSI: NY, and sitcoms Everybody Loves Raymond, The King of Queens, Mike & Molly, Two and a Half Men, How I Met Your Mother, The Big Bang Theory, The New Adventures of Old Christine, and Two Broke Girls.

During the 2007–08 season, Fox ranked as the top-rated network, primarily due to its reliance on American Idol. However, according to Nielsen, CBS has ended up as the top-rated network every season since then.^[96] The two tend to nearly equal one another in the 18–34, 18–49, and 25–54 demographics, although Fox typically wins these by the narrowest of margins.

For the 2011–12 season, CBS finished in first place in total viewers but second place in the 18–49 demo.

Conglomerate [link]

During the 1960s, CBS began an effort to diversify, and looked for suitable investments. In 1965, it acquired electric guitar maker Fender from Leo Fender, who agreed to sell his company due to health problems. The purchase also included that of Rhodes electric pianos, which had already been acquired by Fender. This and other acquisitions led to a restructuring of the corporation into various operating groups and divisions; the quality of the products coming out of these acquired companies was extremely lower, hence the term "pre-CBS" (meaning higher, sought after quality) and "CBS" (mass produced lower quality).

In other diversification attempts, CBS would buy (and later sell) sports teams (especially the New York Yankees baseball club), book and magazine publishers (Fawcett Publications including Woman's Day, and Holt, Rinehart and Winston), map-makers, toy manufacturers (Gabriel Toys, Child Guidance, Wonder Products), and other properties.

As William Paley aged, he tried to find the one person who could follow in his footsteps. However, numerous successors-in-waiting came and went. By the mid-1980s, the investor Laurence Tisch had begun to acquire substantial holdings in CBS. Eventually he gained Paley's confidence, and with his support took control of CBS in 1986.

Tisch's sole interest was turning profits. When CBS faltered, under-performing units were given the axe. Among the first properties to go was the Columbia Records group, which had been part of the company since 1938. Tisch also shut down in 1986 the CBS Technology Center in Stamford, which had started in New York City in the 1930s as CBS Laboratories and evolved to be the company's technology Research and development unit.

Columbia Records [link]

Main article: Columbia Records

Columbia Records was a record label owned by CBS since 1938. In 1962, CBS launched CBS Records to market Columbia recordings outside North America, where the Columbia name was controlled by others. In 1966, CBS Records was made a separate subsidiary of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.^[97] CBS sold the CBS Records Group to the Japanese conglomerate Sony in 1988 initiating the Japanese buying spree of US companies (MCA, Pebble Beach Co., Rockefeller Center, Empire State Building, et al.) that continued into the 1990s. The record label company was re-christened Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, as Sony had a short term license on the CBS name.

Sony purchased from EMI its rights to the Columbia Records name outside the US, Canada, Spain and Japan. Sony now uses Columbia Records as a label name in all countries except Japan, where Sony Records remains their flagship label. Sony acquired the Spanish rights when Sony Music merged with Bertelsmann subsidiary BMG in 2004 as Sony BMG, co-owned by Sony and Bertelsmann. Sony bought out BMG's share in 2008.

CBS Corporation revived CBS Records in 2006.

Publishing [link]

CBS entered the publishing business in 1967 by acquiring Holt, Rinehart & Winston, who published trade books, textbooks, and the magazine Field & Stream. The next year, CBS added the medical publisher Saunders to Holt, Rinehart & Winston. In 1971, CBS acquired Bond/Parkhurst, the publisher of Road & Track and Cycle World.

CBS greatly expanded its magazine business by purchasing Fawcett Publications in 1974, bringing in such magazines as Woman's Day. It acquired the majority of the Ziff Davis publications in 1984.

CBS sold its book publishing businesses in 1985. The educational publishing division, which retained the name Holt, Rinehart & Winston, was sold to Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; the trade book division, renamed Henry Holt and Company, was sold to the West German publisher Holtzbrinck.

CBS exited the magazine business by selling the unit to its executive Peter Diamandis. Diamandis sold the magazines to Hachette Filipacchi Médias in 1988, forming Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.

CBS Musical Instruments division [link]

Forming the CBS Musical Instruments division, the company also acquired Steinway pianos, Gemeinhardt flutes, Lyon & Healy harps, Rodgers (institutional) organs, Gulbransen home organs, Electro-Music Inc. (Leslie speakers), and Rogers Drums. The last musical purchase was the 1981 acquisition of the assets of then-bankrupt ARP Instruments, developer of electronic synthesizers.

Between 1965 and 1985 the quality of Fender guitars and amplifiers declined significantly. Encouraged by outraged Fender fans, CBS Musical Instruments division executives executed a leveraged buyout in 1985 and created FMIC, the Fender Musical Instrument Corporation. At the same time, CBS divested itself of Rodgers, along with Steinway and Gemeinhardt, all of which were purchased by Steinway Musical Properties. The other musical instruments properties were also liquidated.

Film production [link]

Main article: CBS Films

CBS made a brief, unsuccessful move into film production in the late 1960s, creating Cinema Center Films. This profit-free unit was shut down in 1972; today the distribution rights to the Cinema Center library rest with Paramount Pictures for home video (via CBS Home Entertainment) and theatrical release, and with CBS Paramount Television for TV distribution (most other ancillary rights remain with CBS). It released such films as The Reivers (1969), starring Steve McQueen, and the musical Scrooge (1970), starring Albert Finney.

Yet ten years later, in 1982, CBS took another try at Hollywood, in a joint venture with Columbia Pictures and HBO called TriStar Pictures. Despite releasing such box office successes as The Natural, Places in the Heart, and Rambo: First Blood Part II, CBS felt the studio was not making a profit and in 1985, sold its stake in TriStar to The Coca-Cola Company, Columbia Pictures' owner at the time.^[98]

In 2007, CBS Corp. announced its desire to get back into the feature film business slowly launching CBS Films and hiring key executives in the Spring of 2008 to startup the new venture. The name CBS Films was actually used once before in 1953 when the name was briefly used for CBS's distributor of off-network and first-run syndicated programming to local TV stations in the United States and abroad.

Home video [link]

CBS entered into the home video market, when joined with MGM to form MGM/CBS Home Video in 1978, but the joint venture was broken by 1982. CBS joined another studio: 20th Century Fox, to form CBS/Fox Video. CBS's duty was to release some of the movies by TriStar Pictures under the CBS/Fox Video label.

Gabriel Toys [link]

CBS entered the video game market briefly, through its acquisition of Gabriel Toys (renamed CBS Toys), publishing several arcade adaptations and original titles under the name "CBS Electronics," for the Atari 2600, and other consoles and computers, also producing one of the first karaoke recording/players. CBS Electronics also distributed all Coleco-related video game products in Canada, including the ColecoVision. CBS later sold Gabriel Toys to View-Master, which eventually ended up as part of Mattel.

Venture to the UK [link]

On September 14, 2009, it was revealed that the international arm of CBS, CBS Studios International, struck a joint venture deal with Chellomedia to launch six CBS-branded channels in the UK during 2009. The new channels would replace Zone Romantica, Zone Thriller, Zone Horror and Zone Reality, plus timeshift services Zone Horror +1 and Zone Reality +1.^[99]^[100] On October 1, 2009, it was announced that CBS Reality, CBS Reality +1, CBS Drama and CBS Action would launch on November 16, 2009 replacing Zone Reality, Zone Reality +1, Zone Romantica and Zone Thriller respectively.^[101] On April 5, 2010, Zone Horror and Zone Horror +1 were rebranded as Horror Channel and Horror Channel +1.^[102]

New owners [link]

By the early 1990s, profits had fallen as a result of competition from cable companies, video rentals, and the high cost of programming. About 20 former CBS affiliates switched to the rapidly rising Fox Television Network in the mid 1990s, while many television markets across the country (e.g. KDFX in Palm Springs, California and KECY in Yuma, Arizona reportedly the first to do so in August 1994) lost their CBS affiliate for awhile. CBS ratings were acceptable, but the network struggled with an image of stodginess. Laurence Tisch lost interest and sought a new buyer.

CBS's Ed Sullivan Theater in Manhattan, home to the Late Show with David Letterman

Westinghouse Electric Corporation [link]

In 1995, Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired CBS for $5.4 billion. As one of the major broadcasting group owners of commercial radio and television stations (as Group W) since 1920, Westinghouse sought to transition from a station operator into a major media company with its purchase of CBS.

Westinghouse's acquisition of CBS had the effect of suddenly turning the combined company's all-news radio stations in New York (WCBS and WINS) and Los Angeles (KNX and KFWB) from bitter rivals to sister stations. While KFWB switched from all-news to news-talk in 2009, WINS and WCBS remain all-news stations, with WINS (which pioneered the all-news format in 1965) concentrating its news on the five core New York City boroughs and WCBS, with its much more powerful signal, covering the surrounding tri-state metro area.

In 1997, Westinghouse acquired Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, owner of more than 150 radio stations, for $4.9-billion. Also that year, Westinghouse began the CBS Cable division by acquiring two existing cable channels (Gaylord's The Nashville Network (now Spike TV) and Country Music Television) and starting a new one (CBS Eye on People, which was later sold to Discovery Communications).

Following the Infinity purchase, operation and sales responsibilities for the CBS Radio Network was handed to Infinity, which turned management over to Westwood One, a company Infinity managed. WWO is a major radio program syndicator that had previously purchased the Mutual Broadcasting System, NBC's radio networks and the rights to use the "NBC Radio Networks" name. For a time, CBS Radio, NBC Radio Networks and CNN's radio news services were all under the WWO umbrella.

As of 2008^[update], Westwood One continues to distribute CBS radio programming, but as a self-managed company that put itself up for sale and found a buyer for a significant amount of its stock.

CBS also owned CBS Telenoticias, a Spanish-language news network.

In that same year of 1997, Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation, and corporate headquarters were moved from Pittsburgh to New York. And to underline the change in emphasis, all non-entertainment assets were put up for sale. Another 90 radio stations were added to Infinity's portfolio in 1998 with the acquisition of American Radio Systems Corporation for $2.6 billion.

In 1999, CBS paid $2.5 billion to acquire King World Productions, a television syndication company whose programs include The Oprah Winfrey Show, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune. By the end of 1999, all pre-CBS elements of Westinghouse's industrial past (beyond retaining rights to the name for brand licensing purposes) were gone.

Viacom [link]

By the 1990s, CBS had become a broadcasting giant, but in 1999 entertainment conglomerate Viacom -- a company that ironically was created by CBS in 1952 as CBS Films, Inc. to syndicate old CBS series and was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1971—announced it was taking over its former parent in a deal valued at $37 billion. Following completion of this effort in 2000, Viacom was ranked as the second-largest entertainment company in the world.

CBS Corporation and CBS Studios [link]

Having assembled all the elements of a communications empire, Viacom found that the promised synergy was not there, and at the end of 2005 it split itself in two. CBS became the center of a new company, CBS Corporation, which included the broadcasting elements, Paramount Television's production operations (renamed CBS Television Studios), UPN (which later merged with Time Warner's The WB into The CW), Viacom Outdoor advertising (renamed CBS Outdoor), Showtime, Simon & Schuster, and Paramount Parks, which the company sold in May 2006. It is the legal successor to the old Viacom.

The second company, keeping the Viacom name, kept Paramount Pictures, assorted MTV Networks, BET, and, until May 2007, Famous Music, which was sold to Sony/ATV Music Publishing.

As a result of the aforementioned Viacom/CBS corporate split, as well as other acquisitions over recent years, CBS (under the moniker CBS Studios) owns a massive film and television library spanning nine decades; these include not only acquired material from Viacom and CBS in-house productions and network programs, but also programs aired originally on competing networks. Shows and other material in this library include I Love Lucy, The Twilight Zone, The Honeymooners, Hawaii Five-O (both the original and current remake), Gunsmoke, The Fugitive, Little House on the Prairie (US TV rights only), Star Trek, The Brady Bunch, Cheers, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Evening Shade, Duckman, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and its spin-offs, the CBS theatrical library (My Fair Lady, Scrooge, etc.), and the entire Terrytoons library from 1921 forward, among others.

Both CBS Corporation and the new Viacom are still owned by Sumner Redstone's company, National Amusements. As such, Paramount Home Entertainment continues to handle DVD distribution for the CBS library.

Coverage and availability [link]

ACNielsen estimated in 2003 that CBS can be seen in 96.98% of all American households, reaching 103,421,270 homes in the United States. CBS has 204 VHF and UHF affiliated stations in the U.S. and U.S. possessions. CBS is also carried on cable television across Canada, via its affiliates, as well as in Bermuda, via local affiliate ZBM-TV.

Logos and slogans [link]

This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help relocate any relevant information, and remove excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia inclusion policy. (March 2012)

CBS current eye logo, popularly known as the "CBS Eye" or "The Eyemark," from 1951 through the present. This is a logotype for CBS when watching a TV channel.

CBS unveiled its Eye Device logo on October 20, 1951. Before that, from the 1940s through 1951, CBS Television used an oval spotlight on the block letters C-B-S.^[103] The Eye device was conceived by William Golden based on a Pennsylvania Dutch hex sign as well as a Shaker drawing. (While commonly attributed to Golden, there is speculation that at least some design work on the symbol may have been done by another CBS staff designer, Georg Olden, one of the first African-Americans to attract some attention in the postwar graphic design field.)^[104] The Eye device made its broadcasting debut on October 20, 1951. The following season, as Golden prepared a new "ident," CBS President Frank Stanton insisted on keeping the Eye device and using it as much as possible. (Golden died unexpectedly in 1959, and was replaced by one of his top assistants, Lou Dorfsman, who would go on to oversee all print and on-air graphics for CBS for the next thirty years.)

An example of CBS Television Network's imaging (and the distinction between the television and radio networks) may be seen in a video of The Jack Benny Program from 1953; the video appears to be converted from kinescope, and "unscoped" or unedited. One sees the program very nearly as one would have seen it live on CBS. Don Wilson is the program announcer, but also voices a promo for Private Secretary, which starred Ann Sothern and alternated weekly with Jack Benny on the CBS schedule. Benny continued to appear on CBS radio and television at that time, and Wilson makes a promo announcement at the end of the broadcast for Benny's radio program on the CBS Radio Network. The program closes with the "CBS Television Network" ID slide (the "CBS eye" over a field of clouds with the words "CBS Television Network" superimposed over the eye). There is, however, no voiceover accompanying the ID slide. It is unclear whether it was simply absent from the recording or never originally broadcast (a staff announcer may have provided a voiceover message, if so, it was not recorded on this clip).^{[citation needed]}

The CBS eye is now an American icon. While the symbol's settings have changed, the Eye device itself has not been redesigned in its entire history.^[105] In the network's new graphic identity created by Trollbäck + Company in 2006, the eye is being placed in a "trademark" position on show titles, days of the week and descriptive words, an approach highly respecting the value of the eye. The eye logo has frequently been copied or borrowed by television networks around the world, notable examples being the Austrian Broadcasting System (ORF) which used to use a red version of the eye logo, Associated TeleVision in the United Kingdom, Frecuencia Latina in Peru, Nippon Television in Japan and Rede Bandeirantes in Brazil. The logo is alternately known as the Eyemark, which was also the name of CBS's domestic and international syndication divisions in the mid-to-late 1990s before the King World acquisition and Viacom merger.

1980s [link]

Through the years, CBS has developed several notable image campaigns, and several of the network's most well-known slogans date from the 1980s. 1981's "Reach for the Stars" used a space-themed campaign to capitalize on both CBS's stellar improvement in the ratings and the historic launch of the space shuttle Columbia. 1982s "Great Moments" juxtaposed scenes from classic CBS programming such as I Love Lucy with scenes from the network's then-current classics such as Dallas and M*A*S*H. From 1983 through 1986, CBS (by now firmly atop the ratings) featured a campaign based on the slogan "We've Got the Touch." Vocals for the campaign's jingle were contributed by Richie Havens (1983–84; one occasion in 1984–85) and Kenny Rogers (1985–86). The 1986–87 programming season ushered in the "Share the Spirit of CBS" campaign, the network's first to use full-out computer graphics and DVE effects. Unlike most network campaign promos, the full length version of Share the Spirit not only showed a brief clip preview of each new fall series, but also utilized the CGI effects to map out the entire fall schedule by night. The success of that campaign led to the 1987–88 "CBS Spirit" (or CBSPIRIT) campaign. Most CBS Spirit promos utilized a procession of show clips once again. However, the new graphic motif was a swirling (or "swishing") blue line, that was used to represent "the spirit." The full length promo, like the previous year, had a special portion that identified new fall shows, but the mapped-out fall schedule shot was abandoned.

Long-time secondary logo of CBS from 1966, still in use.

For the 1988–89 season, CBS unveiled its new image campaign, officially known as "Television You Can Feel" but more commonly identified as "You Can Feel It On CBS." The goal was to convey a more sensual, new-age image through distinguished, advanced-looking computer graphics and soothing music, backgrounding images and clips of emotionally powerful scenes and characters. However, it was this season in which CBS began its ratings free fall, the deepest in the network's history. CBS ended the decade with "Get Ready for CBS." The 1989–90 version was a very ambitious campaign that attempted to elevate CBS out of last place (among the major networks); the motif was network stars interacting with each other in a remote studio set, getting ready for photo and TV shoots, as well as for the new season on CBS. The high-energy promo song and the campaign's practices saw many variations across the country as every CBS affiliate participated in it, as per a network mandate. Also, for the first time in history, CBS became the first broadcast network to team with a national retailer to encourage viewership, with the CBS/Kmart Get Ready Giveaway.

1990s [link]

For the 1990–91 season, the campaign featured a new jingle—The Temptations offered an altered version of their hit "Get Ready." The early 1990s featured less-than-memorable campaigns, with simplified taglines such as "This is CBS" (1992) and "You're On CBS" (1995). Eventually, the advertising department gained momentum again late in the decade with Welcome Home to a CBS Night (1996–1997), simplified to Welcome Home (1997–1999) and succeeded by the spin-off campaign The Address is CBS (1999–2000).

2000s [link]

CBS logo/wordmark, 2007–2010

Throughout the first decade of the 21st century, CBS's ratings resurgence was backed by their "It's All Here" campaign, and their strategy led, in 2005, to the proclamation that they were "America's Most Watched Network." Their most recent campaign, beginning in 2006, proclaims "We Are CBS" with the voice of Don LaFontaine. As of 2009^[update], the network has shifted to a campaign entitled "Only CBS" in which the network proclaims several unique qualities it has. In 2011, CBS returned to the usage of "America's Most Watched Network."^[106]

2010s [link]

In October 2011, CBS celebrated 60 years of using the Eye logo.

Promos [link]

Especially during the 1960s, the three major networks, NBC, CBS and ABC, would show elaborate promos during the summer months of their upcoming fall schedule of that year. In 1961, CBS took the unusual step of airing a program entitled CBS Fall Preview Special: Seven Wonderful Nights,^[107] using, not the usual television voiceovers, but stars of several CBS shows to promote the upcoming shows, stars such as Ed Sullivan (The Ed Sullivan Show), Rod Serling (The Twilight Zone), and Raymond Burr and Barbara Hale (Perry Mason). The stars would appear and show previews of the entire lineup for one specific day of the week.^[108]

Programming [link]

Further information: List of programs broadcast by CBS and List of shows previously aired by CBS

As of fall 2010, CBS operates on an 87½-hour regular network programming schedule. It provides 22 hours of prime time programming to affiliated stations: 8–11 p.m. Monday to Saturday (all times ET/PT) and 7–11 p.m. on Sundays. Programming is also provided 10 am–3 p.m. weekdays (game shows The Price Is Right and Let's Make a Deal, soaps The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful, and talk show The Talk); 7–9 a.m. weekdays and Saturdays (CBS This Morning); CBS News Sunday Morning, nightly editions of the CBS Evening News, the Sunday political talk show Face the Nation, a 2½-hour early morning news program Up to the Minute and CBS Morning News; the late night talk shows Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson; and a three-hour Saturday morning live-action/animation block under the name Cookie Jar TV.

In addition, sports programming routinely appears on the weekends, although with a somewhat unpredictable schedule (mostly between noon and 7:00 pm ET).

Daytime [link]

CBS's daytime schedule is the home of the popular long-running game show The Price Is Right. The Price is Right, which began production in 1972, is notable as the longest continuously running daytime game show on network television. After being hosted by Bob Barker for 35 years, the show has been hosted by actor/comedian Drew Carey since 2007. The network is also home to a new version of the classic game show Let's Make a Deal, hosted by singer/comedian Wayne Brady. As of 2011, CBS is the only network still producing daytime game shows.

CBS introduced a new talk show titled The Talk on October 18, 2010. The show is similar to ABC's The View with a panel of hosts including Julie Chen, Sara Gilbert, Sharon Osbourne, Holly Robinson Peete and Leah Remini. The show addresses motherhood and other contemporary issues in a candid environment.^[109]

As of September 2010^[update], CBS Daytime airs two daytime soap operas each weekday: the hourlong series The Young and the Restless and the half-hour series The Bold and the Beautiful. CBS has generally aired the most soap operas of the Big Three networks (it aired 3½ hours of soap operas from 1982 to 2009, more than NBC and as many or more than ABC in that time frame), and does so today as of 2012, after ABC canceled two of its three remaining soap operas.

Notable daytime soaps that once aired on CBS include As the World Turns (1956–2010), Guiding Light (1952–2009), which began on radio in 1937, Love of Life (1951–80), Search for Tomorrow (1951–82), which later moved to NBC, The Secret Storm (1954–1974), The Edge of Night (1956–75), which later moved to ABC, and Capitol (1982–87).

Notable daytime game shows that once aired on CBS include Match Game (1973–79), Tattletales (1974–78 and 1982–84), The $10/25,000 Pyramid (1973–74 and 1982–88), Press Your Luck (1983–86), Card Sharks (1986–89), Family Feud (1988–93), and Wheel of Fortune (1989–1991). CBS games that also aired in prime time include Beat the Clock (1950–58 and 1979–80), To Tell the Truth (1956–68) and Password (1961–67, and a 2008 prime time revival). Two long-running primetime-only games were the panel shows What's My Line? (1950–67) and I've Got a Secret (1952–68, 1976).

Children's programming [link]

Main article: Children's programming on CBS

CBS broadcast the live action series Captain Kangaroo on weekday mornings from 1955 through 1982, and on Saturdays through 1984. From 1971 through 1986, the CBS News department produced one-minute In the News segments broadcast between other Saturday morning programs. Otherwise, in regards to children's programming, CBS has aired mostly animated series for kids, such as reruns of Mighty Mouse cartoons (from the 1950s to the 1980s) reruns of Bugs Bunny cartoons, the original version of Scooby-Doo, Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, Garfield and Friends and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In 1997, CBS began broadcasting Wheel 2000 (a children's version of the popular syndicated game show Wheel of Fortune), and was broadcasting it simultaneously with GSN.

In September 1998, CBS began contracting out to other companies to provide programming and material for their Saturday morning schedule. The first of these special blocks was CBS Kidshow, which featured programming from Canada's Nelvana studio.^[110] It aired on CBS Saturday mornings from 1998 to 2000, with shows like Anatole, Mythic Warriors, Rescue Heroes, and Flying Rhino Junior High.^[111] Its tagline was, "The CBS Kids Show: Get in the Act."

In 2000, CBS's deal with Nelvana ended. They then began a deal with Nickelodeon (owned by CBS's former parent company Viacom, which at one time was a subsidiary of CBS) to air its Nick Jr. programming under the banner Nick Jr. on CBS.^[110] From 2002 to 2004, Nick's non-preschool series aired on it as well, under the name Nick on CBS.

In 2006, after the Viacom-CBS split (as described above), CBS decided to discontinue the Nick Jr. lineup in favor of a lineup of programs produced by DIC Entertainment and later, the Cookie Jar Group,^[112]^[113] as part of a three-year deal which includes distribution of selected Formula One auto races on tape delay.^[114]^[115] KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS premiered in September of that year; in the inaugural line-up, two of the programs were new shows, one aired in syndication in 2005 and three were pre-2006 shows. In mid-2007, KOL withdrew sponsorship from CBS's Saturday Morning Block and the name was changed to KEWLopolis on CBS. Complimenting CBS's 2007 line-up was Care Bears, Strawberry Shortcake, and Sushi Pack. On February 24, 2009, it was announced that CBS renewed its contract with Cookie Jar for another three seasons, through 2012.^[116]^[117] On September 19, 2009, KEWLopolis has been changed into Cookie Jar TV.^[118]

Animated primetime holiday specials [link]

CBS was the original broadcast network for the animated primetime holiday specials based on the comic strip Peanuts, beginning with A Charlie Brown Christmas in 1965. Over thirty holiday Peanuts specials (each for a specific holiday such as Halloween) were broadcast on CBS from that time until 2000, when ABC acquired the broadcast rights. CBS also aired several primetime animated specials based on the work of Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel), beginning with How the Grinch Stole Christmas in 1966, as well as several specials based on the comic strip Garfield over the course of the 1980s (which led to Garfield getting his own Saturday morning cartoon on the network, Garfield and Friends, from 1988 to 1995). Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, produced in stop motion by the Rankin/Bass studio, has been another annual holiday staple of CBS since 1972, but that special originated on NBC in 1964. As of 2011, Rudolph and Frosty the Snowman are the only two pre-1990 animated specials remaining on CBS; Charlie Brown and The Grinch moved to ABC, while cable network ABC Family owns the Garfield specials.

All of these animated specials, from 1973 until 1990, began with a fondly remembered opening animated logo which showed the words "A CBS Special Presentation" in colorful lettering (the ITC Avant Garde typeface, widely used in the 1970s, was used for this logo). The word "SPECIAL," in all caps and repeated multiple times in multiple colors, slowly zoomed out from the frame in a spinning counterclockwise motion against a black background, and rapidly zoomed back into frame as a single word, in white, at the end; the logo was accompanied by a jazzy yet majestic up-tempo fanfare (edited incidental music from the CBS crime drama Hawaii Five-O [this music is titled "Call to Danger" on the Capitol Records' soundtrack LP) with dramatic horns and percussion (this appeared at the beginning of all CBS specials of the period (such as the Miss USA pageants and the annual Kennedy Center Honors presentation), not just animated ones). (This opening logo was presumably designed by, or under the supervision of, longtime CBS creative director Lou Dorfsman, who oversaw print and on-air graphics for CBS for nearly thirty years, replacing William Golden, who died in 1959.)

Classical music specials [link]

CBS was also responsible for telecasting the series of Young People's Concerts conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Telecast every few months between 1958 and 1972, first in black-and-white and then switching to color in 1966, these programs introduced millions of children to classical music through the eloquent commentaries by Maestro Bernstein. They were nominated for several Emmy Awards, and were among the first programs ever broadcast from Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.

On June 1, 1977, it was announced that Elvis Presley had signed a deal with CBS for a new television special. It was agreed that CBS would videotape concerts during the summer of 1977. It was filmed during Presley's final tour in the cities of Omaha, Nebraska, on June 19, 1977, and Rapid City, South Dakota, on June 21, 1977. On August 16, 1977, Elvis Presley died in his Graceland mansion. On October 3, 1977, CBS showed a posthumous 1977 TV special starring Elvis Presley.^[119] It was released nearly two months after the death of Elvis.

Over the years, CBS has broadcast three different productions of Tchaikovsky's famous ballet The Nutcracker – two live telecasts of the George Balanchine New York City Ballet production in 1957 and '58 respectively, a little-known German-American filmed production in 1965 (which was subsequently repeated three times and starred Edward Villella, Patricia McBride, and Melissa Hayden), and beginning in 1977, the Baryshnikov staging of the ballet, starring the Russian dancer along with Gelsey Kirkland – a version that would become a television classic, and remains so today. This production later moved to PBS.

In April 1986, CBS presented a slightly abbreviated version of Horowitz in Moscow, a live piano recital by Vladimir Horowitz, arguably the greatest pianist of the 20th century. It marked Horowitz's return to Russia after more than sixty years. The program was shown as an episode of the series CBS News Sunday Morning (9:00 am in the U.S. is 4:00 pm in Russia). It was so successful that CBS repeated it a mere two months later by popular demand, this time on videotape, rather than live. In later years, the program was shown as a stand-alone special on PBS, and the current DVD of it omits the Charles Kuralt commentary, but includes additional selections not heard on the CBS telecast.

In 1986, CBS telecast Carnegie Hall: The Grand Reopening in primetime, in what was now a rare move for a commercial network station, since most primetime classical music specials were now relegated to PBS and A&E. The program was a concert commemorating the re-opening of Carnegie Hall after its complete renovation. It featured, along with luminaries such as Leonard Bernstein, popular music artists such as Frank Sinatra.

International broadcasts [link]

CBS Headquarters in New York City

CBS programs are shown outside the US. For instance, CBS News is shown for a few hours a day on satellite channel Orbit News in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The CBS Evening News is shown in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Italy on Sky News, despite the fact that Sky is part of News Corporation (owners of Fox News Channel).

In the UK, CBS took over 6 of Chello Zone's channels in 2009. These were the first channels branded CBS outside the US.^[101] The channels are called CBS Action, CBS Drama, and CBS Reality, while CBS Reality has a timeshifted (+1) channel as well. Other channels as part of the deal are The Horror Channel and its timeshifted channel.^[120]

In Australia, Network Ten has an output deal with CBS Paramount giving them rights to carry the programs Jericho, Dr. Phil, Late Show with David Letterman, NCIS and Numb3rs as well access to stories from 60 Minutes (the rights of which have been sold to the Nine Network which broadcasts their own 60 Minutes), while Network Ten reporting is used in the United States for Australian topics.

In Bermuda, there is a CBS affiliate owned by the state-run Bermuda Broadcasting Company using the callsign ZBM.

In Canada, CBS, like all major American TV networks, is carried in the basic program package of all cable and satellite providers. The broadcast is shown almost exactly the same in Canada as in the United States. However, CBS's programming on Canadian cable and satellite systems are subject to the practice of "simsubbing," in which a signal of a Canadian station is placed over CBS's signal, if the programming at that time is the same. As well, many Canadians live close enough to a major American city to pick up the over the air broadcast signal of an American CBS affiliate with an antenna.

In Hong Kong, The CBS Evening News is aired live in the early morning and the local networks have an agreement to rebroadcast sections 12 hours later to fill up the local news programs when they have insufficient content to report.

The CBS Evening News is seen in the Philippines via satellite on Q-TV (a sister network of broadcaster GMA Network) while CBS This Morning is shown in that country on the Lifestyle Network. Studio 23 and Maxx, channels owned by broadcaster ABS-CBN in the Philippines show The Late Show with David Letterman.

In India CBS licenses their brand to Reliance Broadcast Network Ltd. for use with three CBS-branded channels, named Big CBS Prime, Big CBS Spark, and Big CBS Love.

Controversy [link]

In 1995, CBS refused to air a segment of 60 Minutes that would have featured an interview with a former president of research and development for Brown & Williamson, the nation's third largest tobacco company. The controversy raised questions about the legal roles in decision making and whether journalistic standards should be compromised despite legal pressures and threats. The decision nevertheless sent shock waves throughout the television industry, the journalism community, and the country.^[121] This incident was the basis for the 1999 film by Michael Mann, The Insider.

In 2001, Bernard Goldberg, who was a reporter with CBS for 28 years, had his book, Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News, published. This book heavily criticized the media, and some CBS reporters and news anchors in particular, such as Dan Rather. Goldberg accused CBS of having a liberal bias in most of their news.

In 2004, the FCC imposed a record $550,000 fine on CBS for its broadcast of a Super Bowl half-time show (produced by then sister-unit MTV) in which singer Janet Jackson's breast was briefly exposed. It was the largest fine ever for a violation of federal decency laws. Following the incident CBS apologized to its viewers and denied foreknowledge of the event, which was broadcast live on TV. In 2008, a Philadelphia federal court annulled the fine imposed on CBS, labelling it "arbitrary and capricious."^[122]

CBS aired a controversial episode of 60 Minutes, which questioned U.S. President George W. Bush's service in the National Guard.^[123] Following allegations of forgery, CBS News admitted that documents used in the story had not been properly authenticated. The following January, CBS fired four people connected to the preparation of the news-segment.^[124] Former network news anchor Dan Rather filed a $70 million lawsuit against CBS in 2007, contending the story, and his termination, were mishandled.^[125] Parts of the suit were dismissed in 2008,^[126] the suit was dismissed, and his motion to appeal was denied in 2010.^[127]

In 2007, retired Army Major Gen. John Batiste, consultant to CBS News, appeared in a political ad for VoteVets.org critical of President Bush and the war in Iraq.^[128] Two days later, CBS stated that appearing in the ad violated Batiste's contract with them and the agreement was terminated.^[129]

Notes [link]

^ "Westinghouse Bids for Role In the Remake : CBS Deal Advances TV's Global Reach". http://www.iht.com/articles/1995/08/02/cbs_0.php.
^ According to a The New York Times piece on November 9, 1950, "the first local public demonstrations of color television will be initiated Tuesday by the Columbia Broadcasting System. Ten color receivers are being installed on the ground floor of the former Tiffany building at 401 Fifth Avenue, near Thirty-seventh Street, where several hundred persons can be accommodated for each presentation"
^ Gerard, Jeremy (October 28, 1990). "William S. Paley, Who Built CBS Into a Communications Empire, Dies at 89". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/obituaries/william-s-paley-who-built-cbs-into-a-communications-empire-dies-at-89.html?pagewanted=all.
^ Barnouw, Erik (1966). A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500474-8. p. 222
^ Radio Digest, September 1927, quoted in: McLeod, Elizabeth (September 20, 2002). CBS—In the Beginning^{[dead link]}, History of American Broadcasting. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. The sixteen stations were WOR in Newark; WCAU in Philadelphia; WADC in Akron; WAIU in Columbus; WCAO in Baltimore; WEAN in Providence; WFBL in Syracuse; WDIV-TV in Detroit; WJAS in Pittsburgh; WKRC in Cincinnati; WMAK in Buffalo-Lockport; WMAQ in Chicago; WNAC in Boston; WOWO in Fort Wayne; KMOX in St. Louis; and KOIL in Council Bluffs, Iowa.
^ ^a ^b Barnouw, Tower, p. 223
^ ^a ^b Barnouw, Tower, p. 224
^ Bergreen, Laurence (1980). Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting. New York: Doubleday and Co. ISBN 978-0-451-61966-2. p. 59. Page numbers in this article refer to the first paperback edition, May 1981
^ Bergreen, p. 56. The station moved to a new frequency, 880 kHz, in the FCC's 1941 reassignment of stations; in 1946, WABC was re-named WCBS.
^ Bergreen, p. 59
^ ^a ^b ^c Bergreen, p. 61
^ Barnouw, Tower, p. 261
^ Halberstam, David (1979). The Powers That Be. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-7-02-527021-2. p. 25
^ Barnouw, Erik (1968). The Golden Web: A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 1933–1953. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500475-5. p. 57
^ ^a ^b ^c Halberstam, p. 25
^ Barnow, Golden, p. 57
^ In 1943, the FCC would force NBC to sell off its Blue network, which thereupon became ABC. Barnouw, Golden, p. 190
^ Halberstam, pp. 26–27
^ ^a ^b Bergreen, p. 60
^ Halberstam, p. 26
^ Halberstam, p. 24
^ Bergreen, p. 69
^ Halberstam, p. 26, and Barnouw, Tower, p. 273
^ Bergreen, p. 63
^ Barnouw, Tower, p. 240
^ Barnouw, Tower, pp. 240–241
^ ^a ^b Barnouw, Tower, p. 241
^ Barnouw, Tower, p. 242
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 96
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 94n9
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 62
^ "LPs historic". Musicinthemail.com. http://www.musicinthemail.com/audiohistoryLP.html. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ Bergreen, p. 99
^ Bergreen, p. 105
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 17
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 18
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 22
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 21
^ ^a ^b Bergreen, p. 90
^ Barnouw, Tower, pp. 245–246
^ Bergreen, p. 107
^ Bergreen, p. 109
^ Halberstam, p. 38
^ Bergreen, p. 110
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 78
^ Halberstam, p. 39
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bergreen, p. 112
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 140
^ Bergreen, p. 114
^ Bergreen, pp. 114–115
^ Halberstam, p. 40
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 276
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 88
^ Bergreen, p. 96
^ "Copyright 2011 J. David Goldin". Radiogoldindex.com. http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Viva+America. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ "Columbia Broadcasting System". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/columbiabroa/columbiabroa.htm.
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 139
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 138
^ ^a ^b Barnouw, Golden, p. 165
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 166
^ Bergreen, p. 167
^ ^a ^b ^c Bergreen, p.168
^ Halberstam, p. 31
^ ^a ^b Bergreen, p. 169
^ ^a ^b Bergreen, p. 170
^ Bergreen, p. 171
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 168
^ Barnouw, Golden, pp. 168–169
^ ^a ^b Barnouw, Golden, p. 171
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 172
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 155
^ ^a ^b Barnouw, Golden, p. 156
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 284
^ ^a ^b Barnouw, Golden, p. 285
^ ^a ^b Bergreen, p. 179
^ Bergreen, p. 180
^ ^a ^b ^c Bergreen, p. 181
^ Barnouw, p. 245
^ Bergreen, p. 183
^ Bergreen, p. 153. Goldmark also invented the 33-1/3 r.p.m. microgroove Long-Play phonograph record that made the RCA-Victor 78s quickly obsolete.
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 243
^ Bergreen, pp. 155–157. Shortly after ruling in favor of NBC, FCC chairman Charles Denny resigned from the FCC to become vice president and general counsel of NBC: Barnouw, Golden, p. 243
^ Bergreen, pp. 158–159
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 295
^ Barnouw, Golden, pp. 287–288
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 288
^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 290
^ Bergreen, p. 230
^ Dunning, John (1998). On The Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507678-8, p. 742
^ Dunning, p. 143
^ ^a ^b "Paley, William S". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/P/htmlP/paleywillia/paleywillia.htm.
^ "Ken Berry interview". http://www.kenberry.com/ken_berry_interview.htm.
^ Harkins, Anthony (2005). Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon. Oxford University Press US. p. 203. ISBN 0-19-518950-7. http://books.google.com/?id=dtehLu1cissC&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=CBS+cancelled+everything+with+a+tree+in+it. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ Hevesi, Dennis (December 22, 2007). "Alan Wagner, 76, First President of the Disney Channel, Is Dead". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/arts/22wagner.html?_r=2&pagewanted=print. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
^ Sterling, C. H., & Kittross, J. M. (1990). Stay Tuned: A concise history of American broadcasting (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA:Wadsworth.
^ "Nielsen Television (TV) Ratings: Network Primetime Averages". http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/ratings/network.html.
^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (June 18, 1966). "Lieverson to Helm Group; Other Changes Made in the CBS Guard". Billboard: 1, 10. http://books.google.com/books?id=0igEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
^ "CBS Sells Stake In Tri-Star Inc. – NY Times.com". The New York Times. November 16, 1985. http://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/16/business/cbs-sells-stake-in-tri-star-inc.html.
^ "CBS FINALChello Zone partnership press release" (DOC). Chello Zone. September 14, 2009. http://newsroom.zonemedia.net/Scripts/FileDownload.asp?fPath=D%3A%5CWWW%5FDomains%5CZONE%5FPRESS%5CFiles%5CPress%5CCBS+FINALChello+Zone+partnership+press+release%2Edoc.
^ "CBS to launch UK channels with Chellomedia". Broadcastnow. September 14, 2009. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/international/cbs-to-launch-uk-channels-with-chellomedia/5005560.article.
^ ^a ^b Curtis, Chris (October 1, 2009). "CBS channels to launch in UK". Broadcastnow. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/international/cbs-channels-to-launch-in-uk/5006298.article.
^ "Zone Horror rebrands as Horror Channel". Broadband TV News. March 31, 2010. http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2010/03/31/zone-horror-rebrands-as-horror-channel/.
^ See an illustration of this early logo at "cbs-1949.jpg" (JPEG). Chuck Pharis Web Page. http://www.pharis-video.com/cbs-1949.jpg. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
^ Lasky, Julie, "The Search for Georg Olden." (Steven Heller with Georgette Ballance, editors) Graphic Design History, New York: Allworth Press, 2001; pp. 121–122.
^ CBS Logo: Design and History. FamousLogos.us. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
^ "CBS, America’s Most Watched Network, Also Posts The Largest Live Plus 7-Day DVR Lift During The 2010–2011 Season – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/13/cbs-americas-most-watched-network-also-posts-the-largest-live-plus-7-day-dvr-lift-during-the-2010-2011-season/95448/. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ CBS Fall Preview Special: Seven Wonderful Nights at the Internet Movie Database. 1961. Accessed February 16, 2011.
^ "1961 CBS Friday Night Preview w/Rod Serling". YouTube. 16 may 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLv1W8sMfF8. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
^ Domanick, Andrea (August 11, 2011). "CBS' 'The Talk' to Premiere Oct. 18". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/455932-CBS_The_Talk_to_Premiere_Oct_18.php. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Schneider, Michael (June 15, 2000). "CBS picks Nick mix". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117782661.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&query=. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
^ Kelly, Brendan (December 22, 1998). "CTV pacts for 3 Nelvana series". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117489638.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&query=. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
^ "Cookie Jar and Dic Entertainment to Merge, Creating independent global children's entertainment and education powerhouse". Cookie Jar Group. June 20, 2008. http://www.cjar.com/press/cj_press_20080620.php. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
^ "COOKIE JAR ENTERTAINMENT EXPANDS BRAND PORTFOLIO, TALENT AND GLOBAL REACH WITH CLOSING OF DIC TRANSACTION". Cookie Jar Group. July 23, 2008. http://www.cjar.com/press/cj_press_20080723a.php. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
^ "World Screen – Home". http://www.worldscreen.com/newscurrent.php?filename=dic30706.htm. ^{[dead link]}
^ Guider, Elizabeth (January 19, 2006). "Synergy not kid-friendly at Eye web". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117936466.html?categoryid=1050&cs=1&query=. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
^ "CBS Reups With Kids Programmer Cookie Jar". Broadcasting & Cable. February 24, 2009. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/179789-CBS_Reups_With_Kids_Programmer_Cookie_Jar.php. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
^ "CBS RENEWS COOKIE JAR ENTERTAINMENT'S SATURDAY MORNING BLOCK FOR THREE MORE SEASONS". Cookie Jar Group. February 24, 2009. http://www.cjar.com/press/cj_press_20090224.php. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
^ "CBS Sets Lineup for Cookie Jar Block". WorldScreen. September 4, 2009. http://www.worldscreen.com/articles/display/22324. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ Laughlin, Andrew (October 1, 2009). "CBS to launch new UK channels". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/digitaltv/news/a180007/cbs-to-launch-new-uk-channels.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
^ Russomannno,, Joseph A.; Youm, Kyo Ho. (September 1996). "The 60 Minutes controversy: What lawyers are telling the news media". Communications and the Law 18 (3): 65. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/coml18&div=18&id=&page=. (Subscription required)
^ Woolner, Ann (July 25, 2008). "Janet Jackson's Breast Freed, This Time by Court". Bloomberg L.P.. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601039&sid=aKVPpRZ9A3tE&refer=home. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
^ Leung, Rebecca (September 8, 2004). "New Questions On Bush Guard Duty, 60 Minutes Has Newly Obtained Documents On President's Military Service". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/08/60II/main641984.shtml.
^ Murphy, Jarrett (January 10, 2005). "CBS Ousts 4 For Bush Guard Story, Independent Panel Faults 'Myopic Zeal' To Be 1st To Deliver Story". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/10/national/main665727.shtml.
^ Mayerowitz, Scott (Sept. 19, 2007). "Dan Rather Sues CBS for $70 Million". ABC News Business Unit. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=3625465&page=1.
^ Steinberg, Jacques (November 16, 2008). "Rather’s Lawsuit Shows Role of G.O.P. in Inquiry". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/media/17rather.html?pagewanted=all.
^ Gold, Matea (January 13, 2010). "Dan Rather loses bid in CBS lawsuit". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/13/entertainment/la-et-rather13-2010jan13.
^ General Batiste: "Protect America, Not George Bush" on YouTube
^ Montopoli, Brian (May 11, 2007). "CBS News Asks Batiste To Step Down As Consultant". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2007/05/11/publiceye/entry2791091.shtml. Retrieved May 12, 2007.

References [link]

Auletta, Ken (1992). Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-74135-6.
Bagdikian, Ben H. (2000). The New Media Monopoly (6th ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-6179-4.
Barnouw, Erik (1966). A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500474-8.
Barnouw, Erik (1968). The Golden Web: A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 1933–1953. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500475-5.
Epstein, Edward J. (1973). News From Nowhere: Television and the News. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-46316-1.
Goldberg, Bernard (2002). Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distorts the News. Washington, D.C.: Regnery. ISBN 0-89526-190-1.
Kisseloff, Jeff (1995). The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920–1961. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-86470-6.
Matusow, Barbara (1984). The Evening Stars: The Making of the Network News Anchor. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-31714-9.
Paley, William (1979). As It Happened: A Memoir. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-14639-6.
Robinson, Michael J. & Sheehan, Margaret (1983). Over the Wire and On TV: CBS and the UPI in Campaign '80. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 0-87154-722-8.
Smith, Sally Bedell (1990). In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley, the Legendary Tycoon and His Brilliant Circle. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-61735-4.

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS

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v t e

News is the communication of selected^[1] information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third-party or mass audience.

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Newspapers
4 Newsworthiness
5 New ecology of news
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Etymology [link]

One theory claims that the English word "news" developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of "new". In Middle English, the equivalent word was newes, like the French nouvelles and the German neues. Similar developments are found in the Slavic languages – the Czech and Slovak noviny (from nový, "new"), the cognate Polish nowiny and Russian novosti – and in the Celtic languages: the Welsh newyddion (from newydd) and the Cornish nowodhow (from nowydh).

History [link]

Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government bulletins and edicts were circulated at times in some centralized empires.^[2]

The first documented use of an organized courier service for the diffusion of written documents is in Egypt, where Pharaohs used couriers for the diffusion of their decrees in the territory of the State (2400 BC).^[3] This practice almost certainly has roots in the much older practice of oral messaging and may have been built on a pre-existing infrastructure.

In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were made public by Julius Caesar. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.^[4]

In Early modern Europe, increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta.^[5] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700) — sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.^[6] Due to low literacy rates, news was at times disseminated by town criers.

Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, from 1605, is recognized as the world's first newspaper.^[7]

The oldest news agency is the Agence France-Presse (AFP).^[8] It was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas as Agence Havas.

In modern times, printed news had to be phoned in to a newsroom or brought there by a reporter, where it was typed and either transmitted over wire services or edited and manually set in type along with other news stories for a specific edition. Today, the term "breaking news" has become trite as commercial broadcasting United States cable news services that are available 24-hours a day use live satellite technology to bring current events into consumers' homes as the event occurs. Events that used to take hours or days to become common knowledge in towns or in nations are fed instantaneously to consumers via radio, television, mobile phone, and the Internet.

Newspapers [link]

Main article: Newspaper

Most large cities in the United States historically had morning and afternoon newspapers. As the media evolved and news outlets increased to the point of near over-saturation, most afternoon newspapers were shut down. Morning newspapers have been gradually losing circulation, according to reports advanced by the papers themselves. Commonly, news content should contain the "Five Ws" (who, what, when, where, why, and also how) of an event. There should be no questions remaining. Newspapers normally place hard news stories on the first pages, so the most important information is at the beginning. Busy readers can read as little or as much as they desire. Local stations and networks with a set format must take news stories and break them down into the most important aspects due to time constraints. Cable news channels such as BBC News, Fox News, MSNBC, and CNN, are able to take advantage of a story, sacrificing other, decidedly less important stories, and giving as much detail about breaking news as possible.

News organizations are often expected to aim for objectivity; reporters claim to try to cover all sides of an issue without bias, as compared to commentators or analysts, who provide opinion or personal point-of-view. The result is a laying out of facts in a sterile, noncommittal manner, and then standing back to "let the reader decide" which view is true.^[9] Several governments impose certain constraints or police news organizations against bias. In the United Kingdom, for example, limits are set by the government agency Ofcom, the Office of Communications. Both newspapers and broadcast news programs in the United States are generally expected to remain neutral and avoid bias except for clearly indicated editorial articles or segments. Many single-party governments have operated state-run news organizations, which may present the government's views.

Even in those situations where objectivity is expected, it is difficult to achieve, and individual journalists may fall foul of their own personal bias, or succumb to commercial or political pressure. Similarly, the objectivity of news organizations owned by conglomerated corporations fairly may be questioned, in light of the natural incentive for such groups to report news in a manner intended to advance the conglomerate's financial interests. Individuals and organizations who are the subject of news reports may use news management techniques to try to make a favourable impression.^[10] Because each individual has a particular point of view, it is recognized that there can be no absolute objectivity in news reporting.^[11]

Newsworthiness [link]

Further information: News values

Newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage.^[12]

In some countries and at some points in history, what news media and the public have considered "newsworthy" has met different definitions, such as the notion of news values.^[13] For example, mid-twentieth-century news reporting in the United States focused on political and local issues with important socio-economic impacts, such as the landing of a living person on the moon or the cold war. More recently, the focus similarly remains on political and local issues; however, the news mass media now comes under criticism for over-emphasis on "non-news" and "gossip" such as celebrities' personal social issues, local issues of little merit, as well as biased sensationalism of political topics such as terrorism and the economy. The dominance of celebrity and social news, the blurring of the boundary between news and reality shows and other popular culture, and the advent of citizen journalism may suggest that the nature of ‘news’ and news values are evolving and that traditional models of the news process are now only partially relevant.^[14] Newsworthiness does not only depend on the topic, but also the presentation of the topic and the selection of information from that topic.

New ecology of news [link]

“Everything we thought we once knew about journalism needs to be rethought in the Digital Age”,^[15] professor of Sociology and Communication Michael Schudson points out. Today the work of journalism can be done from anywhere and done well. It requires no more than a reporter and a laptop. In that way, journalistic authority seems to have become more individual- and less institution-based. But does the individual reporter always have to be an actual journalist? Or can journalistic work be done from anywhere and by anyone? These are questions that refers to the core of journalistic practice and the definition of “news” itself. As Schudson has given emphasis to, the answer is not easily found; “the ground journalists walk upon is shaking, and the experience for both those who work in the field and those on the outside studying it is dizzying”.^[15]

Schudson has identified the following six specific areas where the ecology of news in his opinion has changed: 1. The line between the reader and writer has blurred 2. The distinction among tweet, blog post, newspaper story, magazine article, and book has blurred 3. The line between professionals and amateurs has blurred, and a variety of “pro-am” relationships has emerged 4. The boundaries delineating for-profit, public, and non-profit media have blurred, and the cooperation across these models of financing has developed 5. Within commercial news organizations, the line between the news room and the business office has blurred 6. The line between old media and new media has blurred, practically beyond recognition ^[16]

These alterations inevitably has fundamental ramifications for the contemporary ecology of news. “The boundaries of journalism, which just a few years ago seemed relatively clear, and permanent, have become less distinct, and this blurring, while potentially the foundation of progress even as it is the source of risk, has given rise to a new set of journalistic principles and practices”,^[17] Schudson puts it. It is indeed complex, but it seems to be the future.

References [link]

^ Shirkey, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody. Penguin. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "United Courier Systems". Ucsams.nl. http://www.ucsams.nl/. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
^ Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0 (Paperback). Page xxi.
^ Wan-Press.org, A Newspaper Timeline, World Association of Newspapers
^ Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century." Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 212,214,216–217
^ Weber 2006, p. 396; World Association of Newspapers: "Newspapers: 400 Years Young!"
^ Broderick, James F.; Darren W. Miller (2007). Consider the source: A Critical Guide to 100 Prominent News and Information Sites on the Web. Information Today, Inc.. p. 1. ISBN 0-910965-77-3.
^ "Public Journalism and the Problem of Objectivity". Unc.edu. http://www.unc.edu/~pmeyer/ire95pj.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
^ Thomas, Helen (2006). Watchdogs of Democracy?. pp. Chapter 5 "Spinning the News" p. 57. http://books.google.com/books?id=lixOlrqPeqoC&printsec=frontcover&hl=da&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
^ "Re-thinking Objectivity". CJR. http://www.cjr.org/feature/rethinking_objectivity.php?page=all. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
^ "newsworthiness - definition of newsworthiness by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Thefreedictionary.com. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/newsworthiness. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
^ "News values: immediacy and technology". http://www.owenspencer-thomas.com/journalism/newsvalues.
^ [2] News Values. URL retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Schudson, Michael (2011). The Sociology of News (2nd edition). p. 205.
^ Schudson, Michael (2011). Th Sociology of News (2nd edition). pp. 207–216.
^ Schudson, Michael (2011). The Sociology of News (2nd edition). p. 207.

External links [link]

News media by country at the Open Directory Project

http://wn.com/News

http://it.wn.com/Notizia

http://cs.wn.com/Zpravodajství

http://es.wn.com/Noticia

http://ru.wn.com/Новости

http://id.wn.com/Berita

http://pl.wn.com/Wiadomość

http://fr.wn.com/Actualité

http://de.wn.com/Nachrichten

http://pt.wn.com/Jornalismo Notícia

http://nl.wn.com/Nieuws

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

67th United States Secretary of State
Incumbent
Assumed office January 21, 2009
President	Barack Obama
Deputy	William Burns (2011-present) James Steinberg (2009-2011)
Preceded by	Condoleezza Rice
United States Senator from New York
In office January 3, 2001 – January 21, 2009
Preceded by	Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Succeeded by	Kirsten Gillibrand
First Lady of the United States
In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by	Barbara Bush
Succeeded by	Laura Bush
First Lady of Arkansas
In office January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992
Preceded by	Gay Daniels White
Succeeded by	Betty Tucker
In office January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981
Preceded by	Barbara Pryor
Succeeded by	Gay Daniels White
Personal details
Born	Hillary Diane Rodham (1947-10-26) October 26, 1947 (age 64) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Political party	Democratic Party (1968–present)
Other political affiliations	Republican Party (before 1968)
Spouse(s)	Bill Clinton
Children	Chelsea Clinton
Residence	Chappaqua, New York
Alma mater	Wellesley College Yale Law School
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	Methodist
Signature
Website	Official website

The Hillary Rodham Clinton series v t e
Tenure as Secretary of State, 2009– Campaign for the Presidency, 2007–2008 United States Senate career, 2001–2009 Political positions Awards and honors List of books about Hillary Rodham Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( /ˈhɪləri daɪˈæn ˈrɒdəm ˈklɪntən/; born October 26, 1947) is the 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator for New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In the 2008 election, Clinton was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination.

A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student commencement speaker at Wellesley College. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas in 1974 and married Bill Clinton in 1975. Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families in 1977 and became the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978. Named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979, she was twice listed as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America. First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 with husband Bill as Governor, she successfully led a task force to reform Arkansas's education system. She sat on the board of directors of Wal-Mart Stores and several other corporations.

In 1994, as First Lady of the United States, her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval from the U.S. Congress. However, in 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a role in advocating the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. Her years as First Lady drew a polarized response from the American public. The only First Lady to have been subpoenaed, she testified before a federal grand jury in 1996 due to the Whitewater controversy, but was never charged with wrongdoing in this or several other investigations during her husband's administration. The state of her marriage was the subject of considerable speculation following the Lewinsky scandal in 1998.

After moving to the state of New York, Clinton was elected as a U.S. Senator in 2000. That election marked the first time an American First Lady had run for public office; Clinton was also the first female senator to represent the state. In the Senate, she initially supported the Bush administration on some foreign policy issues, including a vote for the Iraq War Resolution. She subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the war in Iraq and on most domestic issues. Senator Clinton was reelected by a wide margin in 2006. In the 2008 presidential nomination race, Hillary Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history, but narrowly lost to Illinois Senator Barack Obama.

Obama went on to win the election and appoint Clinton as Secretary of State; Clinton became the first former First Lady to serve in a president's cabinet. She has put into place institutional changes seeking to maximize departmental effectiveness and promote the empowerment of women worldwide, and has set records for most-traveled secretary for time in office. She has been at the forefront of the U.S. response to the Arab Spring, including advocating for the military intervention in Libya. She has used "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values in the world and has championed the use of social media in getting the U.S. message out.

1 Early life and education
2 Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas
3 First Lady of the United States
4 Senate election of 2000
5 United States Senator
6 Presidential campaign of 2008
7 Secretary of State
- 7.1 Nomination and confirmation
- 7.2 Tenure
8 Political positions
9 Writings and recordings
10 Cultural and political image
11 Awards and honors
12 Electoral history
13 Notes
14 References
15 Bibliography
16 Further reading
17 External links

Early life and education [link]

Early life [link]

Hillary Diane Rodham^{[nb 1]} was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.^[1]^[2] She was raised in a United Methodist family, first in Chicago and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois.^[3] Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (1911–1993), was the son of Welsh and English immigrants;^[4] he managed a successful small business in the textile industry.^[5] Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell (1919–2011), was a homemaker of English, Scottish, French, French Canadian, and Welsh descent.^[4]^[6] Hillary grew up with two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony.

File:HRCEarlyYearsExhibitClintonPresidentialCenter.jpg

Mementos of Hillary Rodham's early life are shown at the William J. Clinton Presidential Center.

As a child, Hillary Rodham was a teacher's favorite at her public schools in Park Ridge.^[7]^[8] She participated in swimming, baseball, and other sports.^[7]^[8] She also earned numerous awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout.^[8] She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for National Honor Society.^[1]^[9] For her senior year, she was redistricted to Maine South High School, where she was a National Merit Finalist and graduated in the top five percent of her class of 1965.^[9]^[10] Her mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career,^[6] and her father, otherwise a traditionalist, was of the opinion that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.^[11]

Raised in a politically conservative household,^[6] at age thirteen Rodham helped canvass South Side Chicago following the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election, where she found evidence of electoral fraud against Republican candidate Richard Nixon.^[12] She then volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.^[13] Rodham's early political development was shaped most by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent anticommunist), who introduced her to Goldwater's classic The Conscience of a Conservative,^[14] and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice), with whom she saw and met civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., in Chicago in 1962.^[15]

Wellesley College years [link]

In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science.^[16] During her freshman year, she served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans;^[17]^[18] with this Rockefeller Republican-oriented group,^[19] she supported the elections of John Lindsay and Edward Brooke.^[20] She later stepped down from this position, as her views changed regarding the American Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War.^[17] In a letter to her youth minister at this time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal."^[21] In contrast to the 1960s current that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.^[22] In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.^[23] Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.^[23] In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association and served through early 1969;^[22]^[24] she was instrumental in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges.^[22] A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first woman President of the United States.^[22] So she could better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference, and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.^[23] Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican Representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.^[23] Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. However, she was upset by how Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and left the Republican Party for good.^[23]

Main article: Hillary Rodham senior thesis

Rodham wrote her senior thesis, a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky, under Professor Schechter.^[25] (Years later, while she was First Lady, access to the thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation.)^[25]

In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts,^[26] with departmental honors in political science.^[25] Following pressure from some fellow students,^[27] she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver its commencement address.^[24] Her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.^[22]^[28]^[29] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine,^[30] due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Edward Brooke, who had spoken before her at the commencement.^[27] She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.^[31] That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).^[32]

Yale Law School and postgraduate studies [link]

Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she served on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.^[33] During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center,^[34] learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973).^[35]^[36] She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale-New Haven Hospital^[35] and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.^[34] In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor. There she researched migrant workers' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education.^[37] Edelman later became a significant mentor.^[38] Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey, with Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics.^[39]

In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein.^[40] The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties, and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members);^[40] Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.^{[nb 2]} Clinton canceled his original summer plans, in order to live with her in California;^[41] the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.^[42] The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.^[43] She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,^[26] having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton.^[44] Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined.^[44]

Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.^[45] Her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973.^[46] Discussing the new children's rights movement, it stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"^[47] and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but that instead courts should presume competence except when there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.^[48] The article became frequently cited in the field.^[49]

Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas [link]

From the East Coast to Arkansas [link]

During her postgraduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts,^[50] and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.^[51] In 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal.^[52] Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard Nussbaum,^[35] Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.^[52] The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.^[52]

By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;^[53] Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president.^[54] Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she continued to demur.^[55] However, after failing the District of Columbia bar exam^[56] and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".^[57] She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were brighter. He was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members in the School of Law at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.^[58]^[59] She gave classes in criminal law, where she was considered a rigorous teacher and tough grader, and was the first director of the school's legal aid clinic.^[60] She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and that her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's.^[61]

Early Arkansas years [link]

File:HillaryRodhamBillClintonLittleRockHouse1adjusted.jpg

Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton lived in this 980 square feet (91 m²) house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock from 1977 to 1979 while he was Arkansas Attorney General.^[62]

Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975, and Hillary finally agreed to marry.^[63] Their wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.^[64] She announced she was keeping the name Hillary Rodham,^[64] to keep their professional lives separate and avoid apparent conflicts of interest and because "it showed that I was still me,"^[65] although her decision upset their mothers.^[66] Bill Clinton had lost the congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Arkansas Attorney General, and so the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock.^[67] There, in February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence.^[68] She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law^[33] while also working pro bono in child advocacy;^[69] she rarely performed litigation work in court.^[70]

Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977^[71] and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.^[72] The latter continued her argument that children's legal competence depended upon their age and other circumstances and that in serious medical rights cases, judicial intervention was sometimes warranted.^[48] An American Bar Association chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate."^[48] Historian Garry Wills would later describe her as "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades",^[73] while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,^[74] allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,^[48] and argued that her work was legal "crit" theory run amok.^[75]

In 1977, Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund.^[33]^[76] Later that year, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana)^[77] appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation,^[78] and she served in that capacity from 1978 until the end of 1981.^[79] From mid-1978 to mid-1980,^{[nb 3]} she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.^[80] During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million; subsequently she successfully fought President Ronald Reagan's attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.^[69]

Following her husband's November 1978 election as Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,^[81] where she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.^[82]

In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.^[83] From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than that of her husband.^[84] During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts;^[85] an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.^[86] The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal at this time.^[85]

On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to a daughter, Chelsea, her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for reelection.

Later Arkansas years [link]

Long shot of two men flanked by two women walking down read carpet, as military band plays on either side

Governor Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton attend the 1987 Dinner Honoring the Nation's Governors with President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan.

Bill Clinton returned to the governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters;^{[nb 4]} she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.^[87] As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton was named chair of the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee in 1983, where she sought to reform the state's court-sanctioned public education system.^[88]^[89] In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association, to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size.^[81]^[88] In 1985, she also introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.^[90] She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.^[91]^[92]

Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours,^[93] but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.^[94] She seldom did trial work,^[94] but the firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections.^[94] She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.^[94] Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.^[95]

From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation,^[96] which funded a variety of New Left interest groups.^[97] From 1987 to 1991, she chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession,^[98] which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it.^[98] She was twice named by the National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America: in 1988 and in 1991.^[99] When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary considered running, but private polls were unfavorable and, in the end, he ran and was reelected for the final time.^[100]

Clinton served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services (1988–1992)^[101] and the Children's Defense Fund (as chair, 1986–1992).^[1]^[102] In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–1992),^[103] Wal-Mart Stores (1986–1992)^[104] and Lafarge (1990–1992).^[105] TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.^[94]^[106] Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to the board.^[106] Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, was largely unsuccessful in a campaign for more women to be added to the company's management, and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.^[104]^[106]^[107]

Bill Clinton presidential campaign of 1992 [link]

Black-and-white close-up photographic portrait of the same woman as in the top photo, in her forties and with shoulder-length blonde hair

Hillary Rodham Clinton, 1992

Hillary Clinton received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Arkansas lounge singer Gennifer Flowers.^[108] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, where Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage."^[109] This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign.^[110] During the campaign, Hillary Clinton made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette and her outlook on marriage,^{[nb 5]} and about women staying home and baking cookies and having teas,^{[nb 6]} that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that in electing him, the nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.^[111] Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary Clinton's own past ideological and ethical record came under conservative attack.^[74] At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth.^[112]

First Lady of the United States [link]

Role as First Lady [link]

When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.^[113] She was the first First Lady to hold a postgraduate degree^[114] and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.^[114] She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual First Lady offices in the East Wing.^[45]^[115] She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration, and her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones.^[116] She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for Eleanor Roosevelt.^[117]^[118]

Man, same woman, and teenage girl walk across lawn after leaving a helicopter

The Clinton family arrives at the White House on Marine One, 1993.

Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.^[119] Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",^[120] or sometimes the Arkansas label "Billary".^[81]^[121] The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt.^{[nb 7]} From the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a prayer group of The Fellowship that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures.^[122]^[123] Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and Tikkun editor Michael Lerner's "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium."^[124]^[125] Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,^[126] to a popular site in the early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing her many different, and frequently analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady,^[127]^[128] to an appearance on the cover of Vogue magazine in 1998.^[129]

Health care and other policy initiatives [link]

Hillary Rodham Clinton's Gallup Poll favorable and unfavorable ratings, 1992–1996^[130]

favorable

unfavorable

no opinion

In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed Hillary Clinton to head the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.^[131] She privately urged that passage of health care reform be given higher priority than the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which she was also unenthusiastic about the merits of).^[132]^[133] The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan, a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare"; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a bulletproof vest at times.^[134]^[135]

The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although Democrats controlled both chambers, and the proposal was abandoned in September 1994.^[134] Clinton later acknowledged in her book, Living History, that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.^[136] Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,^[137] which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats in the House election and seven in the Senate election, winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters.^[138] The White House subsequently sought to downplay Hillary Clinton's role in shaping policy.^[139] Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.^[140]

Same woman reads a book in a classroom to an African American boy in her lap, as an African American girl and two adults look on

Clinton reads to a child during a school visit

Along with Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, she was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents could not provide them with health coverage, and conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the program once it became law.^[141] She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare.^[142] She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health.^[45] The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome.^[45] Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.^[45] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.^[45]^[143] In 1999, she was instrumental in the passage of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care.^[143] As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997),^[144] on Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),^[145] and on Children and Adolescents (2000).^[146] She also hosted the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers (2000)^[147] and the first-ever White House Conference on Philanthropy (1999).^[148]

Clinton traveled to 79 countries during this time,^[149] breaking the mark for most-traveled First Lady held by Pat Nixon.^[150] She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a soft power role in U.S. diplomacy.^[151] A March 1995 five-nation trip to South Asia, on behest of the U.S. State Department and without her husband, sought to improve relations with India and Pakistan.^[152] Clinton was troubled by the plight of women she encountered, but found a warm response from the people of the countries she visited and a gained better relationship with the American press corps.^[152]^[153] The trip was a transformative experience for her and presaged her eventual career in diplomacy.^[154] In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself,^[155] declaring "that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights".^[155] Delegates from over 180 countries heard her say: "If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all."^[156] In doing so, she resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.^[149]^[156] She was one of the most prominent international figures during the late 1990s to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Islamist fundamentalist Taliban.^[157]^[158] She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.^[159] It and Clinton's own visits encouraged women to make themselves heard in the Northern Ireland peace process.^[160]

Whitewater and other investigations [link]

For more details on these investigations, see Whitewater controversy, Travelgate, Filegate, and Hillary Rodham cattle futures controversy.

First Lady Clinton was a subject of several investigations by the United States Office of the Independent Counsel, the independent prosecutor of the United States Congress, and others. Some believed the Independent Counsels were politically motivated.^[161]^[162]

The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media attention from the publication of a New York Times report during the 1992 presidential campaign,^[163] and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation;^[164] at the same time, their partners in that investment, Jim and Susan McDougal, operated Madison Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the legal services of Rose Law Firm^[164] and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.^[163] Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed;^[163] she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank.^[165] Independent counsels Robert Fiske and Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records; she said she did not know where they were.^[166]^[167] The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996.^[167] The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been;^[167] Clinton's staff attributed the problem to continual changes in White House storage areas since the move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion.^[168] After the discovery of the records, on January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a Federal grand jury.^[166] After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.^[169]

Same teenage girl, man and woman walk down a broad street in wintertime, as security personnel trail and a crowd looks on

The Clinton family takes an Inauguration Day walk down Pennsylvania Avenue to start President Bill Clinton's second term in office. January 20, 1997.

Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas.^[170] The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo caused the investigation to focus more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators about her role in the firings were true.^[171]^[172] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false, or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her.^[173]

Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.^[174] Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999, Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made.^[175] When Starr's successor Robert Ray issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this.^[169]

An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate".^[176] Accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.^[177] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.^[176]

In March 1994, newspaper reports revealed her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–1979;^[178] allegations were made in the press of conflict of interest and disguised bribery,^[179] and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.^[179]

Lewinsky scandal [link]

Hillary Rodham Clinton's Gallup Poll favorable and unfavorable ratings, 1997–2000^[130]

favorable

unfavorable

no opinion

In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation when investigations revealed that the President had had extramarital relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.^[180] Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton by the House of Representatives. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy",^[181] characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Bill Clinton's political enemies^{[nb 8]} rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.^[182] After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage,^[183] but privately was reported to be furious at him^[184] and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.^[185]

There was a variety of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.^[186] Her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.^[186] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to "a love that has persisted for decades" and add: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."^[187]

Traditional duties [link]

Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations to preserve and restore historic items and sites,^[188] including the flag that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.^[45] She was head of the White House Millennium Council,^[189] and hosted Millennium Evenings,^[190] a series of lectures that discussed futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House.^[45] Clinton also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, located in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums.^[191]

In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms.^[45] She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be historically authentic to the period of James Monroe,^[192] the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the presidential study along 19th century lines,^[193] and the redecoration of the Map Room to how it looked during World War II.^[193] Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a Saint Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the 21st century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.^[45]

Senate election of 2000 [link]

Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2000

When the long-serving United States Senator from New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the United States Senate election of 2000.^[194] Once she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City, in September 1999.^[195] She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.^[196] Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and having developments in his personal life become very public, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Clinton of carpetbagging, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics before this race. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.^[197] During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions.^[198] Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.^[198]

The contest drew national attention. Lazio blundered during a September debate by seeming to invade Clinton's personal space trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.^[199] The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million.^[200] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.^[199] She was sworn in as United States Senator on January 3, 2001.

United States Senator [link]

Main article: Senate career of Hillary Rodham Clinton

First term [link]

Reenactment of Hillary Rodham Clinton being sworn in as a United States Senator by Vice President Al Gore in the Old Senate Chamber, as President Clinton and daughter Chelsea look on. January 3, 2001.

Clinton's official photo as U.S. Senator

Upon entering the Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties.^[201] She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.^[122]^[202]

Clinton served on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–2002),^[203] Committee on Armed Services (since 2003),^[204] Committee on Environment and Public Works (since 2001),^[203] Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (since 2001)^[203] and Special Committee on Aging.^[205] She was also a Commissioner of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe^[206] (since 2001).^[207]

Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Charles Schumer, she was instrumental in quickly securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.^[202]^[208] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.^[209] Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,^[210] before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.^[211]

Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.^[212] Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized United States President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq, should such action be required to enforce a United Nations Security Council Resolution after pursuing with diplomatic efforts.

After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.^[213] Noting that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she cointroduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.^[214] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves."^[215] Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic Party who favored immediate withdrawal.^[216] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.^[217]

Hillary Rodham Clinton's Gallup Poll favorable and unfavorable ratings, 2001–2009^[130]

favorable

unfavorable

no opinion

Senator Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.^[218] Clinton voted against the 2005 confirmation of John G. Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.^[219]

In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.^[220] Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.^[218]^[221]

Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism, Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress, shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003, and advised the Clintons' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004.^[222] Following the 2004 Senate elections, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging.^[223]

Reelection campaign of 2006 [link]

Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2006

In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second Senate term. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.^[224] Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist Jonathan Tasini.^[225] Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers, along with several third-party candidates. She won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,^[226] carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.^[227] Clinton spent $36 million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections did. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.^[228] In the following months, she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.^[229]

Second term [link]

Senator Clinton listens as Chief of Naval Operations Navy Admiral Mike Mullen responds to a question during his 2007 confirmation hearing with the Senate Armed Services Committee.

Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.^[230] In March 2007, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines^[231] but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.^[232] Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."^[233]

In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign.^[234] In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture.^[235]

As the financial crisis of 2007–2008 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008, Clinton supported the proposed bailout of United States financial system, voting in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, saying that it represented the interests of the American people.^[236] It passed the Senate 74–25.

Presidential campaign of 2008 [link]

Main article: Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008

Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for United States President since at least early 2003.^[237] On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced via her web site the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008; she stated, "I'm in, and I'm in to win."^[238] No woman had ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States. In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a blind trust, that had been established when Bill Clinton became president in 1993, to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race.^[239] Later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million,^[239] and that they had earned over $100 million since 2000, with most of it coming from Bill Clinton's books, speaking engagements, and other activities.^[240]

Clinton led candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in opinion polls for the election throughout the first half of 2007. Most polls placed Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as Clinton's closest competitors.^[241] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter.^[242] By September 2007, polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in Iowa and South Carolina. By the following month, national polls showed Clinton far ahead of Democratic competitors.^[243] At the end of October, Clinton suffered a rare poor debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.^[244]^[245]^[246] Obama's message of "change" began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton's message of "experience".^[247] The race tightened considerably, especially in the early caucus and primary states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina, with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.^[248]

Clinton campaigning at Augsburg College in Minneapolis, Minnesota, two days before Super Tuesday 2008.

In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January 3 Iowa Democratic caucus to Obama and Edwards.^[249] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the New Hampshire primary.^[250]^[251] However, Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, defeating Obama narrowly.^[252] Explanations for her New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.^[252]^[253]

The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. Several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,^[254] and a remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin Luther King, Jr., and Lyndon B. Johnson,^{[nb 9]} were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.^[255] Despite attempts by both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.^[254]^[256] She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26 South Carolina primary,^[257] setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super Tuesday states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former President "needs to stop."^[258]

On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states; they almost evenly split the total popular vote.^[259]^[260] But Obama was gaining more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules.^[261]

Clinton speaking at a Pennsylvania rally in support of her former rival, Barack Obama; October 2008.

The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday, and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising, Clinton began loaning her campaign money.^[247]^[262] There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff and she made several top-level personnel changes.^[262]^[263] Obama won the next eleven February caucuses and primaries across the country, often by large margins, and took a significant pledged delegate lead over Clinton.^[261]^[262] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in Ohio among other places,^[262] where her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband's presidency, had been a key issue.^[264] Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses, which the Clinton campaign largely ignored organizing for.^[247]^[261]^[265] Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.^[266]^[267] Some Democratic party leaders expressed concern that the drawn-out campaign between the two could damage the winner in the general election contest against Republican presumptive nominee John McCain, especially if an eventual triumph for Clinton was won via party-appointed superdelegates.^[268]

Clinton's admission in late March, that her repeated campaign statements about having been under hostile fire from snipers during a 1996 visit to U.S. troops at Tuzla Air Base in Bosnia-Herzegovina were not true, attracted considerable media attention and risked undermining both her credibility and her claims of foreign policy expertise as First Lady.^[269]

On April 22, she won the Pennsylvania primary, and kept her campaign alive.^[270] However, on May 6, a narrower-than-expected win in the Indiana primary coupled with a large loss in the North Carolina primary ended any realistic chance she had of winning the nomination.^[270] She vowed to stay on through the remaining primaries, but stopped attacks against Obama; as one advisor stated, "She could accept losing. She could not accept quitting."^[270] She won some of the remaining contests, and indeed, over the last three months of the campaign she won more delegates, states, and votes than Obama, but she failed to overcome Obama's lead.^[262]

Clinton speaks during the second night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive nominee.^[271] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama, declaring, "The way to continue our fight now to accomplish the goals for which we stand is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama."^[272] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;^[273] at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,^[274] with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.^[273] Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process,^{[nb 10]} with both breaking the previous record.^[275] Clinton also eclipsed, by a very large margin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 mark for most primaries and delegates won by a woman.^[276] Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned frequently for him in Fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.^[277] Clinton's campaign ended up severely in debt; she owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off the $13 million that she lent it herself.^[278]

Secretary of State [link]

Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State

Nomination and confirmation [link]

Wikinews has related news: Hillary Clinton nominated as US Secretary of State

Clinton takes the oath-of-office as Secretary of State, administered by Associate Judge Kathryn Oberly as Bill Clinton holds the Bible.

In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as U.S. Secretary of State in his administration,^[279] and on November 21, reports indicated that she had accepted the position.^[280] On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of State.^[281] Clinton said she was reluctant to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure".^[281] As part of the nomination and in order to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the Clinton Presidential Center and Clinton Global Initiative.^[282]

The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008.^[283] Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the Committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.^[284] By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.^[285] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.^[286] Clinton took the oath of office of Secretary of State and resigned from the Senate that same day.^[287] She became the first former First Lady to serve in the United States Cabinet.^[288]

Tenure [link]

Obama and Clinton speaking with one another at the 21st NATO summit, April 2009

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Clinton, May 2009

Clinton spent her initial days as Secretary of State telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. foreign policy would change direction: "We have a lot of damage to repair."^[289] She advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Department had conducted diplomatic missions.^[290] She pushed for a larger international affairs budget;^[290] the Obama administration's proposed 2010 budget contained a 7 percent increase for the State Department and other international programs.^[291] In March 2009, Clinton prevailed over Vice President Joe Biden on an internal debate to send an additional 20,000 troops to the war in Afghanistan.^[292] An elbow fracture and subsequent painful recuperation caused Clinton to miss two foreign trips in June 2009.^[292]^[293]

Clinton announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, which establishes specific objectives for the State Department's diplomatic missions abroad; it is modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senate Armed Services Committee.^[294] (The first such review was issued in late 2010 and called for the U.S. leading through "civilian power" as a cost-effective way of responding to international challenges and defusing crises.^[295] It also sought to institutionalize goals of empowering women throughout the world.^[156]) In September, Clinton unveiled the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative at the annual meeting of her husband's Clinton Global Initiative.^[296] The new initiative seeks to battle hunger worldwide as a strategic part of U.S. foreign policy, rather than just react to food shortage emergencies as they occur, and emphasizes the role of women farmers.^[296] In October, on a trip to Switzerland, Clinton's intervention overcame last-minute snags and saved the signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that established diplomatic relations and opened the border between the two long-hostile nations.^[297]^[298] In Pakistan, she engaged in several unusually blunt discussions with students, talk show hosts, and tribal elders, in an attempt to repair the Pakistani image of the U.S.^[154]

In a major speech in January 2010, Clinton drew analogies between the Iron Curtain and the free and unfree Internet.^[299] Chinese officials reacted negatively towards it, and it garnered attention as the first time a senior American official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.^[300] By mid-2010, Clinton and Obama had forged a good working relationship; she was a team player within the administration and a defender of it to the outside, and was careful that neither she nor her husband would upstage him.^[301] She met with him weekly, but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her predecessors had had with their presidents.^[301] In July 2010, Secretary Clinton visited Korea, Vietnam, Pakistan and Afghanistan, all the while preparing for the July 31 wedding of daughter Chelsea amid much media attention.^[302] In late November 2010, Clinton led the U.S. damage control effort after WikiLeaks released confidential State Department cables containing blunt statements and assessments by U.S. and foreign diplomats.^[303]^[304] A few of the cables released by WikiLeaks concerned Clinton directly: they revealed that directions to members of the foreign service, written by the CIA, had gone out in 2009 under her (systematically attached) name to gather biometric and other personal details on foreign diplomats, including officials of the United Nations and U.S. allies.^[305]^[306]^[307]

Secretary Clinton in February 2011

The 2011 Egyptian protests posed the biggest foreign policy crisis for the administration yet.^[308] Clinton was in the forefront of U.S. public response to it, quickly evolving from an early assessment that the government of Hosni Mubarak was "stable" to a stance that there needed to be an "orderly transition [to] a democratic participatory government" to a condemnation of violence against the protesters.^[309]^[310] Obama also came to rely upon Clinton's advice, organization, and personal connections in the behind-the-scenes response to developments.^[308] As protests spread throughout the region, Clinton was at the forefront of a U.S. response that she recognized was sometimes contradictory, backing some regimes while supporting protesters against others.^[311] As the 2011 Libyan civil war took place, Clinton's shift in favor of military intervention was a key turning point in overcoming internal administration opposition and gaining the backing for, and Arab and U.N. approval of, the 2011 military intervention in Libya.^[311]^[312]^[313] She later used U.S. allies and what she called "convening power" to help keep the Libyan rebels unified as they eventually overthrew the Gaddafi regime.^[313] Following the successful May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden, Clinton played a key role in the administration's decision not to release photographs of the dead al-Qaeda leader.^[314] In a December 2011 speech before the United Nations Human Rights Council, she said that the U.S. would advocate for gay rights abroad and that "Gay rights are human rights" and that "It should never be a crime to be gay."^[315] The same month saw her conclude the first visit to Burma by a U.S. secretary of state since 1955, as she met with Burmese leaders as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and sought to support the 2011 Burmese democratic reforms.^[316]

Throughout her tenure, Clinton has looked towards "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values, combining military strength with U.S. capacities in global economics, development aid, and technology.^[313] She has also greatly expanded the State Department's use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter, both to get its message out and to help empower people vis à via their rulers.^[313] And in the Mideast turmoil, Clinton particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.^[156] By now Clinton had set the record for most-traveled Secretary of State for a comparable period of time, logging 465,000 miles (748,000 km) and visiting 79 countries.^[156] (Time magazine wrote that "Clinton's endurance is legendary."^[313]) Throughout her term, Clinton had indicated she had no interest in running for president again^[317] or in holding any other office. In March 2011, she expanded upon that by saying she was not interested in serving a second term as Secretary of State should Obama be re-elected in 2012.^[312]^[318]

Political positions [link]

Main article: Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton

Clinton with Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd in March 2008

In a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54 percent of respondents considered Clinton a liberal, 30 percent considered her a moderate, and 9 percent considered her a conservative.^[319]

Several organizations attempted to measure Clinton's place on the political spectrum scientifically using her Senate votes. National Journal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.^[320] National Journal's subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.^[321] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton University, Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.^[322] The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.^{[nb 11]}

Interest groups also gave Clinton scores based on how well her Senate votes aligned with the positions of the group. Through 2008, she had an average lifetime 90 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action^[323] and a lifetime 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union.^[324]

Writings and recordings [link]

As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly syndicated newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by Creators Syndicate.^[325] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she met during her travels around the world.^[1]

In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. The book made the New York Times Best Seller list and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording.^[326]

Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.^[327]

In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, Living History. In anticipation of high sales, publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million.^[328] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,^[329] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,^[330] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.^[331] Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.^[332]

Cultural and political image [link]

Hillary Clinton has frequently been featured in the media and popular culture from a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, New York Times writer Todd Purdum labeled Clinton "the First Lady as Rorschach test",^[333] an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."^[334]

Hillary Rodham Clinton, January 2007

Clinton has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure,^[333]^[335]^[336]^[337]^[338]^[339] with some arguing otherwise.^[339]^[340] James Madison University political science professor Valerie Sulfaro's 2007 study used the American National Election Studies' "feeling thermometer" polls, which measure the degree of opinion about a political figure, to find that such polls during Clinton's First Lady years confirm the "conventional wisdom that Hillary Clinton is a polarizing figure", with the added insight that "affect towards Mrs. Clinton as first lady tended to be very positive or very negative, with a fairly constant one fourth of respondents feeling ambivalent or neutral."^[341] University of California, San Diego political science professor Gary Jacobson's 2006 study of partisan polarization found that in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the state's senators, Clinton had the fourth-largest partisan difference of any senator, with a 50 percentage point difference in approval between New York's Democrats and Republicans.^[342]

Northern Illinois University political science professor Barbara Burrell's 2000 study found that Clinton's Gallup poll favorability numbers broke sharply along partisan lines throughout her time as First Lady, with 70 to 90 percent of Democrats typically viewing her favorably while 20 to 40 percent of Republicans did not.^[343] University of Wisconsin–Madison political science professor Charles Franklin analyzed her record of favorable versus unfavorable ratings in public opinion polls, and found that there was more variation in them during her First Lady years than her Senate years.^[344] The Senate years showed favorable ratings around 50 percent and unfavorable ratings in the mid-40 percent range; Franklin noted that, "This sharp split is, of course, one of the more widely remarked aspects of Sen. Clinton's public image."^[344] McGill University professor of history Gil Troy titled his 2006 biography of her Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady, and wrote that after the 1992 campaign, Clinton "was a polarizing figure, with 42 percent [of the public] saying she came closer to their values and lifestyle than previous first ladies and 41 percent disagreeing."^[345] Troy further wrote that Hillary Clinton "has been uniquely controversial and contradictory since she first appeared on the national radar screen in 1992"^[346] and that she "has alternately fascinated, bedeviled, bewitched, and appalled Americans."^[346]

File:RoseLawFirmRear2008.jpg

Clinton worked at Rose Law Firm for fifteen years. Her professional career and political involvement set the stage for public reaction to her as First Lady.

Burrell's study found women consistently rating Clinton more favorably than men by about ten percentage points during her First Lady years.^[343] Jacobson's study found a positive correlation across all senators between being women and receiving a partisan-polarized response.^[342] Colorado State University communication studies professor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the First Lady position as a "site" for American womanhood, one ready made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity.^[347] In particular, Anderson states there has been a cultural bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohibition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, the First Lady position had become a site of heterogeneity and paradox.^[347] Burrell, as well as biographers Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta, Jr., note that Clinton achieved her highest approval ratings as First Lady late in 1998, not for professional or political achievements of her own, but for being seen as the victim of her husband's very public infidelity.^[186]^[343] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson saw Hillary Clinton as an exemplar of the double bind, who though able to live in a "both-and" world of both career and family, nevertheless "became a surrogate on whom we projected our attitudes about attributes once thought incompatible", leading to her being placed in a variety of no-win situations.^[334] Quinnipiac University media studies professor Lisa Burns found press accounts frequently framing Clinton both as an exemplar of the modern professional working mother and as a political interloper interested in usurping power for herself.^[348] University of Indianapolis English professor Charlotte Templin found political cartoonists using a variety of stereotypes – such as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of – to portray Hillary Clinton as violating gender norms.^[349]

Over fifty books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Clinton, from many different perspectives. A 2006 survey by The New York Observer found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature",^[350] put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints,^[350] with titles such as Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House, and Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless .... Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well^[350] (other than the memoirs written by her and her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.^[351] Van Natta, Jr., found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters,^[352] on a par with Ted Kennedy and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich.^[352]

Going into the early stages of her presidential campaign for 2008, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her, with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her",^[353] while Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".^[354] Democratic netroots activists consistently rated Clinton very low in polls of their desired candidates,^[355] while some conservative figures such as Bruce Bartlett and Christopher Ruddy were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not so bad after all^[356]^[357] and an October 2007 cover of The American Conservative magazine was titled "The Waning Power of Hillary Hate".^[358] By December 2007, communications professor Jamieson observed that there was a large amount of misogyny present about Clinton on the Internet,^[359] up to and including Facebook and other sites devoted to depictions reducing Clinton to sexual humiliation.^[359] She noted that, in response to widespread comments on Clinton's laugh,^[360] that "We know that there's language to condemn female speech that doesn't exist for male speech. We call women's speech shrill and strident. And Hillary Clinton's laugh was being described as a cackle."^[359] Use of the "bitch" epithet, which taken place against Clinton going back to her First Lady days and was seen by Karrin Vasby Anderson as a tool of containment against women in American politics,^[361] flourished during the campaign, especially on the Internet but via conventional media as well.^[362] Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents before the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.^[363]^[364] Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying that the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics."^[364]

Once she became Secretary of State, Clinton's image seemed to dramatically improve among the American public and become one of a respected world figure.^[365] She gained consistently high approval ratings (by 2011, the highest of her career except for during the Lewinsky scandal),^[366] and her favorable-unfavorable ratings during 2010 and 2011 were easily the highest of any active, nationally prominent American political figure.^[365]^[367]^[368] She continued to do well in Gallup's most admired man and woman poll; in 2011 she was named the most admired woman by Americans for the tenth straight time and the sixteenth time overall.^[369]

Awards and honors [link]

Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton awards and honors

Clinton has received many awards and honors during her career from American and international organizations for her activities concerning health, women, and children.

Electoral history [link]

Main article: Electoral history of Hillary Rodham Clinton

New York United States Senate election, 2000
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Hillary Rodham Clinton	3,747,310	55.3
	Republican	Rick Lazio	2,915,730	43.0

New York United States Senate election, 2006
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Hillary Rodham Clinton	3,008,428	67.0	+11.7
	Republican	John Spencer	1,392,189	31.0	-12.0

Notes [link]

^ In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, who, with Sherpa Tenzing, was the first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling of her name. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after she was born. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not named after the mountain climber. Instead, this account of her name's origin "was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See Hakim, Danny (October 17, 2006). "Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17hillary.html. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/. Retrieved May 9, 2009. Gerstein finds it is unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm. Anti-Clinton writers such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist Jessica Mitford. (Olson 1999, pp. 56–57) Research by The New York Sun in 2007 revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case. See Gerstein, Josh (November 27, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Left Hook". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-left-hook/67002/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
^ For the start date, see Brock 1996, p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as chair ended. Primary sources indicate that sometime between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham was replaced as chair by F. William McCalpin. See Subcommittee On The Departments Of State, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations; Justice,; Commerce,; Judiciary, the; Agencies, Related (1980). House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations. U.S. House of Representatives. http://books.google.com/?id=KWRBPOdZCdAC&q=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby&dq=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby. Rodham is still chair after having given birth "a few weeks ago"; Chelsea Clinton was born on February 27, 1980. And see "Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives". Background release, Legal Services Corporation, September 1980. U.S. House of Representatives. September 21, 27, 1979. http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/cgi-bin/lib/hearing.cgi?file=81601609%20page=0001. pp. 388–403, exact reference p. 398, which shows McCalpin as chair in September 1980.
^ Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial reelection loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan, Jr. suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name" (Clinton 2003, pp. 91–93; see also Morris 1996, p. 282).
^ During the political damage control over the Gennifer Flowers episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in the joint 60 Minutes interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to country music provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "Stand by Your Man" is not written in the first person. See "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate". BBC News Online. November 7, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/7/newsid_4385000/4385582.stm. Retrieved October 1, 2007. Wynette added that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See Troy 2006, p. 42. A few days later, on Prime Time Live, Hillary Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been careless in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant – as it deserved to be – and brutal." See Clinton 2003, p. 108. The two women later resolved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clinton fund raiser.
^ Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life" (Clinton 2003, p. 109). The "cookies and teas" part of this statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen to be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign liability (Bernstein 2007, pp. 205–206). Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" (Clinton 2003, p. 109).
^ The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by Washington Post writer Bob Woodward; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. See Clines, Francis X. (June 25, 1996). "Mrs. Clinton Calls Sessions Intellectual, Not Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/25/us/mrs-clinton-calls-sessions-intellectual-not-spiritual.html. Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of human potential expert Jean Houston. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. See Wheen, Francis (July 26, 2000). "Never mind the pollsters". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,347240,00.html. Retrieved October 2, 2007. In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal [as a trail-blazer and controversial First Lady]." (Clinton 2003, pp. 258–259)
^ Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project and its funder Richard Mellon Scaife, Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to Lucianne Goldberg and Linda Tripp, Jerry Falwell, and others. See Kirn, Walter (February 9, 1998). "Persecuted or Paranoid? A look at the motley characters behind Hillary Clinton's 'vast right-wing conspiracy'". Time. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/02/02/time/kirn.html.
^ Hillary Clinton said to a news correspondent asking for reaction to an Obama remark earlier in the day about his possibly representing false hope: "I would point to the fact that Dr. King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people's lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished." See for transcript: Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick (January 11, 2008). "Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down 'Fairy-Tale' Remark About Obama". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. See for actual interview: Garrett, Major (January 7, 2008). "Clinton's Candid Assessment". Fox News. http://bourbonroom.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/01/07/clintons-candid-assessment/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "2008 Democratic Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/democratic_vote_count.html. Retrieved July 8, 2008. The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is further difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.
^ See Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1126. And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).

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^ Painton, Priscilla (May 31, 1993). "The Politics of What?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978625,00.html.
^ Maraniss 1995, p. 317.
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^ Troy 2006, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Data for table is from "Favorability: People in the News: Hillary Clinton". The Gallup Organization. 2009. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1618/Favorability-People-News.aspx. Retrieved April 6, 2009. See also Franklin, Charles H. (January 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993–2007". Political Arithmetik. http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008. for confirmation of trend line and historical interpretation.
^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175
^ Smith, Sally Bedell (2007). For Love of Politics: Inside the Clinton White House. Random House. p. 117. ISBN 1-4000-6324-8.
^ Gergen, David (2000). Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership Nixon to Clinton. Simon & Schuster. p. 280.
^ ^a ^b Bernstein 2007, pp. 400–402
^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 139–140.
^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 240, 380, 530. The Whitewater investigations were also a factor in her decline.
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^ Richter, Paul (January 28, 2009). "World breathes sigh of relief, Hillary Clinton says". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-clinton28-2009jan28,0,5875432.story. Retrieved January 30, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene (December 22, 2008). "Clinton Moves to Widen Role of State Dept.". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/us/politics/23diplo.html. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 20, 2009). "FY 2010 Budget for the Department of State". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/05/123679.htm. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Dilanian, Ken (June 11, 2009). "In a supporting role, Clinton takes a low-key approach at State Dept.". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20090611/1aclinton11_cv.art.htm. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
^ Landler, Mark (July 15, 2009). "For Clinton, '09 Campaign Is for Her Turf". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/us/politics/16clinton.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
^ Wolfson, Charles (July 17, 2009). "Hillary Clinton's 6-Month Checkup". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/07/17/opinion/diplomatic/main5169849.shtml. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
^ LaFranchi, Howard (December 15, 2010). "Hillary Clinton's vision for foreign policy on a tight budget". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/1215/Hillary-Clinton-s-vision-for-foreign-policy-on-a-tight-budget. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Clinton unveils US food security initiative". Agence France-Presse. September 25, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jvW_Cw0mHaP8QNmbccjJk62ZCT3Q. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
^ Lee, Matthew (October 10, 2009). "Turkey, Armenia Sign Historic Accord". Time. Associated Press. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1929584,00.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
^ Landler, Mark (September 4, 2010). "In Middle East Peace Talks, Clinton Faces a Crucial Test". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/world/middleeast/05clinton.html.
^ Richter, Paul; Pierson, David (January 23, 2010). "Sino-U.S. ties hit new snag over Internet issues". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-google-china23-2010jan23,0,3919601.story.
^ Landler, Mark; Wong, Edward (January 22, 2010). "China Rebuffs Clinton on Internet Warning". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/world/asia/23china.html.
^ ^a ^b Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene (March 19, 2010). "From Bitter Campaign to Strong Alliance". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/us/politics/19policy.html.
^ Noveck, Jocelyn (July 24, 2010). "New role for Clintons: parents of the bride". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/nation/2530514,CST-NWS-clinton25.article.
^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (November 30, 2010). "Clinton treads carefully in leading massive damage-control campaign". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112906258.html.
^ Dougherty, Jill; Labott, Elise (December 16, 2010). "WikiLeaks stirs anarchy online". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/15/sweep.wikileaks/index.html.
^ Booth, Roger; Borger, Julian (November 28, 2010). "US diplomats spied on UN leadership". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un.
^ MacAskill, Ewen; Booth, Robert (December 2, 2010). "CIA drew up UN spying wishlist for diplomats". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/02/wikileaks-cables-cia-united-nations.
^ Tandon, Shaun (December 2, 2010). "Arrest Warrant for WikiLeaks Chief as Chaos Spreads". The China Post. Agence France-Presse. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/americas/2010/12/02/282146/Arrest-warrant.htm.
^ ^a ^b Thrush, Glenn (February 2, 2011). "Hillary Clinton plays key role in dance with Hosni Mubarak". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0211/48658.html. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
^ "Factbox – Evolution of U.S. stance on Egypt". Reuters. February 2, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFN0219913120110202?sp=true. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
^ "Hillary urges probe into new Cairo violence". The Nation. February 4, 2011. http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/04-Feb-2011/Hillary-urges-probe-into-new-Cairo-violence.
^ ^a ^b Cooper, Helene; Myers, Steven Lee (March 18, 2011). "Obama Takes Hard Line With Libya After Shift by Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/africa/19policy.html. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Thrush, Glenn (March 17, 2011). "Day after saying no second term, a big win for Hillary Clinton". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51515.html. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Calabresi, Massimo (November 7, 2011). "Hillary Clinton and the Rise of Smart Power". Time: pp. 26–31.
^ Ambinder, Marc; Cooper, Matthew (May 4, 2011). "Why Obama Nixed the Photo Release". National Journal. http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/why-obama-nixed-the-photo-release-20110504.
^ "Hillary Clinton declares 'gay rights are human rights'". BBC News Online. December 7, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16062937.
^ Burke, Jason (November 30, 2011). "Hillary Clinton begins Burma visit". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/30/hillary-clinton-burma-visit-reform-hopes.
^ Barr, Andy (October 14, 2009). "Hillary Clinton: I'd have hired Barack Obama". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1009/28278.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
^ "Clinton says no to second term". CNN. March 16, 2011. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/16/clinton-running-for-president/. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
^ "Poll: Mixed messages for Hillary Clinton". CNN. May 26, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/05/26/hillary.clinton/index.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
^ Curry, Tom (July 14, 2005). "Clinton burnishes hawkish image". msnbc.com. http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8573139/. Retrieved August 23, 2006.
^ Friel, Brian; Cohen, Richard E.; Victor, Kirk (January 31, 2008). "Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007". National Journal. http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
^ Clinton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; Rivers, Doug (October 2004). ""The Most Liberal Senator"? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls" (PDF). Political Science & Politics: 805–811. http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/TheMostLiberalSenator-Clinton.pdf.
^ "Voting Records". Americans for Democratic Action. http://www.adaction.org/pages/publications/voting-records.php. Retrieved March 21, 2009. Average consists of a 95 in 2001 through 2004 and 2006, a 100 in 2005, a 75 in 2007, and a 70 in 2008 (the decline in the final two years was due to missed votes while campaigning for president).
^ "2008 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. http://www.acuratings.org/2008senate.htm. Retrieved March 21, 2009. ^{[dead link]} Lifetime rating is given.^{[dead link]}
^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton – Talking It Over". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton.html. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
^ Bernstein 2007, p. 446
^ Apuzzo, Matt (November 16, 2005). "Read a Book, Buy a Goat". The Day. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eyAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rHIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2745,3345580.
^ Bernstein 2007, p. 544
^ Donahue, Deirdre (June 17, 2003). "Clinton memoir tops Best-Selling Books list". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-06-17-hillary-list_x.htm. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
^ "Clinton's Book Sales Top 1 Million". Associated Press. July 9, 2003. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-75361570.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". William J. Clinton Presidential Center. http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/the-administration/hillary-rodham-clinton. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
^ "Gorbachev and Clinton win Grammy". BBC News Online. February 9, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3472495.stm. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Purdum, Todd S (July 24, 1995). "The First Lady's Newest Role: Newspaper Columnist". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/24/us/the-first-lady-s-newest-role-newspaper-columnist.html.
^ ^a ^b Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1995). "Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test". Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0-19-508940-5.
^ Dowd, Maureen (May 18, 1992). "Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/18/us/1992-campaign-candidate-s-wife-hillary-clinton-aspiring-first-lady-role-model.html.
^ Sullivan, Amy (July/August 2005). "Hillary in 2008?". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0507.sullivan1.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
^ Daniel Schorr (July 16, 2006). Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate (audio). National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5560786. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
^ Cox, Ana Marie (August 19, 2006). "How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229053,00.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Davis, Lanny (October 10, 2007). "Hillary Clinton: Not Polarizing and Highly Electable". The Hill. http://pundits.thehill.com/2007/10/10/hillary-clinton-not-polarizing-and-highly-electable/. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
^ Estrich, Susan (2005). The Case for Hillary Clinton. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-083988-0. pp. 66–68.
^ Sulfaro, Valerie A. (September 2007). "Affective evaluations of first ladies: a comparison of Hillary Clinton and Laura Bush" (Fee or registration required). Presidential Studies Quarterly 37 (3): 486–514. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2007.02608.x. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33219066_ITM.
^ ^a ^b Jacobson, Gary (August 2006) (Proceedings). Partisan Differences in Job Approval Ratings of George W. Bush and U.S. Senators in the States: An Exploration. Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.
^ ^a ^b ^c Burrell, Barbara (October 2000). "Hillary Rodham Clinton as first lady: the people's perspective". The Social Science Journal 37 (4): 529–546. DOI:10.1016/S0362-3319(00)00094-X.
^ ^a ^b Franklin, Charles H (January 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993–2007". Political Arithmetik. http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
^ Troy 2006, p. 60.
^ ^a ^b Troy 2006, p. 4.
^ ^a ^b Anderson, Karrin Vasby (2003). "The First Lady: A Site of 'American Womanhood'". In Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. ISBN 0-7425-2971-1.
^ Burns 2008, pp. 135–136, 140–141.
^ Templin, Charlotte (1999). "Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady". Journal of Communication Inquiry 23 (1): 20–36. DOI:10.1177/0196859999023001002.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith, Ben (March 12, 2006). "Da Hillary Code". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/node/38532. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ Levy, Clifford J (October 27, 2000). "Clinton Rivals Raise Little Besides Rage". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/27/nyregion/clinton-rivals-raise-little-besides-rage.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Van Natta Jr., Don (July 10, 1999). "Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/us/hillary-clinton-s-campaign-spurs-a-wave-of-gop-fund-raising.html.
^ "The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton". Time. August 26, 2006. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20060828,00.html. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
^ Hitt, Jack (January/February 2007). "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". Mother Jones. http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/01/harpy_hero_heretic_hillary.html. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
^ Brooks, David (September 25, 2007). "The Center Holds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/opinion/25brooks.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
^ Bartlett, Bruce (May 1, 2007). "Get Ready for Hillary". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/bruce-bartlett/conservatives-for-hillary.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (February 19, 2007). "As Clinton Runs, Some Old Foes Stay on Sideline". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/19/us/politics/19clinton.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
^ "Contents: October 22, 2007 Issue". The American Conservative. October 22, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071026051323/http://www.amconmag.com/2007/2007_10_22/index1.html. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Transcript: December 7, 2007". Bill Moyers Journal (PBS). December 7, 2007. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/12072007/transcript1.html. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
^ Kurtz, Howard (October 3, 2007). "Hillary Chuckles; Pundits Snort". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/02/AR2007100201940.html. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
^ Anderson, Karrin Vasby (1999). "'Rhymes with rich': 'Bitch' as a tool of containment in contemporary American politics". Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2 (4): 599–623. DOI:10.1353/rap.2010.0082.
^ Falk, Erika (2007). Women for President: Media Bias in Eight Campaigns. University of Illinois Press. pp. 161–163. ISBN 0-252-07511-0.
^ Kantor, Jodi (January 10, 2008). "Women's Support for Clinton Rises in Wake of Perceived Sexism". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/us/politics/10women.html. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Meacham, Jon (January 21, 2008). "Letting Hillary Be Hillary". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/91795. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Torregrossa, Luisita Lopez (October 12, 2010). "Hillary Clinton Leads the Pack in Bloomberg Popularity Poll". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/12/hillary-clinton-leads-the-pack-in-bloomberg-popularity-poll/.
^ Saad, Lydia (March 30, 2011). "Hillary Clinton Favorable Near Her All-Time High". Gallup Organization. http://www.gallup.com/poll/146891/Hillary-Clinton-Favorable-Near-Time-High.aspx. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ [[Nate Silver |Silver, Nate]] (November 17, 2010). "Is Pelosi America's Most Unpopular Politician?". The New York Times. http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/is-pelosi-americas-most-unpopular-politician/.
^ Bailey, Holly (September 16, 2011). "Poll: A third of Americans believe Clinton would've been a better president". Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/poll-third-americans-believe-clinton-ve-better-president-152358495.html.
^ "Gallup: Obama, Hillary Clinton are most admired, again and again". Los Angeles Times. December 28, 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/12/gallup-poll-obama-and-hillary-clinton-top-most-admired-list-again.html.

Bibliography [link]

Bernstein, Carl (2007). A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40766-9.
Brock, David (1996). The Seduction of Hillary Rodham. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-684-83451-0.
Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-87580-391-1.
Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). Living History. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2224-5.
Gerth, Jeff; Van Natta, Jr., Don (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-01742-6.
Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-173363-6.
Kornblut, Anne E. (2009). Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. New York: Crown Books. ISBN 0-307-46425-3.
Maraniss, David (1995). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-87109-9.
Morris, Roger (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2804-8.
Olson, Barbara (1999). Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-197-9.
Troy, Gil (2006). Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1488-5.

External links [link]

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Find more about Hillary Rodham Clinton on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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"Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/secretary/.
"Hillary Clinton.com – Friends of Hillary". http://www.hillaryclinton.com.
"Hillary Rodham Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hillaryclinton. Official Biography of First Lady Clinton
Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Appearances on C-SPAN programs
Appearances on Charlie Rose
Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Works by or about Hillary Rodham Clinton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton at the Open Directory Project

Succession and navigation boxes related to Hillary Clinton

Legal offices
Preceded by William McCalpin	Chairperson of the Legal Services Corporation 1978–1980	Succeeded by William McCalpin
Honorary titles
Preceded by Barbara Pryor	First Lady of Arkansas 1979–1981	Succeeded by Gay Daniels White
Preceded by Gay Daniels White	First Lady of Arkansas 1983–1992	Succeeded by Betty Tucker
Preceded by Barbara Bush	First Lady of the United States 1993–2001	Succeeded by Laura Bush
Preceded by Barbara Bush	Honorary Chairperson of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities 1993–2001	Succeeded by Laura Bush
Party political offices
Preceded by Daniel Patrick Moynihan	Democratic nominee for United States Senator from New York (Class 1) 2000, 2006	Succeeded by Kirsten Gillibrand
New office	Chairperson of the Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee 2005–2007	Succeeded by Debbie Stabenow
United States Senate
Preceded by Daniel Patrick Moynihan	United States Senator (Class 1) from New York 2001–2009 Served alongside: Charles Schumer	Succeeded by Kirsten Gillibrand
Preceded by John Thune	Chairperson of the Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health 2007–2009	Succeeded by Frank Lautenberg
Political offices
Preceded by Condoleezza Rice	United States Secretary of State Served under: Barack Obama 2009–present	Incumbent
United States order of precedence
Preceded by Ambassadors from the United States (while at their posts)	Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of State	Succeeded by Ambassadors to the United States (in order of tenure)
Preceded by Otherwise George W. Bush as Former President		Succeeded by Otherwise Ban Ki-moon as Secretary-General of the United Nations
United States presidential line of succession
Preceded by Daniel Inouye as President pro tempore of the Senate	4th in line as Secretary of State	Succeeded by Timothy Geithner as Secretary of the Treasury

v t e Hillary Rodham Clinton

Secretary of State	Tenure as Secretary of State · Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration

Senator, Presidential candidate	2000 senate election · Senate career · 2006 senate re-election · 2008 presidential campaign · Presidential campaign endorsements · HillRaisers · Political positions · Electoral history

First Lady	1993 health care reform · Hillaryland · Travel office · FBI files · "Vast right-wing conspiracy" · Vital Voices · Save America's Treasures

Arkansas	Rose Law Firm · Legal Services Corporation · Whitewater · Cattle futures

Her books	Senior thesis · Scholarly articles · It Takes a Village · An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History · Living History

Reactions	Awards and Honors · Books about

Family	Bill Clinton · Chelsea Clinton · Hugh E. Rodham · Dorothy Howell Rodham · Hugh Rodham · Tony Rodham · Socks · Buddy

v t e First Ladies of the United States

Martha Washington Abigail Adams Martha Jefferson Randolph Dolley Madison Elizabeth Monroe Louisa Adams Emily Donelson Sarah Jackson Angelica Van Buren Anna Harrison Jane Harrison Letitia Tyler Priscilla Tyler Julia Tyler Sarah Polk Margaret Taylor Abigail Fillmore Jane Pierce Harriet Lane Mary Lincoln Eliza Johnson Julia Grant Lucy Hayes Lucretia Garfield Mary McElroy Rose Cleveland Frances Cleveland Caroline Harrison Mary Harrison Frances Cleveland Ida McKinley Edith Roosevelt Helen Taft Ellen Wilson Edith Wilson Florence Harding Grace Coolidge Lou Hoover Eleanor Roosevelt Bess Truman Mamie Eisenhower Jacqueline Kennedy Lady Bird Johnson Pat Nixon Betty Ford Rosalynn Carter Nancy Reagan Barbara Bush Hillary Clinton Laura Bush Michelle Obama

v t e State Secretaries of the United States

Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781–1789	R. Livingston Jay

Secretary of State 1789–present	Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice Clinton

v t e Current Foreign Ministers of the Group of 8

Baird Fabius Westerwelle Terzi di Sant'Agata Gemba Lavrov Hague Clinton Ashton

v t e Current members of the Cabinet of the United States

Obama Biden

Bryson Chu Clinton Donovan Duncan Geithner Holder Jackson^c Kirk^c Krueger^c LaHood Lew^c Mills^c Napolitano Panetta Rice^c Salazar Sebelius Solis Shinseki Vilsack Zients^ca

^c - cabinet-level; ^a - acting

Cabinet of President Barack Obama (since 2009)

Cabinet

Secretary of State	Hillary Clinton (2009–present)

Secretary of the Treasury	Timothy Geithner (2009–present)

Secretary of Defense	Robert Gates (2009–2011) Leon Panetta (2011–present)

Attorney General	Eric Holder (2009–present)

Secretary of the Interior	Ken Salazar (2009–present)

Secretary of Agriculture	Tom Vilsack (2009–present)

Secretary of Commerce	Gary Locke (2009–2011) John Bryson (2011–present)

Secretary of Labor	Hilda Solis (2009–present)

Secretary of Health and Human Services	Kathleen Sebelius (2009–present)

Secretary of Education	Arne Duncan (2009–present)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development	Shaun Donovan (2009–present)

Secretary of Transportation	Ray LaHood (2009–present)

Secretary of Energy	Steven Chu (2009–present)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs	Eric Shinseki (2009–present)

Secretary of Homeland Security	Janet Napolitano (2009–present)

Cabinet-level

Vice President	Joe Biden (2009–present)

White House Chief of Staff	Rahm Emanuel (2009–2010) William Daley (2011–2012) Jacob Lew (2012–present)

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency	Lisa Jackson (2009–present)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Peter Orszag (2009–2010) Jacob Lew (2010–2012)

Trade Representative	Ron Kirk (2009–present)

Ambassador to the United Nations	Susan Rice (2009–present)

Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers	Christina Romer (2009–2010) Austan Goolsbee (2010–2011) Alan Krueger (2011–present)

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency	Leon Panetta (2009–2011) David Petraeus (2011–present)

Administrator of the Small Business Administration	Karen Mills (2012–present)*

* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012

See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet

v t e United States Senators from New York

Class 1	Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand

Class 3	R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer

v t e Legal Services Corporation

Prominent national chairs	F. William McCalpin · Hillary Rodham · William F. Harvey

Prominent state organizations	Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation · Colorado Legal Services · Texas RioGrande Legal Aid, Inc. · Wyoming Legal Services, Inc. · Legal Aid Society of Louisville

v t e Rose Law Firm

Founders	Robert Crittenden · Chester Ashley

Prominent partners	Hillary Rodham Clinton · Webster Hubbell · Vince Foster · George C. Watkins · Uriah M. Rose

Prominent clients	Wal-Mart · Tyson Foods · Arkansas Democrat-Gazette · Bank of America · WEHCO Media · Stephens Inc.

v t e Bill Clinton

Presidency	Foreign policy · Clinton Doctrine · Judicial appointments · Nannygate · Electoral history · 1st inauguration · 2nd inauguration · Lewinsky scandal · Impeachment hearing

Post-presidency	Clinton Foundation · Presidential Center and Park

Books	Between Hope and History · My Life · Giving · Back to Work

Family	Hillary Rodham Clinton (spouse) · Chelsea Clinton (daughter) · Virginia Clinton Kelley (mother) · Roger Clinton, Sr. (first stepfather) · Jeff Dwire (second stepfather) · Roger Clinton, Jr. (brother) · William Jefferson Blythe, Jr. (biological father) · Socks (cat) · Buddy (dog)

Wiktionary · Wikibooks · Wikiquote · Wikisource · Commons · Wikinews · Bill Clinton

United States presidential election, 2008

Democratic Party

Democratic candidates

VP nominee: Joe Biden
(positions)

Republican Party

Republican candidates

Nominee: John McCain
(campaign
positions)

VP nominee: Sarah Palin
(positions)

Draft movements

Democratic Party:
Al Gore
Mark Warner (movement)

Republican Party:
Newt Gingrich
Condoleezza Rice (movement)

Independent:
Michael Bloomberg (movement)

Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party: Convention	Nominee: Chuck Baldwin (campaign) VP nominee: Darrell Castle Candidates: Daniel Imperato Alan Keyes (campaign)

Green Party: Convention	Nominee: Cynthia McKinney (campaign positions) VP nominee: Rosa Clemente Candidates: Elaine Brown Jesse Johnson Kent Mesplay Kat Swift

Libertarian Party: Convention	Nominee: Bob Barr (campaign positions) VP nominee: Wayne Allyn Root Candidates: Mike Gravel (campaign) Daniel Imperato Michael Jingozian Steve Kubby Wayne Allyn Root Mary Ruwart Doug Stanhope

American Party	Nominee: Diane Beall Templin

America's Independent Party	Nominee: Alan Keyes (campaign) VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough

Boston Tea Party	Nominee: Charles Jay

New American Independent Party	Nominee: Frank McEnulty

Objectivist Party	Nominee: Tom Stevens

Peace and Freedom Party	Nominee: Ralph Nader (campaign) VP nominee: Matt Gonzalez Candidates: Gloria LaRiva Cynthia McKinney (campaign) Brian Moore (campaign)

Prohibition Party	Nominee: Gene Amondson

Reform Party	Nominee: Ted Weill VP nominee: Frank McEnulty

Socialism and Liberation Party	Nominee: Gloria La Riva VP nominee: Eugene Puryear

Socialist Party	Nominee: Brian Moore (campaign) VP nominee: Stewart Alexander Candidates: Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee: Róger Calero Alternate nominee: James Harris VP nominee: Alyson Kennedy

Independent / Other	Earl Dodge Bradford Lyttle Frank Moore Joe Schriner Jonathon Sharkey

Other 2008 elections:
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Clinton, Hillary Rodham
Alternative names	Rodham, Hillary Diane
Short description	U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, U.S. First Lady
Date of birth	1947-10-26
Place of birth	Chicago, Illinois, United States
Date of death
Place of death

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