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Look up in situ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

In situ (/ɪn ˈsɪtjuː/) is a Latin phrase which translates literally to 'In position'.^[1] It is used in many different contexts.

Aerospace[link]

In the aerospace industry, equipment on-board aircraft must be tested in situ, or in place, to confirm everything functions properly as a system. Individually, each piece may work but interference from nearby equipment may create unanticipated problems. Special test equipment is available for this in situ testing.

Archaeology[link]

In archaeology, in situ refers to an artifact that has not been moved from its original place of deposition. In other words, it is stationary, meaning "still." An artifact being in situ is critical to the interpretation of that artifact and, consequently, of the culture which formed it. Once an artifact's 'find-site' has been recorded, the artifact can then be moved for conservation, further interpretation and display. An artifact that is not discovered in situ is considered out of context and as not providing an accurate picture of the associated culture. However, the out of context artifact can provide scientists with an example of types and locations of in situ artifacts yet to be discovered.

The label In situ indicates only that the object has not been "newly" moved. Thus, an archaeological in-situ-find may be an object that was historically looted from another place, an item of "booty" of a past war, a traded item, or otherwise of foreign origin. Consequently, the in situ find site may still not reveal its provenance, but with further detective work may help uncover links that otherwise would remain unknown. It is also possible for archaeological layers to be reworked on purpose or by accident (by humans, natural forces or animals). For example, in a "tell-tell mound", where layers are not typically uniform or horizontal, or in land cleared or tilled for farming.

The term In situ is often used to describe ancient sculpture that was carved in place such as the Sphinx or Petra. This distinguishes it from statues that were carved and moved like the Colossi of Memnon, which was moved in ancient times.

Art[link]

In art, in situ refers to a work of art made specifically for a host site, or that a work of art takes into account the site in which it is installed or exhibited. For a more detailed account see: Site-specific art.

Astronomy[link]

A fraction of the globular star clusters in our Galaxy, as well as those in other massive galaxies, might have formed in situ. The rest might have been accreted from now defunct dwarf galaxies.

Biology[link]

Live individual of the sea snail Natica hebraea photographed in situ

In biology, in situ means to examine the phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs (i.e. without moving it to some special medium).

In the case of observations or photographs of living animals, it means that the organism was observed (and photographed) in the wild, exactly as it was found and exactly where it was found. The organism had not been moved to another (perhaps more convenient) location such as an aquarium.

This phrase in situ when used in laboratory science such as cell science can mean something intermediate between in vivo and in vitro. For example, examining a cell within a whole organ intact and under perfusion may be in situ investigation. This would not be in vivo as the donor is sacrificed before experimentation, but it would not be the same as working with the cell alone (a common scenario for in vitro experiments).

In vitro was among the first attempts to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze natural occurrences in the lab. Eventually, the limitation of in vitro experimentation was that they were not conducted in natural environments. To compensate for this problem, in vivo experimentation allowed testing to occur in the originate organism or environment. To bridge the dichotomy of benefits associated with both methodologies, in situ experimentation allowed the controlled aspects of in vitro to become coalesced with the natural environmental compositions of in vivo experimentation.

In conservation of genetic resources, "in situ conservation" (also "on-site conservation") is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, as opposed to ex situ conservation (also "off-site conservation").

Chemistry and chemical engineering[link]

In chemistry, in situ typically means "in the reaction mixture."

There are numerous situations in which chemical intermediates are synthesized in situ in various processes. This may be done because the species is unstable, and cannot be isolated, or simply out of convenience. Examples of the former include the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent and adrenochrome.

In chemical engineering, in situ often refers to industrial plant "operations or procedures that are performed in place". For example, aged catalysts in industrial reactors may be regenerated in place (in situ) without being removed from the reactors.

Civil engineering[link]

In architecture and building, in situ refers to construction which is carried out at the building site using raw materials. Compare that with prefabricated construction, in which building components are made in a factory and then transported to the building site for assembly. For example, concrete slabs may be in situ or prefabricated.

In situ techniques are often more labour-intensive, and take longer, but the materials are cheaper, and the work is versatile and adaptable. Prefabricated techniques are usually much quicker, therefore saving money, but factory-made parts can be expensive. They are also inflexible, and must often be designed on a grid, with all details fully calculated in advance. Finished units may require special handling due to excessive dimensions.

The phrase may also refer to those assets which are present at or near a project site. In this case, it is used to designate the state of an unmodified sample taken from a given stockpile.

Computer science[link]

In computer science an in situ operation is one that occurs without interrupting the normal state of a system. For example, a file backup may be restored over a running system, without needing to take the system down to perform the restore. In the context of a database, a restore would allow the database system to continue to be available to users while a restore happened. An in situ upgrade would allow an operating system, firmware or application to be upgraded while the system was still running, perhaps without the need to reboot it, depending on the sophistication of the system.

An algorithm is said to be an in situ algorithm, or in-place algorithm, if the extra amount of memory required to execute the algorithm is O(1), that is, does not exceed a constant no matter how large the input. For example, heapsort is an in situ sorting algorithm.

In designing user interfaces, the term in situ means that a particular user action can be performed without going to another window, for example, if a word processor displays an image and allows you to edit the image without launching a separate image editor, this is called in situ editing.

Design & Advertising[link]

In design and advertising the term typically means the superimposing of theoretical design elements onto photographs of real world locations. This is a pre-visualization tool to aid in illustrating a proof of concept.

Earth and atmospheric sciences[link]

In physical geography and the Earth sciences, in situ typically describes natural material or processes prior to transport. For example, in situ is used in relation to the distinction between weathering and erosion, the difference being that erosion requires a transport medium (such as wind, ice, or water), whereas weathering occurs in situ. Geochemical processes are also often described as occurring to material in situ.

In the atmospheric sciences, in situ refers to obtained through direct contact with the respective subject, such as a radiosonde measuring a parcel of air or an anemometer measuring wind, as opposed to remote sensing such as weather radar or satellites.

Economics[link]

In economics, in situ is used when referring to the in place storage of a product, usually a natural resource. More generally, it refers to any situation where there is no out-of-pocket cost to store the product so that the only storage cost is the opportunity cost of waiting longer to get your money when the product is eventually sold. Examples of in situ storage would be oil and gas wells, all types of mineral and gem mines, stone quarries, timber that has reached an age where it could be harvested, and agricultural products that do not need a physical storage facility such as hay.

Electrochemistry[link]

In electrochemistry, the phrase in situ refers to performing electrochemical experiments under operating conditions of the electrochemical cell, i.e., under potential control. This is opposed to doing ex situ experiments that are performed under the absence of potential control. Potential control preserves the electrochemical environment essential to maintain the double layer structure intact and the electron transfer reactions occurring at that particular potential in the electrode/electrolyte interphasial region.

Environmental Remediation[link]

In situ can refer to where a clean up or remediation of a polluted site is performed using and simulating the natural processes in the soil, contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

Experimental Physics[link]

In experimental physics "in situ" typically refers to a method of data collection or manipulation of a sample without exposure to an external environment. For example, the Si(111) 7x7 surface reconstruction is visible using a scanning tunneling microscope when it is prepared and analyzed in situ.

Experimental psychology[link]

In experiments, In situ typically refers to those experiments done in a field setting as opposed to a laboratory setting.

Gastronomy[link]

In Gastronomy, "In Situ" or "In Situs" refers to the art of cooking with the different resources that are available on the site of the event. Here you are not going to the restaurant, but the restaurant comes to your home.

Law[link]

In legal contexts, in situ is often used for its literal meaning. For example, in Hong Kong, "in situ land exchange" involves the government exchanging the original or expired lease of a piece of land with a new grant or re-grant with the same piece of land or a portion of that.

Linguistics[link]

In linguistics, specifically syntax, an element may be said to be in situ if it is pronounced in the position where it is interpreted. For example, questions in languages such as Chinese have in situ wh-elements, with structures comparable to "John bought what?" with what in the same position in the sentence as the grammatical object would be in its affirmative counterpart, for example, "John bought bread" while English wh-elements are not in situ (see wh-movement): "What did John buy?"

Literature[link]

In literature in situ is used to describe a condition. The Rosetta Stone, for example, was originally erected in a courtyard, for public viewing. Most pictures of the famous stone are not in situ pictures of it erected, as it would have been originally. The stone was uncovered as part of building material, within a wall. Its in situ condition today is that it is erected, vertically, on public display at the British Museum in London, England.

Medicine[link]

In oncology: for a carcinoma, in situ means that malignant cells are present as a tumor but has not metastasized, or invaded, beyond the original site where the tumor was discovered. This can happen anywhere in the body, such as the skin, breast tissue, or lung. This type of tumor can often, depending on where it is located, be removed by surgery.

In anatomy: in situ refers to viewing structures as they appear in normal healthy bodies. For example, one can open up a cadaver's abdominal cavity and view the liver in situ or one can look at an isolated liver that has been removed from the cadaver's body.

In medicine, in situ means that cancer cells have not passed through the basal lamina. Basically, it means the tumor has not invaded the lamina propria or the deeper portions of the tissue. Because metastasis generally requires a carcinoma to 'break through' the basement membrane, chances of metastasis are very low.

In nursing, "in situ" describes any devices or appliances on the patient's body that remain in their desired and optimal condition. The term is most often used in documenting intact dressings or well-positioned intravenous devices.

Mining[link]

In situ leaching or in situ recovery refers to the mining technique of injecting water underground to dissolve ore and bringing the uranium-impregnated water to the surface for extraction. ^[2]

Petroleum production[link]

In situ refers to recovery techniques which apply heat or solvents to heavy oil^{[disambiguation needed ]} or bitumen reservoirs beneath the earth's crust. There are several varieties of in situ techniques, but the ones which work best in the oil sands use heat (steam).

The most common type of In Situ petroleum production is referred to as SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) this is becoming very popular in the Alberta Oil Sands.

RF transmission[link]

In radio frequency (RF) transmission systems, in situ is often used to describe the location of various components while the system is in its standard transmission mode, rather than operation in a test mode. For example, if an in situ wattmeter is used in a commercial broadcast transmission system, the wattmeter can accurately measure power while the station is "on the air".

Space-related[link]

Future space exploration or terraforming may rely on obtaining supplies in situ, such as previous plans to power the Orion space vehicle with fuel minable on the moon. The Mars Direct mission concept is based primarily on the in situ fuel production using Sabatier reaction.

In the space sciences, in situ refers to measurements of the particle and field environment that the satellite is embedded in, such as the detection of energetic particles in the solar wind, or magnetic field measurements from a magnetometer.

See also[link]

• carcinoma in situ
• ex vivo
• in silico
• in utero
• in vitro
• in vivo
• In-situ conservation
• Ex-situ conservation
• List of Latin phrases
• List Of Colossal Sculpture In Situ

References[link]

Daniel Mateo Patau (Barcelona, Spain, on June 1, 1979) is a comedian, actor and Spanish presenter of radio and television, famous for his work in the program Sé lo que hicisteis... in La Sexta channel.

Licensed in journalism for the Autonomous University of Barcelona, he initiated his path in the local radio. Later there passed for several professional issuers of Cataluña such as: Catalunya Cultura, Onda Cero, Radio Gràcia, Onda Catalana, RAC 1 y Flaix FM.

It is from his friendship with Martin Piñol, whom he knows in the radio, when he gets squarely into the world of the monologues and Paramount Comedy begins to form a part of the humorists' staff of the television channel.

He has been employed at the Television of Cataluña (TV3),^[1] has been a collaborator in different radio stations and, from April, 2004 he presented the program Noche sin tregua in Paramount Comedy. He collaborated in the TV program Fenómenos^[2] and in the radio program Anda ya, of Los 40 Principales.

He was an actor of the television series La familia Mata. His character was at first secondary, but the abandon of Daniel Guzmán (the original protagonist) and other factors motivated that his role were climbing more positions up to managing to appear in the initial head-board.

On November 5, 2007 he joined to the program of La Sexta, Sé lo que hicisteis... as commentator of news and sports. In the program, to report of his section, he took part also in sketches of the program close to the rest of the staff, playing the role of characters such as Dani Güiza, Jordi (a fan of the Barça), Flipy or El Esmirriao (affectionate nickname on the part of the program to Isaac, Falete’s ex-boyfriend), and shared a small section dedicated to the current importance of the qualified television titled "¿Qué está pasando?" ("What is happening?") with Ángel Martín, his coworker and great friend whom he shared flat in Barcelona. He also make monologues in places of the whole Spain.^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dani Mateo at the Internet Movie Database

Berto Romero

Alberto Romero, better known as Berto Romero, is a Spanish humorist.

Biography[link]

Berto Romero was born on November 17, 1974 in Cardona (Catalonia, Spain). He is a member of the theatre company El Cansancio, a broadcaster on Ràdio Flaixbac and he has his own segment on Andreu Buenafuente’s late show on La Sexta (Channel 6). He substituted Buenafuente as host of the show during Summer 2008 (Buenafuente ha salido un momento), and resigned for the next season as sub-director of the programme. Later he got the chance to run his own prime-time weekly show (El programa de Berto) on the same channel, but the programme was cancelled after three weeks due to poor rating results.

Career on TV[link]

His first appearances took place in shows of the catalan TV3 channel, where he hosted a show called "El gran què". Later he appeared as a monologuist in a show by El Terrat for the private channel 8tv called "Que no surti d'aquí".

Since 2007, he works in the late night show "Buenafuente", first sporadically when the show was still on Antena 3 (where he sang some songs such as "Tunéame Doctor Juan", along with Iván Rodríguez "El lagarto" on guitar) and later on, when Buenafuente got signed up by LaSexta, as a main contributor and scriptwriter. He owned a section called "Bertovisión", where he would analyze all media, specially, written articles and where he would also comment the pictures, substituted later on for a news section, along with Andreu Buenafuente. Furthermore, he also participated in "Bertomansión", a project where the viewers would send whatever they did not want or used anymore so he could built a home. Later on, some comedy sketches would take place here. Unlike his radio and theatre appearances, his TV appearances have always been solo.

Taking advantage of his appearances on the media, in April 2008 he edited his first book along with Xavi Tribó, "Cero estrellas" ("Zero Stars"), starring a hypothetical critic, Antonín Fajardo, a character born in a radio collaboration on the show "La taverna del llop" in Ràdio 4. [3]

During the summer of 2008, the channel LaSexta decided that he would be in charge of hosting the show Buenafuente during the holidays of Andreu Buenafuente, giving him that way more responsibility as vicedirector on the show. During this period, the show was broadcast under the name "Buenafuente ha salido un momento" (Buenafuente will be right back), where he had some sections such as "Rompe el hielo con Berto" (Break the ice with Berto).

On March 15, 2009, he made his debut as the host of his own talk show, "El programa de Berto", produced by El Terrat. Nevertheless, the programme was suspended after only three shows, since the share was of 3.8%, a number way lower than the average of the channel (6.7% as of March 2009).[4]

On April 22, 2009, he participated briefly on the sketch "El caso del eslabón perdido" in the show Muchachada Nui.

During the season 2009/2010, he started collaborating for the magazine Divendres, broadcast by TV3, a job he combined with his role in Buenafuente.[5]

On October 27, 2009, the TV show "Zombis" aired on the YouTube channel of El Terrat, starring Berto Romero and Rafel Barceló, scriptwriter for Buenafuente. The show only counts on one season of 9 episodes and since January 28, 2011, it is broadcast by TNT (Spain).

In New Year's Eve 2009, he hosted, along with Ana Morgade, the New Year's Eve Celebration of LaSexta, entitled "Cómo superar el Fin de Año" (How to get over New Year's Eve).[6] In New Year's Eve 2010, they were again hosts of "El 2011 con Berto y Ana" (2011 with Berto and Ana).[7]

External links[link]

• Berto's blog (in Spanish)
• "El Cansancio" website (in Spanish)
• Ràdio Flaixbac website (in Catalan)
• Buenafuente TV show website (in Spanish)

Martina Navratilova
Martina Navrátilová

Country	Czechoslovakia (1973–1975)  United States (1975–present)
Residence	Sarasota, Florida, USA
Born	(1956-10-18) October 18, 1956 (age 55) Prague, Czechoslovakia
Height	1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Weight	65.5 kg (144 lb; 10.31 st)
Turned pro	1975
Retired	1994–1999, 2006
Plays	Left-handed; one-handed backhand
Career prize money	US$21,626,089 (6th in all-time rankings)
Int. Tennis HOF	2000 (member page)
Singles
Career record	1,442–219 (86.8%)
Career titles	167 (all-time record for men or women)
Highest ranking	No. 1 (July 10, 1978)
Grand Slam Singles results
Australian Open	W (1981, 1983, 1985)
French Open	W (1982, 1984)
Wimbledon	W (1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990)
US Open	W (1983, 1984, 1986, 1987)
Other tournaments
Championships	W (1978, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986(1), 1986(2))(all-time record)
Doubles
Career record	747–143 (83.9%)
Career titles	177 (all-time record for men or women)
Highest ranking	No. 1 (September 10, 1984)
Grand Slam Doubles results
Australian Open	W (1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989)
French Open	W (1975, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988)
Wimbledon	W (1976, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986)
US Open	W (1977, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990)
Other Doubles tournaments
WTA Championships	W (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986(2), 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991)(all-time record)
Mixed Doubles
Career titles	15
Grand Slam Mixed Doubles results
Australian Open	W (2003)
French Open	W (1974, 1985)
Wimbledon	W (1985, 1993, 1995, 2003)
US Open	W (1985, 1987, 2006)
Last updated on: July 5, 2009.

1986 Paraguay stamp

Martina Navratilova (Czech: Martina Navrátilová; born Martina Šubertová; October 18, 1956) is a retired Czech American tennis player and a former World No. 1. Billie Jean King said about Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived."^[1]

Navratilova won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, 31 major women's doubles titles (an all-time record), and 10 major mixed doubles titles. She reached the Wimbledon singles final 12 times, including nine consecutive years from 1982 through 1990, and won the women's singles title at Wimbledon a record nine times. She and King each won 20 Wimbledon titles, an all-time record. Navratilova is one of just three women to have accomplished a career Grand Slam in singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles (called the Grand Slam "boxed set") a record she shares with Margaret Court and Doris Hart. She holds the open era record for most singles titles (167) and doubles titles (177). She recorded the longest winning streak in the open era (74 consecutive matches) and three of the six longest winning streaks in the women's open era. Navratilova, Margaret Court and Maureen Connolly share the record for the most consecutive major singles titles (six). Navratilova reached 11 consecutive major singles finals, second all-time to Steffi Graf's 13. In women's doubles, Navratilova and Pam Shriver won 109 consecutive matches and won all four major titles in 1984, i.e. the Grand Slam. Also the pair set an all time record of 79 titles together and tied Louise Brough Clapp's and Margaret Osborne duPont's record of 20 major women's doubles titles as a team. In addition she won the season ending WTA Tour Championships a record 8 times and made the finals a record 14 times and won the doubles title a record 11 times. Navratilova is the only person of either sex to have won eight different tournaments at least seven times.^[2]

Originally from Czechoslovakia, she was stripped of her citizenship^[3] when, in 1975 at the age of 18, she asked the United States for political asylum and was granted temporary residency.^[4] At the time, Navratilova was told by the Czechoslovakian Sports Federation that she was becoming too Americanized and that she should go back to school and make tennis secondary.^[5] Navratilova became a US citizen in 1981, but on January 9, 2008, she had her Czech citizenship restored.^[6] She stated she has not renounced her American citizenship nor does she plan to do so and that the restoration of her Czech citizenship was not politically motivated.^[7][8]

Navratilova is a member of the Laureus World Sports Academy. She also serves as the Health and Fitness Ambassador for AARP^[9] in an alliance created to help AARP's millions of members lead active, healthy lives.

In February 2012, Navratilova was announced as a cast member on the 14th season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with Tony Dovolani^[10] but the pair was eliminated on March 27, 2012.

Early life and tennis career[link]

Navratilova was born Martina Šubertová in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Her parents divorced when she was three,^[11] and in 1962 her mother Jana married Miroslav Navrátil, who became her first tennis coach. Martina then took the name of her stepfather (adding the feminine suffix "ová"), thus becoming Martina Navrátilová (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmarcɪna ˈnavraːcɪlovaː] ( listen)). Her father Mirek^[12] remarried and divorced. When she was eight, he committed suicide.^[13] In 2008, Navratilova's mother died of emphysema, aged 75.^[14] Navratilova has a sister, Jana, and an older paternal half-brother.^[11]

In 1972, at the age of 15, Navratilova won the Czechoslovakia national tennis championship. In 1973, aged 16, she made her debut on the United States Lawn Tennis Association professional tour but did not turn professional until 1975. She won her first professional singles title in Orlando, Florida in 1974, at the age of 17. Upon arriving in the United States, Navratilova first lived with former Vaudeville actress, Frances Dewey Wormser, and her husband, Morton Wormser, a tennis enthusiast.^[15]

Navratilova was the runner-up at two Grand Slam singles tournaments in 1975. She lost in the final of the Australian Open to Evonne Goolagong Cawley and in the final of the French Open to Chris Evert. After losing to Evert in the semifinals of that year's US Open, the 18-year-old Navratilova went to the offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service in New York City and informed them that she wished to defect from Communist Czechoslovakia. Within a month, she received a green card.

Navratilova won her first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon in 1978, where she defeated Evert in three sets in the final and captured the World No. 1 ranking for the first time. She successfully defended her Wimbledon title in 1979, again beating Evert in the final, and retained her World No. 1 ranking. In 1981, Navratilova won her third Grand Slam singles title by defeating Evert in the final of the Australian Open. Navratilova also reached the final of the US Open, where she lost a third set tiebreak to Tracy Austin. Navratilova won both Wimbledon and the French Open in 1982.

After adopting basketball player Nancy Lieberman's exercise plan and using graphite racquets, Navratilova became the most dominant player in women's tennis. After losing in the fourth round of the first Grand Slam event of 1983, the French Open, she captured the year's three remaining Grand Slam titles (the Australian Open was held in December at that time). Navratilova's loss at the French Open was her only singles defeat during that year, during which she established an 86–1 record. Her winning percentage was the best ever for a post-1968 professional tennis player. During 1982, 1983, and 1984, Navratilova lost a total of only six singles matches.^{[citation needed]}

Navratilova won the 1984 French Open, thus holding all four Grand Slam singles titles simultaneously. Her accomplishment was declared a "Grand Slam" by Philippe Chatrier, president of the International Tennis Federation. Many tennis observers, however, insisted that it was not a true Grand Slam because the titles had not been won in a single calendar year. Navratilova extended her Grand Slam singles tournament winning streak to a record-equalling six following wins at Wimbledon and the US Open. She entered the 1984 Australian Open with a chance of winning all four titles in the same year. In the semifinals, however, Helena Suková ended Navratilova's 74-match winning streak (a record for a professional) 1–6, 6–3, 7–5.^{[citation needed]}

A left-hander, Navratilova won all four Grand Slam women's doubles titles in 1984, partnering right-handed Pam Shriver, a tall and talented player whose most noted stroke was a slice forehand, a shot virtually unheard of in the game today. This was part of a record 109-match winning streak that the pair achieved between 1983 and 1985. (Navratilova was ranked the World No. 1 doubles player for a period of over three years in the 1980s.) From 1985 through 1987, Navratilova reached the women's singles final at all 11 Grand Slam tournaments held during those three years, winning six of them. From 1982 through 1990, she reached the Wimbledon final nine consecutive times. She reached the US Open final five consecutive times from 1983 through 1987 and appeared in the French Open final five out of six years from 1982 through 1987.^{[citation needed]}

17-year old German player Steffi Graf emerged on the scene in 1987 when she beat Navratilova in the final of the French Open. Navratilova defeated Graf in the 1987 Wimbledon and US Open finals (and at the US Open became only the third player in the open era to win the women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles at the same event). Graf's consistent play throughout 1987, however, allowed her to obtain the World No. 1 ranking before the end of the year. Graf eventually broke Navratilova's records of 156 consecutive weeks and 331 total weeks as the World No. 1 singles player but did not break Navratilova's record 167 singles titles as Graf reached 107. In 1988, Graf won all four Grand Slam singles titles, beating Navratilova 5–7, 6–2, 6–1 in the Wimbledon final along the way.^{[citation needed]}

In 1989, Graf and Navratilova met in the finals of both Wimbledon and the US Open, with Graf winning both encounters in three sets. Despite the age difference between the two players, Navratilova won 9 of the 18 career singles matches with Graf and 5 of the 9 Grand Slam singles matches with her. At age 34, Navratilova defeated Graf the last time they played in a Grand Slam event in the semifinals of the 1991 US Open 7–6(2), 6–7(6), 6–4.

Navratilova and Sukova playing doubles

Navratilova's final Grand Slam singles triumph was in 1990. In the final, the 33-year old Navratilova swept Zina Garrison 6–4, 6–1 to claim a record-breaking ninth Wimbledon singles crown. Though that was her last Grand Slam singles title, Navratilova reached two additional Grand Slam singles finals during the remainder of career. In 1991, she lost in the US Open final to the new World No. 1 Monica Seles after defeating Graf in a semifinal. And then in 1994, at the age of 37, Navratilova reached the Wimbledon final, where she lost in three sets to Conchita Martínez. Soon after, she retired from full-time competition on the singles tour. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2000.

In 2000, Navratilova returned to the tour to play doubles events, while rarely playing singles. In her first singles performance in eight years, at Eastbourne in 2002, she beat World No. 22 Tatiana Panova before losing in the next round to Daniela Hantuchová in three sets. In 2003, she won the mixed doubles titles at both the Australian Open and Wimbledon, partnering Leander Paes. This made her the oldest ever Grand Slam champion (aged 46 years, 8 months). The Australian Open victory made her the third player in history to complete a "boxed set" of Grand Slam titles by winning the singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events. The Wimbledon win allowed her to equal Billie Jean King's record of 20 Wimbledon titles (in singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles combined) and extended her overall number of Grand Slam titles to 58 (second only to Margaret Court, who won 62). Despite being criticized for receiving a wildcard, Navratilova won a singles match in straight sets at the first round of Wimbledon in 2004, aged 47 years and eight months, to make her the oldest player to win a professional singles match in the open era. She then lost her second round match with Gisela Dulko in three sets.

On July 6, 2006, Navratilova played her last career match at Wimbledon, losing in the third round of mixed doubles to the eventual titleists, Israel's Andy Ram and Russia's Vera Zvonareva. Earlier that day, Navratilova lost her women's doubles quarterfinal match against Chinese fourth seeds Yan Zi and Zheng Jie, also the eventual titleists. Navratilova capped off her career by winning the mixed doubles title at the 2006 US Open with Bob Bryan, her 41st Grand Slam doubles title (31 in women's doubles and 10 in mixed doubles) and 177th overall. At the time, she was just over a month away from her 50th birthday.

Navratilova won 167 top-level singles titles (more than any other player in the open era) and 177 doubles titles. Her last title in women's doubles came on August 21, 2006, at the Tier I Rogers Cup in Montreal, Canada, where she partnered with Nadia Petrova. Navratilova won 18 Grand Slam singles titles: nine at Wimbledon, four at the US Open, three at the Australian Open, and two at the French Open. Her overall record in 67 Grand Slam singles events was 306–49 .862 (120–14 at Wimbledon, 89–17 at the US Open, 51–11 at the French Open, and 46–7 at the Australian Open). She won at least one tour event for 21 consecutive years and won the singles and doubles at the same event a record 84 times. Her career singles match win total of 1,442 is the most during the open era.^{[citation needed]}

In September 1992, the 35-year old Navratilova played Jimmy Connors in the third Battle of the Sexes tennis match at Caesars Palace in Paradise, Nevada. Connors was allowed only one serve per point and Navratilova was allowed to hit into half the doubles court. Connors won 7–5, 6–2.^{[citation needed]}

She played for the Boston Lobsters in the World TeamTennis pro league through the 2009 season.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life[link]

In 1981, shortly after becoming a United States citizen, Navratilova came out publicly about her sexual orientation. During the early 1980s, she was involved with author Rita Mae Brown. From 1984 to 1991, Navratilova had a long-term relationship with partner Judy Nelson. Their split in 1991 included a much-publicized legal wrangle. Navratilova was featured in a WITA (Women's International Tennis Association) calendar, shot by Jean Renard with her Wimbledon trophies and Nelson's children in the background.^{[citation needed]}

In 1985, Navratilova released an autobiography, co-written with The New York Times sports columnist George Vecsey, titled Martina in the U.S. and Being Myself in the rest of the world.^[16] She had earlier co-written a tennis instruction book with Mary Carillo in 1982, entitled Tennis My Way.^[17] She later wrote three mystery novels with Liz Nickles: The Total Zone (1994),^[18] Breaking Point (1996),^[19] and Killer Instinct (1997).^[20] Navratilova's most recent^[when?] literary effort was a health and fitness book entitled Shape Your Self, which came out in 2006.^[21]

On April 7, 2010, Navratilova announced that she was being treated for breast cancer.^[22] A routine mammogram in January 2010 revealed that she had a ductal carcinoma in situ in her left breast, which she was informed of in February, and in March she had the tumour surgically removed;^[23] she received radiation therapy in May.^[22]

In December 2010, Navratilova was hospitalized after developing high altitude pulmonary edema while attempting a climb of Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.^[24]

Activism and politics[link]

Navratilova and Mark Tewksbury read the Declaration of Montreal at the opening ceremonies of the World Outgames.

When not playing tennis, Navratilova is involved with various charities that benefit animal rights, underprivileged children, and gay rights. She filed a lawsuit against Amendment 2, a 1992 ballot proposition in Colorado designed to deny gays and lesbians legal protection from discrimination.^{[citation needed]} In the same year, she spoke before the National March on Washington for Gay and Lesbian Rights.^{[citation needed]}

In 2000, she was the recipient of National Equality Award from the Human Rights Campaign, the nation's largest gay and lesbian activist/lobbying group.^[25]

A vegetarian, Navratilova appeared in ad campaigns for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In an April 2006 interview, however, she said she had recently begun eating fish again because she found it hard to get enough protein while on the road;^[26] which would make her a pescetarian not a vegetarian; nevertheless in 2008 she described herself as vegetarian.^[27]

Navratilova in September 2011

She has spoken out on a number of volatile political issues, including tort/litigation reform, but perhaps her most consistent theme—aside from gay and lesbian rights—has been her unstinting opposition to Communism, and unrelenting opposition to the former Eastern Bloc power structure that she believes compelled her to flee her native Czechoslovakia. She has denounced the Soviet Union's control over Czechoslovakia, maintaining that she refuses to speak Russian to this day because of the Soviet Union's former hegemony over Eastern Europe.

"Whenever people go into politics and they try to say that Communism was a good thing, I say, 'Go ahead and live in a Communist country then, if you think it's so great.' "^[26]

Navratilova was a guest on CNN's Connie Chung Tonight show on July 17, 2002. During the show, Chung quoted a German newspaper which quoted Navratilova as saying: "The most absurd part of my escape from the unjust system is that I have exchanged one system that suppresses free opinion for another. The Republicans in the U.S. manipulate public opinion and sweep controversial issues under the table. It's depressing. Decisions in America are based solely on the question of how much money will come out of it and not on the questions of how much health, morals or environment suffer as a result."^[28]

Navratilova said that the remarks referred to what she perceived as a trend of centralization of government power and a loss of personal freedom. In the discussion that followed, Chung stated: "Can I be honest with you? I can tell you that when I read this, I have to tell you that I thought it was un-American, unpatriotic. I wanted to say, go back to Czechoslovakia. You know, if you don't like it here, this a country that gave you so much, gave you the freedom to do what you want."^[28]

Navratilova responded, "And I'm giving it back. This is why I speak out. When I see something that I don't like, I'm going to speak out because you can do that here. And again, I feel there are too many things happening that are taking our rights away."^[28]

Martina was quoted in 2007 as being ashamed of the US under President George W. Bush because unlike the communist regime in Czechoslovakia, Bush was elected.^[29][30]

Career statistics[link]

Open era records[link]

⁽¹⁾Chris Evert reached 34 non-consecutive Grand Slam singles semifinals from the 1971 US Open through the 1983 French Open, although she did not play 14 Grand Slam singles tournaments during that time.

Awards[link]

• ITF World Champion 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986.
• WTA Player of the Year 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986.

Recognition[link]

Tennis magazine selected her as the greatest female tennis player for the years 1965 through 2005.^[33] Tennis historian and journalist Bud Collins has called Navratilova "arguably, the greatest player of all time."^[34]

Tennis writer Steve Flink, in his book The Greatest Tennis Matches of the Twentieth Century, named her as the second best female player of the 20th century, directly behind Steffi Graf.^[35]

In June 2011, she was named one of the "30 Legends of Women's Tennis: Past, Present and Future" by Time.^[36]

In March 2012, The Tennis Channel named Navratilova as the second greatest female tennis player of all times, behind Steffi Graf, in their list of 100 greatest tennis players of all times.^[37]

I'm a Celebrity[link]

In November 2008, Martina Navratilova appeared on the UK's ITV series Series 8 of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!; she finished runner-up to Joe Swash.^[38]

See also[link]

Tennis portal

• Evert–Navratilova rivalry
• Graf–Navratilova rivalry
• List of Eastern Bloc defectors

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Blue, Adrianne (1995). Martina: The Lives and Times of Martina Navratilova. Carol Publishing Corporation. ISBN 1-55972-300-9. 
• Howard, Johnette (2006). The Rivals: Chris Evert vs. Martina Navratilova: Their Epic Duels and Extraordinary Friendship. New York: Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-1885-1. 
• Nelson, Judy; Faulkner, Sandra (1993). Love Match: Nelson Vs. Navratilova. Carol Publishing Corporation. ISBN 1-55972-157-X. 

Video[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2011)

Wimbledon 1978 Final – Navratilova vs. Evert (2003) starring: Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova, Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: August 16, 2005, Run Time: 102 minutes, ASIN: B000A343R8

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Martina Navratilova

• Official website
• Martina Navratilova at the Women's Tennis Association
• Martina Navratilova at the Fed Cup
• Martina Navratilova at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Martina Navratilova at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Martina Navratilova in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Martina Navratilova collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Martina Navratilova collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• "Wimbledon legends: Martina Navratilova" BBC profile
• "Martina was alone on top" ESPN
• outsports.com "Athlete, Author, Activist Martina Navratilova on Coming Out, the 'L Word,' Playing Hockey and Doing Your Part". Outsports
• Martina Navratilova's Health and Fitness Articles for AARP

Martina Navratilova (Achievement precedessor & successor) Sporting positions Preceded by Chris Evert Chris Evert Chris Evert Chris Evert Tracy Austin Chris Evert Chris Evert Chris Evert Chris Evert World No. 1 July 10, 1978 - January 13, 1979 January 28, 1979 - February 24, 1979 April 16, 1979 - June 24, 1979 September 10, 1979 - April 6, 1980 April 21, 1980 - June 30, 1980 May 3, 1982 - May 16, 1982 June 14, 1982 - June 9, 1985 October 14, 1985 - October 27, 1985 November 25, 1985 - August 16, 1987 Succeeded by Chris Evert Chris Evert Chris Evert Tracy Austin Tracy Austin Chris Evert Chris Evert Chris Evert Steffi Graf Awards and achievements Preceded by Chris Evert Chris Evert ITF World Champion 1979 1982-1986 Succeeded by Chris Evert Steffi Graf Preceded by Jarmila Kratochvílová United Press International Athlete of the Year 1984 Succeeded by Mary Decker Slaney Preceded by none Flo Hyman Memorial Award 1987 Succeeded by Jackie Joyner-Kersee Preceded by Javier Sotomayor Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 1994 Succeeded by Hassiba Boulmerka