Nazareth

Wednesday, 24 October 2012

Nazareth

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Acre, Israel
http://wn.com/Acre_Israel
Afula
Afula (; , ) is a city in the North District of Israel, often known as the "Capital of the Valley", referring to the Jezreel Valley. The city had a population of 40,000 at the end of 2009.
http://wn.com/Afula
Ashdod
http://wn.com/Ashdod
Ashkelon
http://wn.com/Ashkelon
Baqa-Jatt
http://wn.com/Baqa-Jatt
Basmat Tab'un
'''Basmat Tab'un''' (; ) is a Bedouin local council in the North District of Israel. It was declared as a local council in 1965. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) it had a population of 6,300 in 2006, with a growth rate of 3.3%. The majority of the citizens of Basmat Tab'un are Bedouin Muslims.
http://wn.com/Basmat_Tab'un
Bat Yam
Bat Yam ( ) is a city located on Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, on the central coastal strip, just south of Tel Aviv. Part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area, in the Tel Aviv District, the city is home to 129,100 people.
http://wn.com/Bat_Yam
Beersheba
Beersheba (, ''Be'er Sheva; ; ; , ''; ) is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel with a population of 187,200.
http://wn.com/Beersheba
Beit Jann
Beit Jann (; ) is a Druze village on Mt. Meron, in northern Israel. At 940 meters above sea level, Beit Jann is one of the highest inhabited locations in the country. In 2007, the population was 10,300. The mayor of Beit Jann is Youssef Qabalan.
http://wn.com/Beit_Jann
Beit She'an
http://wn.com/Beit_She'an
Beit Shemesh
Beit Shemesh (, ; ; ) is a city in Israel's Jerusalem District, with a population of 76,100 people. The modern-day city was founded in 1950, although settlement has been on the site since pre-Biblical periods.
http://wn.com/Beit_Shemesh
Bethabara
This entry incorporates text from the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia with some modernisation.
http://wn.com/Bethabara
Bethlehem
http://wn.com/Bethlehem
Bethsaida
http://wn.com/Bethsaida
Bir al-Maksur
Bir al-Maksur or Beer el-Maksura (; ) is an Israeli-Arab local council in Israel's North District located northwest of Nazareth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics the town had a population of 7,000 at the end of 2005. The population is entirely made up of Bedouins.
http://wn.com/Bir_al-Maksur
Bnei Brak
Bnei Brak (or Bene Beraq) ( , ) is a city located on Israel's central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, in the Dan metropolitan region and Tel Aviv District. Bnei Brak is a center of ultra-orthodox Jewish culture.
http://wn.com/Bnei_Brak
Bu'eine Nujeidat
'''Bu'eine Nujeidat''' is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel. It was declared as a local council in 1996. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 7,900 inhabitants in 2006. The rate of growth of the population is 2.3%. The majority of the citizens of the village are Muslims.
http://wn.com/Bu'eine_Nujeidat
Buq'ata
http://wn.com/Buq'ata
Caesarea Maritima
http://wn.com/Caesarea_Maritima
Calvary
:''"Golgotha" redirects here. For other uses, see Golgotha (disambiguation). For other uses of the term "Calvary" and "Mount Calvary," see Calvary (disambiguation) and Mount Calvary (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Calvary
Cana
In the Christian New Testament, the Gospel of John refers a number of times to a town called Cana of Galilee.
http://wn.com/Cana
Capernaum
http://wn.com/Capernaum
Carmel City
http://wn.com/Carmel_City
Chorazin
Chorazin (; Korazim Karraza, Kh. Karazeh, Chorizim, Kerazeh, Korazin) was a village in northern Galilee, two and a half miles from Capernaum on a hill above the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee.
http://wn.com/Chorazin
Częstochowa
http://wn.com/Częstochowa
Daburiyya
Daburiyya (; ) is an Arab village east of Nazareth that gained local council status in Israel's North District in 1961. Its jurisdiction extends over 7,200 dunams. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Daburiyya is home to approximately 8,500 residents. The town's population is homogeneously fallahen. A fallah is an Arab who lives or descended from the village, as opposed to city dwellers or medinniyin.
http://wn.com/Daburiyya
Deir Hanna
Deir Hanna (, ) is a local council in the North District of Israel, located on the hills of the Lower Galilee, southeast of Acre. At the end of 2005, the town had a population of 8,500 approximately 80% of them being Muslims and the remaining 20% being Christian.
http://wn.com/Deir_Hanna
Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock (, translit.: Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah, , translit.: Kipat Hasela) is an Islamic shrine and major landmark located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It was completed in 691-692, making it the oldest existing Islamic building in the world. The site's significance stems from the religious beliefs regarding the rock, known as the Foundation Stone, at its heart.
http://wn.com/Dome_of_the_Rock
Eilabun
Eilabun ( Ailabun, ) is an Israeli-Arab local council in Israel's North District, located in the Beit Netofa Valley. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Eilabun had a population of 4,400 inhabitants in 2005. The population is predominantly Christian. In 1973, Eilabun achieved local council status by the Israeli government.
http://wn.com/Eilabun
Ein Mahil
Ein Mahil (; ) is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel, located about five kilometers north of Nazareth. It was declared a local council in 1964. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 10,800 in 2006, with a growth rate of 2.2%. The majority of the citizens of the village are Muslims.
http://wn.com/Ein_Mahil
Ein Qiniyye
Ein Qiniyye (; ) is a Druze village in the Golan Heights. It was declared a local council in 1982. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) it a population of 1,900 in 2006, with a growth rate of 2.4%. The village is located on the footsteps of Mount Hermon, 750 meters above sea level.
http://wn.com/Ein_Qiniyye
Fassuta
Fassuta is an Israeli Arab town governed by a local council in the Northern District of Israel, south of the Lebanese border, on the northwestern slopes of Mount Meron.
http://wn.com/Fassuta
Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
http://wn.com/Florence
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France
Gennesaret
Gennesaret ("a garden of riches") was a town alloted to the tribe of Naphtali, called "Kinnereth" (Joshua 19:35), sometimes in the plural form "Kinneroth" (Joshua 11:2). In later times the name was gradually changed to Genezareth, Genezar and Gennesaret (Luke 5:1). No trace of the Gennesaret city remains.
http://wn.com/Gennesaret
Gethsemane
http://wn.com/Gethsemane
Ghajar
http://wn.com/Ghajar
Giv'atayim
'''Giv'atayim''' (, lit. "two hills") is a city in Israel east of Tel Aviv. It is part of the metropolitan area known as Gush Dan. Givatayim was established in 1922 by pioneers of the Second Aliyah. It has a population of 49,600.
http://wn.com/Giv'atayim
Hadera
Hadera (, '; , ') is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel approximately from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along off the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. The city has a population of 77,100 which includes a high proportion of immigrants since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the Soviet Union.
http://wn.com/Hadera
Haifa
http://wn.com/Haifa
Herzliya
http://wn.com/Herzliya
Holon
Holon ( ) is a city in Israel, on the central coastal strip south of Tel Aviv. Holon is part of the metropolitan area known as Gush Dan in the Tel Aviv District. In 2007, it had a population of 168,800. Holon has the second largest industrial zone in Israel, after Haifa.
http://wn.com/Holon
Hurfeish
Hurfeish (; ) is a Druze local council in the Northern District of Israel. It was declared a local council in 1967. according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) it had in 2006 a total population of 5,200, with a growth rate of 1.9%.
http://wn.com/Hurfeish
I'billin
'''I'billin''' (, ) is a local council in the Northern District of Israel. In December 2006, the population was 11,000.
http://wn.com/I'billin
Ilut
Ilut (; ) is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel. It was declared a local council in 1991. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 6,600 in 2006 with a growth rate of 2.5%.
http://wn.com/Ilut
Ilut Stadium
The Ilut Stadium is a football stadium in Ilut, located near Nazareth in northern Israel. The stadium is the home ground of Maccabi Ahi Nazareth and Hapoel Acre.
http://wn.com/Ilut_Stadium
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
http://wn.com/Istanbul
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy
Jadeidi-Makr
Jadeidi-Makr or Makr-Jadeidi (; ) is an Israeli Arab local council formed by the merger of the two Arab towns of Makr and Jadeidi in 1990. It is located a few kilometers east of the city of Acre in the North District.
http://wn.com/Jadeidi-Makr
Jericho
Jericho ( ); is a city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank of the Palestinian Territories. It is the capital of the Jericho Governorate, and has a population of over 20,000 Palestinians. Situated well below sea level on an east-west route north of the Dead Sea, Jericho is the lowest permanently inhabited site on earth. It is also believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities of the world.
http://wn.com/Jericho
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem
Jerusalem Temple
http://wn.com/Jerusalem_Temple
Jish
Jish (; , Gush Halav) has both an ancient and modern history. Remnants of an a roman-era village with a synagogue have been uncovered. In modern times, it is an Arab Christian town located on the northeastern slopes of Mt. Meron, north of Safed in Israel's North District. Classical sources written in Greek, including the Wars of the Jews by Josephus, call the village Gischala.
http://wn.com/Jish
Julis
The term JuLis may also refer to the political organisations Young Liberals of Germany or Young Liberals of Austria, or Julis, Gaza.
http://wn.com/Julis
Kabul, Israel
Kabul (, ) is an Arab town in the North District of Israel, located southeast of Acre and north of Shefa-'Amr.
http://wn.com/Kabul_Israel
Kafr Kanna
http://wn.com/Kafr_Kanna
Karmiel
Karmiel (, lit. God's vineyards) is a city in northern Israel. Established in 1964 as a development town, Karmiel is located in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper and lower Galilee. The city is located south of the Acre-Safed road, from Safed and from Acre. Karmiel has a population of 44,400, although its municipality claims to have reached 50,000.
http://wn.com/Karmiel
Katzrin
Katzrin (, also spelt Qatzrin, Qasrin, or Kazerin) is the administrative center of the Golan Regional Council and largest Israeli settlement and town in the Golan Heights.
http://wn.com/Katzrin
Kaukab Abu al-Hija
Kaukab Abu al-Hija (; ), often simply Kaukab, (meaning "star"), is an Arab Muslim village and local council in the North District of Israel, in the Lower Galilee. It is located on Road 784, between Shefa-'Amr and Karmiel, and next to Kafr Manda. Kaukab was historically under the control of the Abu al-Hija family of the Galilee.
http://wn.com/Kaukab_Abu_al-Hija
Kfar HaHoresh
Kfar HaHoresh (, lit. Village of the Ploughman) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located near Nazareth, it falls under the jurisdiction of Jezreel Valley Regional Council. In 2006 it had a population of 423.
http://wn.com/Kfar_HaHoresh
Kfar Kama
Kfar Kama (; ; ) is a town located in the lower Galilee, Israel, with a population of 2,900, largely Circassian.
http://wn.com/Kfar_Kama
Kfar Saba
Kfar Saba (, lit. "Grandfather's Village"), officially Kfar Sava, is a city in the Sharon region, of the Center District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007, Kfar Saba had a total population of 81,600.
http://wn.com/Kfar_Saba
Kfar Tavor
Kfar Tavor () is a village in the Lower Galilee region of northern Israel, at the foot of Mount Tabor. Founded in 1901, it was awarded local council status in 1949. In 2008, Kfar Tavor had a population of 2,700.
http://wn.com/Kfar_Tavor
Kfar Vradim
Kfar Vradim () is a town (local council) in northern Israel, with a population of 5800 (2008). It is situated just south of Ma'alot-Tarshiha and about south of the border with Lebanon. Kfar Vradim is close to major cities like Nahariya (20 kilometers) and Karmiel (16 kilometers).
http://wn.com/Kfar_Vradim
Kiryat Ata
Kiryat Ata (; officially also spelled Qiryat Ata) is a city in the Haifa District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 49,700. It is also still known by its former name of Kfar Ata ().
http://wn.com/Kiryat_Ata
Kiryat Shmona
Kiryat Shmona (, lit. City of the Eight) is a city located in the North District of Israel on the western slopes of the Hula Valley on the Lebanese border. The city was named for the eight people, including Joseph Trumpeldor, who died in 1920 defending Tel Hai. Today, about one-third of Kiryat Shmona's population of 22,100 are younger than 19, and the majority of its inhabitants are Jews, particularly of Sephardic descent. Located near the Israel-Lebanon border, Kiryat Shmona is Israel's northernmost city.
http://wn.com/Kiryat_Shmona
Kisra-Sumei
Kisra-Sumei (; ) is a Druze local council in the western Galilee in the North District of Israel.
http://wn.com/Kisra-Sumei
Lod
Lod (; , al-Ludd; Greco-Latin Lydda) is a city located on the Sharon Plain southeast of Tel Aviv in the Center District of Israel. At the end of 2007, it had a population of 67,000, roughly 80 percent Jewish and 20 percent Arab.
http://wn.com/Lod
Ma'alot-Tarshiha
'''Ma'alot-Tarshiha''' (; ) is a mixed city in the North District in Israel, some 20 km east of Nahariya. The city was established in 1963 through a municipal merger of the Arab town of Tarshiha and the Jewish town of Ma'alot. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in December 2007 the city had a total population of 21,200.
http://wn.com/Ma'alot-Tarshiha
Maghar, Israel
Maghar (, , also al-Maghar or Mghar; lit. the cave) is an Arab town in Israel's North District with an area of 19,810 dunams. Maghar achieved local council status in 1956. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, there were 19,300 people living in Maghar at the end of 2007.
http://wn.com/Maghar_Israel
Majdal Shams
Majdal Shams (; ) is a Druze village in the northern part of the Golan Heights, the center of Druze life in the region. Majdal Shams is situated in the southern foothills of Mt. Hermon, and is surrounded by thousands of dunams of orchards, the main crops of which include first class apples and cherries. Israel captured Majdal Shams in 1967 and has occupied it since.
http://wn.com/Majdal_Shams
Mary's Well
http://wn.com/Mary's_Well
Mas'ade
http://wn.com/Mas'ade
Mashhad (Israel)
http://wn.com/Mashhad_(Israel)
Mashhad, Israel
Mashhad (, , Mash-hed transliteration, grave of a holy man) is an Arab town located northeast of Nazareth in Israel's North District. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 6,700 mostly Muslim inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Israel
Mazra'a
'''Mazra'a''' (, ) is an Arab town and local council in northern Israel, situated between Acre and Nahariyya on the Mediterranean coast.
http://wn.com/Mazra'a
Metula
Metula () is a town in the Northern District of Israel. Metula is located between the sites of the Biblical cities of Dan, Abel Bet Maacah, and Ijon, bordering Lebanon.
http://wn.com/Metula
Mi'ilya
'''Mi'ilya (, ) is a Arab local council in the western Galilee in the North District of Israel. Its name during the Crusader era in Palestine was Castellum Regis'''. All of its inhabitants are Christians.
http://wn.com/Mi'ilya
Migdal HaEmek
Migdal HaEmek (, also officially spelt Migdal HaEmeq, ) is a city in the North District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 24,800. The chief rabbi of the city is Rabbi Yitzchak Dovid Grossman. There is a Migdal HaEmek - Tower of the Valley, North East above the town.
http://wn.com/Migdal_HaEmek
Migdal, Israel
Migdal (, lit. Tower) is a town in the Northern District of Israel. It was founded in 1910, and granted local council status in 1949. In 2008 it had a population of 1,627.
http://wn.com/Migdal_Israel
Mount of Olives
The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, , Har HaZeitim ;, Jebel az-Zeitun) is a mountain ridge in east Jerusalem with three peaks running from north to south. The highest, at-Tur, rises to 818 meters (2,683 ft). It is named for the olive groves that covers its slopes. The Mount of Olives is associated with Jewish and Christian traditions.
http://wn.com/Mount_of_Olives
Nablus
http://wn.com/Nablus
Nahariya
Nahariya () is the northernmost coastal city in Israel, with an estimated population of 51,600.
http://wn.com/Nahariya
Nahf
http://wn.com/Nahf
Nain, Israel
http://wn.com/Nain_Israel
Nazareth
http://wn.com/Nazareth
Nazareth Illit
Nazareth Illit () (Upper Nazareth) is a city in the North District of Israel. At the end of 2007 it had a population of 43,100.
http://wn.com/Nazareth_Illit
Nazareth Village
Nazareth Village is an Open air museum that reconstructs and reenacts village life in the Galilee in the time of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Nazareth_Village
Netanya
Netanya () is a city in the Northern Centre District of Israel and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is located between the 'Poleg' stream and Wingate Institute in the south and the 'Avichail' stream in the north. Its of beaches have made the city a very popular tourist resort. Today the city houses a notably large population of English-speaking immigrants from the United Kingdom, USA, and Canada. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2008 the city had a total population of 179,000. An additional 150,000 people live in the local and regional councils within 10 kilometers from Netanya with serves as a regional center for them. The city mayor is Miriam Feirberg. The city is expected to reach a population of 350,000 by 2020. The city name has sometimes been spelled Nathania.
http://wn.com/Netanya
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands
Operation Dekel
Operation Dekel (, Mivtza Dekel, lit. Operation Palm Tree), was the largest offensive in the north of Israel after the first truce of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It was carried out by the 7th Armoured Brigade, a battalion from the Carmeli Brigade along with some elements from the Golani Brigade between 8-18 July. Its objective was to capture Nazareth and the Lower Galilee. The operation was led by Ben Dunkelman, a Canadian volunteer who was the commander of the 7th Brigade Brigade.
http://wn.com/Operation_Dekel
Persia
http://wn.com/Persia
Persian Empire
http://wn.com/Persian_Empire
Petah Tikva
http://wn.com/Petah_Tikva
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland
Pool of Bethesda
For the various places named after the Pool of Bethesda, see Bethesda.
http://wn.com/Pool_of_Bethesda
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
http://wn.com/Princeton_University
Ra'anana
'''Ra'anana''' () (lit. "Fresh") is a city in the heart of the southern Sharon Plain of the Central District of Israel with a population of 82,450 (December 2009). Ra'anana is bordered by Kfar Sava on the east and Herzliya on the southwest. While the majority of its residents are native Israelis, a large part of the population are immigrants from English, French and Spanish speaking countries.
http://wn.com/Ra'anana
Rahat
Rahat (, ) is a predominantly Bedouin city in the South District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 42,200. As such, it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world, and the only one in Israel to have city status.
http://wn.com/Rahat
Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan ( ) is a city in the Tel Aviv district of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower. Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2007, the population was 133,400. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
http://wn.com/Ramat_Gan
Ramat Yishai
http://wn.com/Ramat_Yishai
Rameh
Rameh (; ; also spelled ar-Rame or ar-Rama) is a local council in the North District of Israel. It is entirely populated by Arabs, of whom around 51% are Christian, 29% Druze, and a further 20% Muslim. The town is located five kilometers east of the cities of Shaghur and Karmiel.
http://wn.com/Rameh
Ramla
http://wn.com/Ramla
Rehovot
Rehovot ( ) is a city in the Center District of Israel, about 20 km south of Tel Aviv. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 106,200. Rehovot's official website estimates the population at 114,000.
http://wn.com/Rehovot
Reineh
Reineh, or Reine (; ) is an Israeli Arab village in the Galilee, located between Nazareth and Qana of Galilee. The village attained Local council status in 1968. As of 2004, Reineh is home to 15,300 residents, of which 80% are Muslim Arab, 19.3% are Christian Arab and the minuscule remainder being Druze Arabs, according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
http://wn.com/Reineh
Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion ( , lit. First to Zion), is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area. The city had a population of 227,600 at the end of 2009. Founded in 1882 by European Jewish immigrants, it was the second Jewish farm colony established in Land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
http://wn.com/Rishon_LeZion
Rosh Pinna
Rosh Pinna is a town (local council) of approximately 2,500 people located in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'anin, the Northern District of Israel. The town was founded in 1882 by thirty immigrant families from Romania, making it one of the oldest Zionist settlements in Israel. Rosh Pinna was officially recognized in 1953.
http://wn.com/Rosh_Pinna
Safed
http://wn.com/Safed
Sajur
http://wn.com/Sajur
Sakhnin
Sakhnin (; or Sikhnin) is an city in Israel's North District. It is located in the Lower Galilee, about east of Acre. Sakhnin was declared a city in 1995. Its population of 25,100 is Arab, mostly Muslim with a sizable Christian minority. It is located on the site of the ancient Jewish town Sikhnin, which flourished during the Roman conquest (2nd century CE). Sakhnin is home to the largest population of Sufi Muslims within Israel, with approximately 80 members.
http://wn.com/Sakhnin
Scythopolis
http://wn.com/Scythopolis
Sha'ab, Israel
http://wn.com/Sha'ab_Israel
Shaghur
:ash-Shaghur is also a town in the Balqa governorate of Jordan.
http://wn.com/Shaghur
Shefa-'Amr
'''Shefa-'Amr, also Shfar'am''' (, ; , ) is a predominantly Arab city in the North District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a population of 35,300.
http://wn.com/Shefa-'Amr
Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam
Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam (, ) is an Israeli-Arab Bedouin local council at the base of Mount Tabor in Israel's North District. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam had a population of 4,800 inhabitants in 2005.
http://wn.com/Shibli-Umm_al-Ghanam
Tamra
:''For other uses, see Tamra (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Tamra
Tayibe
Tayibe ( , ; also spelled Taibeh or Tayiba) is an Israeli Arab city in central Israel, 12 kilometers east of Kfar Saba. In 2007, it had a population of 35,800 residents. Tayibe is part of the Triangle.
http://wn.com/Tayibe
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv
The Hague
http://wn.com/The_Hague
Tiberias
Tiberias (; , Tverya ; , ) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius. Since the 16th century, Tiberias has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed. In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee, and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for devout Christians. Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years.
http://wn.com/Tiberias
Tira, Israel
:For other uses, see Tira.
http://wn.com/Tira_Israel
Tuba-Zangariyye
Tuba-Zangariyye or Tuba az-Zanghariyya (, ) is an Bedouin Arab local council in the North District of Israel. It was formed by the merger of the two villages of Tuba and az-Zangariyye. It is east of Safed and west of the Golan Heights. It is about 250 meters above sea level.
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Tur'an
'''Tur'an''' (, ) is an Israeli-Arab local council in the North District of Israel. It is located on Mount Tur'an near the main road from Haifa to Tiberias, and about north of Nazareth. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Tur'an had a population of 11,100 mostly Muslim inhabitants in 2005.
http://wn.com/Tur'an
Umm al-Fahm
Umm al-Fahm (, ; ) is a city in the Haifa District of Israel with a population of 43,300, nearly all of whom are Arab citizens of Israel. The city is situated on the Umm al-Fahm mountain ridge, the highest point of which is Mt. Iskander (522 meters above sea level), overlooking Wadi Ara. Umm al-Fahm is the social, cultural and economic center for residents of the Wadi Ara and Triangle regions.
http://wn.com/Umm_al-Fahm
Yafa an-Naseriyye
Yafa an-Naseriyye (, "Jaffa of Nazareth", also Yafa, Yafia or Yafi , ) is an Arab local council located in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It forms part of the metropolitan area of Nazareth, also an Arab locality. Declared a local council in 1960, Yafa had a population of 16,200 in 2005, approximately 70% of whom are Muslim and 30% Christian.
http://wn.com/Yafa_an-Naseriyye
Yanuh-Jat
Yanuh-Jat is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel. Probably place of the Biblical village of Yanuah (2 Kings 15:29). It was declared as a local council in 1990. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 5,300 in 2006. The rate of growth of the population is 2.6%. The majority of the town's inhabitants are Druze.
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Yavne'el
'''Yavne'el''' () is a moshava and a local council in the North District of Israel. It is named after a village in the tribe Naphtali (Jos 19:33), which was probably located on the tel north of the moshava. Located south-west of Tiberias, it was declared a local council in 1951. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 3,100 in 2008, with a growth rate of 1.4%. The majority of the citizens of the council are Jewish. The local council includes Yavne'el, Beit Gan, Mishmar HaShlosha and Smadar.
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Yesud HaMa'ala
'''Yesud HaMa'ala''' was the first modern Jewish community in the Hula Valley. Built in 1882, the community was among a series of agricultural settlements founded during the First Aliyah. The name of the village was taken from a sentence in the Bible: "He (Ezra) determined to go up." (Ezra 7:9), which was connected to the zionist Aliyah.
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Yokneam
Yokneam Illit (), also ''Yoqne'am Illit and Jokneam Illit'' is a city southeast of Haifa in northern Israel. It is located in a hilly region of the lower Galilee, bordered by Highway 70 and Mount Carmel. Yokneam Illit is at the base of the Carmel Mountains and overlooks the Jezreel Valley, from Haifa and from Tel Aviv. Yokneam Illit had a population of 18,600 at the end of 2007. The town has developed as a centre for high tech businesses, due to its proximity to the Technion in eastern Haifa.
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Zarzir
Zarzir (, ), or Beit Zarzir, is an Israeli-Arab local council located west of the city of Nazareth in Israel's North District. It became a local council in 1997 and its population in 2005 was 6,300. Its population consists of five Bedouin tribes.
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Ænon
http://wn.com/Ænon

Ali Suliman
Ali Suliman (; born 1977) is an Israeli Arab actor from Nazareth.
http://wn.com/Ali_Suliman
Arab
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Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (, hayer) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland.
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Azmi Bishara
Azmi Bishara (, , born July 22, 1956),
http://wn.com/Azmi_Bishara
Ben Dunkelman
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Elia Suleiman
Elia Suleiman (, born July 28, 1960 in Nazareth, Israel), is a Palestinian-Israeli film director and actor. He is best known for the 2002 film Divine Intervention (), a modern tragic comedy on living under occupation in the Palestinian territories which won the Jury Prize at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. Elia Suleiman's cinematic style is often compared to that of Jacques Tati and Buster Keaton, for its poetic interplay between "burlesque and sobriety".
http://wn.com/Elia_Suleiman
Eusebius of Caesarea
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Emir Fakhr-al-Din Beg ibn Maan (1572–April 13, 1635) () was a the 1st prince of the State of Lebanon which was self-governed under the Ottoman Empire during the 17-19th century. Son of Prince Qorqmaz ibn Maan () and Sit Nasab (), of the Tanukhi family, he was given the title "Emir" or Prince in Arabic because the Maan dynasty had rule over t Lebanon in that period. His period was distinguished with economic and cultural prosperity, and he had fought other Lebanese families to unite the people of Lebanon and seek independence from the Ottoman Empire; therefore, he is considered by many to be the first "Man of Lebanon" in history who sought the sovereignty of modern-day Lebanon. However, the Ottomans had discovered his plot and executed him with three of his children on April 13, 1635.
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Félix Bonfils
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Hadrian
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Hany Abu-Assad
Hany Abu-Assad (, born 11 October 1961) is a Palestinian film director. His film Paradise Now, about two Palestinian men preparing for a suicide attack in Israel, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006.
http://wn.com/Hany_Abu-Assad
Hiam Abbass
Hiam Abbass (; born November 30, 1960), also known as Hiam Abbas or Hiyam Abbas, is a Palestinian actress. She is known for her roles in the films Satin Rouge (2002), Haifa (1996), Paradise Now (2005), The Syrian Bride (2004), Free Zone (2005), Dawn of the World (2008), The Visitor (2008), Lemon Tree (2008), and Amreeka (2009). She had a small role in Steven Spielberg's Munich, a film depicting the response to the Munich Massacre, where she also served as a dialect and acting consultant.
http://wn.com/Hiam_Abbass
Hisham Zreiq
Hisham Zreiq (, born 9 February 1968 in Nazareth), also spelled Zrake, is an award-winning Palestinian-Israeli Independent film maker and visual artist. He began working in computer art in 1994, and in 1996 started exhibiting his work in galleries and museums. In 2007 he filmed his first documentary, The Sons of Eilaboun, and in 2008 he created the short film Just Another Day, dealing with the life of Arabs living in western world after September 11 terror attacks.
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Jerome
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Jesus
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John Dominic Crossan
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Kohen
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Louis IX
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Mandaeism
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Moshe Sharett
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Ramiz Jaraisy
Ramiz Jaraisy (b. October 24, 1951) is the mayor of Nazareth.
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Richard T. Antoun
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Robert Payne Smith
Robert Payne Smith, D.D., M.A. (1819-1895) was Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford and Canon of Christ Church from 1865 until 1870, when he was appointed Dean of Canterbury by Queen Victoria on the advice of William Ewart Gladstone.
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Samih al-Qasim
Samih al-Qasim (, born 1939) is a Palestinian Druze poet and citizen of Israel whose Arabic poetry is well-known throughout Arab World. His poetry is influenced by two primary periods of his life: Before and after the defeat of an alliance of Arab armies to Israel in 1967. He joined the Communist Hadash political party in 1967. Al-Qasim published several volumes and collections of poetry.
http://wn.com/Samih_al-Qasim
Selah Merrill
Selah Merrill, (May 2, 1837 – January 22, 1909) was an American Congregationalist clergyman, an educator, archaeologist of the American Palestine Exploration Society, and American diplomat.
http://wn.com/Selah_Merrill
Semitic
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St. Jerome
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Tertullus
In the Bible, Tertullus (a modification of "Tertius") was a Roman advocate, who was employed by the Jews to state their case against Paul in the presence of Felix (Acts 24:1-9).
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nazareth love hurts (1976)

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Nazareth - "Bad, bad Boy" - live - 1973

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lyrics to nazareth's "love hurts"...

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nazareth telegram

...

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Nazareth live in Texas '82 Cocaine...

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Nazareth "This Flight Tonight" 1975 Spotlight

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Nazareth - Beggars Day-Rose in the Heather

1975 An earlier Hard Rock fave of mine. Keeping the B side tradition... oh wait, this had ...

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Dreams come true - A visual poem directed by Damián Perea.English version

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published: 04 Jul 2011

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Justice- D.A.N.C.E.

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A friend of mine from my town, Eric Dowd, just finished installing his air ride the other ...

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Lance Armstrong speaks during an interview in Austin, Texas, Tuesday, Feb. 15, 2011.

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Israel’s Formula for a Starvation Diet 24 Oct 2012

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For other uses, see Nazareth (disambiguation).

Nazareth

Hebrew transcription(s)

• Hebrew

נָצְרַת (Natz'rat or Na'tzeret; Naṣ'rath in Biblical Hebrew)

• ISO 259

Naçrat, Naççert

Arabic transcription(s)

• Arabic

النَّاصِرَة (an-Nāṣɪra)

Nazareth coat of arms

Nazareth

Coordinates: 32°42′07″N 35°18′12″E / 32.70194°N 35.30333°ECoordinates: 32°42′07″N 35°18′12″E / 32.70194°N 35.30333°E

District

North

Government

• Type

City

• Mayor

Ramiz Jaraisy

Area

• Total

14,123 dunams (14.123 km² or 5.453 sq mi)

Population (2011)

• Total

81,410^[1]

Website

www.nazareth.muni.il

Nazareth ( /ˈnæzərəθ/; Hebrew: נָצְרַת‎‎, Natzrat or Natzeret; Arabic: اَلنَّاصِرَة‎ an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the largest city in the North District of Israel. Nazareth is known as "the Arab capital of Israel"; the population is made up predominantly of Arab citizens of Israel, the majority of whom are Muslim.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events.

Etymology [link]

Nazareth is not mentioned in pre-Christian texts and appears in many different Greek forms in the New Testament. There is no consensus regarding the origin of the name.^[6] One theory holds that "Nazareth" is derived from the Hebrew noun ne·ṣer, נֵ֫צֶר, meaning branch.^[7] Ne·ṣer is not the common Hebrew word for "branch," but one understood as a messianic title based on a passage in the Book of Isaiah.^[8] Alternatively, the name may derive from the verb na·ṣar, נָצַר, "watch, guard, keep."^[9] The negative references to Nazareth in the Gospel of John suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the town's name to prophecy.^[10]

Another theory holds that the Greek form Nazara, used in Matthew and Luke, may derive from an earlier Aramaic form of the name, or from another Semitic language form.^[11] If there were a tsade (צ) in the original Semitic form, as in the later Hebrew forms, it would normally have been transcribed in Greek with a sigma instead of a zeta.^[6] This has led some scholars to question whether "Nazareth" and its cognates in the New Testament actually refer to the settlement we know traditionally as Nazareth in Lower Galilee.^[12] Such linguistic discrepancies may be explained, however, "by a peculiarity of the 'Palestinian' Aramaic dialect wherein a sade (ṣ) between two voiced (sonant) consonants tended to be partially assimilated by taking on a zayin (z) sound."^[6]

[edit] Arabic name, an-Nāṣira

The Arabic name for Nazareth is an-Nāṣira, and Jesus (Arabic: يَسُوع‎, Yasū` or Arabic: عِيسَى‎, `Īsā) is also called an-Nāṣirī, reflecting the Arab tradition of according people a nisba, a name denoting from whence a person comes in either geographical or tribal terms. In the Qur'an, Christians are referred to as naṣārā, meaning "followers of an-Nāṣirī," or "those who follow Jesus."^[13] Similarly, in Maltese a Christian male is called Nisrani, whilst someone from Nazareth is called Nazzarenu. Whereas Nisrani is of direct Semitic origin, it is very likely that Nazzarenu was adopted via the Italian Nazzareno (from Latin, Nazarenus, meaning Nazarene.)

New Testament references [link]

In English translations of the New Testament, the phrase "Jesus of Nazareth" appears seventeen times where the Greek has the form "Jesus the Nazarene" or "Jesus the Nazoraean."^[14] Though a standard English concordance of the King James Version (e.g., Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible) lists "Nazareth" twenty-nine times, the place is actually named only twelve times in surviving Greek versions of the New Testament,^[6] where it appears in several forms: Nazara, Nazaret, Nazareth, Nazarat, Nazarath. The other English references come from the Greek adjective nazarenos, "of Nazareth" applied to Jesus.

Nazara (Ναζαρα) is generally considered the earliest form of the name in Greek, and is found in Matthew 4:13 and Luke 4:16, as well as the putative Q document, which many scholars maintain preceded 70 AD and the formation of the canonical Christian gospels.^[6]^[15] The form Nazareth appears once in the Gospel of Matthew 21:11, four times in the birth chapters of the Gospel of Luke at 1:26; 2:4, 2:39, 2:51, and once in the Acts of the Apostles at 10:38. In the Gospel of Mark, the name appears only once in 1:9 in the form Nazaret.

Many scholars have questioned a link between "Nazareth" and the terms "Nazarene" and "Nazoraean" on linguistic grounds,^[16] while some affirm the possibility of etymological relation "given the idiosyncrasies of Galilean Aramaic."^[17]

Extrabiblical references [link]

Ancient mosaic of Nazareth

The form Nazara is also found in the earliest non-scriptural reference to the town, a citation by Sextus Julius Africanus dated about 200 AD (see "Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods" below). The Church Father Origen (c. 185 to 254 AD) knows the forms Nazara and Nazaret.^[18] Later, Eusebius in his Onomasticon (translated by St. Jerome) also refers to the settlement as Nazara.^[19] In their scriptures, the Mandeans mention nasirutha as a place they go.^[6]^[20]

The first non-Christian reference to Nazareth is an inscription on a marble fragment from a synagogue found in Caesarea Maritima in 1962.^[21] This fragment gives the town's name in Hebrew as "נצרת" (n-ṣ-r-t). The inscription dates to c. 300 AD and chronicles the assignment of priests that took place at some time after the Bar Kokhba revolt, 132-35 AD.^[22] (See "Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods" below.) An 8th century AD Hebrew inscription, which was the earliest known Hebrew reference to Nazareth prior to the discovery of the inscription above, uses the same form.^[6]

[edit] Nazarenes, Notzrim, Christians

Main article: Nazarene (title)

Around 331 Eusebius records that from the name Nazareth Christ was called a Nazoraean, and that in earlier centuries Christians, were once called Nazarenes.^[23] Tertullian (Against Marcion 4:8) records that "for this reason the Jews call us 'Nazarenes'. In the New Testament Christians are called "Christians" three times by Romans, and "Nazarenes" once by Tertullus, a Jewish lawyer. The Rabbinic and modern Hebrew name for Christians, notzrim, is also thought to derive from Nazareth, and be connected with Tertullus' charge against Paul of being a member of the sect of the Nazarenes, Nazoraioi, "men of Nazareth" in Acts. Against this some medieval Jewish polemical texts connect notzrim with the netsarim "watchmen" of Ephraim in Jeremiah 31:6. In Syrian Aramaic Nasrat (ܢܨܪܬ) is used for Nazareth, while "Nazarenes" (Acts 24:5) and "of Nazareth" are both nasraya (ܕܢܨܪܝܐ) an adjectival form.^[24]^[25]^[26]

History [link]

Ancient times [link]

Archaeological research revealed a funerary and cult center at Kfar HaHoresh, about two miles (3 km) from current Nazareth, dating back roughly 9000 years (to what is known as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B era).^[27] The remains of some 65 individuals were found, buried under huge horizontal headstone structures, some of which consisted of up to 3 tons of locally-produced white plaster. Decorated human skulls uncovered there have led archaeologists to believe that Kfar HaHoresh was a major cult centre in that remote era.^[28]

In 1620 the Catholic Church purchased an area in the Nazareth basin measuring approx. 100 × 150 m (328.08 ft × 492.13 ft) on the side of the hill known as the Nebi Sa'in. This "Venerated Area" underwent extensive excavation in 1955-65 by the Franciscan priest Belarmino Bagatti, "Director of Christian Archaeology." Fr. Bagatti uncovered pottery dating from the Middle Bronze Age (2200 to 1500 BC) and ceramics, silos and grinding mills from the Iron Age (1500 to 586 BC), pointing to substantial settlement in the Nazareth basin at that time. However, lack of archaeological evidence from Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic or Early Roman times, at least in the major excavations between 1955 and 1990, shows that the settlement apparently came to an abrupt end about 720 BC, when many towns in the area were destroyed by the Assyrians.

Early Christian era [link]

Historic photo of Mary's Well

According to the Gospel of Luke, Nazareth was the home village of Mary and also the site of the Annunciation (when Mary was told by the Angel Gabriel that she would have Jesus as her son). In the Gospel of Matthew, Joseph and Mary resettled in Nazareth after fleeing to Egypt from their home in Bethlehem. The hometown of Joseph was Bethlehem.^{[Mt. 1:18-2:23]} The differences and possible contradictions between these two accounts of the nativity of Jesus are part of the Synoptic Problem. Nazareth was also where Jesus grew up from some point in his childhood. However, some modern scholars argue that Nazareth was also the birth place of Jesus.^[29]

The Basilica Of Annunciation

James Strange, an American archaeologist, notes: “Nazareth is not mentioned in ancient Jewish sources earlier than the third century AD. This likely reflects its lack of prominence both in Galilee and in Judaea.”^[30] Strange originally speculated that the population of Nazareth at the time of Christ to be "roughly 1,600 to 2,000 people", but later, in a subsequent publication, at “a maximum of about 480.”^[31] In 2009 Israeli archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre excavated archaeological remains in Nazareth that might date to the time of Jesus in the early Roman period. Alexandre told reporters, "The discovery is of the utmost importance since it reveals for the very first time a house from the Jewish village of Nazareth."^[32]

Ancient Nazareth may have built on the hillside, as indicated in the Gospel of Luke: [And they led Jesus] to the brow of the hill on which their city was built, that they might throw him down headlong.^[Lk. 4:29] However, the hill in question (the Nebi Sa'in) is far too steep for ancient dwellings and averages a 14% grade in the venerated area.^[33] Historic Nazareth was essentially constructed in the valley; the windy hilltops in the vicinity have only been occupied since the construction of Nazareth Illit in 1957.

Matthew 2:19-23 reads:

After Herod died, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt and said, "Get up, take the child and his mother and go to the land of Israel, for those who were trying to take the child's life are dead." So he got up, took the child and his mother and went to the land of Israel. But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning in Judea in place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there. Having been warned in a dream, he withdrew to the district of Galilee, and he went and lived in a town called Nazareth. So was fulfilled what was said through the prophets: "He will be called a Nazarene."

In the Gospel of John, Nathaniel asks, "Can anything good come out of Nazareth?"^[1:46] The meaning of this cryptic question is debated. Some commentators and scholars suggest that it means Nazareth was very small and unimportant, but the question does not speak of Nazareth’s size but of its goodness. In fact, Nazareth was described negatively by the evangelists; the Gospel of Mark argues that Nazareth did not believe in Jesus and therefore he could "do no mighty work there";^[Mk 6:5] in the Gospel of Luke, the Nazarenes are portrayed as attempting to kill Jesus by throwing him off a cliff;^[Lk 4:29] in the Gospel of Thomas, and in all four canonical gospels, we read the famous saying that "a prophet is not without honor except in his own country."^[34]

Many scholars since W. Wrede (in 1901)^[35] have noted the so-called Messianic secret in the Gospel of Mark, whereby Jesus' true nature and/or mission is portrayed as unseen by many, including by his inner circle of disciples^{[Mk 8:27-33]} (compare the Gospel of John's references to those to whom only the Father reveals Jesus will be saved).^[36] Nazareth, being the home of those near and dear to Jesus, apparently suffered negatively in relation to this doctrine. Thus, Nathanael’s question, “Can anything good come out of Nazareth?” is consistent with a negative view of Nazareth in the canonical gospels, and with the Johannine proclamation that even his brothers did not believe in him.^[Jn 7:5]

Crusader-era carving in Nazareth

A tablet at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, dating to 50 AD, was sent from Nazareth to Paris in 1878. It contains an inscription known as the "Ordinance of Caesar" that outlines the penalty of death for those who violate tombs or graves. However, it is suspected that this inscription came to Nazareth from somewhere else (possibly Sepphoris). Bagatti writes: “we are not certain that it was found in Nazareth, even though it came from Nazareth to Paris. At Nazareth there lived various vendors of antiquities who got ancient material from several places.”^[37] C. Kopp is more definite: "It must be accepted with certainty that [the Ordinance of Caesar]… was brought to the Nazareth market by outside merchants."^[38] Princeton University archaeologist Jack Finegan describes additional archaeological evidence related to settlement in the Nazareth basin during the Bronze and Iron Ages, and states that "Nazareth was a strongly Jewish settlement in the Roman period.".^[39]

Nazareth, 1842

Epiphanius writes in the Panarion (c. 375 AD)^[40] of Joseph of Tiberias, a wealthy Roman Jew who converted to Christianity in the time of Constantine. He claimed that he had built churches in Sepphoris and other towns that were inhabited only by Jews.^[41] Nazareth is mentioned, though the exact meaning is not clear.^[42] It was thus concluded that a small church which encompassed a cave complex was located in Nazareth in the early 4th century,"^[43] although the town was Jewish until the 7th century AD.^[44]

Although mentioned in the New Testament gospels, there are no extant non-biblical references to Nazareth until around 200 AD, when Sextus Julius Africanus, cited by Eusebius (Church History 1.7.14), speaks of “Nazara” as a village in "Judea" and locates it near an as-yet unidentified “Cochaba.”^[45] In the same passage Africanus writes of desposunoi - relatives of Jesus - who he claims kept the records of their descent with great care. A few authors have argued that the absence of 1st and 2nd century AD textual references to Nazareth suggest the town may not have been inhabited in Jesus' day.^[46] Proponents of this hypothesis have buttressed their case with linguistic, literary and archaeological interpretations,^[47] though such views have been called "archaeologically unsupportable".^[48]

Middle Roman to Byzantine periods [link]

Basilica of the Annunciation

A Hebrew inscription found in Caesarea dating to the late 3rd or early 4th century mentions Nazareth as the home of the priestly Hapizzez family after the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-135 AD).^[49] From the three fragments that have been found, the inscription seems to be a list of the twenty-four priestly courses (cf. 1 Chronicles 24:7-19; Nehemiah 11;12), with each course (or family) assigned its proper order and the name of each town or village in Galilee where it settled. Nazareth is not spelled with the "z" sound but with the Hebrew tsade (thus "Nasareth" or "Natsareth").^[50] Eleazar Kalir (a Hebrew Galilean poet variously dated from the 6th to 10th century) mentions a locality clearly in the Nazareth region bearing the name Nazareth נצרת (in this case vocalized "Nitzrat"), which was home to the descendants of the 18th Kohen family Happitzetz (הפצץ), for at least several centuries after the Bar Kochva revolt.

In the 6th century, religious narrations from local Christians about the Virgin Mary began to spark interest in the site among pilgrims, who founded the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation at the site of a freshwater spring, today known as Mary's Well. In 570, the Anonymous of Piacenza reports travelling from Sepphoris to Nazareth; writing of the beauty of the Hebrew women there who say that St. Mary was a relative of theirs, he notes that, "The house of St. Mary is a basilica."^[51]

The Christian writer Jerome, writing in the 5th century, says Nazareth was a viculus or mere village. The Jewish town profited from the Christian pilgrim trade which began in the 4th century, but latent anti-Christian hostility broke out in 614 AD when the Persians invaded Palestine. The Christian Byzantine author Eutychius claimed that the Jews of Nazareth helped the Persians carry out their slaughter of the Christians.^[52] When the Byzantine or Eastern Roman emperor Heraclius ejected the Persians in 630 AD, he expelled the city's Jews.

Islamic rule [link]

Makam al-Nabi Sain Mosque of Nazareth

In 1099, the Crusader Tancred captured Galilee and established his capital in Nazareth. The ancient diocese of Scythopolis was also relocated under the Archbishop of Nazareth, one of the four archdioceses in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The town returned to Muslim control in 1187 following the victory of Saladin in the Battle of Hattin. The remaining Crusaders and European clergy were forced to leave town.^[53] Frederick II managed to negotiate safe passage for pilgrims from Acre in 1229, and in 1251, Louis IX, the king of France, attended mass in the grotto, accompanied by his wife.^[53]

In 1263, Baybars, the Mamluk Sultan, destroyed the Christian buildings in Nazareth and declared the site off-limits to Latin clergy, as part of his bid to drive out the remaining Crusaders from Palestine.^[53] While Arab Christian families continued to live in Nazareth, its status was reduced to that of a poor village. Pilgrims who visited the site in 1294 reported only a small church protecting the grotto.^[53]

In the 14th century, Franciscan monks were permitted to return and live within the ruins of the Basilica, but they were evicted again in 1584.^[53] In 1620, Fakhr-al-Din II, a Druze emir who controlled this part of Ottoman Syria rule, permitted them to build a small church at the Grotto of the Annunciation. Pilgrimage tours to surrounding sacred sites were organized by the Franciscans, but the monks suffered harassment from surrounding Bedouin tribes who often kidnapped them for ransom.^[53] Stability returned with the rule of Daher el-Omar, a powerful Bedouin sheikh who ruled over much of the Galilee and who authorized the Franciscans to build a church in 1730. That structure stood until 1955, when it was demolished to make way for a larger building completed in 1967.^[53]

Nazareth, postcard by Fadil Saba

Nazareth was captured by the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799, during his Syrian campaign. Napoleon visited the holy sites and considered appointing his general Junot as the duke of Nazareth.^[53] During the rule of Ibrahim Pasha (1830–1840), the Egyptian general, over much of Ottoman Syria, Nazareth was open to European missionaries and traders. After the Ottomans regained control, European money continued to flow into Nazareth and new institutions were established. The Christians of Nazareth were protected during the pogroms of 1860s by Aghil Agha, the Bedouin leader who exercised control over the Galilee between 1845 and 1870.^[53]

Kaloost Varstan, an Armenian from Istanbul, arrived in 1864 and established the first medical missionary in Nazareth, the Scottish "hospital on the hill", with sponsorship from the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society. The Ottoman Sultan, who favored the French, allowed them to establish an orphanage, the Society of Saint Francis de Sale. By the late 19th century, Nazareth was a town with a strong Arab Christian presence and a growing European community, where a number of communal projects were undertaken and new religious buildings were erected.^[53]

British Mandate [link]

Fountain of the Virgin, 1891

In 1918, Nazareth had a population of 8,000, two-thirds Christian. Over the next thirty years, the population rose to 18,000.^[54]

State of Israel [link]

Amin Gargurah (left), Mayor of Nazareth, with Israeli prime minister Moshe Sharett, 1955

Nazareth was in the territory allotted to the Arab state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The town was not a field of battle during 1948 Arab-Israeli War before the first truce on 11 June, although some of the villagers had joined the loosely organized peasant military and paramilitary forces, and troops from the Arab Liberation Army had entered Nazareth. During the ten days of fighting which occurred between the first and second truce, Nazareth capitulated to Israeli troops during Operation Dekel on 16 June, after little more than token resistance. The surrender was formalized in a written agreement, where the town leaders agreed to cease hostilities in return for promises from the Israeli officers, including brigade commander Ben Dunkelman (the leader of the operation), that no harm would come to the civilians of the town.

The Israeli government has designated a Nazareth metropolitan area that includes the local councils of Yafa an-Naseriyye to the south, Reineh, Mashhad and Kafr Kanna to the north, Iksal and Nazareth Illit to the east and Migdal HaEmek to the west.

Preparations for the Pope's visit to Nazareth in 2000 triggered highly publicized tensions related to the Basilica of the Annunciation. In 1997, permission was granted to construct a paved plaza to handle the thousands of Christian pilgrims expected to arrive. The Muslims protested and occupied the site, where a nephew of Saladin is believed to be buried. A school, al-Harbyeh, had been built on the site by the Ottomans, and the Shihab-Eddin shrine, along with several shops owned by the waqf, were located there. Government approval of plans for a large mosque on the property triggered protests from Christian leaders around the world. In 2002, a special government commission permanently halted construction of the mosque.^[55]

In March 2006, public protests followed the disruption of a prayer service by an Israeli Jew and his Christian wife and daughter, who detonated firecrackers inside the church. The family said it wanted to draw attention to their problems with the welfare authorities.^[56]

In July 2006 a rocket fired by Hezbollah as part of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict killed two children in Nazareth.^[57]

In March 2010, the Israeli government approved a $3 million dollar plan to develop Nazareth's tourism industry. New businesses receive start-up grants of up to 30 percent of their initial investment from the Ministry of Tourism.^[58]

Geography [link]

Nazareth sayara

Two locations for Nazareth are cited in ancient texts: the Galilean (northern) location in the Christian gospels and a southern (Judean) location mentioned in several early noncanonical texts.^[59]

Modern-day Nazareth is nestled in a natural bowl which reaches from 1,050 feet (320 m) above sea level to the crest of the hills about 1,600 feet (490 m).^[60] Nazareth is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the Sea of Galilee (17 km as the crow flies) and about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) west from Mount Tabor. The Nazareth Range, in which the town lies, is the southernmost of several parallel east-west hill ranges that characterize the elevated tableau of Lower Galilee.

Nazareth Cityscape

View Of the City of Nazareth

Demography [link]

Old postcard of Nazareth women based on photo by Félix Bonfils

Nazareth is the largest Arab city in Israel.^[61] Until the beginning of the British Mandate in Palestine (1922–1948), the population was predominantly Arab Christian (majority Orthodox Christians), with an Arab Muslim minority. Nazareth today still has a significant Christian population, made up of Maronites, Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholic, Melkite Eastern Catholics, Anglicans, Baptists, Evangelicals and Copts, among others. The Muslim population has grown, for a number of historical factors, that include the city having served as administrative center under British rule, and the influx of internally displaced Palestinians absorbed into the city from neighbouring towns during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.^[4]

In 2009, the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics reported that Nazareth's population was 69% Muslim and 30.9% Christian.^[62] The current mayor is a Christian.^[4]The greater Nazareth metropolis area had a population of 210,000, including 125,000 (59%) Israeli Arabs and 85,000 Jews (41%). It is the only urban area with over 50,000 residents in Israel where the majority of the population is Arab.^[63]

Economy [link]

In 2011, Nazareth had over 6125 Arab high-tech companies, mostly in the field of software development. According to Haaretz newspaper the city has been called the "Silicon Valley of the Arab community" in view of its potential in this sphere.^[64]

Religious shrines [link]

Church in Nazareth on the site of Joseph's workshop, 1891

Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation

Christian [link]

Nazareth is home to dozens of monasteries and churches, many of them in the Old City.^[65]

The Church of the Annunciation is the largest Christian church in the Middle East. In Roman Catholic tradition, it marks the site where the Archangel Gabriel announced the future birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary (Luke 1:26-31).

Christmas Eve In Nazareth

The Church of St. Gabriel is an alternative Eastern Orthodox site for the Annunciation.
The Synagogue Church is a Melkite Greek Catholic Church at the traditional site of the synagogue where Jesus preached (Luke 4)
The St. Joseph's church marks the traditional location for the workshop of Saint Joseph
The Mensa Christi Church, run by the Franciscan religious order, commemorates the traditional location where Jesus dined with the Apostles after his Resurrection
The Basilica of Jesus the Adolescent, run by the Salesian religious order, occupies a hill overlooking the city.
The Church of Christ is an Anglican church in Nazareth.
The Church of Our Lady of the Fright marks the spot where Mary is said to have seen Jesus being taken to a cliff by the congregation of the synagogue
The Jesus Trail pilgrimage route connects many of the religious sites in Nazareth on a 60 km walking trail which ends in Capernaum.

Arab citizens of Israel
Politics
Balad (al-Tajamu) Hadash (al-Jabha) United Arab List (Hezb al-Democraty al-Arabi) Avoda · Kadima · Likud Abnaa el-Balad Internally Displaced Palestinians The Koenig Memorandum Land Day October 2000 events
Religion
Basilica of the Annunciation Dome of the Rock Al-Aqsa Mosque Mary's Well St. George's Orthodox Church Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Culture
Music · Dance · Cuisine Palestinian Arabic Negev Bedouins
Major population centers
Nazareth · Umm al-Fahm · Rahat Tayibe · Shefa-'Amr · Baqa-Jatt Shaghur · Tamra · Sakhnin Carmel City · Tira · Arraba
Personalities
Hiam Abbass · Hany Abu-Assad Mohammed Bakri · Azmi Bishara Emile Habibi · Samih al-Qasim Abbas Suan · Elia Suleiman Hisham Zreiq · Ali Suliman See also Template:Palestinians
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Muslim [link]

Muslim holy sites in Nazareth include the White Mosque (al-Abiad), the Peace Mosque (al-Salam), the Shrine of al-Sheikh Amer, the Shrine of Nabi Sa’in, and the Shrine of Shihab e-Din. The oldest is the White Mosque, located in Harat Alghama ("Mosque Quarter") in the center of Nazareth's Old Market.^[66]^[67]

Archaeology [link]

According to the Israel Antiquities Authority, "The artifacts recovered from inside the building were few and mostly included fragments of pottery vessels from the Early Roman period (the first and second centuries AD)... Another hewn pit, whose entrance was apparently camouflaged, was excavated and a few pottery sherds from the Early Roman period were found inside it." Alexandre adds that "based on other excavations that I conducted in other villages in the region, this pit was probably hewn as part of the preparations by the Jews to protect themselves during the Great Revolt against the Romans in 67 AD".^[68] Noteworthy is that all the post-Iron Age tombs in the Nazareth basin (approximately two dozen) are of the kokh (plural:kokhim) or later types; this type probably first appeared in Galilee in the middle of the 1st century AD.^[69] Kokh tombs in the Nazareth area have been excavated by B. Bagatti, N. Feig, Z. Yavor, and noted by Z. Gal.^[70]

Excavations conducted prior to 1931 in the Franciscan venerated area revealed no trace of a Greek or Roman settlement there,^[71] Fr. Bagatti, who acted as the principal archaeologist for the venerated sites in Nazareth, unearthed quantities of later Roman and Byzantine artifacts,^[72] attesting to unambiguous human presence there from the 2nd century AD onward. John Dominic Crossan, a noted New Testament scholar, remarked that Bagatti's archaeological drawings indicate just how small the village actually was, suggesting that it was little more than an insignificant hamlet.^[73]

In the mid-1990s, a shopkeeper discovered tunnels under his shop near Mary's Well in Nazareth. The tunnels were identified as the hypocaust of a bathhouse. Excavations in 1997-98 revealed remains dating from the Roman, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods.^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]

Sports [link]

The city's main football club, Ahi Nazareth, currently plays in Liga Leumit, the second tier of Israeli football. The club spent a single season in the top division in 2003-04. They are based at the Ilut Stadium in nearby Ilut. Other local clubs Beitar al-Amal Nazareth, Hapoel Bnei Nazareth and Hapoel Nazareth all play in Liga Gimel.

Twin towns — sister cities [link]

Nazareth is twinned with:

References [link]

^ "Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2010-06-30. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
^ http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf
^ Laurie King-Irani (Spring, 1996). "Review of "Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth"". Journal of Palestine Studies 25 (3): 103–105. JSTOR 2538265.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2006). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 273–274. ISBN 1-57607-919-8, 9781576079195. http://books.google.ca/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA274&dq=%22arab+capital+of+israel%22#v=onepage&q=%22arab%20capital%20of%20israel%22&f=false.
^ Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann (2002), Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel, University of California Press, p. 117, ISBN 978-0-520-22379-0, http://books.google.com/books?id=T2JmeRYaXJIC&pg=PA117, "All-Arab cities such as Nazareth, the largest Palestinian city in Israel"
Quigley, John (1997), Flight into the maelstrom: Soviet immigration to Israel and Middle East peace, Garnet & Ithaca Press, p. 190, ISBN 978-0-86372-219-6, http://books.google.com/books?id=AwVw59HmVdEC&pg=RA1-PA190, "The other major Jewish population centre in Falilee was Upper Nazareth, established next to Nazareth, the principal Palestinian city in Arab-populated Galilee."
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Carruth, Shawn; Robinson, James McConkey; Heil, Christoph (1996). Q 4:1-13,16: the temptations of Jesus : Nazara. Peeters Publishers. p. 415. ISBN 90-6831-880-2.
^ "The etymology of Nazara is neser" ("Nazareth", The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911.)
"NAZARETH, NAZARENE - Place name meaning, 'branch.'" (Holman's Bible Dictionary, 1994.)
"Generally supposed to be the Greek form of the Hebrew netser, a "shoot" or "sprout." (Easton's Bible Dictionary, (1897)).
^ Miller, Fred P., Isaiah's Use of the word "Branch" or Nazarene"
Isaiah 11:1
^ "...if the word Nazareth is be derived from Hebrew at all, it must come from this root [i.e. נָצַר, naṣar, to watch]" (Merrill, Selah, (1881) Galilee in the Time of Christ, p. 116.
Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, Charles A. Briggs, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (1906/2003), p. 665.
^ Bauckham, Jude, Jude, Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church, pp. 64-65. See John 1:46 and John 7:41-42.
^ Carruth, 1996, p. 417.
^ T. Cheyne, "Nazareth," in Encyclopaedia Biblica, 1899, col. 3358 f. For a review of the question see H. Schaeder,Nazarenos, Nazoraios, in Kittel, "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament," IV:874 f.
^ Antoun, Richard T.; Quataert, Donald (1991). Richard T. Antoun. ed. Syria: society, culture, and polity. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0713-6, 9780791407134. http://books.google.ca/books?id=9cn1gwQXfgkC&pg=PA50&dq=nasira+nazareth#v=onepage&q=nasira%20nazareth&f=false.
^ Ναζαρηνε ("Nazarene") and its permutations are at Mk. 1:24; 10:47; 14:67; 16:6; Lk 4:34 and 24:19. Ναζωραιοσ ("Nazoraean") and its permutations are at Mt 2:23; 26:71; Lk 18:37; Jn 18:5, 7; 19:19; and six times in the Acts of the Apostles.
^ "Q certainly contained reference to Nazara" (M. Goodacre). See J. M. Robinson et al, The Critical Edition of Q. Fortress Press, 2000, pp. 42-43. Cf also: M. Goodacre, The case against Q: studies in Markan priority and the synoptic problem, p.174; F. C. Burkitt, "The Syriac forms of New Testament names," in Proceedings of the British Academy, 1911-12, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 392; http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/q-contents.html (bottom of page).
^ Cheyne in 1899 [Ency. Biblica, "Nazareth"; Lidzbarski [Kittel p. 878]; Kennard [JBL 65:2,134 ff.]; Berger [Novum Test. 38:4,323], et multi.
^ S. Chepey, "Nazirites in Late Second Temple Judaism" (2005), p 152, referring to W. Albright, G. Moore, and H. Schaeder.
^ Comment. In Joan. Tomus X (Migne, Patrologia Graeca 80:308–309.
^ Nazareth. The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911.
^ Burkitt, "Syriac Forms of New Testament Names," Proceedings of the Br. Acad. (1912) p. 392; Kennard and Albright in JBL 65:2 (1946) pp. 397 ff.; P. Winter in New Testament Studies 3 (1957) 136 ff.; etc.
^ Avi-Yonah, M. (1962). "A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea". Israel Exploration Journal 12: 137–139.
^ R. Horsley, Archaeology, History and Society in Galilee. Trinity Press International, 1996, p. 110.
^ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies: Volume 65, Issue 1 University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies - 2002 "... around 331, Eusebius says of the place name Nazareth that ' from this name the Christ was called a Nazoraean, and in ancient times we, who are now called Christians, were once called Nazarenes ';6 thus he attributes this designation ..."
^ Bruce Manning Metzger The early versions of the New Testament p86 - 1977 "Peshitta Matt, and Luke ... nasraya, 'of Nazareth'."
^ William Jennings Lexicon to the Syriac New Testament 1926 p143
^ Robert Payne Smith Compendious Syriac Dictionary 1903 p349
^ Goring-Morris, A.N. "The quick and the dead: the social context of Aceramic Neolithic mortuary practices as seen from Kfar HaHoresh." In: I. Kuijt (ed.), Social Configurations of the Near Eastern Neolithic: Community Identity, Hierarchical Organization, and Ritual (1997).
^ "Pre-Christian Rituals at Nazareth". Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. November/December 2003. http://www.archaeology.org/0311/newsbriefs/nazareth.html.
^ John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus: The Roots of the Problem and the Person, Vol. 1, Doubleday 1991, page 216. Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, Oxford University Press, 1999, page 97. E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin 1993, page 85.
^ Article "Nazareth" in the Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
^ E. Meyers & J. Strange, Archaeology, the Rabbis, & Early Christianity Nashville: Abingdon, 1981; Article “Nazareth” in the Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
^ House from Jesus' time excavated (December 23, 2009) in Israel 21c Innovation News Service Retrieved 2010-01-05
^ B. Bagatti, Excavations in Nazareth, Plate XI, top right.
^ Gospel of Thomas, 31; Mark 6:4; Matthew 13:57; Luke 4:24; John 4:44
^ W. Wrede, Das Messiasgeheimnis in der Evangelien(1901), English translation, The Messianic Secret, Cambridge: J. Clarke, 1971
^ John 6:65; 17:6; 17:9
^ Bagatti, B. Excavations in Nazareth, vol. 1 (1969), p. 249.
^ C. Kopp, “Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths.” Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. 18 (1938), p. 206, n.1.
^ The Archaeology of the New Testament, Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1992: pages 44-46.
^ Pan. I.136. Panarion in Greek. The text was translated into Latin with the title Adversus Haereses.
^ Pan. 30.4.3; 30.7.1.
^ Compare Pan.30.11.10 and 30.12.9. (Migne Patrologia Graeco-Latina vol. 41:426-427; Williams, F. The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Book I. E. J. Brill 1987, pp. 128-29).
^ Taylor, J. Christians and the Holy Places. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, p. 265.
^ Taylor 229, 266; Kopp 1938:215.
^ "A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible." (Eusebius Pamphili, Church History, Book I, Chapter VII,§ 14)
^ T. Cheyne, “Nazareth.” Encyclopedia Biblica. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1899, Col. 3360.
- R. Eisenman, James the Brother of Jesus. New York: Penguin Books, 1997, p. 952.
^ W. B. Smith, "Meaning of the Epithet Nazorean (Nazarene),"The Monist 1904:26.
- T. Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica,"Nazareth" (1899).
^ Ken Dark, "book review of The Myth of Nazareth: The Invented Town of Jesus", STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, vol. 26 (2008), pp. 140–146; cf. Stephen J. Pfann & Yehudah Rapuano, "On the Nazareth Village Farm Report: A Reply to Salm", STRATA: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, vol. 26 (2008), pp. 105–112.
^ The family is thought to have moved to Nazareth after the First Jewish Revolt (70 AD), although some speculate that the relocation may have been "well into the second (or even the third) century [AD]." History and Society in Galilee, 1996, p. 110. In 131 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian forbade Jews to reside in Jerusalem, forcing Jewish residents to move elsewhere.
^ Avi-Yonah, M. (1962). "A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea". Israel Exploration Journal 12: 138.
^ P. Geyer, Itinera Hierosolymitana saeculi, Lipsiae: G. Freytag, 1898: page 161.
^ C. Kopp, “Beiträge zur Geschichte Nazareths.” Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. 18 (1938), p. 215. Kopp is citing the Byzantine writer Eutychius (Eutychii Annales in Migne's Patrologia Graeca vol. 111 p. 1083).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Dumper, p. 273.
^ Green crescent over Nazareth: The displacement of Christians by Muslims in the Holy Land, Raphael Israeli
^ "Final Bar on Controversial Nazareth Mosque". Catholic World News. March 4, 2002. http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=17590.
^ "Thousands of Israeli Arabs protest attack". USA Today. March 4, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-03-04-israeli-arabs_x.htm?csp=34.
^ "Rocket attacks kill two Israeli Arab children". Reuters. July 19, 2006. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L196187346.htm.
^ Nazareth as an eating destination, New York Times
^ (a) The Protevangelium of James(c. 150 AD. See New Testament Apocrypha, ed. W. Schneemelcher, Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991, vol. 1, p. 421 ff.) was an immensely popular text in the early Christian centuries. In it, Jesus' family lives in Bethlehem of Judea (PrJ 8.3; 17:1) and all events take place in and around the southern town. PrJ does not once mention Galilee, nor "Nazareth." (b) The earliest reference to Nazareth outside the Christian gospels, by Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 200 AD), speaks of “Nazara” as a village in "Judea" and locates it near an as-yet unidentified “Cochaba.” (c) A fourth century work known as the History of Joseph the Carpenter knows a southern location for Nazareth. It locates "Nazareth," the home of Joseph, within walking distance of the Jerusalem Temple.
^ Map Survey of Palestine, 1946. 1:5,000 OCLC: 17193107. Also, Chad Fife Emmett (1995). Beyond the Basilica:Christians and Muslims in Nazareth. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-20711-0. Fig. 11, 31.
^ Yurit Naffe (October 2001). "Statistilite 15: Population". State of Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
^ [1] Nazareth Census 2009
^ [2] Israeli localities with populations 1000+
^ [http://www.haaretz.com/themarker/49-khatem-zuabi-ncs-software-services-1.382776 The Israeli-Arab Silicon Valley, Haaretz
^ Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, ed. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa (Illustrated, annotated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-884964-03-6, 9781884964039. http://books.google.ca/books?id=2aOpeBnbxvsC&pg=PA541&dq=nasira+nazareth#v=onepage&q=nasira%20nazareth&f=false.
^ Chad F. Emmett (1995). Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth. University of Chicago Press. pp. 136–138. ISBN 0-226-20711-0.
^ "Nazareth: The Mosque Quarter". Discover Israel. http://www.ddtravel-acc.com/nazareth.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
^ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early+History+-+Archaeology/Residential_building_time_Jesus_Nazareth_21-Dec-2009.htm
^ H.P. Kuhnen, "Palaestina in Griechisch-Roemischer Zeit," (Muenchen, C. Beck, 1990, pp. 254-55).
^ Gal, Z. Lower Galilee During the Iron Age (American Schools of Oriental Research, Eisenbrauns, 1992) p. 15; Yavor, Z. 1998 "Nazareth", ESI 18. Pp. 32 (English), 48; Feig, N. 1990 "Burial Caves at Nazareth", 'Atiqot 10 (Hebrew series). Pp. 67-79.
^ R. Tonneau, Revue Biblique XL (1931), p. 556. Reaffirmed by C. Kopp (op. cit.,1938, p. 188).
^ B. Bagatti, Excavations in Nazareth, vol. 1 (1969), pp. 272-310.
^ John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus : The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, 1992, p.18
^ Alexandre, Y. “Archaeological Excavations at Mary’s Well, Nazareth,” Israel Antiquities Authority bulletin, May 1, 2006.
^ Cook, Jonathon (22 October 2003). "Is This Where Jesus Bathed?". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1067930,00.html.
^ Cook, Jonathan (17 December 2002). "Under Nazareth, Secrets in Stone". International Herald Tribune. http://%20www.jkcook.net/Articles1/0021.htm.
^ Shama-Sostar, Martina (12 August 2008). "The Ancient Bath House in Nazareth". http://www.nazarethbathhouse.org.

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For other uses, see Holy Roller (disambiguation).

Look up holy roller in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Holy Roller is a term in American English used to describe Pentecostal Christian churchgoers.^[1] The term is commonly used derisively, as if to describe people literally rolling on the floor or speaking in tongues in an uncontrolled manner.

It is generally considered pejorative, but some have reclaimed it as a badge of honor, William Branham wrote: "And what the world calls today holy-roller, that's the way I worship Jesus Christ." ^[2] Gospel singer Andrae Crouch stated, "They call us holy rollers, and what they say is true. But if they knew what we were rollin' about, they'd be rollin' too."

1 History
2 Usage
3 See also
4 References

History [link]

Merriam-Webster traces the word to 1841.^[1] The Oxford English Dictionary cites an 1893 memoir by Charles Godfrey Leland, in which he says "When the Holy Spirit seized them ... the Holy Rollers ... rolled over and over on the floor."^[3]

Similar disparaging terms directed at outspoken Christians but later embraced by them include Jesus freaks or, from former centuries, Methodists, Quakers, and Shakers.

Usage [link]

Gifford Pinchot in 1919: "Apparently no meeting for any purpose is to be tolerated except the Holy Roller meetings themselves. These theoretically and in fact ... The Holy Roller church in this community, as elsewhere, in its total influence promotes immorality. ..."^[4]
The New York Times on May 2, 1923: "Bound Brook Mob Raids Klan Meeting: Thousand Hostile Citizens Surround Church and Lock In 100 Holy Rollers. ... Until the arrival of eight State troopers to reinforce the local police here at 1 o'clock this morning about one hundred members of the Holy Rollers were ..."^[5]
Time on March 4, 1929: "In the village of New Hampshire, Ohio, the Rev. Ray Dotson, 'Holy Roller' Methodist, so wailed and shrieked, so frothed and grovelled, that he got Fred Conrad, a 200-lb. traction worker, all worked up."
Time on October 12, 1936: "When Jesus Christ first appeared to His assembled disciples after His resurrection, He told them that believers 'shall speak with new tongues; they shall take up serpents' (Mark: 16:17, 18). To many a U. S. religionist of the Pentecostal or "Holy Roller" variety, the 'gift of tongues' has long been vivid reality."

References [link]

^ ^a ^b "Holy Roller". Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/holy%20roller. Retrieved 2010-09-14. "A member of one of the Protestant sects whose worship meetings are characterized by spontaneous expressions of emotional excitement."
^ "Why I Am a Holy-Roller", a sermon by William Marrion Branham, August 1953
^ "roller, n¹", definition 17b. The Oxford English Dictionary. (Account required for online access).
^ Charles Otis Gill and Gifford Pinchot (1919). Six thousand country churches. p. 23.
^ "Bound Brook Mob Raids Klan Meeting: Thousand Hostile Citizens Surround Church and Lock In 100 Holy Rollers". New York Times. May 2, 1923. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15FF3C5416738DDDAB0894DD405B838EF1D3. Retrieved 2010-09-22. "Until the arrival of eight State troopers to reinforce the local police here at 1 o'clock this morning about one hundred members of the Holy Rollers were locked up in their church, the Pillar of Fire, in Main Street, surrounded by a mob of nearly 1,000 hostile citizens, several hundred of whom broke up a meeting held by the Holy Rollers to organize a Klan here last night."

http://wn.com/Holy_Roller

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Nazareth Filmography

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[edit] Arabic name, an-Nāṣira

[edit] Nazarenes, Notzrim, Christians

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