published: 29 Mar 2010
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- Anglicisation
- Anglo-African
- Anglosphere
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Australia
- Barbados
- BBC News
- Belize
- Botswana
- British Empire
- Cameroon
- Canada
- De jure
- Dominica
- English language
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Fiji
- Ghana
- Grenada
- Guyana
- India
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Malawi
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritius
- Namibia
- Nauru
- Neologism
- New Zealand
- Nigeria
- Official language
- Pakistan
- Palau
- Papua New Guinea
- Philippines
- Quebec
- Republic of Ireland
- Rwanda
- Saint Lucia
- Samoa
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Sinosphere
- Solomon Islands
- South Africa
- South Sudan
- Sudan
- Swaziland
- Tanzania
- The Bahamas
- The Gambia
- Tonga
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tuvalu
- Uganda
- UKUSA Agreement
- United Kingdom
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- Webster's Dictionary
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Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (
i/ænˈtiːɡə ænd bɑrˈbjuːdə/; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands and further south, the island of Redonda). The permanent population number approximately 81,800 (at the 2011 Census) and the capital and largest port and city is St. John's, on Antigua.
Separated by a few nautical miles, Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. The country is nicknamed "Land of 365 Beaches" due to the many beaches surrounding the islands. Its governance, language, and culture have all been strongly influenced by the British Empire, of which the country was formerly a part.
Antigua was first settled by Archaic Age hunter-gatherer Amerindians, erroneously referred to as Siboney or Ciboney.Carbon-dating has established that the earliest settlements started around 3100 BC. They were succeeded by the Ceramic Age pre-Columbian Arawak-speaking Saladoid people who migrated from the lower Orinoco River.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Barbados
Coordinates: 13°10′N 59°33′W / 13.167°N 59.55°W / 13.167; -59.55
Barbados (i/bɑrˈbeɪdɒs/ or /bɑrˈbeɪdoʊs/) is a sovereign island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is 34 kilometres (21 mi) in length and up to 23 kilometres (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres (104 mi) east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
Barbados was initially visited by the Spanish around the late 1400s to early 1500s and first appears on a Spanish map from 1511. The Spanish explorers may have plundered the island of whatever native peoples resided therein to become slaves. The Portuguese visited in 1536, but they too left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. The first English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1624. They took possession of it in the name of the British king James I. Two years later in 1627 the first permanent settlers arrived from England and it became an English and later British colony.
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Belize
Belizei/bəˈliːz/ (formerly British Honduras) is a country located on the north eastern coast of Central America and it is the only country in the area where English is the official language, although Kriol and Spanish are more commonly spoken. Belize is bordered to the north by Mexico, south and west by Guatemala, and to the east by the Caribbean Sea. Its mainland is about 290 kilometres (180 mi) long and 110 kilometres (68 mi) wide.
With 22,960 square kilometres (8,860 sq mi) of land and a population of only 333,200 inhabitants (2010 est.), Belize possesses the lowest population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 2.21% (2008 est.), however, is the highest in the region and one of the highest in the western hemisphere. Belize's abundance of terrestrial and marine species, and its diversity of ecosystems give it a key place within the globally significant Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.
Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages and it is the only nation in the region with a British colonial heritage but as a part of the Western Caribbean Zone, it also shares a common heritage with the Caribbean portions of other Central American countries. In general, Belize is considered to be a Central American nation with strong ties to both the Caribbean and Latin America. Belize is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), and Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA).
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Botswana
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana (Tswana: Lefatshe la Botswana), is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are properly referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana), but many English-language sources use "Botswanan". Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
Botswana is flat, and up to 70% is covered by the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula, Zambia is poorly defined but at most is a few hundred meters long.
A mid-sized country of just over two million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Botswana was one of the poorest countries in Africa when it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, with a GDP per capita of about US$70. Botswana has since transformed itself, becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in the world to a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about $14,000. The country also has a strong tradition as a representative democracy.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
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Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon (French: République du Cameroun), is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. French and English are the official languages.
Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ("River of Prawns"), the name from which Cameroon derives. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in 1884.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Dominica
Dominica ( /ˌdɒmɪˈniːkə/ DOM-i-NEE-kə;French: Dominique; Kali‘na (Carib): Wai‘tu kubuli), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its size is 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of 1,447 metres (4,747 ft). The Commonwealth of Dominica had a population of 71,293 at the 2011 Census. The capital is Roseau.
Dominica has been nicknamed the "Nature Isle of the Caribbean" for its unspoiled natural beauty. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake. The island features lush mountainous rainforests, home of many rare plant, animal, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall can be expected inland. The Sisserou Parrot (also known as the Imperial Amazon), the island's national bird, is featured on the national flag. Dominica's economy is heavily dependent on tourism, agriculture and heavy taxation.
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Eritrea
Eritrea (
/ˌɛrɨˈtreɪ.ə/ or /ˌɛrɨˈtriːə/;Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritrīyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. Eritrea is the Italian form of the Greek name Ἐρυθραίᾱ (Erythraíā), meaning "red [land]". The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeast and east of the country has an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Eritrea's size is approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi) with an estimated population of 6 million.
Together with northern Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan, Eritrea is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient Egyptians as Punt (or "Ta Netjeru", meaning "God's Land"), whose first mention dates to the 25th century BC. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut.
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Ethiopia
Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/) (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With its capital at Addis Ababa, it is also the most populous landlocked nation in the world.
Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. It may be the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India, the Ethiopian Aksum Empire was considered one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African country beside Liberia that retained its sovereignty as a recognized independent country, and was one of only four African members of the League of Nations. After a brief period of Italian occupation, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. When other African nations received their independence following World War II, many of them adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag, and Addis Ababa became the location of several international organizations focused on Africa.
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Fiji
Fijii/ˈfiːdʒiː/ (Fijian: Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी), officially the Republic of Fiji (Fijian: Matanitu ko Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी गणराज्यFijī Gaṇarājya), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas, France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north.
The majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity started around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Fiji has been inhabited since the second millennium BC. The country comprises an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of circa 18,300 square kilometres (7,100 sq mi). The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 850,000. The former contains Suva, the capital and largest city. Most of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in Suva or in smaller urban centres. Viti Levu's interior is sparsely inhabited due to its terrain.
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Ghana
Ghana
i/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Grenada
Grenada (i/ɡrɨˈneɪdə/) is an island country and Commonwealth realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" because of the production of nutmeg and mace crops of which Grenada is one of the world's largest exporters. Its size is 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), with an estimated population of 110,000. Its capital is St. George's. The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada Dove.
Grenada was first sighted by Europeans in 1498 during the third voyage of Christopher Columbus to the new world. At the time the indigenous Island Caribs (Kalinago) who lived there called it Camahogne. The Spaniards did not permanently settle on Camahogne. The English failed in their attempt at settlement in 1609.
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Guyana
Coordinates: 5°00′N 58°45′W / 5°N 58.75°W / 5; -58.75
Guyana (i/ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and (for over 200 years) the British. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and the only one on that continent where English is an official language.It is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island. It is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966, and became a republic on 23 February 1970. In 2008 the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.
Historically, the region known as "Guiana" or "Guyana" comprised the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "Land of many waters". Historical Guyana is made up of three Dutch colonies: Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice. Modern Guyana is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south and southwest by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Jamaica
Coordinates: 18°10′57″N 77°19′18″W / 18.1823878°N 77.3217773°W / 18.1823878; -77.3217773
Jamaica (i/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name "Jamaica". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica.Kingston is the country's largest city and the capital.
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Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
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Kiribati
Kiribati ([kɪribas] KIRR-i-bas or ˌkɪrəˈbɑdi;Gilbertese: [ˈkiɾibas]), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is just over 100,000 (2011), and the island nation is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
The name Kiribati is the local pronunciation of "Gilberts", derived from the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands. The capital of South Tarawa consists of a number of islets connected through a series of causeways, located in the Tarawa archipelago. Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom in 1979. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the IMF and the World Bank, and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999.
Kiribati was named in French by captains Krusenstern and Louis Isidore Duperrey "îles Gilbert", Gilbert Islands, after the British Captain Thomas Gilbert, who sighted the islands in 1788. The current name, Kiribati, is an adaptation of "Gilberts", from the former European name the "Gilbert Islands". Although the indigenous Gilbertese language name for the Gilbert Islands proper is Tungaru, the new state chose the name "Kiribati", the Gilbertese rendition of "Gilberts", as an equivalent of the former colony to acknowledge the inclusion of islands which were never considered part of the Gilberts chain.
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Lesotho
Lesotho (i/lɨˈsuːtuː/ li-SOO-too), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave, completely surrounded by its only neighboring country, the Republic of South Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size with a population of approximately 2,067,000. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. Lesotho is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The name Lesotho translates roughly into the land of the people who speak Sesotho. About 40% of the population live below the international poverty line of US $1.25 a day.
The earliest known inhabitants of the area were Khoisan hunter-gatherers. They were largely replaced by Wasja-speaking tribes during Bantu migrations. The Sotho-Tswana people colonized the general region of South Africa between the 3rd and 11th centuries.
The present Lesotho (then called Basutoland) emerged as a single polity under king Moshoeshoe I in 1822. Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bakoteli lineage, formed his own clan and became a chief around 1804. Between 1821 and 1823, he and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain, joining with former adversaries in resistance against the Lifaqane associated with the reign of Shaka Zulu from 1818 to 1828.[citation needed]
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Liberia
Liberiai/laɪˈbɪəriə/, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Ivory Coast on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open to a plateau of drier grasslands. The country possesses 40% of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. Liberia has a hot equatorial climate, with significant rainfall during the May to October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia covers an area of 111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) and is home to about 3.7 million people. English is the official language, while over 30 indigenous languages are spoken within the country.
Along with Ethiopia, Liberia is one of the two modern countries in Sub-Saharan Africa without roots in the European colonization of Africa. Beginning in 1820, the region was colonized by freed American slaves with the help of the American Colonization Society, a private organization that believed ex-slaves would have greater freedom and equality in Africa. Slaves freed from slave ships were also sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. In 1847, these colonists founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States and naming the capital city Monrovia after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and a prominent supporter of the colonization. The colonists, known as Americo-Liberians, led the political and economic sectors of the country.
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Malawi
Malawi ( /məˈlɑːwi/; Chichewa [malaβi][need tone]), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Malawi is over 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre and the third is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa".
The area of Africa now known as Malawi was colonized by migrating tribes of Bantu around the 10th century. In 1891 the area was colonized again, this time by the British. In 1953 Malawi, then known as Nyasaland, became part of the semi-independent Central African Federation (CAF). The Federation was dissolved in 1963 and in 1964, Nyasaland gained full independence and was renamed Malawi. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained president until 1994, when he was ousted from power. Joyce Banda (no relation) is the current president, raised to that position after president Bingu Mutharika died in 2012. She is the first female leader in Malawi. Malawi has a democratic, multi-party government. Malawi has a small military force that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organizations.
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Malta
Maltai/ˈmɒltə/, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.
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Marshall Islands
The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ), is an island country located in the northern Pacific Ocean. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia, with the population of around 68,000 people spread out over 34 low-lying coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. The most populous atoll is Majuro, which also acts as the capital.
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed, with the islands' current name stemming from British explorer John Marshall. Recognised as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874, the islands were sold to Germany in 1884, and became of German New Guinea in 1885. The Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands in World War I, which were later joined with other former German territories in 1919 by the League of Nations to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the islands were conquered by the United States in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the United-States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
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Mauritius
Coordinates: 20°12′S 57°30′E / 20.2°S 57.5°E / -20.2; 57.5
Mauritiusi/məˈrɪʃəs/ (Mauritian Creole: Moris; French: Maurice, pronounced: [mɔˈʁis]), officially the Republic of Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Republik Moris; French: République de Maurice) is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about 870 kilometres (540 mi) east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues, Tromelin and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius Island is part of the Mascarene Islands, with the French island of Réunion 170 km (110 mi) to the southwest and the island of Rodrigues 570 km (350 mi) to the east. The area of Mauritius is 2040 km2; its capital city is Port Louis.
The United Kingdom took control of the islands in 1810, from France during the Napoleonic Wars, and Mauritius became independent from the UK in 1968. It is a parliamentary republic and is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the African Union, La Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations.
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië, German: Republik Namibia (help·info)), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by Bushmen, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. It became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy.
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Nauru
Coordinates: 0°31′38″S 166°56′12″E / 0.527288°S 166.936724°E / -0.527288; 166.936724
Nauru (Englishi/nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 kilometres (186 mi) to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest republic, covering just 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi). With just over 9,322 residents, it is the second least-populated country after Vatican City.
Settled by Micronesian and Polynesian people, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, it entered into trusteeship again. Nauru gained its independence in 1968.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Nauru was a "rentier state". Nauru is a phosphate rock island, with rich deposits close to the surface, which allow for simple strip mining operations; moreover, it has some phosphate reserves which are presently (as of 2011) not economically viable for extraction. Nevertheless, this island was a major exporter of phosphate starting in 1907, when the Pacific Phosphate Company began mining there, through the formation of the British Phosphate Commission in 1919, and continuing after independence. This returned to Nauru full control of its minerals under the Nauru Phosphate Corporation, until the deposits ran out during the 1980s. For this reason, Nauru briefly boasted the highest per-capita income enjoyed by any sovereign state in the world during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Nigeria
Nigeriai/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Since 2002 there have been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists Boko Haram, militant jihadists who seek to establish sharia law.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Palau
Palau (i/pəˈlaʊ/, sometimes spelled Belau or Pelew), officially the Republic of Palau (Palauan: Beluu ęr a Belau), is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean. Geographically part of the larger island group of Micronesia, with the country's population of around 21,000 people spread out over 250 islands forming the western chain of the Caroline Islands. The islands share maritime boundaries with Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Federated States of Micronesia. The most populous island in the group is Koror, with the capital city, Ngerulmud, located on nearby Babeldaob.
The country were originally settled around 3000 years ago by migrants from the Philippines, with a Negrito population sustained until around 900 years ago. The islands were first visited by Europeans in the 18th century, and were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1885. Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Imperial Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty, where they were administered as part of German New Guinea. The Imperial Japanese Navy conquered Palau during World War I, and the islands were later made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Pacific Mandate by the League of Nations. During World War II, skirmishes, including the major Battle of Peleliu, were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, Palau was made a part of the United States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947. Having voted against joining the newly-independent Federated States of Micronesia in 1979, the islands gained full sovereignty in 1994 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (PNG; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries on Earth. According to recent data, 841 different languages are listed for the country, although 11 of these have no known living speakers. . (A detailed series of language maps of Papua New Guinea may be found at Ethnologue) There may be at least as many traditional societies,out of a population of about 6.2 million. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18% of its people live in urban centres. The country is one of the world's least explored, culturally and geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are thought to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] (
listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
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Rwanda
Rwanda /ruːˈɑːndə/ or /ruːˈændə/, officially the Republic of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.7 million (2012). Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All of Rwanda is at high elevation, with a geography dominated by mountains in the west, savanna in the east, and numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons every year.
The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density among the highest in Africa. Rwandans form three groups: the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The Twa are a pygmy people who descend from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, but scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi; some believe that they are derived from former social castes, while others view them as being races or tribes. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, and the principal language is Kinyarwanda, which is spoken by most Rwandans. Rwanda has a presidential system of government. The President is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Rwanda has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries, but human rights organisations allege suppression of opposition groups, intimidation, and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country has been governed by a strict administrative hierarchy since precolonial times; there are currently five provinces, which are delineated by borders drawn in 2006.
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Saint Lucia
Saint Luciai/seɪnt ˈluːʃə/ (French: Sainte-Lucie) is a sovereign island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 (238.23 sq mi) and has a population of 174,000 (2010). Its capital is Castries. Two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis, an economist, and Derek Walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after the Faroe Islands.
One of the Windward Islands, it was named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse by the French, the first European colonizers. They signed a treaty with the native Carib people in 1660. England took control of the island from 1663 to 1667; in ensuing years, it was at war with France 14 times and rule of the island changed frequently (it was seven times each ruled by the French and British). In 1814, the British took definitive control of the island. Because it switched so often between British and French control, Saint Lucia was also known as the "Helen of the West Indies".
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Samoa
Samoa (i/səˈmoʊ.ə/; Samoan: Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), officially the Independent State of Samoa (Samoan: Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Sāmoa), formerly known as Western Samoa, is a country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city, Apia, and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
Samoa was admitted to the United Nations on 15 December 1976. The entire island group, inclusive of American Samoa, was called Navigators Islands by European explorers before the 20th century because of the Samoans' seafaring skills.
The oldest date so far from pre-historic remains in Samoa has been calculated by New Zealand scientists to a likely true age of circa 3,000 years ago from a Lapita site at Mulifanua during the 1970s.
The origins of the Samoans is closely linked to modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.
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Seychelles
Seychelles (i/seɪˈʃɛlz/ say-SHELZ; French: [sɛʃɛl]), officially the Republic of Seychelles (French: République des Seychelles; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometres (932 mi) east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
Other nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles, with an estimated population of 86,525, has the smallest population of any African state. It also has the highest Human Development Index in Africa.
Scholars assume that Austronesian seafarers, and later Maldivian and Arab traders were the first to visit the uninhabited Seychelles. Remains of Maldivian mariner presence from the 12th century were found in Silhouette Island. The earliest recorded sighting by Europeans took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Admiral Vasco da Gama, who passed through the Amirantes and named them after himself (islands of the Admiral).
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone (i/siːˌɛrə liːˈoʊn/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional representative democratic republic and covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. As of 2011, Sierra Leone has an estimated population of 6 million[1] (2011 United Nations estimte). Freetown is the capital, largest city as well as its economic, commercial, educational, cultural and political centre. Bo is the country's second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre.
Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area; which are subdivided into fourteen districts. The districts have their own directly elected local government known as district council, headed by a council chairman. The country's six municipalities of Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Koidu Town and the coastal town of Bonthe have their own directly elected city councils headed by mayors.
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islandsi/ˈsɒləmən ˈaɪləndz/ is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The Solomon Islands are believed to have been inhabited by Melanesian people for many thousands of years. Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to arrive in Solomon Islands in 1568 and named them Islas Salomón. The United Kingdom established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in 1893. In the Second World War there was fierce fighting between the Americans and the Japanese in the Solomon Islands campaign of 1942–45, including the Battle of Guadalcanal.
Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence two years later. The Solomon Islands is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of the Solomon Islands, at present Elizabeth II, as the head of state. Gordon Lilo Darcy is the eleventh and current Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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South Sudan
South Sudan (i/ˌsaʊθ suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in the east-central African region of northeastern Africa. It is also part of the North Africa UN subregion. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city; the capital city is planned to be moved to the more centrally located Ramciel in the future. South Sudan is bordered by Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, the Central African Republic to the west, and Sudan to the north. South Sudan includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd formed by the White Nile, locally called the Bahr al Jabal.
The modern states of South Sudan and Sudan were part of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, later being governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence was achieved in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed.
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Sudan
Sudan (i/suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/;Arabic: السودان, as-Sūdān), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان, Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), sometimes called North Sudan, is an Arab state in North Africa (sometimes also considered to be part of the Middle East). It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. The population of Sudan is a combination of indigenous inhabitants of Nile Valley, and descendants of migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the process of Arabisation common throughout the rest of the Arab World, today Arab culture predominates in Sudan. The majority of the population of Sudan adheres to Islam. The Nile divides the country between east and west sides.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity which is intertwined with the history of Egypt. Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) followed by ethnic, religious and economic conflicts between the Muslim Arab northern Sudanese and the mostly animist and Christian Nilotes of Southern Sudan. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan. The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement which granted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan's President al-Bashir.
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Swaziland
Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), and sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
Swaziland is a small country, no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres (81 mi) east to west. The western half is mountainous, descending to a lowveld region to the east. The eastern border with Mozambique and South Africa is dominated by the escarpment of the Lebombo Mountains. The climate is temperate in the west, but may reach 40 °C (104 °F) in summer in the lowveld. Rainfall occurs mainly in the summer and may reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in the west.
The area that Swaziland now covers has been continuously inhabited since prehistory. Today, the population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is siSwati, though English is spoken as a second language. The Swazi people descend from the southern Bantu who migrated from Central Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Anglo-Boer War saw the United Kingdom make Swaziland a protectorate under its direct control. Swaziland gained independence in 1968. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Commonwealth of Nations. The head of state is the king, who appoints the prime minister and a small number of representatives for both chambers of parliament. Elections are held every five years to determine the majority of the representatives. A new constitution was adopted in 2005.
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Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamasi/bəˈhɑːməz/, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its land area is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), with a population of 353,658. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands; the designation of Bahamas refers normally to the Commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 to 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
wn.com/The_Bahamas -
The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambiai/ˈɡæmbiə/, is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the country's centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 11,295 km² with an estimated population of 1.7 million.
On 18 February 1965, Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. Banjul is Gambia's capital, but the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British. Since gaining independence in 1965, Gambia has enjoyed relative political stability, with the exception of a brief period of military rule in 1994.
wn.com/The_Gambia -
Tonga
Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a sovereign state and an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 176 islands scattered over 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) of ocean in the South Pacific. Fifty-two of the islands are inhabited.
The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 mi) in a north-south line located at about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.
Tonga also became known as the Friendly Islands because of the friendly reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit there in 1773. He happened to arrive at the time of the ʻinasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga, the islands' paramount chief, and received an invitation to the festivities. According to the writer William Mariner, in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but could not agree on a plan.
Tonga is also the only island nation in the region to have avoided formal colonisation. In 2010, Tonga took a decisive step towards becoming a fully functioning constitutional monarchy after legislative reforms paved the way for its first ever fully representative elections which resulted in the election of Noble Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō as its first democratically elected Prime Minister.
wn.com/Tonga -
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (i/ˌtrɪnɨdæd/ & /tɵˈbeɪɡoʊ/) officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
The country covers an area 5,128 square kilometres (1,980 sq mi) and consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous smaller landforms. Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the main islands, comprising about 94% of the total area and 96% of the total population of the country. The nation lies outside the hurricane belt.
The island of Trinidad was a Spanish colony from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 to the capitulation of the Spanish Governor, Don José Maria Chacón, on the arrival of a British fleet of 18 warships on 18 February 1797. During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands between Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers. Trinidad and Tobago was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. The country obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago's economy is primarily industrial, with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals.
wn.com/Trinidad_and_Tobago -
Tuvalu
Tuvalu (i/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo or /ˈtuːvəluː/ TOO-və-loo), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls spread out from 6° to 10° south. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. Its population of 10,544 makes it the third-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City and Nauru having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi), Monaco at 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi) and Nauru at 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi).
The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesian people. In 1568 Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña sailed through the islands and is understood to have sighted Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay (1812–1876). The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when the Ellice Islands were declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson, R. N. of HMS Curaçao between 9th and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and later as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.
wn.com/Tuvalu -
Uganda
Coordinates: 1°17′N 32°23′E / 1.28°N 32.39°E / 1.28; 32.39
Uganda ( /juːˈɡændə/ yew-GAN-də or /juːˈɡɑːndə/ yew-GAHN-də), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by Kenya and Tanzania.
Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country including the capital Kampala.
The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962.
The official languages are English and Swahili, although multiple other languages are spoken in the country.
wn.com/Uganda -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Vanuatu
Vanuatu (Englishi/ˌvɑːnuːˈɑːtuː/ vah-noo-AH-too or /vænˈwɑːtuː/ van-WAH-too; Bislama IPA: [vanuaˈtu]), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some 1,750 kilometres (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 500 kilometres (310 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.
Vanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were the members of a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Fernandes de Queirós who arrived in Espiritu Santo in 1605. In the 1880s France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the country, and in 1906 they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides through a British–French Condominium. An independence movement arose in the 1970s, and the Republic of Vanuatu was created in 1980.
wn.com/Vanuatu -
Zambia
Zambia ( /ˈzæmbiə/), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest.
Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region which comprises modern Zambia was colonised during the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century, Zambia became the British colony of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the colonial period, the country was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company.
On 24 October 1964, the country declared independence from the United Kingdom and then-prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from the 1964 until 1991. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a single-party state with the UNIP as the sole-legal political party, with the goal of uniting the nation under the banner of 'One Zambia, One Nation'. Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, during which the country saw a rise in social-economic growth and increased decentralisation of government.
wn.com/Zambia -
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe (/zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ/ zim-BAHB-way; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe) is a landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly called Salisbury). Zimbabwe achieved majority rule and internationally recognised independence in April 1980 following a long period of colonial rule and a 15-year period of white-dominated minority rule, instituted after the minority regime’s so-called Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965.
Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona and Ndebele. Zimbabwe began as the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, created from land held by the British South Africa Company. President Robert Mugabe is the head of State and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. Morgan Tsvangirai is the Prime Minister. Mugabe has been in power since the country's internationally recognised independence in 1980.
wn.com/Zimbabwe
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Anglo-African
Anglo-Africans are White African people of largely British descent who live or come from Sub-Saharan Africa and are Anglophone. A large majority live in South Africa. Along with Afrikaners, Anglo-Africans are officially grouped as White South Africans, comprising 39% of the total White South African demographic.
Ethnicity is a politically loaded topic in South Africa. While some English speakers refer to themselves as "British", the phrase Anglo African is more generally used to refer to English speakers in Africa, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa.[citation needed] The majority live in South Africa and other countries in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Tanzania, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Many also come from Kenya, with smaller numbers residing in Nigeria.[citation needed] Though the majority of Anglo-Africans are of British and Irish descent, their numbers also include peoples of French Huguenot, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Jewish and Italian ancestry who speak English as their first language.
wn.com/Anglo-African -
Sinosphere
In areal linguistics, Sinosphere (simplified Chinese: 汉字文化圈; traditional Chinese: 漢字文化圏; pinyin: Hànzì Wénhuà Quān; literally "Chinese character culture circle") refers to a grouping of countries and regions that are currently inhabited with a majority of Chinese population or were historically under Chinese cultural influence. The linguist James Matisoff coined the term "Sinosphere" in 1990, contrasting with the Indosphere, "I refer to the Chinese and Indian areas of linguistic / cultural influence in Southeast Asia as the 'Sinosphere' and the 'Indosphere'."
The terms Chinese cultural sphere and Chinese character cultural sphere are used interchangeably with "Sinosphere" but have different denotations. Chinese cultural sphere denotes a grouping of countries, regions, and people which have participated in or been heavily influenced by the Culture of China, such as Tibet or Sichuan. Countries such as Japan or Viet Nam which historically or currently made some use of the Chinese writing system. However Vietnam has departed significantly due to its wide adoption of Quốc ngữ, the romanized Vietnamese alphabet. For Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) the term has been glossed as "Sinosphere: a socio-political sphere of MSEA, subsuming those countries, cultures, and languages that have historically come under influence from the politics, culture, religion, and languages of China ."
wn.com/Sinosphere
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Historian Andrew Roberts on Anglosphere (1/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Updated: 02 May 2012
www.andrew-roberts.net
http://wn.com/Historian_Andrew_Roberts_on_Anglosphere_1_6
What is the Anglosphere?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
First US Naturalization Act 1790 library.uwb.edu US Race Demographics www.census.gov Churchill "Keep England White" www.amnation.com UK 99% White until a few years after WWII www.countriesquest.com Canada "a white man's country" faculty.marianopolis.edu PM KING during WWII ctvnewslondon.ca White Australia Policy www.immi.gov.au
http://wn.com/What_is_the_Anglosphere?
Tribute to the Anglosphere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
A fun video meant to recognize the economic, political, linguistic, and cultural impact Britannia and to a lesser extent the Emerald Isle had on the world Inspired by this video www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_the_Anglosphere
State of the Anglosphere: Dominion of Canada, Paul Fromm
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:59
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
2nd State of the Anglosphere Video: Canada
http://wn.com/State_of_the_Anglosphere_Dominion_of_Canada,_Paul_Fromm
British Empire and Anglosphere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
British Empire and the Anglosphere
http://wn.com/British_Empire_and_Anglosphere
City Journal Article "The State of the Anglosphere"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
www.city-journal.org My response to the Demographic/Immigration Part www.youtube.com I personally don't agree with some parts at the end concerning the current "safety net", the vast problems they left out with current immigrants, and some other arguments. However, I think they bring up some important points to consider as well as some counters to the overly pessimistic.
http://wn.com/City_Journal_Article_The_State_of_the_Anglosphere
State of the Anglosphere: Land Down Under Australia, Islamization and Race IQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:00
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
3rd State of the Anglosphere Video: Australia
http://wn.com/State_of_the_Anglosphere_Land_Down_Under_Australia,_Islamization_and_Race_IQ
State of the Anglosphere: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Jonathan Bowden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
1st State of the Anglosphere Video: UK
http://wn.com/State_of_the_Anglosphere_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland,_Jonathan_Bowden
The Anglosphere, Cambridge News, and a Royal Wedding Gown!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:10
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
The Anglosphere comes to fruition under William Hague? What's next for the Cambridge couple? The Prince of Wales Inherits Your Estate, the Danish Crown Couple, Stephanie's wedding gown, and God, I hate politics. Check out the Danish CP video - it's up on DR1 until November 5: www.dr.dk
http://wn.com/The_Anglosphere,_Cambridge_News,_and_a_Royal_Wedding_Gown!
Anglosphere Alliance!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
www.youtube.com Next video will be on Why I left radical libertarianism!
http://wn.com/Anglosphere_Alliance!
Jonathan Bowden: British Power and British Glory "An Anglosphere Call To Arms"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:25
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
All Hail Britannia!
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Bowden_British_Power_and_British_Glory_An_Anglosphere_Call_To_Arms
State of the Anglosphere: United States of America, Jared Taylor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
4th State of the Anglosphere Video: USA
http://wn.com/State_of_the_Anglosphere_United_States_of_America,_Jared_Taylor
"The Anglosphere Address: Past, Present, and Future"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:31
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Palace of Westminster, London, UK
http://wn.com/The_Anglosphere_Address_Past,_Present,_and_Future
Adventures with anglosphere Part 2 of Ep1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 29 May 2012
part two sorry i didnt let u watch but it was pissing me off but i showed the mammoth glitch to make up for it
http://wn.com/Adventures_with_anglosphere_Part_2_of_Ep1
Anglosphere Censored!!!!!!!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:46
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
New Channel www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Anglosphere_Censored!!!!!!!!!
Adventures with anglosphere one part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
yaaay lets start our adventure :) that was really lame but whatever this is the first episode be sure to check out part 2
http://wn.com/Adventures_with_anglosphere_one_part_1
England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
The first of a four part series of the kingdoms of Britannia.
http://wn.com/England
Nick Adams- "Anglosphere" Address to Bow Group in the UK Parliament, London. Part 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:40
- Updated: 28 Nov 2011
Nick Adams addresses the oldest centre-right think tank in Britain, the Bow Group, on the political ideology of the "Anglosphere" and outlines the virtues of such a concept. The speech took place in Portcullis House, The Palace of Westminster, London, England.
http://wn.com/Nick_Adams_Anglosphere_Address_to_Bow_Group_in_the_UK_Parliament,_London_Part_1_3
Nick Adams- "Anglosphere" Address to Bow Group in the UK Parliament, London. Part 2/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:30
- Updated: 14 Aug 2010
Nick Adams addresses the oldest centre-right think tank in Britain, the Bow Group, on the political ideology of the "Anglosphere" and outlines the virtues of such a concept. The speech took place in Portcullis House, The Palace of Westminster, London, England.
http://wn.com/Nick_Adams_Anglosphere_Address_to_Bow_Group_in_the_UK_Parliament,_London_Part_2_3
Chalk and cheese
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
The Anglosphere vs the EU. www.williamdartmouth.com
http://wn.com/Chalk_and_cheese
Historian Andrew Roberts on Anglosphere (2/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:13
- Updated: 17 Aug 2010
www.andrew-roberts.net
http://wn.com/Historian_Andrew_Roberts_on_Anglosphere_2_6
The Anglosphere's Broken Covenant: The Validity and Importance of the Solemn League and Covenant
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 19 Apr 2012
www.gcpublications.com In times of revival in the Old Testament, God's people would often covenant together to follow Him with all of their heart. These covenant renewals were frequently led by Israel's political leader of the time, namely, the king. An example of this would be King Josiah in 2 Chronicles 34. During the Reformation, many Protestants believed their nations should follow the pattern established by Israel and make covenants with the Lord. In 1643 England, Scotland and Ireland covenanted together to follow the Lord in the Solemn League and Covenant. Unfortunately, within a few years King Charles II officially declared that the Solemn League and Covenant was void and that those who upheld it would be punished. Because many conscientious Christians refused to obey the king's dictate to abandon their covenant with God, thousands of them were exterminated during the 1660s through to the 1680s. These people were called "Covenanters." This is something to think about. In 1643 the legitimate ecclesiastical and civil rulers of Britain swore that they and their descendants would serve God and obey His Word. Because this covenant was Biblical, the obligation to keep it is still in effect for the three original nations as well as the nations that descended from them, in particular the British settler nations of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA. If this line of reasoning is correct, then these nations are covenant-breaking nations under judgment from God ...
http://wn.com/The_Anglosphere's_Broken_Covenant_The_Validity_and_Importance_of_the_Solemn_League_and_Covenant
Nick Adams- "Anglosphere" Address to Bow Group in the UK Parliament, London. Part 3/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Updated: 18 Aug 2010
Nick Adams addresses the oldest centre-right think tank in Britain, the Bow Group, on the political ideology of the "Anglosphere" and outlines the virtues of such a concept. The speech took place in Portcullis House, The Palace of Westminster, London, England.
http://wn.com/Nick_Adams_Anglosphere_Address_to_Bow_Group_in_the_UK_Parliament,_London_Part_3_3
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
18 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Israel's ongoing uprooting of hundreds of Palestinian olive trees in the West Bank, including possibly sabotaging Palestine's recent bid for state...
Photo: UN / UN
17 Nov 2012
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) — Israel's new offensive against the Gaza Strip has turned into a political bonanza for the territory's Hamas rulers, while sidelining Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,...
Photo: AP / Eyad Baba
17 Nov 2012
Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak more than doubled his call-up of army reservists last night (Friday night) as its cabinet and military chiefs convened to discuss a ground invasion of Gaza. With...
Photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
17 Nov 2012
Iran is set to double its uranium enrichment after completing a second underground facility, according to UN report. The move is likely to increase concern from Western nations over Iranian nuclear...
Destiny tied to Asian juggernaut
15 Nov 2012
Canberra Times
Paul Keating's ability to cut through the political static with a memorable speech or turn of phrase has not been dulled by the passing of time. In his Keith Murdoch Oration, delivered in Melbourne on Wednesday night, the former prime minister returned to a favourite subject: the need for greater...(size: 4.5Kb)
The Australian
FOREIGN Minister Bob Carr has rejected former prime minister Paul Keating's analysis that Australia is too close to the United States at the expense of its ties with the Asian region. Senator Carr said he “respectfully disagrees” with Mr Keating after the former prime minister...(size: 4.1Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
AUSTRALIA must prioritise its relationship with Indonesia, and continue to improve relations with Asian nations to be successful, former prime minister Paul Keating says. Mr Keating also criticised his successors John Howard and Kevin Rudd, and current PM Julia Gillard, for not fostering...(size: 2.1Kb)
The Australian
IT has always struck me how influential Australia had been in the councils of major powers during the 20th century. We were a paid up member of the Anglosphere, with our dues paid in military commitments in World War I, World War II, in Korea, in Vietnam, in Iraq and in Afghanistan. Login to read...(size: 6.3Kb)
American Spectator
By Matthew Walther on 11.13.12 @ 6:08AM After Colorado and Washington, an authoritative case against drug legalization. Peter Hitchens is an English journalist and author. He covered the fall of the Soviet Union and Clinton-era Washington for the Daily Express of London under that newspaper's former...(size: 9.0Kb)
The Day Ahead: Tues, Nov 6th
06 Nov 2012
American Spectator
By Matthew Taylor on 11.6.12 @ 10:00AM An Election Night Guide (Weekly Standard) Australian...(size: 0.6Kb)
Anglosphere is a neologism which refers to those nations with English as the most common language. The term can be used more specifically to refer to those nations which share certain characteristics within their cultures based on a linguistic heritage, through being former British colonies. In particular, this includes the United Kingdom, from where the language originates, Australia, Canada (except Quebec), New Zealand, Ireland and the United States.
Contents |
Definition[link]
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Look up anglosphere in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the group of countries where English is the main native language".[1] The Merriam-Webster dictionary uses the definition: "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".[2]
Map of English-speaking world[link]
.png)
Countries where English is the national language or the native language of the majority.
Countries or regions where English is an official language and language of science and high culture, but not the language of the majority .
List of English Speaking Countries[link]
| Country | Region | Population1 |
|---|---|---|
 Antigua and Barbuda[3] |
Caribbean | 85,000 |
 Bahamas, The[3] |
Caribbean | 331,000 |
 Barbados[4] |
Caribbean | 294,000 |
 Belize [5] |
Central America / Caribbean | 288,000 |
 Botswana [5] |
Africa | 1,882,000 |
 Cameroon[3] |
Africa | 18,549,000 |
 Dominica[3] |
Caribbean | 73,000 |
 Eritrea[3] |
Africa | 5,224,000 |
 Ethiopia[3] |
Africa | 82,101,998 |
 Fiji[3] |
Oceania | 827,900 |
 The Gambia[3] |
Africa | 1,709,000 |
 Ghana[3] |
Africa | 23,478,000 |
 Grenada[3] |
Caribbean | 106,000 |
 India [5][6] |
Asia | 1,143,540,000 |
 Jamaica[7] |
Caribbean | 2,714,000 |
 Kenya[3] |
Africa | 37,538,000 |
 Kiribati[3] |
Oceania | 95,000 |
 Lesotho[3] |
Africa | 2,008,000 |
 Liberia[3] |
Africa | 3,750,000 |
 Malawi[8] |
Africa | 13,925,000 |
 Malta[3] |
Europe | 412,600 |
 Marshall Islands[3] |
Oceania | 59,000 |
 Mauritius[3] |
Africa / Indian Ocean | 1,262,000 |
 Federated States of Micronesia[3] |
Oceania | 111,000 |
 Namibia[3] |
Africa | 2,074,000 |
 Nauru[9] |
Oceania | 10,000 |
 Nigeria[3][10] |
Africa | 170,123,740 |
 Pakistan[3] |
Asia | 165,449,000 |
 Palau [5] |
Oceania | 20,000 |
 Papua New Guinea[11][12] |
Oceania | 6,331,000 |
 Philippines[3][13] |
Asia | 90,457,200 |
 Rwanda[3] |
Africa | 9,725,000 |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis[14] |
Caribbean | 50,000 |
 Saint Lucia[3] |
Caribbean | 165,000 |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[15] |
Caribbean | 120,000 |
 Samoa[16] |
Oceania | 188,359 |
| 22x20px Seychelles[3] | Africa / Indian Ocean | 87,000 |
 Sierra Leone[3] |
Africa | 5,866,000 |
 Singapore[17] |
Asia | 4,839,400 |
 Solomon Islands[3] |
Oceania | 506,992 |
 South Africa[18] |
Africa | 47,850,700 |
 South Sudan[19] |
Africa | 8,260,490 |
 Sudan[3] |
Africa | 31,894,000 |
 Swaziland[3] |
Africa | 1,141,000 |
 Tanzania[3] |
Africa | 40,454,000 |
 Tonga[20] |
Oceania | 100,000 |
 Trinidad and Tobago[3] |
Caribbean | 1,333,000 |
 Tuvalu[5] |
Oceania | 11,000 |
 Uganda[3] |
Africa | 30,884,000 |
 Vanuatu[21] |
Oceania | 226,000 |
 Zambia[3] |
Africa | 11,922,000 |
 Zimbabwe[3] |
Africa | 13,349,000 |
| Country | Region | Population1 |
|---|---|---|
 Australia[22] |
Australia | 22,374,370 |
 Canada[3] |
North America | 33,531,000 |
 Guyana[23] |
South America / Caribbean | 738,000 |
 Ireland[24] |
Europe | 4,581,269 |
 New Zealand[3] |
Oceania | 4,294,350 |
 United Kingdom |
Europe | 61,612,300 |
 United States |
North America | 309,442,000 |
| Total Population of Majority English-Speaking Countries | North America, Europe, Oceania, South America | 436,574,289 |
See also[link]
- ABCA Armies
- Anglicisation
- Anglo-African
- British Empire
- Commonwealth of Nations
- Echelon
- English in the Commonwealth of Nations
- English-speaking world
- History of the English language
- History of the English Speaking Peoples (Winston Churchill)
- Sinosphere
- UKUSA Agreement
Notes[link]
- ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2
- ^ Merriam-Webster Staff 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Official language; "Field Listing - Languages". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html. Retrieved 2009-01-11. .
- ^ "Society". Government Information Service (Barbados). http://www.barbados.gov.bb/society.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ a b c d e English usage; "Field Listing - Languages". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html. Retrieved 2009-01-11. .
- ^ N. Krishnaswamy; Lalitha Krishnaswamy (6 January 2006). "3.14 English Becomes a Second Language". The story of English in India. Foundation Books. ISBN 978-81-7596-312-2. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=mBpFLdcEG7IC&pg=PA103.
- ^ The Constitution of Jamaica (section 20(6e) — implicit)
- ^ Malawi Investment Promotion Agency (August 2005). "Opportunities for investment and Trade in Malawi – the Warm Heart of Africa". Government of Malawi. http://www.malawi.gov.mw/investments/INVESTOR%27S%20GUIDE%20TO%20MALAWI.doc. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ "Nauru". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2008-12-03. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Nauru.php. Retrieved 2009-01-18. English and Nauruan are official.
- ^ "Country profile: Nigeria". BBC News. April 30, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1064557.stm. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "General Information on Papua New Guinea". Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority. http://www.pngtourism.org.pg/png/export/sites/TPA/ForTheTraveller/Index.html. Retrieved 2009-01-18. [dead link]
- ^ "Country profile: Papua New Guinea". BBC News. 2008-11-28. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1246074.stm.
- ^ "Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV". Chanrobles Law Library. 1987. http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm. Retrieved October 27, 2007. (See Article XIV, Section 7)
- ^ "Primary Schools". Government of St Christopher (St Kitts) and Nevis. http://www.gov.kn/content.asp?cuItem=609&mp=1. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ "St. Vincent and the Grenadines Profile". Agency for Public Information (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). http://www.gov.vc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=101. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "Legislations: List of Acts and Ordinances". The Parliament of Samoa. http://www.parliament.gov.ws/legislations.cfm?sel=con. Retrieved 2009-01-18. [dead link] Languages for official legislation are Samoan and English.
- ^ Wong, Aline (2000-11-24). "Education in a Multicultural Setting - The Singapore Experience". Ministry of Education, Government of Singapore. http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp24112000_print.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-18. "There are four official languages: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil."
- ^ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa". Constitutional Court of South Africa. http://www.concourt.gov.za/site/constitution/english-web/ch1.html. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
- ^ "The Constitution of Southern Sudan". Southern Sudan Civil Society Initiative. http://www.gurtong.net/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=lOqRv9hqgv8%3D&tabid=345. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
- ^ Kingdom of Tonga (March 2008). "The United Nations / Universal Periodic Review by the United Nations Human Rights Council". http://www.pmo.gov.to/guide-to-gov-mainmenu-26/tonga-a-the-world-mainmenu-72/the-united-nations-mainmenu-126.html. Retrieved 2009-01-18. [dead link] English and Tongan are listed as official.
- ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu". Government of the Republic of Vanuatu. 1980-83. http://www.vanuatugovernment.gov.vu/government/library/constitution.html. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ "Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies?". 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/multicultural/confer/04/speech18b.htm. Retrieved 11 January 2009. "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language."
- ^ "National Profile". Government Information Agency (Guyana). http://www.gina.gov.gy/natprofile/gnprof.html. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
- ^ BUNREACHT NA hÉIREANN
References[link]
- Bennett, James C. (2004). The anglosphere challenge: why the English-speaking nations will lead the way in the twenty-first century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-3332-8.
- Brown, Andrew (15 February 2003). "Scourge and poet". The Guardian. http://books.guardian.co.uk/poetry/features/0,12887,902797,00.html.
- Conquest, Robert; reply by Ignatieff, Michael (23 March 2000), The 'Anglosphere', the New York Review of Books, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/104, retrieved 2007-07-24 .
- Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). "anglosphere.". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anglosphere. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- Reynolds, Glenn (28 October 2004). "Explaining the 'Anglosphere'". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/oct/28/uselections2004.usa4.
- Roberts, Andrew (2006). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-85076-8.
- Luca Bellocchio, L'eterna alleanza? La special relationship angloamericana tra continuità e mutamento, Franco Angeli, Milano, 2006 francoangeli.it
- Luca Bellocchio, Anglosfera. Forma e forza del nuovo Pan-Anglismo, Il Nuovo Melangolo, Genova, 2006.
http://wn.com/Anglosphere
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Англосфера
http://fr.wn.com/Monde anglo-saxon
http://pt.wn.com/Anglofonia
http://de.wn.com/Anglosphäre
http://pl.wn.com/Kraje anglosaskie
http://es.wn.com/Angloesfera
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Canadian whtie nationalists, see Paul Fromm (activist).
Paul Fromm (September 28, 1906-July 4, 1987) was a Jewish Chicago wine merchant and performing arts patron through the Fromm Music Foundation.[1] The Organum for Paul Fromm was composed by John Harbison in his honor.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in Kitzingen, Germany to a prominent family of vintners, Fromm was an early supporter of contemporary classical music in that country after he was exposed to Stravinsky's Rite of Spring in the early 1920s. He attended concerts at the Donaueschingen Festival further deepening his appreciation of the genre.[3] A Jew, he was forced to flee Nazi Germany in 1938 and immigrated to the United States where he settled in Chicago where he co-founded a wine importing firm, the Geeting and Fromm Corporation in 1939 and then founded the Great Lakes Wine Company in 1943.[4]
Patronage[link]
By 1952, his business was sufficiently well established to allow him to focus on establishing the Fromm Music Foundation.[5] which financially supporting young composers through grants awarded on the recommendation of its staff of musicians and experts. Fromm's protégés include Benjamin Lees, Ben Weber and Elvin Epstein.[6]
A "Paul Fromm Concert" of contemporary classical music is performed annually at the University of Chicago in his memory.[7] The Paul Fromm Award is given annually by the Tanglewood Music Center in his name. During the period 1984-89, Earle Brown, then president of the Fromm Music Foundation, recommended many American composers for commissions including Daniel Asia, David Lang, William Susman, Henry Brant and Steve Reich.
Paul Fromm was married to University of Chicago psychology professor and writer Erika Fromm whom he met in Germany in 1936 and married in 1938 shortly before emigrating to the United States.[8]
See also[link]
Sources[link]
- Rescuer of Necktie Salesmen, Time Magazine, July 23, 1956
- The New York Times, John Rockwell, July 6, 1987 PAUL FROMM, CLASSICAL-MUSIC PATRON, IS DEAD
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865368,00.html
- ^ http://www.schirmer.com/default.aspx?TabId=2420&State_2874=2&workId_2874=24229
- ^ http://fas-www.harvard.edu/~musicdpt/fromm.html#history
- ^ http://fas-www.harvard.edu/~musicdpt/fromm.html#history
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/295.html
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865368,00.html
- ^ http://magazine.uchicago.edu/9502/Feb95Events.html
- ^ http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030612/fromm.shtml
External links[link]
- Fromm Music Foundation
- Paul Fromm interview by Bruce Duffie, April 9, 1986
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fromm, Paul |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1906 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 1987 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Paul_Fromm
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fromm
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the former footballer, see Jon Bowden.
Jonathan David Anthony Bowden (April 12, 1962 - March 29, 2012)[1] was a British political figure who had been involved with a number of political parties and groups, and a leading speaker on the nationalist circuit. His great influence was the novelist, Bill Hopkins, who had been one of the Angry Young Men of the 1950s.
Contents |
Early politics[link]
Bowden was born in Kent and was educated at Presentation College, Reading, Berkshire. In 1983-4 he completed one year of a B.A. history course at London University's Birkbeck College, but then left. He began his political career as a member of the Conservative Party in the Tower Hamlets association, in the Shoreditch and Stepney Green constituency. In October 1990 (until 1992) he joined the Monday Club, where the following year he made an unsuccessful bid to stand for its Executive Council. In May 1991, he was appointed co-chairman, with Stuart Millson, of the Club's Media Committee[2][3]. During the early 1990s, he stated that he had been the deputy chairman of the Western Goals Institute[4] although this cannot be verified.
Revolutionary Conservative Caucus[link]
Bowden and Millson co-founded the Revolutionary Conservative Caucus in November 1992,[5] with, he said, the aim of introducing "abstract thought into the nether reaches of the Conservative and Unionist party".[6] In the group's first quarterly journal, The Revolutionary Conservative Review, it stated that "The Caucus has been established by Right-wing activists within the Conservative Party in order to disseminate information, ideology, and intellectual opinion within and beyond the party." However, the journal's name was almost immediately changed to The Revolutionary Conservative, and in issue number 1, they stated that the Caucus "is dedicated to national sovereignty, European culture, masculinity, ruthless elitism, and racial purity." They were attacked by Sir Norman Fowler in the Sunday Express who said, "These people are not remotely typical of mainstream Conservatives", and by James Glyn Ford, MEP, speaking at the 1993 Labour Party Conference when he said, "The Tories have a Far-Right tendency....I have passed details of the Revolutionary Conservative Caucus to Special Branch...". However the Conservative MP Rupert Allason was quoted in Searchlight magazine as saying "If they are against Maastricht, they can't be bad."[7] Issue no.3 of their journal was devoted entirely to the continuing power struggle within the Monday Club following the departure of Gregory Lauder-Frost at the end of May 1992. By the end of 1994, Millson and Bowden had parted company and issue no.4 was the last production of the Caucus.
Later activities[link]
Bowden's book Right was published by the European Books Society in 1993 and brought praised from Gregory Lauder-Frost in The Revolutionary Conservative.[8] Bowden was also said to be prominent in the milieu responsible for the emergence of Right Now! magazine.[9]
He later joined the Freedom Party, for which he acted as Treasurer for a short period,[10] and subsequently, with Adrian Davies, was a member of the Bloomsbury Forum.[11] Bowden contributed an essay (Bill)"Hopkins - An Angry Young Man" to the book of 20 essays Standardbearers - British Roots of the New Right which he, with Adrian Davies and Eddy Butler, also edited. The book carried a Foreword by a former Vice-President of the Monday Club, Professor Antony Flew[12].
Bowden went on to join the British National Party (BNP), and was for a period its Cultural Officer. In July 2007, he resigned from the BNP following a bitter dispute in which an associate of BNP leader Nick Griffin made defamatory allegations against Bowden on a blog.[13] It has been claimed by Martin Webster that Bowden was forced out of the party due to his support for Chris Jackson, who made an unsuccessful attempt to replace Griffin as leader.[14] After September 2008, Bowden resumed speaking at BNP events, but never rejoined the party. Since the May 2010 elections he had no further connection to the BNP.
New Right[link]
Jonathan Bowden began working with long-time activist Troy Southgate in January 2005 and went on to become Chairman of the New Right. He spoke at thirty-three of the group's meetings in central London. The topics were as follows:
37th New Right Meeting: Saturday 4th February 2012 - 'The Soviet Gulag'
36th New Right Meeting: Saturday 10th December 2011 - 'Yukio Mishima'
35th New Right Meeting: Saturday 15th October 2011 - 'W.B. Yeats'
34th New Right Meeting: Saturday 6th August 2011 -T.S. Eliot
33rd New Right Meeting: Saturday 11th June 2011 - 'Ezra Pound'
29th New Right Meeting: Saturday 23rd October 2010 - 'Savitri Devi: Daughter of the Black Sun'
28th New Right Meeting: Saturday 28th August 2010 - 'Black Propaganda: Murnau's Nosferatu and Right-Wing Aesthetics'
27th New Right Meeting: Saturday 5th June 2010 - 'Julius Evola: The World's Most Right-Wing Thinker?'
26th New Right Meeting: Saturday 17th April 2010 - 'Robert Erwin Howard: Pulpster Extraordinaire'
25th New Right Meeting: Saturday 13th February 2010 - 'Stewart Home: Communism, Nihilism, Neoism and Decadence'
24th New Right Meeting: Saturday 21st November 2009 - 'The Real Meaning of Punch & Judy'
23rd New Right Meeting: Saturday 26th September 2009 - 'Nineteen Eighty-Four & Totalitarian Leftism'
22nd New Right Meeting: Saturday 1st August 2009 - 'Francis Pollini & the Cult of Communist Brainwashing'
21st New Right Meeting: 13th June 2009 - 'Tintin & the Example of Degrellle'
20th New Right Meeting: 4th April 2009 - 'Louis-Ferdinand Céline & the Literature of French Collaboration'
19th New Right Meeting: 7th February 2009 - ‘H.P. Lovecraft: Aryan Mystic’
17th New Right Meeting: 25th October 2008 - 'Max Stirner: Egoist Without Compare'
16th New Right Meeting: 30th August 2008 - 'Criminology: The View From The Right'
15th New Right Meeting: 5th July 2008 - 'Thomas Carlyle: The Sage of Chelsea'
14th New right Meeting: 5th April 2008 - 'The Films of Hans-Jurgen Syberberg: Leni Riefenstahl's Successor?'
13th New Right Meeting: 12th January 2008 - New-Left Marxism & the Frankfurt School
12th New Right Meeting: 3rd November 2007 - Revisionism: Left & Right, Hard & Soft
11th New Right Meeting: 8th September 2007 - The Art & Philosophy of Jonathan Bowden
10th New Right Meeting: 5th May 2007 - Performance of Beowulf (Part One)
9th New Right Meeting: 13th January 2007 - Robinson Jeffers: Misanthrope Extraordinaire
8th New Right Meeting: 28th May 2006 - Elitism, British Modernism & Wyndham Lewis
7th New Right Meeting: 8th April 2006 - Bill Hopkins and Anti-Humanist Life
6th New Right Meeting: 18th February 2006 - Martin Heidegger & Death's Ontology
5th New Right Meeting: 14th January 2006 - Anti-Liberal Art and Film
4th New Right Meeting: 17th September 2005 - Leni Riefenstahl
3rd New Right Meeting: 28th May 2005 - Ernst Junger: Revolutionary Conservative
2nd New Right Meeting: 12th March 2005 - Nietzsche and Post-Modernism
1st New Right Meeting: 16th January 2005 - 'The History of the British New Right'
Death[link]
He died on 29th March, 2012, from a heart attack at his home in Berkshire.[15]
Articles[link]
By Jonathan Bowden:
In The Revolutionary Conservative, Issue no.1, London, 1993.
- "John Major - Alone in Toytown without Big Ears".
- "Madonna and Sex; the Erotic Cavortings of a Deranged Bimbo".
- Book Review of Oswald Spengler's "Man & Technics".
- "Culture of the New Right" an article on Wyndham Lewis.
In The Revolutionary Conservative, Issue no.2.
- "Why are we in Bosnia?".
- "Whither The Royals - an Institution in Terminal Decline."
In The Revolutionary Conservative, Issue no.4, London,Summer/Autumn 1994.
- "Animal Liberation" - an investigation of the fanatics.
- "Spotlight on Tina Turner".
- "Militant - an analysis" (with Stuart Millson).
- "A Revolutionary Social & Economic Policy for Conservatives in the 21st century (with John MacLaughlin).
Books[link]
- Mad, Avant-Garde Publishing (1989).
- Aryan, Egotist (1990).
- Skin, Egotist (1992).
- Sade, Egotist (1992).
- Right, European Books Society (1993).
- Collected Works, Avant-guarde (1995).
- Standardbearers - British Roots of the New Right, edited by Adrian Davies, Eddy Butler & Jonathan Bowden; Beckenham, Kent, 180pps, (April 1999).
- Apocalypse TV (2007).
- The Art of Jonathan Bowden (1974 - 2007) (2007).
- The Fanatical Pursuit of Purity" (2008).
- Al-Qa’eda Moth" (2008).
- Kratos (2008).
- A Ballet of Wasps" (2008).
- Goodbye Homunculus!" (2009).
- The Art of Jonathan Bowden, Vol. 2 (1968 - 1974) (2009).
- Lilith Before Eve" (2009).
- Louisiana Half-Face" (2010).
- The Art of Jonathan Bowden, Vol. 3 (1967 - 1974) (2010).
Art[link]
Bowden was also a talented artist and produced hundreds of nightmarish caricatures, many of which adorn his novels. These are collected in three coffee-table book volumes, which include his early graphic novels / comic strips as well as his adult work.
Film[link]
He also starred in two avant-garde films, 'Venus Flytrap' (2005) and 'Grand Guignol' (2009), each directed by the Italian film-maker Andrea Lioy.
References[link]
- ^ http://efp.org.uk/jonathan-bowden-1962-2012/
- ^ Monday Club News July 1991 edition, p.2.
- ^ Monday Club Executive Council Minutes, 13th May 1991. This position did not, however, afford Bowden a seat on the Council
- ^ Interview with Bowden
- ^ The Revolutionary Conservative, issue no.2, 1993, p.16.
- ^ Interview with Bowden
- ^ The Revolutionary Conservative, issue no.4, Summer/Autumn 1994, p.12.
- ^ The Revolutionary Conservative, Issue no.2, 1993, p.8.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Freedom Party website
- ^ [2]
- ^ Standardbearers - British Roots of the New Right, edited by Adrian Davies, Eddy Butler & Jonathan Bowden, Beckenham, Kent, April 1999, 180pps.
- ^ Lancaster Unity Blog
- ^ Vanguard News Network
- ^ http://efp.org.uk/jonathan-bowden-1962-2012/
External links[link]
- Official website
- Jonathan Bowden- Nietzschean Powerhouse
- Jonathan Bowden addresses a 2009 meeting of the British National Party in Greenwich, London
- Obituary
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bowden, Jonathan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Political activist |
| Date of birth | 1962 |
| Place of birth | Kent |
| Date of death | March 29, 2012 |
| Place of death | Berkshire. |
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Bowden
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the rugby league player, see Jared Taylor (rugby league).
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2010) |
| Samuel Jared Taylor | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | 1951 Japan |
| Residence | Oakton, Virginia |
| Alma mater | Yale University, Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris |
| Occupation | Journalist, Executive editor |
| Website | |
| www.jaredtaylor.org | |
Samuel Jared Taylor (born 1951) of Oakton, Virginia, is an American journalist and an advocate of what he describes as "racial realism", a philosophy that views race as a biological reality and advocates the separateness of racial groups as the key of a well functioning society.[1] He is known for his advocacy of racial profiling as a valid technique in crime fighting and for his role as a relatively moderate voice in the American white nationalist environment.[2]
Taylor is the founder and editor of American Renaissance, a journal that describes itself as "America's premiere publication of racial-realist thought."[3] He is the president of the parent organization, New Century Foundation, and a former director of the National Policy Institute, a Georgia-based think tank. He is a former member of the advisory board of The Occidental Quarterly. Taylor and many of the organizations he is associated with are often described as promoting racist ideologies by civil rights groups, news media as well as by academics studying racism in the US.[4][5][6] He rejects these accusations himself, saying that his views are reasonable and moderate.[7]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born to missionary parents in Japan,[7] Taylor lived in that country until he was 16 years old. His parents were conventional liberals, and so was he until the age of 30. He graduated from Yale University in 1973 with a BA in Philosophy, and did graduate coursework at Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). He has also worked in west Africa, and has traveled the area extensively.[7] Taylor speaks fluent English, Japanese and French. In the 1980s, Taylor was West Coast editor of PC Magazine and a consultant before founding the American Renaissance periodical in 1990. Taylor has taught Japanese to summer school students at Harvard University.
Books[link]
 |
This section relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (May 2011) |
He is the author of Shadows of the Rising Sun: A Critical View of the Japanese Miracle (1983) ISBN 0-688-02455-6, in which he wrote that Japan was not an appropriate economic or social model for the United States, and criticized the Japanese for excessive preoccupation with their own uniqueness.
Taylor first turned to race in Paved With Good Intentions: The Failure of Race Relations in Contemporary America (1993) ISBN 0-9656383-4-0,[8] in which he argued that racism is no longer a convincing excuse for high black rates of crime, poverty, and school failure. He also edited The Real American Dilemma: Race, Immigration, and the Future of America, (1998) ISBN 0-9656383-0-8.[9]
Taylor supervised preparation of the New Century Foundation monograph, The Color of Crime (1998, 2005), which argues that blacks and Hispanics commit violent crimes at considerably higher rates than whites, and that whites commit violent crimes at higher rates than Asians.[10] He is the main contributor to a collection of articles from American Renaissance magazine called A Race Against Time: Racial Heresies for the 21st Century, (2003) ISBN 0-9656383-2-4[11] and editor of a collection of essays by the late Samuel Francis entitled Essential Writings on Race, (2007) ISBN 978-0-9656383-7-1.[12]
On May 3, 2011, The New Century Foundation released Jared Taylor's sequel to Paved With Good Intentions entitled White Identity: Racial Consciousness in the 21st Century.
Views[link]
Taylor believes that white people have their own racial interests, and that it is intellectually valid for them to protect these interests; he sees it as anomalous that whites have allowed people of other ethnicities to organize themselves politically while not doing so themselves.[13] His journal American Renaissance was founded to provide such a voice for white interests, as well as to convince whites that this enterprise is a legitimate one.[14] Taylor's beliefs are based on his view that human beings are essentially tribal by nature, and that people are instinctively loyal to those of their own race. As a result of this, he believes that societies comprising many ethnic groups cannot be as successful as those that are racially homogeneous.[7]
Taylor has summarized the basis for his views in the following terms:
Race is an important aspect of individual and group identity. Of all the fault lines that divide society—language, religion, class, ideology—it is the most prominent and divisive. Race and racial conflict are at the heart of the most serious challenges the Western World faces in the 21st century... Attempts to gloss over the significance of race or even to deny its reality only make problems worse.[15]
He has questioned the capacity of blacks to live successfully in a civilized society. In an article on the chaos in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, Taylor wrote "when blacks are left entirely to their own devices, Western Civilization—any kind of civilization—disappears. And in a crisis, civilization disappears overnight."[16] Taylor believes in a direct correlation between race and intelligence, where blacks are generally less intelligent than whites, and whites are generally less intelligent than East Asians, as expressed in The Bell Curve. Taylor has said in an interview:
I think Asians are objectively superior to Whites by just about any measure that you can come up with in terms of what are the ingredients for a successful society. This doesn't mean that I want America to become Asian. I think every people has a right to be itself, and this becomes clear whether we're talking about Irian Jaya or Tibet, for that matter.[17]
Taylor has made remarks on the growing number of non-whites in Europe, America and Australia.
Taylor has also given support to Hans-Hermann Hoppe's attempts to persuade libertarians to oppose immigration; he generally approves of Hoppe's work, although he sees the pursuit of a society with no government at all to be "the sort of experiment one might prefer to watch in a foreign country before attempting it oneself".[18]
In a speech delivered on May 28, 2005, to the British self-determination group, Sovereignty, Taylor said of his personal feelings to interracial marriages, "I want my grandchildren to look like my grandparents. I don't want them to look like Anwar Sadat or Fu Manchu or Whoopi Goldberg."[19]
Taylor is opposed to antisemitism.[citation needed] In his 1983 book Shadows of the Rising Sun, he denounced imperial Japanese links to Nazi Germany. At the first American Renessiance conference, held in Atlanta in 1994, rabbi Mayer Schiller was the dinner speaker. In 1997, he removed Holocaust deniers and neo-Nazis from the groups' e-mail list.[20]
Reception[link]
Taylor's views have been described as racist by some academics, political commentators, journalists, and various other organizations.[21][22][23] Taylor himself refutes any accusation of racism; he claims that his views are reasonable and moderate, and that they were considered normal by most key figures in American history.[7]
The Southern Poverty Law Center describes Taylor as "a courtly presenter of ideas that most would describe as crudely white supremacist — a kind of modern-day version of the refined but racist colonialist of old."[24] A 2005 feature in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette described Taylor as "a racist in the guise of expert"[25]
Mark Potok and Heidi Beirich, writers in the Intelligence Report (a publication of the Southern Poverty Law Center), has written that "Jared Taylor is the cultivated, cosmopolitan face of white supremacy. He is the guy who is providing the intellectual heft, in effect, to modern-day Klansmen." They have also stated that "American Renaissance has become increasingly important over the years, bringing a measure of intellectualism and seriousness to the typically thug-dominated world of white supremacy".[20]
Taylor's views have drawn accusations of racism from various academics, political commentators, journalists, and activist organizations.[26][27][28]
Conservative author and former National Review contributor John Derbyshire, while not condoning all of Taylor's work, has said that Taylor is a "polite and good-natured man," but that he is a "dissident" whose opinions "violate tribal taboos."[29]
Bibliography[link]
- Taylor, Jared (1983). Shadows of the Rising Sun: a Critical View of the "Japanese miracle". New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-02455-6.
- Taylor, Jared; Mitsunobu Yamamoto (1984) (in Japanese). Shado obu Japan. Tokyo: Kobunsha. ISBN 978-4-334-96006-3.
- Taylor, Jared (1992). Paved With Good Intentions: The Failure of Race Relations in Contemporary America. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-88184-866-2.
- Taylor, Jared (1998). The Real American Dilemma: Race, Immigration, and the Future of America. Oakton, Va.: New Century Foundation. ISBN 0-9656383-0-8.
- McDaniel, George (ed.) (2003). A Race Against Time: Racial Heresies for the 21st Century. Oakton, Va.: New Century Foundation. ISBN 0-9656383-2-4. foreword by Jared Taylor
- Taylor, Jared (2011). White Identity: Racial Consciousness in the 21st Century. Oakton, Va.: New Century Foundation. ISBN 0-9656383-9-1.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Jamie Glazov (January 10, 2003). "White Nationalism: A Symposium". FrontPageMagazine.com. http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=5480. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
- ^ Swain & Nieli 2003
- ^ About American Renaissance
- ^ "Jared Taylor, a Racist in the Guise of 'Expert'". Dennis Roddy. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 23, 2005.
- ^ Student Group Hosting Racist Speaker at MSU
- ^ Conservatives' Voices Enter Clinton's Dialogue on Race
- ^ a b c d e Swain & Nieli 2003, p. 87.
- ^ Paved with Good Intentions, by Jared Taylor
- ^ The Real American Dilemma, edited by Jared Taylor (0965638308)
- ^ http://www.amren.com/newstore/cart.php?page=color_of_crime
- ^ A Race Against Time (0965638324)
- ^ Essential Writings on Race, by Sam Francis
- ^ Swain & Nieli 2003, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Swain & Nieli 2003, p. 88.
- ^ About American Renaissance
- ^ American Renaissance News: Africa in our Midst: Lessons from Katrina
- ^ Swain & Nieli 2003, p. 102.
- ^ VDARE.com: 12/28/01 - Democracy vs. Freedom (And The Nation-State)? by Jared Taylor
- ^ Demographic Change In White Western European World Uk Usa
- ^ a b Mark Potok and Heidi Beirich (Summer 2006). "Schism Threatens White Nationalist Group". Intelligence Report. http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=644&printable=1. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ "Jared Taylor, a Racist in the Guise of 'Expert'". Dennis Roddy. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 23, 2005.
- ^ Student Group Hosting Racist Speaker at MSU
- ^ Conservatives' Voices Enter Clinton's Dialogue on Race
- ^ http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/jared-taylor
- ^ Dennis Roddy "Jared Taylor, a Racist in the Guise of 'Expert'" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania) Sunday, January 23, 2005 [1]
- ^ "Jared Taylor, a Racist in the Guise of 'Expert'". Dennis Roddy. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 23, 2005.
- ^ Student Group Hosting Racist Speaker at MSU
- ^ Conservatives' Voices Enter Clinton's Dialogue on Race
- ^ John Derbyshire (February 2, 2011). "The Futility of Dissidence". Taki's Magazine. http://www.johnderbyshire.com/Opinions/NationalQuestion/futility.html. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
References[link]
- Swain, Carol M.; Nieli, Russell, eds. (2003). Contemporary Voices of White Nationalism in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81673-4.
See also[link]
- American Renaissance (magazine)
- Racialism
- Racial realism
- Racial segregation in the United States
- Scientific racism
- White nationalism
External links[link]
- Jared Taylor Jared Taylor's personal website
- American Renaissance The website of American Renaissance
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Taylor, Jared, Samuel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1951 |
| Place of birth | Japan |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jared_Taylor
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
