A doxology (from the Greek δόξα [doxa] "glory" + -λογία [-logia], "saying")^[1] is a short hymn of praises to God in various Christian worship services, often added to the end of canticles, psalms, and hymns. The tradition derives from a similar practice in the Jewish synagogue,^[2] where some version of the Kaddish serves to terminate each section of the service.

Trinitarian doxology[link]

Among Christian traditions a doxology is typically a sung expression of praise to the Holy Trinity, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. It is common in high hymns for the final stanza to take the form of a doxology. Doxologies occur in the Eucharistic prayers, the Liturgy of the Hours, hymns and various Catholic devotions such as novenas and the Rosary.

[edit] Gloria Patri

	Gloria Patri setting by Henry Wellington Greatorex Solo organ recording
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The Gloria Patri, so named for its first two words in Latin, is commonly used as a doxology by Roman Catholics, Old Catholics, Independent Catholics, Orthodox, Anglicans, and many Protestants including Presbyterians, Lutherans, Methodists, and Reformed Baptists. It is called the "Lesser Doxology", thus distinguished from the "Great Doxology" Gloria in Excelsis Deo, and is often called simply "the doxology". As well as praising God, it was regarded as a short declaration of faith in the co-equality of the three Persons of the Holy Trinity.

The Latin text,

Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in sæcula sæculorum. Amen.

is literally translated

Glory [be] to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. As it was in the beginning, both now, and always, and to the ages of ages. Amen.

"Saecula saeculorum", here rendered "ages of ages", is the translation of what was probably a Semitic idiom, via Koine Greek, meaning "forever." It is also rendered "world without end" in English, which has the same meaning. That phrase occurs in the King James Bible (cf. Eph. 3:21; Isa. 45:17). Similarly, "et semper" is often rendered "and ever shall be", giving the more metrical English version

... As it was in the beginning, is now and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

The common Liturgy of the Hours doxology, as approved by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, uses a different translation of the same Latin:

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever. Amen.

The most commonly encountered Orthodox English version:

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now, and ever, and unto the ages of ages. Amen

The modern Anglican version (found in Common Worship) is slightly different:

Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit; as it was in the beginning is now and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

"Praise God, from whom all blessings flow"[link]

Another doxology in widespread use in English, in some Protestant traditions commonly referred to simply as The Doxology or The Common Doxology,^[3] begins "Praise God, from whom all blessings flow". The words are thus:

Praise God, from whom all blessings flow;

Praise him, all creatures here below;

Praise him above, ye heavenly host;

Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen.

These words were written in 1674 by Thomas Ken^[4] as the final verse of two hymns, "Awake, my soul, and with the sun"^[5] and "Glory to thee, my God, this night,"^[6] intended for morning and evening worship at Winchester College. This final verse, separated from its proper hymns and sung to the tune "Old 100th", "Duke Street", "Lasst uns erfreuen", "The Eighth Tune" by Thomas Tallis, among others, frequently marks the dedication of alms or offerings at Sunday worship. Many Mennonite congregations sing a longer and more embellished setting of this text known as "Dedication Anthem" by Samuel Stanley.^[7] In Mennonite circles, this doxology is commonly known as "606" for its hymn number in The Mennonite Hymnal [1969], and colloquially known as the "Mennonite National Anthem." Students at Goshen College stand and sing the doxology when 6:06 remains in a soccer game -- as long as Goshen is winning the game.^[8]

Some Christian denominations have adopted altered versions of the Doxology in the interest of inclusive language or other considerations. The Disciples of Christ eliminate the masculine pronouns, while others, such as the Anglican Church of Canada (Common Praise), the United Church of Canada (Voices United), and the United Church of Christ (New Century Hymnal), replace "heavenly host" with a reference to God's love. The United Church of Christ version reads:

Praise God from whom all blessings flow;

Praise God, all creatures here below;

Praise God for all that love has done;

Creator, Christ, and Spirit, One.

Eucharistic Doxology[link]

In the Catholic Mass a prose doxology concludes the eucharistic prayer, preceding the Our Father. It is typically sung by the presiding priest along with any concelebrating priests. The Latin text reads:

Per ipsum, et cum ipso, et in ipso, est tibi Deo Patri omnipotenti in unitate Spiritus Sancti, omnis honor et gloria per omnia saecula saeculorum. Amen. (Through him, and with him, and in him, O God, almighty Father, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, all glory and honor is yours, forever and ever. Amen.)

The equivalent passage in the Book of Common Prayer (1549) of the Church of England reads:

By whom and with whom, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, all honour and glory be unto thee, O Father almighty, world without end. Amen.

Lord's prayer doxology[link]

Another familiar doxology is the one often added at the end of the Lord's Prayer: "For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever, Amen." This is found in manuscripts representative of the Byzantine text of Matthew 6:13, but not in the most ancient manuscripts. Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew, and modern translations do not include it, mentioning it only in footnotes. The same doxology, in the form "For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours, now and for ever", is used in the Roman Rite of the Mass, after the Embolism. The Catholic Encyclopedia (1914) states that this doxology "appears in the Greek textus receptus and has been adopted in the later editions of the Book of Common Prayer, [and] is undoubtedly an interpolation."

According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, this doxology takes up "the first three petitions to our Father: the glorification of his name, the coming of his reign, and the power of his saving will. But these prayers are now proclaimed as adoration and thanksgiving, as in the liturgy of heaven. The ruler of this world has mendaciously attributed to himself the three titles of kingship, power, and glory. Christ, the Lord, restores them to his Father and our Father, until he hands over the kingdom to him when the mystery of salvation will be brought to its completion and God will be all in all."^[9]

Other doxologies[link]

At Matins, Orthodox worship specifies a Great Doxology for feast days and a Small Doxology for ordinary days. (Both include the Gospel doxology Gloria in Excelsis of the angel's (Luke 2:14): Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace, goodwill among men.) A substantial portion of this doxology comprises the prayer Gloria in excelsis of the Roman Catholic mass.

In Unitarian Universalism, "the Doxology" refers to Curtis W. Reese's adaptation of "From all that dwell below the skies", an 18th-century paraphrase of Psalm 117 by Isaac Watts:

From all that dwell below the skies

let songs of hope and faith arise; (Or, alternatively, : let faith and hope with love arise)

let peace, goodwill on earth be sung (Or let beauty, truth and good be sung)

through every land, by every tongue. (Or in every land, in every tongue.)

Sung to the tune of Old 100th, it occupies a place in a Unitarian service that would be filled by a Christian doxology in a Christian service.

A popular doxology in Pentecostal churches is "Praise Him, Praise Him", written in the 1980s:

Praise Him, praise Him, praise Him, Praise Him;

Bless His name, for He's worthy to be praised.

Jesus is worthy, O, Jesus is worthy to be praised;

Praise Him, praise Him, praise Him, Praise Him;

Bless His name, for He's worthy to be praised.

In the Iglesia ni Cristo a Doxology is sung before the Benediction and Concluding Rites during the worship services. In Tagalog it Reads:

Purihin natin ang Ama, Mabuhay sa pag-ibig ng Anak, Taglayin ang Espiritung Banal. Ang Dios ay lagi nating Sambahin. Amen (Praise God the Father up above, Proclaim the Love of his Beloved son, Receive the Holy Spirit's gift. Forever worship our Almighty God. Amen)

Derivations[link]

Because some Christian worship services include a doxology, and these hymns therefore were familiar and well-practiced among church choirs, the English word sockdolager arose, a deformation of doxology, which came to mean a "show-stopper", a production number. The Oxford English Dictionary considers it a "fanciful" coinage, but an 1893 speculation reported in the Chicago Tribune as to the origin of the word as one of its early attestations:

A writer in the March Atlantic gives this as the origin of the slang word "socdollager," which was current some time ago. "Socdollager" was the uneducated man's transposition of "doxologer, which was the familiar New England rendering of "doxology." This was the Puritan term for the verse ascription used at the conclusion of every hymn, like the "Gloria," at the end of a chanted psalm. On doctrinal grounds it was proper for the whole congregation to join in the singing, so that it became a triumphant winding up of the whole act of worship. Thus is happened that "socdollager" became the term for anything which left nothing else to follow; a decisive, overwhelming finish, to which no reply was possible.^[10]

See also[link]

• Greater doxology

References[link]

External links[link]

• Hymns of the Spirit Three^{[dead link]} Contains numerous "doxologies" to the tune "Old Hundredth" used in the Unitarian, Universalist and liberal Christian traditions, in English, Spanish and French.

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David Crowder Band
Background information
Origin	Waco, Texas, United States
Genres	Christian rock, electronic rock, worship, bluegrass, rap
Years active	1996–2012
Labels	Sixstepsrecords, EMI
Website	www.davidcrowderband.com
Past members
David Crowder Jack Parker Jeremy "B-Wack" Bush Mike D Hogan Mark Waldrop Jason Solley Taylor Johnson
Notable instruments
Banjo Turntable Electric violin Keytar Guitar Hero Controller Mandolin Theremin Ukulele Steve 3P0 (drumming robot)

David Crowder Band (stylized as David Crowder*Band and The David Crowder Band) was a six-piece Christian rock and modern worship band from Waco, Texas. Their final album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Christian and No. 2 on the Billboard 200 charts.^[1]

Name[link]

Prior to the album Church Music, the band preferred not to be referred to as "The David Crowder Band". They explained that they preferred to omit the article, and stated that they "may revisit this issue if other groups named 'David Crowder Band' begin performing," and may in fact, should that eventuality occur, insert "The Original" in front of the band's present appellation. As of the release of Church Music, however, the band has begun referring to themselves using the article, and explained "we’ve been at for a while now without incident, so we felt justified in its formal inclusion."^[2]

The band's name is sometimes rendered with an asterisk, as "David Crowder*Band". In a faux-documentary, while recording Church Music, Crowder joked that the asterisk meant, "David Crowder [is about to go insane because Jack Parker continually tries to sabotage the work of the rest of the] band."^[3]

Band history[link]

The band began when Crowder realized that almost half of the students at Baylor University, a Christian university, were not attending church. Finding this very surprising he and Chris Seay started University Baptist Church (Waco, Texas) in 1995, while he was still a student. Crowder became Pastor of worship at the church and led worship and continued to do so throughout the year. The church's congregation grew, as did the band's lineup.

Crowder began writing songs to incorporate into the worship times at the church and eventually the church released an independent CD, Pour Over Me, followed by All I Can Say in 1999.^{[citation needed]} These CDs brought the band to a wider audience and invitations to festivals and events followed. The band was signed to sixstepsrecords/Sparrow Records when Louie Giglio talked to Crowder about the music and how it could be used more than just at UBC and more world-wide. Although the band toured extensively, they made it a point to be back at their home church UBC in Waco Texas for most Sundays.^{[citation needed]}

Kyle Lake, University Baptist Church's former pastor and also longtime friend of the band, had a strong influence on the band's music in terms of content and inspiration both during his life and after Lake's death.^{[citation needed]}

With their September 2005 release, A Collision, David Crowder Band explored a new realm of musical diversity. The album houses a mix of bluegrass, folk, alternative, and worship, woven together with a touch of electronic ambience. This release landed them the No. 2 spot on the iTunes Music Store and the No. 39 spot on Billboard 200 the second day after its release. The same day as the release of A Collision, their song "Turkish Delight" was released on the Music Inspired by the Chronicles of Narnia compilation CD. This song, which is a reference to the magical Turkish Delight in C. S. Lewis's book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, has an old-school disco feel.

March 19, 2007, the band officially started recording Remedy; the band also revealed the album's website, http://www.remedyiscoming.com/, which allows fans to follow the band via live webcams, and discover more about the album. Famously controversial rock musician Ted Nugent made a special guest appearance on the album, on the song "We Won't Be Quiet". Remedy was released on September 25, 2007. The day after its release, it reached No. 4 on the iTunes Music Store. When Mark joined the band as the album Remedy was released, his sidekick Rupert came with him. Rupert is a gnome.^[4][5] During the Remedy Tour the band had up a live web feed on Crowder's Xanga account. The feed had a chat room where fans chatted live with the band and their tourmates. It showed more than half of the tour stops live which included their tour bus, live stage feeds of shows, places the band went, etc. Much of the time the video feed would be on Rupert at different stops. On the final night of the tour Phil Wickham and The Myriad came on stage for a hoe down for the song "I Saw the light". The camera for the feed was on the lid of a ball-cap and was wired into a laptop the band had in a backpack; this equipment was provided by Xanga. The band also used the feed for some time after their Remedy Tour. July 16, 2008, the band announced it would releasing a live album and DVD titled Remedy Club Tour - Live,^[6] The DVD was filmed In NYC and GA.

Crowder's Xanga entry from January 31, 2009, mentioned the preproduction of the band's next studio album. Also on Mike Hogan's MySpace entry from March 4, 2009, he confirmed that actual recording and production had commenced and provided directions for getting to the live webcam feed, which is in a page simply titled "Church Music".^[7] The album was titled "Church Music" and was released on September 22, 2009.^[8] The first single off the album was a cover of John Mark McMillan's song "How He Loves". Crowder received permission from McMillan to change the words "So heaven meets earth like a sloppy wet kiss" to "So heaven meets earth like an unforeseen kiss".

The band hosted Crowder's Fantastical Church Music Conference September 30 through October 2, 2010 at Baylor University in Waco, Texas.^[9] Other presenters at the conference included Louie Giglio, Rob Bell, Israel Houghton, Hillsong London, Matt Redman, Jars of Clay, Matt Maher, Leeland, David Dark, Gungor, Derek Webb and others. Mark recorded a Rap song for the band titled "Bwack Be Creepin'" for the band's YouTube channel.^[10]

February 5, 2011 the band announced the official start to recording of Give Us Rest (A Requiem Mass in C [The Happiest of All Keys]).^[11] On May 21, 2011, the band announced through their website that the band will end after the completion of the Fall 2011 "The 7 Tour" and the release of their sixth album. At the same time the band also announced that they planned to disband after the release of their sixth album.^[12]

Later, on July 21, 2011, the band announced that a Christmas album, Oh for Joy, would be released on October 4, 2011.^[13] The band stated that they began to record Give Us Rest and subsequently Oh for Joy came out. Some of the songs in the albums Give Us Rest and Oh for Joy were recorded in greenrooms and restrooms during the band's last tour.^[14]

The band played their final show at the Passion 2012 Conference on January 3, 2012 at the Georgia Dome.^[15]

Crowder has formed a new collective called "Crowder" that will be making its first performance at the Creation East Festival in June.^[16][17] Parker, Dodson, Bush, and Waldrop have formed a new band, called "The Digital Age",^[16] and are opening a recording studio in Waco, Texas.^[18] Many of the members have rejoined UBC's worship team leading worship.^[18]

Unusual instrumentation[link]

The band often incorporated unconventional instruments and elements into their music which were created by the band's drummer Jeremy Bush. He modified a Speak & Spell for the song "I Can Hear the Angels Sing", a guitar-shaped controller for the Guitar Hero game to be used in "...Neverending...", and a robot drummer, named Steve 3PO, for use in "Church Music", a silver box with blue lights and switches for "Can You Feel It?", and a MOTM modular synthesizer used by Hogan. He also manufactured a seven square-foot MPC style-MIDI controller for the band Family Force 5. Hogan often played turntables and played electric violin with guitar effects. A Smule "I Am T-Pain" iPhone app is used on "The Nearness".^{[citation needed]}

The band often recorded their albums in a barn behind Crowder's house.^{[citation needed]}

Members[link]

Current members[link]

David Crowder performing in Lincoln, Nebraska

• David Crowder – vocals, acoustic guitar, piano, programming, theremin, keytar, electric guitar
• Jack Parker – electric guitar, background vocals, Rhodes piano, mandolin, and banjo
• Mike Dodson – bass guitar, keyboard, cello,
• Mike Hogan – violin/strings, turntables, guitar, keyboard
• Jeremy "B-Wack" Bush - drums, percussion, bells, programming
• Mark Waldrop – electric guitar, mandolin, background vocals

Former members[link]

• Jason Solley – electric guitar, background vocals and mandolin (1996–2006)
• Taylor Johnson – electric guitar, mandolin (2006–2007)

Discography[link]

Albums

• Pour Over Me (1998)
• All I Can Say (1999)
• Can You Hear Us? (2002)
• Illuminate (2003) U.S. No. 84^[19]
• A Collision (2005) U.S. No. 39
• Remedy (2007) U.S. No. 22
• Remedy Limited Edition (2008)
• Remedy Club Tour – Live (2008) U.S. No. 88
• Church Music (2009) U.S. No. 11
• Give Us Rest or (A Requiem Mass in C [The Happiest of All Keys]) (2012) U.S. No. 2^[20]

EPs

• The Lime CD (2004)
• Sunsets & Sushi (2005)
• B Collision (2006) U.S. No. 118
• Summer Happiness (2010)^[21]
• Oh for Joy (2011)

Collaboration[link]

• Thoughts of You - Robbie Seay (2000)
• Passion: The Road to One Day - Passion Worship Band (2000)
• Our Love is Loud - Passion Worship Band (live, 2002)
• Sacred Revolution - Passion Worship Band (live, 2003)
• Passion: Hymns Ancient and Modern - Passion Worship Band (2004)
• How Great Is Our God - Passion Worship Band (live, 2005)
• Live from Austin Music Hall - Chris Tomlin (live, 2005)
• Everything Glorious - Passion Worship Band (live, 2006)
• Music Inspired by the Chronicles of Narnia (2005)
• Ultimate Music Makeover: Michael W. Smith (compilation, 2005)
• X Worship 2006 (compilation, 2005)
• X Worship 2007 (compilation, 2006)
• When the Storm Comes - Minister RMB (When the Storm Comes, 2006)
• WOW Christmas: Green (compilation, Christmas)
• Music Inspired By the Motion Picture Amazing Grace (compilation, 2007, Sparrow Records)
• Glory Revealed (compilation by Mac Powell, 2007)
• Passion: Live from Passion07, Part 2 - Passion Worship Band (2007)
• God of This City - Passion Worship Band (2008)
• Passion: Awakening - Passion Worship Band (2010)
• The Shelter - Jars of Clay (2010) – on song "Lay It Down"
• Passion: Here for You - Passion Worship Band (2011)
• Seven Swans Reimagined (compilation, 2011)^[22]
• Passion: White Flag - Passion Worship Band (2012)
• The band also created the theme music for Dr. James MacDonald's radio program Walk in the Word.
• Crowder also wrote the song "Rise Up" for Baylor University football team.
• Mark Waldrop recorded "Bwack Be Creepin'", the band's rap song.^[10]

Awards[link]

GMA Dove Awards

Grammy Awards

David Crowder Band is also featured in other compilation albums that were either nominated or won Dove Awards for Special Event Album of the Year:

• 2006: Special Event Album of the Year - Music Inspired by the Chronicles of Narnia
• 2007: Special Event Album of the Year - Passion: Everything Glorious
• 2009: Special Event Album of the Year - Passion: God of This City

Others[link]

The band was named MSN's Artist of the Month for July 2006, and later won Artist of the Year for 2006.^[24]

Books[link]

David Crowder has authored two books:

• David Crowder, Praise Habit: Finding God in Sunsets and Sushi, NavPress, 2005.
• David Crowder with Mike Hogan, Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven, but Nobody Wants to Die or (The Eschatology of Bluegrass), Relevant Books, 2006.

References[link]

External links[link]

• David Crowder Band official website
• Christian Music Today interview - 11/07
• Christian Music Today interview - 04/06
• Christian Music Today interview - 10/02
• Home.FM Radio interview with David Crowder by Adam & Ben on Mornings at Home
• Gospel Music Channel interview with David Crowder by Alicia Carson

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Michael Gungor (born September 11, 1980)^{[citation needed]} is a singer/song writer living in Denver, Colorado United States. He leads a musical collective called Gungor that tours around the world performing and leading worship music in both mainstream and religious venues. Aside from his work with the band, he has written and produced music for other artists as well as help start a church in Denver called "Bloom".

Background[link]

Michael Gungor grew up in Wisconsin as the son of Pastor Ed Gungor. He began leading the music in his children’s church. Gungor studied jazz at both Western Michigan University and the University of North Texas, while working as a worship leader in local churches.

The Michael Gungor Band[link]

In 2002, he recorded an album for his local church, and the project was picked up by Integrity Music. They released the album "Bigger Than My Imagination" in 2003. As he began to travel, the "Michael Gungor Band" began to evolve and he produced "All I Need is Here" with Michael Rossback in 2005. In 2007, he was signed to Brash Music, and the Michael Gungor Band came out with their first album, "Ancient Skies", which was simply "All I Need is Here" with the addition of a few newer songs to the album as well. Michael also contributed in the composition of songs for other artists such as "Friend of God" and the Dove Award-winning "Say So" alongside Israel Houghton.

Bloom[link]

Michael Gungor and his wife, Lisa, moved to Denver and eventually founded a community of believers called Bloom. ^[1]

Gungor[link]

After moving, the group's name changed from "The Michael Gungor Band" to simply "Gungor". The first album to be released after the name change was "Beautiful Things" in 2010. In 2011, the song and the album "Beautiful Things" were nominated for the Grammy categories Best Gospel Song and Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album, respectively.

Discography[link]

• Bigger Than My Imagination (November 11, 2003)
• Battle Cry: Worship from the Frontlines (October 4, 2005)
• Ancient Skies (March 24, 2006)
• All I Need Is Here (2007)
• Ancient Skies (2008)
• Beautiful Things (February 16, 2010)
• Ghosts Upon the Earth (September 20, 2011)

Awards[link]

• GMA Dove Awards 2008: "Say So" – Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the Year ^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Gungor - official website
• Gungor's Vertical Music web page
• Bloom Church - Denver
• Interview with Michael Gungor

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Michael Langan (born Providence, RI 1984) is an American film director. He grew up in Montgomery, Alabama, where he began his artistic career as a professional stage actor, and is a graduate of Rhode Island School of Design.^[1]

Langan's first short student film, Snail, premiered at Ann Arbor Film Festival in March 2007 and went on to screen at a number of film festivals.^[2] His thesis film, Doxology, has received widespread acclaim, garnering fourteen awards at over eighty film festivals worldwide.^[3]

Notable awards include a Student Academy Award nomination,^[4] Most Promising Filmmaker at Ann Arbor Film Festival, and Best Experimental Short at Slamdance Film Festival.^[5]

Langan's films typically involve technical experimentation, resulting in works that reinterpret time and images to create unique observations of familiar subjects. Bizarre situations and surreal sequences appear frequently in his films. He is known for his use of the experimental animation technique, pixilation.

His artistic influences include singer/composer Bobby McFerrin and filmmakers Norman McLaren, Zbigniew Rybczyński, Steven X. Arthur, and Jan Švankmajer.^[6]

Slamdance Film Festival commissioned Langan to complete a film under five minutes in 2008.^[7] The resulting film, Dahlia, which premiered at the festival the following year, has since screened at film festivals across the globe. The film is a three minute portrait of San Francisco, Langan's home at the time, featuring a musical score composed by the filmmaker.^[8]

In 2010, Langan collaborated with author Brian Christian on a short film adaptation of Christian's poem, "Heliotropes."^[9]

Filmography[link]

• Heliotropes (2010)
• Dahlia (2008)
• Doxology (2007)
• Snail (2005)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Michael Langan's Official Website
• Michael Langan at the Internet Movie Database
• Motionographer Articles on Michael Langan
• Spoiler Alert Radio Interview, 2008
• Critical Praise for Doxology

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There are many people in history who are commonly appended with the phrase "the Great", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as e Bozorg and e azam in Persian and Urdu respectively.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.^[1]

The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus)^[2] assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "the Great".

The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).

Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.

As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.

Rulers[link]

• Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran
• Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India
• Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat
• Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia
• Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia
• Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias
• Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex
• Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
• Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty
• Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),
• Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire
• Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand
• Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland
• Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)
• Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)
• Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
• Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland
• Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia
• Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India
• Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans
• Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)
• Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks
• Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen
• Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor
• Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media
• Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire
• Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire
• Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent
• Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse^[3]
• Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile
• Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia
• Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
• Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe
• Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader
• Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea^[4][5]
• Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC
• Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)
• Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre
• Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea
• Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris
• Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France
• Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)
• Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat
• Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia
• John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve
• John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre
• Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor
• Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
• Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India
• Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia
• Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty
• Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales
• Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
• Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand
• Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan
• Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)
• Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)
• Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom
• Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
• Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya
• Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)
• Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine
• Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)
• K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
• Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka
• Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia
• Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia
• Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily
• Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
• Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar
• Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.^[6][7][8]
• Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India
• Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
• Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)
• Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties
• Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)
• Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev
• Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders
• Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent
• Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre
• Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire
• Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king^[9]
• Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia
• Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
• Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)
• Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
• Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)
• Tamar (1160-1123), Queen of the Georgian Empire
• Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty
• Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie
• Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire
• Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor
• Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia
• Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia
• Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire
• Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark
• Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor
• Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus
• Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy
• William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon
• William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou
• Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
• Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China

Religious figures[link]

• Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
• Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia
• Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian
• Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt
• Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader
• Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian
• Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)
• Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint
• Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint
• Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)
• Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine
• Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)
• Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)
• Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit
• Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)
• Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople
• William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites

Other[link]

• Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies
• Emmy the Great, folk singer
• Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III
• Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia

See also[link]

• Epithet
• List of monarchs by nickname
• List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I
• James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
• Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul"

Notes[link]